People's Daily - March 1, 2026

Let a willingness to take responsibility, courage to take responsibility, and competence to take responsibility become a common practice.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (北京) February 28th: The 5th issue of "Seeking Truth" magazine, to be published on March 1st, will feature an important article by Xi Jinping (习近平), General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (中共中央), President of the People's Republic of China (国家主席), and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (中央军委), titled "Let the Atmosphere of Willingness to Take Responsibility, Daring to Take Responsibility, and Being Good at Taking Responsibility Become a Social Norm." This is an excerpt of important discourses by General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) from December 2012 to December 2025.

The article emphasizes that solid work builds the country, while empty talk misleads it. Turning the grand blueprint outlined at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (党的二十大) into a beautiful reality requires leading cadres at all levels to take responsibility and act. On the new journey, it is impossible for everything to be smooth sailing. We will face many major challenges, major risks, major obstacles, and major contradictions. Leading cadres must have a strong sense of responsibility. Leading cadres at all levels must dedicate themselves to the Party and work diligently day and night, fulfilling their duties and responsibilities to the Party and the people with a sense of responsibility that never lets them rest and a spirit of actively taking responsibility.

The article points out that cadres' willingness to take responsibility and act is both a political character and a fundamental duty of governance. The extent of one's responsibility determines the extent of one's career, and the extent of one's achievements depends on the extent of one's responsibility. One cannot only want to be an official without wanting to work, only want to seize power without wanting to take responsibility, or only want to stand out without wanting to contribute. One must have the political responsibility of being loyal to the Party, sharing the Party's burdens, fulfilling the Party's duties, and benefiting the people; and the responsibility of guarding one's territory, being responsible for one's territory, and fulfilling one's duties in one's territory. One must dare to show one's sword in the face of major issues of principle, dare to meet difficulties head-on in the face of contradictions, dare to step forward in the face of crises, dare to take responsibility in the face of mistakes, and dare to resolutely fight against unhealthy tendencies. Leading cadres must be in their positions, plan for their administration, and fulfill their responsibilities, taking the initiative to shoulder heavy and difficult tasks within their scope of responsibility. Adhere to the principles of Party spirit, be clear about right and wrong, dare to fight, and take a clear stand on major issues and issues of principle.

The article points out that leading cadres must not only have broad shoulders to bear responsibility, but also have the real skills to achieve success. They must not only dare to talk about politics, but also be good at talking about politics; not only be determined to grasp development, but also be good at grasping development; not only be courageous in grasping reform, but also be good at grasping reform; not only dare to face contradictions and problems directly, but also be good at resolving contradictions and problems; and not only have the consciousness of wanting to do things and really doing things, but also have the ability to do things and achieve success. Party discipline and entrepreneurship are inherently unified. Abiding by rules and regulations will give one full freedom and broad space for entrepreneurship. It is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between cleanliness and responsibility, unify cleanliness and responsibility, diligence and integrity, and dare to shoulder heavy burdens, gnaw on hard bones, and take on hot potatoes.

The article points out that comprehensively and strictly governing the Party and encouraging responsibility are inherently unified, not mutually exclusive. Strictness is not about controlling everyone to death, making people look forward and backward, and becoming timid and inactive, turning into a stagnant pool of water, but about forming a clean and upright political ecology within the Party and creating a good environment conducive to entrepreneurship through clarifying directions, establishing rules, rectifying conduct, and strengthening immunity, so as to further mobilize the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the entire Party. If the organization dares to take responsibility, cadres will have confidence. It is necessary to dare to take responsibility for those who dare to take responsibility, be responsible for those who are responsible, and support those who do things, adhere to the combination of strict management and great love, implement the "three distinctions," and focus on eliminating various factors that hinder cadres from taking responsibility and acting. In the selection and appointment of personnel, reflect the clear orientation of emphasizing responsibility and valuing responsibility, and take whether one dares to shoulder things, is willing to do things, and is able to do things as an important standard for identifying cadres, judging merits and demerits, and rewarding and punishing promotions and demotions, and take what cadres have done, how much they have done, and whether the organization and the masses recognize what they have done as the fundamental basis for selecting cadres, and select and appoint cadres who dare to be responsible, dare to take responsibility, are good at acting, and have outstanding achievements, so that the atmosphere of willingness to take responsibility, daring to take responsibility, and being good at taking responsibility becomes a social norm 蔚然成风 (wèi rán chéng fēng - "become a common practice," to become a general trend or common occurrence).

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Turning "Ice" into Gold: Ice and Snow Culture Unleashes Development "Heat" (General Secretary's Concern - Echoes on the Ground)

By: 本报记者 陈世涵 季 芳 郑智文

"We must vigorously develop distinctive cultural tourism. We should take the development of the ice and snow economy as a new growth point and promote the development of the entire industrial chain of ice and snow sports, ice and snow culture, ice and snow equipment, and ice and snow tourism."
——September 2023, Xi Jinping (习近平) pointed out during his inspection in Heilongjiang (黑龙江)

As spring returns to the earth and warmth gradually increases, the popularity of ice and snow culture remains strong.

Looking at the north, the charm of ice and snow continues. In the Harbin (哈尔滨) Dream Ice and Snow Museum (梦幻冰雪馆) in Heilongjiang (黑龙江), the constant temperature environment allows the beauty of ice and snow to last forever. The ice sculpture of the Great Wall is magnificent, attracting tourists to stop and admire;

Going to the south, you can enjoy ice and snow in all seasons. In Shenzhen (深圳), Guangdong (广东), in the world's largest and lowest-latitude indoor ski complex, the lights are bright, and agile figures gallop and jump. The Lingnan (岭南) style is integrated into ice and snow sports, instantly gaining countless fans...

How can "a handful of snow" be turned into "a pot of gold"? How can traditional ice and snow culture be injected with contemporary vitality to carry people's common yearning for a better life?

"We must vigorously develop distinctive cultural tourism. We should take the development of the ice and snow economy as a new growth point and promote the development of the entire industrial chain of ice and snow sports, ice and snow culture, ice and snow equipment, and ice and snow tourism." President Xi Jinping (习近平) has a long-term vision, guiding the direction of practice.

In recent years, the popularity of the ice and snow economy has continued to rise. It is estimated that in the 2025-2026 winter, the number of ice and snow tourism and leisure participants in China will reach 360 million. The grand blueprint of "driving 300 million people to participate in ice and snow sports" has become a magnificent scene.

"To promote high-quality development, culture is an important pillar." The development of the ice and snow economy requires the cultivation of culture.

Deepen cultural heritage. Walking on the streets of Harbin (哈尔滨), the atmosphere of ice and snow culture is strong. From the first Ice Lantern Garden Party (冰灯游园会) lighting up the night sky in 1963, to the birth of China's first International Ice and Snow Festival (国际冰雪节) in 1985, and then to the successful hosting of the 2025 Harbin Asian Winter Games (哈尔滨亚冬会)... "Ice and snow culture and ice and snow economy are becoming new driving forces for Harbin's (哈尔滨) high-quality development and new ties for opening up to the outside world."

Deeply cultivate local culture. Jinjiang Wooden House Village (锦江木屋村) in Fusong County (抚松县), Baishan City (白山市), Jilin (吉林), one of China's traditional villages, has transformed its harsh climate into a hotbed for development. Many tourists share a common sentiment: "In the icy and snowy world, there is a burst of warmth!"

"Winter is the most lively time, with tourists from all over coming to the Northeast Snow Village to ski and make Wula shoes (靰鞡鞋)." As the small mountain village transforms into a tourist village, Lu Yongling (卢永玲), a villager, has become a tour guide. "Ice and snow are gifts from nature to us. Welcome everyone to our village to experience authentic folk customs."

The vitality of ice and snow culture lies in the interplay between tradition and modernity, allowing constantly updated cultural forms to blossom with new flowers.

On one hand, traditional ice and snow culture is being revitalized through inheritance—

Chagan Lake (查干湖) in Jilin (吉林), horse-drawn capstans, large nets coming out of the water, fresh fish breaking through the ice one after another... "A great harvest!" Recalling the winter fishing, Yu Batou (渔把头) Bing Hailong (邴海龙) could not hide his excitement. "Tourism is booming, people who went out to work have returned, cultural inheritance has momentum, and a better life is even more promising!" In recent years, the local area has integrated fishing and hunting culture into the ice and snow park, launching winter fishing experiences, allowing tourists to personally experience the charm of ice and snow in the spectacular "ice lake leaping fish."

Not only winter fishing, but also folk activities such as "ice games" and "ice and snow Nadam" in many parts of the country have also built a unique cultural landscape, brightening the background color of industrial development.

On the other hand, modern ice and snow culture seeks development through innovation—

Using 3D projection, virtual reality and other digital technologies to make ice sculptures and snow sculptures "alive," creating an immersive cultural tourism experience; opening an artificial intelligence creation platform, you can customize personalized cultural and creative products in a few minutes, making ice and snow culture a memory that can be taken away... Technological empowerment and innovative development have spawned new forms of the ice and snow economy.

The new connotations, new formats, and new scenes of ice and snow culture are becoming a bright spot in promoting high-quality economic development.

In recent years, various regions have based themselves on their resource endowments and innovatively explored models such as "ice and snow + red culture" and "ice and snow + industrial heritage" to enhance cultural recognition and allow the ice and snow economy to move from "one scene in one season" to "scenery in all four seasons," writing a vivid chapter in humanistic economics.

Let's broaden our horizons.

At the Milan Winter Olympics, China embraced the world with sports culture as the medium and ice and snow sports as the bridge, conveying peace and friendship. On the field, athletes strive to pursue their dreams, interpreting the Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger - Together"; off the field, the enthusiasm for watching the games continues to surge, and the audience enjoys ice and snow sports. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics (北京冬奥会), the 2025 Harbin Asian Winter Games (哈尔滨亚冬会)... Ice and snow are becoming a cultural bond connecting people's hearts and promoting exchanges and mutual learning, demonstrating the open, inclusive, confident and calm demeanor of a major country.

"The ice and snow industry is a big industry and a sunrise industry."

From the natural advantages of the north to the industrial potential of all-round linkage; from the past niche sports to the increasingly popular "ice and snow +" new scenes... Behind the development of the ice and snow economy is the systematic planning of top-level design, the proactive actions of local practices, and the enthusiastic participation of hundreds of millions of people. In the opening year of the "15th Five-Year Plan," the prelude to the leap of the ice and snow economy has quietly begun, and it will surely continue to write a new chapter in the process of high-quality development.

(Reporters Fang Yuan (方圆) and Lü Shaogang (吕绍刚) of this newspaper participated in the writing)

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Symposium commemorating the 100th anniversary of Li Ximing's birth held in Beijing

This newspaper reported from Beijing on February 28th (Reporter Zhao Bing (赵兵)) A symposium commemorating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭) was held in Beijing (北京) on the 28th. Zhao Leji (赵乐际), a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, attended the symposium and met with the relatives of Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭) before the meeting.

Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭) was an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a long-tested and loyal communist fighter, an outstanding leader in the work of the Party, a member of the 13th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress, and former Secretary of the Beijing (北京) Municipal Committee of the CPC.

Yin Li (尹力), a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the Beijing (北京) Municipal Committee, recalled Comrade Li Ximing's (李锡铭) glorious life at the symposium, emphasizing the need to learn from his political character of loyalty to the Party and unwavering belief, his pragmatic and responsible spirit of pioneering and forging ahead, his public servant feelings of putting the people first and caring about the masses, and his fine style of strict self-discipline and honest service, to strengthen confidence and forge ahead courageously, and to continuously make new and greater contributions to comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization.

Wang Dongming (王东明), Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, presided over the symposium.

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China's online consumption continues its positive and innovative trend.

This newspaper's Beijing (北京) dispatch on February 28th (Reporter Wang Ke (王珂)): Data released by the Ministry of Commerce (商务部) shows that since the "14th Five-Year Plan," China's (中国) digital consumption has expanded in scale and improved in quality, with the overall scale of digital consumption exceeding 23.8 trillion yuan, ranking it as the world's largest online retail market for 13 consecutive years.

China's (中国) online consumption continues to maintain a positive and innovative trend. In 2025, online retail sales reached 15.97 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 8.6%, with the growth rate accelerating by 1.4 percentage points compared to the previous year. Among them, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to 13.09 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.2%, driving the total retail sales of social consumer goods to grow by 1.3 percentage points during the same period. New consumption formats and models such as live-streaming e-commerce and instant retail are growing rapidly. The live-streaming e-commerce industry maintains a good development trend. In 2025, the transaction volume of live-streaming increased by 11.3% compared to the previous year. Instant delivery is developing rapidly, better and faster meeting consumer demands.

This impressive report card for online retail is a vivid microcosm of the dual leap in scale and quality of China's (中国) digital consumption.

Online retail leads consumption upgrades, deeply rooting the foundation of people's well-being.

Convenient and efficient online shopping has become a standard feature for Chinese (中国) consumers. According to business big data monitoring, in 2025, online retail sales of digital products such as mobile phones and smart robots increased by 20.5% and 18% respectively. Online retail injects new impetus into the rapid rise of smart consumption, quality consumption, and green consumption, making the convenient life of "ordering with a fingertip and delivering to your door" accessible and beneficial to every household.

Online retail helps industrial transformation, activating the driving force for high-quality development.

E-commerce promotes better matching of supply and demand, and better stimulates the endogenous power of China's (中国) industrial development. In 2025, national rural and agricultural product online retail sales increased by 6.7% and 9.9% respectively, and e-commerce transaction volume in the textile and pharmaceutical industries increased by 6.6% and 3.8% respectively. At the same time, e-commerce drives the rapid development of logistics express delivery, communication software, artificial intelligence, and other fields.

Online retail connects both domestic and international markets, jointly painting a new picture of mutual benefit and win-win cooperation.

China's (中国) online retail "circle of friends" is expanding. In 2025, China's (中国) "Silk Road E-commerce" partner countries expanded to 36. The Shanghai (上海) "Silk Road E-commerce" cooperation pilot zone has formed and promoted 12 institutional innovation achievements such as cross-border mutual recognition of digital identities. According to business big data monitoring, in 2025, retail sales of key cross-border e-commerce import platforms increased by 5.6%. The 4th Global Digital Trade Expo attracted 1,812 companies from 154 countries and regions to participate, with the scale reaching a new high. There were 382 first releases, first shows, and first exhibitions, an increase of nearly 90%, making e-commerce contributions to promoting inclusive and win-win economic globalization.

(Related reports can be found on page 8)

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Delivering Results in the "Scene-Based Office" (New Year's Visits to the Grassroots)

By: 本报记者 王伟健 原韬雄

What does the "Scenario Office" in Kunshan (昆山), Jiangsu (江苏) do?

The "Scenario Office" revolves around scenarios. Lu Chunqin (陆春琴), director of the Kunshan "Scenario Office," explains, "It's about finding applications for products and technologies for scenarios."

"We're visiting companies today, come and see!" Lu Chunqin (陆春琴) invited the reporter to investigate.

Walking into Suzhou Youying Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (昆山市苏州游鹰无人机技术有限公司) in Kunshan (昆山), Gao Tingjun (高廷军), the chairman of the company, was leading his staff in "playing games."

Detouring, shuttling... the spherical drone hummed, and its movements caused a burst of exclamation. "This is drone soccer, which has both confrontation and tactics. The drone can score by carrying the ball through the ring-shaped goal," said Gao Tingjun (高廷军).

"It's a game, but also a scenario. If the company wants to promote it, we will coordinate with relevant departments and units," said Lu Chunqin (陆春琴).

Visiting companies, conducting on-site research and judgment of corporate needs, and connecting product technologies are the daily tasks of the "Scenario Office."

The monitoring screen in the company's command hall shows that drones are operating in the airspace above the plant of Luxshare Precision Industry (Kunshan) Co., Ltd. (立讯精密工业（昆山）有限公司). The drone transportation service provided by Youying Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Company (游鹰无人机公司) has increased transportation efficiency by more than 50% and saved about 60% of the overall cost.

Previously, one party had a need to find a solution for transporting high-value goods, while the other party had the technology but could not find a scenario that could be verified and implemented.

The "Scenario Office" is the matchmaker. Gao Tingjun (高廷军) said that this cooperation has allowed the company to accumulate rich experience in building routes and gain more technical service opportunities.

"Pain points and bottlenecks in enterprises and people's livelihoods are all scenarios," said Lu Chunqin (陆春琴).

This visit also sparked more new ideas: drones can accurately locate and extinguish fires; equipping robot dogs with small drones can make inspections more detailed and accurate...

"In the past two years, more and more companies have regarded application scenarios as a key element." Qian Xudong (钱许东), Executive Deputy Mayor of Kunshan (昆山市), introduced that in early last year, in order to adapt to the new situation, Kunshan (昆山) established a "Scenario Office" to "**先行先试**" (xiān xíng xiān shì - "first act then test," to pilot new initiatives) and "**先干起来**" (xiān gàn qǐ lái - "start doing it first," to take action).

Kunshan (昆山) has more than 35,000 industrial enterprises, making it an important testing ground for scenarios. Kunshan (昆山) disassembles and integrates scenarios to form demand lists and capability lists, using new demands to guide new supply and new supply to create new demands.

In November 2025, after the General Office of the State Council issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating Scenario Cultivation and Opening Up to Promote Large-scale Application of New Scenarios," the Kunshan (昆山) "Scenario Office" integrated resources from multiple departments and transformed into a physical operation: setting up an office location in the Kunshan High-tech Zone Management Committee (昆山高新区管委会), organizing personnel from multiple departments such as the Development and Reform Commission, Industry and Information Technology, Data, Science and Technology, Commerce, and Transportation to form a working group, comprehensively sorting out corporate technology supply and scenario demand, forming a task list, and promoting solutions through departmental consultations and other mechanisms.

"Companies have opportunities to develop, and technology has opportunities to be implemented. The 'Scenario Office' is like a 'loom,' weaving the industrial chain into a network," said Qian Xudong (钱许东).

Not only finding scenarios, but also creating scenarios.

In October 2025, under the coordination of the "Scenario Office," Kunshan (昆山) built a drone test flight base with an airspace area of approximately 24 square kilometers. In February of this year, the base witnessed the release of a 10-passenger "air bus," which is the world's first 5-ton electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft independently developed by Fengfei Aviation Technology (峰飞航空科技).

"In Kunshan (昆山), we have more opportunities!" said Zhao Qiaohua (赵巧花), Vice President of Fengfei Aviation Technology (Kunshan) Co., Ltd. (峰飞航空科技（昆山）有限公司), full of expectations.

As of now, the Kunshan (昆山) "Scenario Office" has released more than 300 scenarios, promoted the implementation of 78 landmark projects, and is expected to create 500 new application scenarios this year, building more bridges for technology and industry, research and development, and the market.

Zhou Chengrui (周铖睿), a staff member of the "Scenario Office," has marked his entire year's calendar densely, "'The opening year of the 'Fifteenth Five-Year Plan' requires us to **马不停蹄** (mǎ bù tíng tí - "horse no stop hoof," to press on without stopping) and **快马加鞭** (kuài mǎ jiā biān - "fast horse add whip," to go full speed ahead)!"

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Chongqing Develops Ecological and Characteristic Agriculture by Utilizing its Mountainous Terrain

By: 本报记者 李增辉 姜 峰 沈靖然

Spring arrives in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and golden oranges adorn the mountains and forests.

On the banks of the Yangtze River, in Huangtu Village (黄土村), Zhong County (忠县), Chongqing (重庆). "In the past, we had to carry everything on our shoulders, and we were most afraid of the fruit rotting in the fields." Villager Chen Jianguo (陈建国) loaded fresh oranges onto a truck, "Now there is a processing plant right at our doorstep, and they will buy as much as we have!" Modern factories have been built at the foot of the mountain, and in as little as one hour, fresh oranges can complete the entire process from the branches to the sorting line, and then into the juicing barrels.

More than 70% of Chongqing's area is mountainous. How can "golden nuggets" be grown from "palm-sized fields"?

In April 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized during his inspection in Chongqing (重庆): "Grasp grain production firmly and practically, and develop ecological and characteristic agriculture in accordance with local conditions."

Thoroughly implementing the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important instructions, Chongqing (重庆) is striving to develop ecological and characteristic agriculture by adapting to local conditions, empowering with technology, innovating mechanisms, and cultivating brands, so as to help promote the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside. At present, the total scale of ecological and characteristic agriculture in the city has reached 38 million mu, with an annual comprehensive output value of 450 billion yuan; 13 national modern agricultural industrial parks have been built.

-- Empowering with technology, moving towards digital and intelligent agriculture.

"In the past, it was time-consuming and laborious to complete rice-oil rotation manually. Now, with one-click operation, a complete set of procedures for one mu of land can be completed in 10 minutes." In Jinping Village (金平村), Ansheng Town (安胜镇), Liangping District (梁平区), new farmer Li Shifei (李世飞) is operating an intelligent machine that integrates sowing and fertilization. The machine is equipped with radar speed measurement and a chip calculation system, which can precisely control the sowing amount in real time according to soil nutrients.

Digging deep into potential and cultivating meticulously, continuous efforts are being made in good fields, good seeds, good machines, and good methods. In 2025, Chongqing's (重庆) total grain output reached 11.125 million tons, a new high in the past 20 years.

In the citrus digital sorting workshop of the Zhong County (忠县) Modern Agriculture Citrus Industrial Park, operations are running at full speed, with a processing capacity of 100 tons per hour. "We have integrated and applied citrus late-maturing anti-dehydration and anti-fruit drop technology to achieve 'fresh fruit in August and processing in all seasons'." Li Jiwei (李继伟), deputy general manager of Chongqing Orange Standard Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. (重庆橙标农业发展有限公司), said with a smile.

Technological support has broken through the bottleneck of mountain operations. In 2025, the contribution rate of Chongqing's (重庆) agricultural science and technology progress increased to 64%. "We will focus on creating three characteristic industrial gold name cards: Fuling pickled mustard tuber (涪陵榨菜), Fengjie navel orange (奉节脐橙), and Wushan crisp plum (巫山脆李), and continue to cultivate three 100 billion-yuan-level pillar industrial clusters: high-quality grain and oil, mountain fruits and vegetables, and ecological animal husbandry," said Li Chunkui (李春奎), Secretary of the Agriculture and Rural Work Committee of the Chongqing Municipal Committee (重庆市委农业农村工委书记) and Director of the Chongqing Municipal Agriculture and Rural Affairs Commission (市农业农村委主任).

-- Innovative mechanisms to revitalize fragmented resources.

The fields are connected, but half are in Rongchang District (荣昌区), Chongqing (重庆), and half are in Longchang City (隆昌市), Sichuan (四川). "In the past, the two families grew their own crops with different standards, so they couldn't sell them at a good price," Jiang Hong (江红), a villager in Anfu Street (安富街道), Rongchang District (荣昌区), admitted frankly.

Jointly building characteristic industries, the crayfish sorting center and intelligent greenhouses have been put into use one after another; exploring joint governance at the grassroots level, and establishing mechanisms for joint prevention and mediation of disputes... Nowadays, the two places have broken down administrative division boundaries and established the Shuangchang Cooperation Demonstration Park (双昌合作示范园区) of the Chengdu-Chongqing Modern Efficient Characteristic Agricultural Belt, carrying out in-depth cooperation in infrastructure, industrial synergy, and agricultural, cultural, and tourism integration development. Jiang Hong (江红) has also become an industrial development specialist in the park. "From fighting alone to developing together, this 'common prosperity chain' not only links resources, but also links people's hearts."

In Baohe Village (保合村), Longhe Town (龙河镇), Changshou District (长寿区), citrus trees have ushered in new owners - city residents who fancy a certain tree can pre-purchase the "picking rights". Citizens have enriched their experience, villagers have increased their income, and the idle "future income of fruit trees" has become immediate cash.

Changshou District (长寿区) has included 12 types of rural assets and resources, such as land management rights and aquaculture water surface management rights, into the platform for public transfer and trading. At present, more than 2,000 projects have been traded in the district, with an amount of 900 million yuan, driving farmers' income to increase by more than 70 million yuan.

Reforms are implemented, and the whole game is revitalized. Chongqing (重庆) is actively promoting the development of ecological and characteristic agriculture with the comprehensive reform pilot of factor market allocation, building a unified rural property rights transfer and trading market system in the city, and has cumulatively revitalized 120 billion yuan of rural resources and assets. The "sleeping assets" in rural areas are continuously being transformed into "development living water".

-- Cultivating brands to amplify ecological dividends.

"Our agricultural products come from the beautiful mountains and rivers of our hometown." In the live broadcast room of Gexin Village (革新村), Panlong Street (盘龙街道), Yunyang County (云阳县), Zhong Fan (钟凡), a college student who returned to her hometown to start a business, is enthusiastically promoting to the mobile phone screen. The exquisitely packaged Three Gorges Yang Chrysanthemum (三峡阳菊) in her hand is uniformly marked with the regional public brand logo of "Tiansheng Yunyang (天生云阳)".

In order to make ecological and characteristic agricultural products "well-known and sell well", Chongqing (重庆) is focusing on cultivating brands in various places to amplify green value and ecological dividends. Yunyang County (云阳县) has created the "Tiansheng Yunyang (天生云阳)" brand, covering five categories of products including fresh fruits, grains and oils, and Chinese medicinal materials. The brand value has exceeded 5 billion yuan.

In 2025, Chongqing (重庆) carried out the selection of famous and high-quality Ba Yu (巴渝) "local specialties", and the first batch of 40 products were identified; the brand values of Fengjie Navel Orange (奉节脐橙), Fuling Pickled Mustard Tuber (涪陵榨菜), and Wushan Crisp Plum (巫山脆李) reached 38.1 billion yuan, 37.9 billion yuan, and 10.5 billion yuan respectively. "Entering the '15th Five-Year Plan', we will anchor the goal of building a strong agricultural city, iteratively implement the 100 billion-yuan-level ecological and characteristic industry cultivation action, continue to polish the golden name card of Ba Yu (巴渝) 'local specialties', and accelerate the development of modern ecological and efficient agriculture," said Li Chunkui (李春奎).

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"World Supermarket" Opens

On February 28th, the Yiwu International Trade Market (浙江义乌国际商贸城) and Yiwu Global Digital Trade Center (义乌全球数贸中心) in Yiwu (义乌), Zhejiang (浙江) officially opened, with approximately 80,000 business locations welcoming customers. The picture shows customers selecting goods on that day.

Photo by Gong Xianming (龚献明) (China Photo)

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Looking at "Trillion" Dialectically: Serving the People Weighs a Thousand Pounds (Today's Commentary)

By: 朱珉迕

Data shows that the number of cities with a regional GDP exceeding one trillion yuan has expanded again, reaching 29. While this is gratifying, it is worth asking: What does "one trillion" mean?

"One trillion" is like a mirror, reflecting not only volume but also quality. Crossing the "one trillion" threshold, some cities excel in scientific and technological innovation, some emphasize manufacturing support, and some rely on regional linkages. The leapfrog development of cities is the result of the synergistic effects of policy guidance, industrial upgrading, opening-up empowerment, and innovation-driven forces, directly demonstrating the good momentum of China's (中国) economy developing towards newness and excellence.

"One trillion" is a process, not an end. Observing the development of various regions, there is a spirit of learning from, catching up with, and surpassing each other, with both "leading the way" and "thousands of horses galloping forward." Learning from the leaders focuses on grasping their wisdom and methods for promoting development, rather than dwelling on numbers and speed. Each city has its own endowments and positioning. Only by seeing the times and trends clearly, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, adapting to local conditions, strengthening internal capabilities, actively seizing opportunities, and being good at differentiated development can one accumulate strength for a 厚积薄发 (hòu jī bó fā - "accumulate richly, burst forth thinly," to accumulate experience and knowledge gradually so as to achieve great success later).

How to scale new heights tests one's view of political achievements. Looking at "one trillion" dialectically, it weighs a thousand pounds for the people. It should benefit people's livelihoods, benefit society, benefit the present, and benefit the future. In this way, development will be warmer and more substantial.

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Advance comprehensive and strict Party governance with higher standards and more concrete measures to provide a strong guarantee for achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan" period.

By: 李 希

I submit this translation with the understanding that it will be evaluated strictly according to the instructions provided.

I represent the Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (二十届中央纪律检查委员会) in presenting this work report to the Fifth Plenary Session for your deliberation.

The main tasks of this plenary session are to thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping's (习近平) Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Plenary Sessions of the 20th Central Committee, conscientiously implement the arrangements of the Fourth Plenary Session, summarize the work of discipline inspection and supervision in 2025, and deploy the tasks for 2026. This morning, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) delivered an important speech, making strategic arrangements to promote comprehensive and strict Party governance with higher standards and more practical measures, and to provide a strong guarantee for achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan" period. We must conscientiously study and comprehend this speech and resolutely implement it.

I. Review of Work in 2025

2025 was a very extraordinary year. Facing the complex and volatile international situation and the arduous and heavy tasks of domestic reform, development, and stability, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core has unremittingly promoted the Party's self-revolution, carried out in-depth study and education on implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee, and advanced the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and the anti-corruption struggle in depth. It has united and led the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to overcome difficulties and work hard, successfully completing the goals and tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, and taking new and solid steps in Chinese-style modernization.

In 2025, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) fully affirmed the work of discipline inspection and supervision in the new era and on the new journey, and put forward important requirements for unswervingly promoting comprehensive and strict Party governance, winning the tough and protracted battle against corruption, and building a discipline inspection and supervision iron army. He encouraged the vast number of discipline inspection and supervision cadres to remain true to their original aspirations and keep their mission firmly in mind, and to play a greater role in comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection led the entire system in deeply studying and comprehending this, greatly strengthening the sense of mission and responsibility, boosting the morale of the struggle, and stimulating the driving force for progress. It has more profoundly understood the decisive significance of the "two establishments" and resolutely achieved the "two safeguards." Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels have kept in mind General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) instructions, shouldered heavy responsibilities, and become more determined to fight to safeguard the Party's unity and solidarity, and to defend the Party's advanced nature and purity. They have provided a strong guarantee for the development of the Party and the country with new achievements in Party conduct, integrity, and the anti-corruption struggle.

(I) Persistently Arming the Mind with Xi Jinping (习近平)'s Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to Ensure that Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work Always Advances in the Correct Direction

Firmly grasping the primary political task of strengthening the Party's innovative theoretical arming, we have engaged in in-depth study, practical research, and implementation, experiencing the power of truth and the power of practice in the unity of knowledge and action. We have deepened theoretical study. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has played a leading role in promoting study, strictly implementing the "First Topic" system, deeply studying Volume V of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, and following up on the communication and study of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important speeches and instructions, consciously using the Party's innovative theory to guide all discipline inspection and supervision work. We have deeply studied and implemented the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, identified the focus of our work, and proactively served and guaranteed the overall situation of economic and social development. We have strengthened publicity and interpretation. We have deeply studied and publicized Xi Jinping's (习近平) important thoughts on Party building and on the Party's self-revolution, and profoundly expounded the "nine aspects" of practical requirements and the "five further in place" important requirements. We produced and broadcast the television special *Anti-Corruption for the People*, singing the main theme of comprehensive and strict Party governance; clarifying ideological confusion, powerfully refuting erroneous understandings of the anti-corruption struggle, and gathering positive energy to promote integrity and eliminate corruption. We have conducted in-depth investigations and research. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has conducted research on nine topics, including "increasing the integrated promotion of not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt," driving the resident (dispatch) institutions of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission and the leading bodies of provincial discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions to conduct in-depth research, forming more than 800 research results, and learning ideology, understanding truth, and grasping implementation in solving problems.

Through deepening theoretical arming, the direction of discipline inspection and supervision work has become clearer, the thinking has become broader, and the measures have become more scientific.

(II) Closely Focusing on the Major Political Responsibility of "Two Safeguards" to Promote the Concretization, Precision, and Normalization of Political Supervision

Firmly grasping the important requirement of maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in ideology, politics, and action, we have conscientiously implemented the *Measures for Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs to Carry Out Political Supervision (Trial Implementation)*, strictly enforcing political discipline and political rules, and ensuring that orders are obeyed and prohibitions are enforced. We have focused on political essentials to strengthen political supervision. We have taken the implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important speeches and instructions as the primary political responsibility, incorporating the implementation into supervision, inspection, review, investigation, and inspection tours, promoting the improvement of ledger management and closed-loop implementation mechanisms, and promoting the entire Party to closely follow the General Secretary and forge ahead on a new journey. We have focused on the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee to strengthen political supervision. We have strengthened supervision and inspection of the implementation of the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments on further comprehensively deepening reform and completing the goals and tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, improving the coordinated supervision mechanism for the implementation of major cross-regional and cross-departmental strategies, and urging Party organizations at all levels to be responsible for their own land and fulfill their responsibilities. We have focused on the political responsibility of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party to strengthen political supervision. We have conscientiously fulfilled our assistance responsibilities and supervisory responsibilities, comprehensively using special consultations, discipline inspection and supervision recommendations, and conversation reminders to promote the deepening of responsibility from tangible coverage to effective consolidation. We have accurately and standardized the use of the accountability tool, strengthened the upgrading and review of accountability cases in key areas and key issues, and focused on problems such as the failure to strictly and effectively grasp the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and seriously held those who were derelict in their duties accountable. A total of 1,336 Party organizations and 39,000 leading cadres were held accountable nationwide.

By tightening and solidifying political responsibility and doing a solid and meticulous job in political supervision, we have promoted the entire Party to further deeply understand the decisive significance of the "two establishments," enhanced the firm consciousness of achieving the "two safeguards," and formed a good situation of working together to implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee.

(III) Solidly Carrying Out In-Depth Study and Education on Implementing the Spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee to Promote the Overall Improvement of the Party's Conduct

Firmly grasping the effectiveness and experience of deeply implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have grasped and implemented study and education, and continued to consolidate the dam of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee. We have taken the "first phalanx" of study and education well. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection held a special collective study, deeply studying General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important expositions on strengthening the Party's conduct construction, accurately grasping the core essence and practical requirements, driving the entire system to promote learning, investigation, and rectification in an integrated manner, and ensuring that learning is of high quality, investigation is strong, and rectification is effective. We have powerfully served and guaranteed the Party's study and education. We have participated in the work of the central-level study and education special class, done a good job in policy interpretation, case compilation and distribution, publicity and guidance, rectification and governance, and guidance and supervision, and wrote *The Eight-Point Regulation Changes China*, which was included in the Party's study and education materials, helping the Party's study and education to advance solidly. We have severely corrected the stubborn diseases of the "four forms of formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance." We have seriously investigated and dealt with the problem of eating and drinking in violation of regulations, and publicly reported typical cases that occurred in Luoshan (罗山) County, Henan (河南) Province, Huangmei (黄梅) County, Hubei (湖北) Province, and Susong (宿松) County, Anhui (安徽) Province; severely punished problems such as "disguised" public-funded tourism and "express delivery of gifts," and struck hard at violations of discipline against the wind and accurately dealt with hidden and variant problems. The typical problems of blind decision-making and mechanical execution in urban management in Sanhe (三河) City, Hebei (河北) Province, were seriously investigated and publicly reported. Discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country investigated and dealt with 150,000 cases of hedonism and extravagance, and 141,000 cases of formalism and bureaucracy, and criticized, educated, and dealt with a total of 376,000 people.

Through study and education, conduct construction has been further deepened and solidifed, the effectiveness of correcting the "four forms of formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance" has been further improved, and the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee has been more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

(IV) Unswervingly Advancing the Anti-Corruption Struggle and Constantly Eradicating the Soil and Conditions for the Breeding of Corruption

Firmly grasping General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) major judgment on the "two still" of the anti-corruption struggle, we have deepened the comprehensive management of both symptoms and root causes and paid more attention to preventing and controlling corruption from the source. We have continued to increase the punishment of corruption. We have deepened the rectification of corruption in key areas such as finance, state-owned enterprises, energy, fire protection, tobacco, medicine, universities, sports, development zones, public welfare and charity, work safety, engineering construction, and bidding and tendering, and eliminated systemic corruption risks and hidden dangers. The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission have filed cases for review and investigation against 181 centrally-administered cadres, including Jin Xiangjun (金湘军), Lan Tianli (蓝天立), Wang Lixia (王莉霞), Bi Jingquan (毕井泉), Qizhala (齐扎拉), Jiang Chaoliang (蒋超良), Liu Hui (刘慧), and Yi Huiman (易会满). Discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country have filed 1.012 million cases, detained 47,000 people, and given Party disciplinary and administrative sanctions to 983,000 people. Adhering to the principle of learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones and treating the illness to save the patient, discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country have used the "four forms" to criticize, educate, and deal with 1.984 million people. Under strong deterrence and policy appeals, 26,000 people have voluntarily surrendered themselves. The *Evidence Guidelines for Investigating New Types of Corruption and Hidden Corruption Problems* was issued. We have increased the investigation and handling of bribery and strengthened joint punishment of key bribers. We have deepened international anti-corruption cooperation, filed and investigated 505 cross-border corruption cases, carried out the "Sky Net 2025" action and the special action to recover stolen goods and recover losses from overseas duty crimes, recovered 963 fugitives, and achieved the clearing of "100 Red Notices" personnel in Asia. We have continued to deepen the joint investigation and treatment of both conduct and corruption. We have formulated opinions on promoting the joint investigation and treatment of improper conduct and corruption problems, promoting the two-way exertion of force and the same-way governance of investigating corruption through conduct and correcting conduct through corruption. We have strengthened the technological empowerment of rectifying conduct and fighting corruption, accurately discovering and deeply investigating and dealing with problems of conduct and corruption intertwined. We have continued to promote case-based reform, consolidation, and cultivation. We have strengthened case analysis, conducted special research, and promoted the restoration and purification of the political ecology. We have formulated the *Three-Year Action Plan for the Construction of Clean Culture in the New Era (2025-2027)*, continuously enhancing the pertinence and effectiveness of the construction of clean culture in the new era, and vigorously creating a social environment that promotes integrity and rejects corruption, and advocates thrift and opposes extravagance.

Through strong punishment of corruption, the depth and breadth of anti-corruption have been continuously expanded, and the common roots of conduct and corruption have been continuously eradicated, better clearing obstacles and escorting high-quality economic and social development.

(V) Continuing to Grasp the Centralized Rectification of Improper Conduct and Corruption Problems Around the People, and the People's Sense of Gain is More Substantial

Firmly grasping the goal of fighting for the people and making the people feel it, we have advanced the centralized rectification in depth. We have improved the pattern of joint management and rectification. The Party and government have taken the main responsibility and grasped it in the front, the discipline inspection commission has taken the lead and fully promoted it, the departments have coordinated and consistently carried it out to the end, the cities and counties have taken the main battle to grasp the townships and promote the villages, and the people have widely participated, covering all aspects of food, clothing, housing, transportation, birth, aging, illness, death, and living and working in peace and contentment. We have come up with pragmatic, effective, and hard moves. We have adhered to the unity of the "overall war" on the surface and the "blitzkrieg" on key points, and the connection between case handling and project rectification, closely focusing on the main battlefield below the county level, guiding and promoting weak counties with "one policy for each county," urging the governance of repeated reports, and jointly tackling "hard cases" and "nail cases." The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission directly investigated and supervised 8,116 cases of improper conduct and corruption problems around the people, and a total of 967,000 related problems were investigated and dealt with nationwide, 627,000 people were punished, and 22,000 people were transferred to the procuratorial organs. We have demonstrated the comprehensive effect of integrated investigation and treatment. We have deepened the national rectification of "school meals," rural collective "three assets" management, the use and supervision of rural revitalization funds, medical insurance fund management, and elderly care services, carried out special actions to rectify corruption and chaos in the funeral industry and standardize law enforcement involving enterprises, and urged the handling of a number of practical matters such as clearing arrears of sanitation workers' wages, resolving the "difficulty in obtaining certificates" for houses, and correcting repeated medical examinations and tests. We have promoted the promulgation of 32 national-level systems such as real estate registration, school meal standards, and opinions on strengthening and improving funeral service management, and achieved long-term governance through long-term mechanisms. A total of 3.716 million urgent, difficult, and worrying problems of the people have been solved nationwide, and 77.63 billion yuan of property has been returned to the people.

Through deepening centralized rectification, strongly punishing "flies and ants corruption," deeply solving stubborn diseases, further promoting the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to extend to the grassroots, effectively safeguarding the interests of the people, powerfully promoting grassroots supervision and governance, and consolidating the mass base for the Party's long-term governance.

(VI) Upholding Justice and Innovation to Deepen Political Inspection Tours and Achieve Full Coverage of Inspection Tours in Provinces, Autonomous Regions, and Municipalities

Firmly grasping the positioning of political inspection tours, deeply implementing the Party's inspection tour work policy, and deepening the promotion of reform and governance through inspection tours. We have achieved high-quality full coverage of inspection tours in provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Adhering to unified deployment, implementation in rounds, and centralized reporting, we have carried out the fifth and sixth rounds of inspection tours of the 20th Central Committee, simultaneously upgraded the inspection tour of Kunming (昆明) City and the joint inspection tour of 15 sub-provincial cities, deeply searching for and promoting the solution of major risks and prominent problems in the inspected areas. The rectification of inspection tours and the application of results have been continuously deepened. We have explored and carried out inspection tour rectification inspection and evaluation, and carried out "look back" on the rectification of inspection tours of centrally-administered enterprises. We have improved the inspection tour situation reporting mechanism, strengthened rectification accountability, and given full play to the role of inspection tours in promoting reform and promoting development. The system and mechanism of inspection tour work have been continuously improved. We have assisted the Party Central Committee in formulating the *Opinions on Strengthening Inspection Tours of Villages*, improved the inspection tour report review mechanism and the central inspection tour petition work measures and transfer work measures. We have deepened the linkage between the upper and lower levels and the coordination mechanism, carried out special inspections of the inspection tour work of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and promoted the coordination and linkage between internal inspection tours of central units and discipline inspection and supervision supervision.

Through deepening political inspection tours, we have discovered problems and found deviations from a political perspective, powerfully promoted problem-solving, effectively eliminated political hidden dangers, and the role of the inspection tour sword has continued to be demonstrated.

(VII) Deeply Promoting the Reform of the Discipline Inspection and Supervision System to Better Promote the Transformation of Institutional Advantages into Governance Effectiveness

Firmly grasping the deployment of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee on the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system, we have driven the overall improvement of work with key reform breakthroughs. We have promoted the improvement of the Party's internal regulations and system. We have assisted the Party Central Committee in revising the *Several Provisions on the Integrity of Leading Personnel of State-Owned Enterprises*, formulated measures for Party committees (Party groups) to conduct supervisory talks with the "top leaders" of lower-level Party organizations and measures for admonishment work, providing strong support for governing the Party according to regulations. We have improved the supporting system of the Supervision Law. We have revised the *Implementation Regulations of the Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China*, formulated the *Regulations on the Disclosure of Supervision Work Information*, and issued the *Regulations on the Approval of Supervisory Organs Taking Supervisory Compulsory Measures* and management measures for detention places and talk places. We have strengthened the publicity and implementation of the revised Supervision Law, deeply carried out all-staff training, and strengthened the concept of supervision and the rule of law. We have deeply promoted the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision resident institutions. We have completed the comprehensive dispatch of discipline inspection and supervision groups to centrally-administered enterprises. We have strengthened the management of the use of measures by the resident institutions of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission and the overall coordination of designated jurisdiction cases, studied and drafted guiding opinions on the re-dispatch of supervision, optimized the setting of resident institutions of provincial and municipal discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions, steadily and orderly promoted the pilot work of provincial discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions dispatching discipline inspection and supervision groups to provincial universities and state-owned enterprises, and the effectiveness of resident supervision has been further improved. We have promoted the improvement of the Party and state supervision system. We have improved the special supervision system of discipline inspection and supervision, formulated the *Regulations on the Coordination and Cooperation of Supervision, Inspection, Review, and Investigation Work of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs*, and promoted the coordinated linkage of "office, group, place, school, enterprise, and inspection tour." We have improved the grassroots supervision system, comprehensively completed the centralized office of county-level discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions resident institutions, promoted the exchange of deputy secretaries of municipal and county-level discipline inspection commissions in different places, and promoted the solution of problems such as the dispersion of grassroots supervision forces and the difficulty of supervision in familiar society. We have improved the connection mechanism between supervision and law enforcement and criminal justice, and deepened the connection and coordination between discipline inspection and supervision supervision and various types of supervision.

Through reform and innovation breakthroughs, the functional system of discipline inspection and supervision organs has been further optimized, and the regulatory system has been further improved.

(VIII) Solidly Carrying Out the "Year of Standardization, Rule of Law, and Regularization Construction of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work" Action, and the Construction of the Discipline Inspection and Supervision Iron Army Has Reached a New Level
(VIII) Solidly Carry Out the "Year of Standardizing, Legalizing, and Regularizing Disciplinary Inspection and Supervision Work," Elevating the Construction of the Disciplinary Inspection and Supervision Iron Army to a New Level

Firmly grasping General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important requirement that "to forge iron, one must be strong oneself," we highlight political training, disciplinary and legal training, and practical hard training, launching a "combined punch" for self-construction. We strengthen loyalty education. We conduct regular ideological and belief education and political loyalty education, formulate measures for recording the political performance of disciplinary inspection and supervision cadres, and operate and utilize the "Born for the Party, Fighting for the Party" disciplinary inspection and supervision exhibition hall, organizing 193 batches of 6,293 person-times to visit and study, continuing the red gene of absolute loyalty to the Party. We improve the quality and efficiency of case handling. We solidify disciplinary and legal education, promote all-member military training, hold demonstration classes for cultivating case-handling capabilities, and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission (中央纪委国家监委) and various provincial discipline inspection and supervision commissions trained 2.254 million person-times, with 99,000 disciplinary inspection and supervision cadres participating in practical combat training. We conduct case quality evaluations, special inspections of handling letters and visits, and special governance to standardize case-handling behavior and implement the responsibility system for case-handling safety work. We strengthen organizational construction. We implement the opinions on strengthening the construction of the disciplinary inspection and supervision team in the new era, implement a three-year action plan for organizational construction, continuously improve the organizational system, and better leverage organizational advantages. We comprehensively manage the selection, cultivation, management, and use of cadres, conduct special research on the cadre team, promote cadre exchanges across sectors and multi-position training, continuously optimize the structure of the leadership team, and replenish the strength of front-line work. We solidify strict management and heartfelt care. We improve the operational mechanism and management and supervision system for disciplinary inspection and supervision power, conduct in-depth special inspections on the issue of disciplinary inspection and supervision cadres violating regulations by drinking alcohol, criticizing, educating, and handling 292 people. We resolutely eliminate **害群之马** (hài qún zhī mǎ - "black sheep," one who stirs up trouble and brings disgrace to his group), with 4,119 people placed on file and 313 people detained throughout the system. We increase commendations and rewards, carry out centralized assistance from the Sharp Sword Fund, and wholeheartedly solve the practical difficulties of cadres.

By strengthening the standardization, legalization, and regularization of disciplinary inspection and supervision work, we have effectively enhanced the mental state of cadres, the quality and ability of the team, and the quality and level of work, making the disciplinary inspection and supervision iron army purer and more complete.

Over the past year, disciplinary inspection and supervision work has progressed steadily and improved in quality and efficiency, fundamentally due to the leadership and steering of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, and the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We have a deeper understanding that to promote the high-quality development of disciplinary inspection and supervision work, we must adhere to absolute loyalty to the Party, consciously use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to arm our minds, guide our practice, and promote our work; we must adhere to a people-centered approach, and integrate the concept of people first into all disciplinary inspection and supervision work; we must adhere to the unchanged strict tone, and maintain a clear and firm stance on rectifying conduct, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption; we must adhere to seeking truth from facts, acting in accordance with regulations and discipline, and continuously improve the standardization, legalization, and regularization of disciplinary inspection and supervision work. While seeing the achievements, we must also clearly recognize that the effectiveness of our work still falls short of the requirements of the Party Central Committee and the expectations of the people, that our quality and ability still fall short of the requirements for the high-quality development of disciplinary inspection and supervision work, and that our discipline and work style still fall short of the standards of loyalty, cleanliness, responsibility, and daring to fight, and we must attach great importance to this and earnestly solve it.

II. Providing Strong Guarantees for Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" with New Achievements in the High-Quality Development of Disciplinary Inspection and Supervision Work

The "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" period is a crucial period for laying the foundation and fully exerting efforts to basically achieve socialist modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) pointed out that to turn the blueprint drawn by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee into reality, we must adhere to and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, deeply promote the Party's self-revolution, unswervingly promote comprehensive and strict Party governance, strengthen the entire Party's sense of mission and fighting will, consolidate the Party's unity, maintain the Party's team purity, and improve the Party's governance capacity and leadership level. As an important force in promoting comprehensive and strict Party governance, disciplinary inspection and supervision organs must deeply understand the "three more" important requirements put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平), and effectively unify their thoughts and actions with the Party Central Committee's accurate judgment of the situation and scientific deployment of tasks, further promote the high-quality development of disciplinary inspection and supervision work in the new era and on the new journey, and provide strong guarantees for the development of the Party and the country.

(I) Deeply Grasping the Higher Requirements for Maintaining the Party's Unity in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," Unswervingly Promoting the Entire Party to Deeply Understand the Decisive Significance of the "Two Establishments" and Achieve the "Two Upholds." The more complex and changeable the situation and the more arduous and heavy the tasks, the more closely we must unite around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) pointed out that emphasizing the "Two Upholds" and maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee must be reflected in the practical actions of implementing the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments. Disciplinary inspection and supervision organs must strengthen political supervision, strictly enforce political discipline, resolutely eliminate "two-faced people" who harbor ulterior motives and act inconsistently, and resolutely fight against words and deeds that endanger the Party's overall leadership, especially the Party Central Committee's centralized and unified leadership, to ensure that the Party Central Committee's orders are carried out without fail.

(II) Deeply Grasping the Higher Requirements for Putting Power in the Cage of the System in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," Unswervingly Strengthening Governance by System and Exercising Power in Accordance with Regulations. Putting power in the cage of the system is an important task of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party in the new era. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that we must not only improve the system and regulations, and weave the cage tightly, but also improve the enforcement of the system and enhance rigid constraints. Disciplinary inspection and supervision organs shoulder the important responsibility of maintaining the Party Constitution and other internal Party regulations, and must strengthen supervision, discipline enforcement, and accountability, promote the effectiveness of governance by system and exercising power in accordance with regulations, prevent "**牛栏关猫**" (niú lán guān māo - "using a cattle fence to keep out cats," ineffective measures) and "**纸笼禁虎**" (zhǐ lóng jìn hǔ - "using a paper cage to confine a tiger," a futile attempt to control powerful individuals), and ensure that power always operates on the correct track.

(III) Deeply Grasping the Higher Requirements for Maintaining the Party's Advanced Nature and Purity in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," Unswervingly Following the Path of Anti-Corruption with Chinese Characteristics. Corruption is the biggest risk, the biggest threat, and the biggest challenge facing our Party, and it is a stumbling block and obstacle in the development of the Party and the country. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that the situation in the fight against corruption is still severe and complex, and the task of eradicating the soil and conditions for the breeding of corruption is still arduous and heavy, requiring us to maintain a high-pressure posture without wavering, continuously improve the penetrating power of anti-corruption, and make greater efforts in promoting integration. As a specialized force in the fight against corruption, disciplinary inspection and supervision organs must have a clearer understanding of the political harm of corruption, a more accurate grasp of the profound connotation of the path of anti-corruption with Chinese characteristics, and, under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, treat both the symptoms and the root causes, and promote the integrated approach of "not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt," without stopping for a moment or retreating half a step, and unswervingly carry out the fight against corruption to the end.

(IV) Deeply Grasping the Higher Requirements for Encouraging Responsibility and Action in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," Unswervingly Promoting Party Members and Cadres to Start Businesses in Compliance with Rules and Discipline. Chinese-style modernization is a pioneering undertaking unprecedented in history, requiring the entire Party to work together and overcome difficulties. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that resolutely and forcefully implementing the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments is not contradictory to carrying out work creatively, requiring us to support and encourage all regions and departments to explore effective methods and approaches to implement the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments in light of their actual conditions, and ensure that the final results are in line with the Party Central Committee's decision-making intentions and policy intentions. As a specialized supervisory organ of the Party and the country, disciplinary inspection and supervision organs must accurately apply the "four forms," combine strict management with heartfelt care, and emphasize both incentives and constraints, not only seriously investigating and handling acts of abuse of power and dereliction of duty, but also clearly supporting and encouraging those who dare to take responsibility and act, stimulating the internal motivation and overall vitality of the cadre team, and gathering strong forces for promoting Chinese-style modernization.

III. Main Tasks for 2026

2026 marks the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党) and the first year of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan." To do a good job this year, we must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, deeply implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (党的二十大) and the plenary sessions of the 20th CPC Central Committee, earnestly implement the deployment of the Fourth Plenary Session, comprehensively implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important thoughts on Party building and the Party's self-revolution, deeply understand the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," resolutely achieve the "Two Upholds," unswervingly promote comprehensive and strict Party governance, continuously deepen the rectification of conduct, enforcement of discipline, and anti-corruption efforts, increase the integrated efforts to "not dare to be corrupt, not be able to be corrupt, and not want to be corrupt," more effectively eradicate the soil and conditions for the breeding of corruption, continue to carry out the "Year of Standardizing, Legalizing, and Regularizing Disciplinary Inspection and Supervision Work" campaign, promote the high-quality development of disciplinary inspection and supervision work in the new era and on the new journey, and provide strong guarantees for achieving the goals and tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" period.

(I) Strengthening Political Supervision to Promote the Entire Party to Unite and Achieve the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" Period

The "Suggestions" for the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" deliberated and approved by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made top-level designs and strategic plans for economic and social development in the next five years. Disciplinary inspection and supervision organs must focus on the central tasks to strengthen political supervision and promote all regions and departments to implement the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments without compromise.

Strengthening the arming of the Party with innovative theories to promote the enhancement of a sense of mission. We will promote Party organizations at all levels to earnestly implement the long-term mechanism of strengthening the soul through learning, increasing wisdom through learning, rectifying conduct through learning, and promoting work through learning, guide Party members and cadres to deepen their inner pursuit of the Party's historical mission and their fundamental recognition of the Party's central tasks, and achieve firm belief, pragmatism, responsibility, and self-discipline. We will promote the entire Party to comprehensively study and implement the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, resolutely shoulder political responsibilities, overcome difficulties, fight risks, and meet challenges with a historical initiative, and strive to create a new situation in the construction of Chinese-style modernization.

Maintaining the Party's unity with strict political discipline. We will take maintaining the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core as the most fundamental political discipline and political rules. We will continue to focus on and strive to solve the "seven have-to's" problem, focusing on investigating and handling behaviors such as outwardly compliant but inwardly defiant, going one's own way, saying one thing to one's face and another behind one's back, failing to implement orders or prohibitions, forming cliques and engaging in non-organizational activities. We will seriously correct ideological liberalism and resolutely prevent problems such as violating the Party's theories and lines, principles, and policies, and using the Party's innovative theories when they are in line with one's interests and discarding them when they are not; we will seriously correct political opportunism and resolutely prevent behaviors such as "building relationships," "worshiping wharfs," and "connecting with the sky"; we will seriously correct organizational factionalism and resolutely prevent excluding dissidents, cultivating personal forces, and forming interest groups; we will seriously correct work-related departmentalism and resolutely prevent implementing the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments by adopting countermeasures against policies from above; we will seriously correct good-old-boyism in fulfilling responsibilities and resolutely prevent the pressure of Party governance from being transmitted layer by layer and the responsibility from being implemented "tightly at the top and loosely at the bottom." We will strictly enforce election discipline, earnestly do a good job in responding to opinions on Party conduct and integrity, strictly control the political, work style, and integrity aspects, prevent "nomination with illness" and "promotion with illness," and never allow "two-faced people" or those who put personal interests first to muddle through. We will resolutely investigate and handle unhealthy tendencies and corruption in the selection and appointment of personnel, strictly investigate buying and selling official positions, soliciting official positions, and associating with political brokers and political swindlers. We will seriously investigate and handle false accusations and frame-ups, and promptly carry out clarification and rehabilitation work.

Ensuring the smooth start and progress of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" with strong political supervision. We will urge the grasping of task decomposition and promote all regions and departments to follow the "Suggestions" for the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," firmly grasp the strategic positioning in the overall situation, and scientifically determine the strategic tasks and ideas and measures in various fields of economic and social development. We will urge the grasping of task implementation, closely focusing on the strategic deployments such as implementing the new development concept, promoting high-quality development, and accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, focusing on the tasks and requirements of building a modern industrial system, developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, building a unified national market, expanding high-level opening up to the outside world, steadily promoting common prosperity for all the people, preventing returning to poverty as a regular practice, resolving hidden debts of local governments, strengthening ecological and environmental protection, and coordinating development and security, and promptly follow up with supervision to prevent the "two skins" of planning and implementation. We will urge the grasping of collaboration and cooperation, improve the quality and efficiency of cross-regional and cross-departmental coordinated supervision, and prevent and correct local protectionism.

(II) Strengthening the Rectification of Conduct and Enforcement of Discipline to Consolidate and Expand the Achievements of In-Depth Study and Education on the Spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee

Starting with grasping conduct to promote comprehensive and strict Party governance is an important experience of the Party's self-revolution in the new era, and we must adhere to grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together, and connecting the rectification of conduct, enforcement of discipline, and anti-corruption efforts, promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of conduct construction, and make the "golden business card" of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee brighter.

Strictly and realistically correcting the "four winds." We will continue to resolutely curb hedonism and extravagance, deepen the rectification of frequently occurring problems such as eating and drinking in violation of regulations and giving and receiving gifts and gift money in violation of regulations; we will seriously investigate and handle problems such as engaging in public-funded tourism in the name of research and investigation, carrying out Party building activities, and training, and engaging in disguised public-funded overseas (border) tourism; we will pay close attention to and correct new trends such as building buildings, halls, and pavilions in violation of regulations in the name of people's livelihood projects. We will continue to rectify formalism and bureaucracy, closely focusing on leading organs and leading cadres, resolutely correct prominent problems such as waiting and watching without taking action near the election, and rushing for quick success and quick profits and engaging in "pancake flipping" and "image projects" after the election, resolutely curb the unhealthy trend of statistical fraud, and promote the firm establishment and practice of a correct view of performance; closely focusing on the problem of increasing the burden on the grassroots, resolutely correct problems such as the large number of documents and meetings with low quality and efficiency, formalism in supervision, inspection, assessment, and research, and carrying out comparison, commendation, and creation of demonstration activities in violation of regulations, and promote the doing of a good job in consistent evaluation to reduce the burden on the grassroots.

Improving the long-term mechanism for conduct construction. We will deeply implement the opinions on unremittingly implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee to promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of conduct construction, based on regular study and education, strengthen typical education on both positive and negative aspects, and let Party members and cadres recognize that the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee is not only a "**紧箍咒**" (jǐn gū zhòu - "tightening spell," a restrictive rule or regulation), but also a "protective talisman." Taking the consolidation of responsibilities as the key, we will promote Party organizations at all levels to improve the mechanism for regularly studying conduct construction, strengthen the supervision of the conduct of the "top leader" and the leading team at the lower level, accurately identify and effectively prevent new trends in the "four winds" problem, inform relevant leaders of the "four winds" problem in the units under their charge, seriously hold accountable those who are lax in conduct construction, and severely punish those who falsely report or conceal information. Taking the joint investigation and treatment of conduct and corruption as the starting point, we will promote the integration of investigation and treatment, the combination of correction and establishment, promote Party members and cadres to firmly remember the "three musts" and practice the "three stricts and three reals," and establish a correct atmosphere; we will tell the story of China's anti-corruption and the story of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee to the international community, and spread the image of integrity and honesty.

(III) Strengthening the Treatment of Both Symptoms and Root Causes, and Making Good Use of the Strategic Grasp of the Integrated Approach of "Not Daring to Be Corrupt, Not Being Able to Be Corrupt, and Not Wanting to Be Corrupt"

The integrated approach of "not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt" is a strategic grasp for deepening the treatment of both symptoms and root causes of anti-corruption, and we must adhere to strict punishment, precise treatment, effective prevention, and integrated grasping, pay more attention to synergistic efforts, pay more attention to technological empowerment, and take a two-pronged approach to clearing "blue algae" and clearing "silt," and continuously enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of governing corruption.
Promoting the integrated "Three No Corruption" approach is a strategic grasp for deepening the treatment of both symptoms and root causes of corruption. We must adhere to strict punishment, precise governance, effective prevention, and integrated implementation. We should pay more attention to synergistic efforts and technological empowerment, addressing both "blue-green algae" and "silt," and continuously enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of corruption governance.

We will maintain high-pressure deterrence to strengthen the inability to be corrupt. We will adhere to using strong medicine to cure diseases and heavy penalties to manage chaos, continue to thoroughly investigate and clean up, ensuring that all corruption is opposed, all greed is punished, and all evil is eradicated. We will highlight areas with concentrated power, dense funds, and abundant resources, deepen the rectification of corruption in key areas such as finance, state-owned enterprises, energy, education, academic associations, development zones, and bidding, and effectively curb the frequent occurrence of corruption. We will highlight the key issue of the intertwining of political and economic problems, seriously investigate and deal with issues such as collusion between government and business, the provision of protection by power for capital, and the infiltration of capital into the political sphere. We will deeply investigate and thoroughly examine new and hidden forms of corruption such as expected returns, agreed-upon nominee shareholdings, and the "revolving door" between government and business. We will highlight key targets who do not restrain themselves or stop their actions, and act recklessly, focusing on investigating and dealing with corruption among the "key few" and young cadres, and correcting the behavior of some leading cadres who "retire but do not rest" and use their "residual power" to seek illegitimate benefits. We will promote the resolute elimination of harmful influences in places and departments where major corruption cases have occurred. We will deepen the investigation of both bribery and offering bribes, resolutely investigate and deal with those who knowingly commit offenses and repeatedly offer bribes, and eradicate the source of "hunting" pollution. We will increase the investigation and handling of cross-border corruption cases, cooperate with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (全国人大常委会) to formulate anti-cross-border corruption laws, deepen external law enforcement and judicial cooperation such as the pursuit of fugitives and the recovery of stolen assets, and cut off their retreat and eliminate their illusions with an inescapable net. We will continuously improve the penetration of anti-corruption efforts, and timely discover, accurately identify, and effectively govern all types of corruption problems. We will focus on using digital algorithms to enrich anti-corruption methods, assist in clue analysis, review interviews, case trials, and other work, and effectively improve the ability to investigate and deal with cases.

We will strengthen supervision and restriction to strengthen the inability to be corrupt. Relying on the system to govern power, we will strengthen the standardization and supervision of power allocation and operation, and improve the institutional mechanism that unifies authorization, use of power, and restriction of power, and is clear, transparent, and traceable. We will improve the power restriction mechanism, grasp key powers such as setting policies, making decisions, and approving supervision, clarify the boundaries of power, strictly define the limits of responsibilities and powers, standardize work procedures, and promote scientific authorization; improve the power supervision system, assist the Party Central Committee (党中央) in revising the "Regulations on Internal Supervision of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党党内监督条例)," improve the working mechanism with internal supervision of the Party as the leading factor and various types of supervision coordinated, strengthen the equivalence of power and responsibility, and ensure that those who fail in their duties are held accountable, and promote the correct use of power; improve the enforcement of the system, deeply implement the opinions on strengthening the supervision of the "top leader" and the leading team, promote the implementation of democratic centralism, strictly implement the decision-making supervision of "major issues," reporting on responsibilities and integrity, and supervisory talks, and focus on solving the problems of "remote supervision by superiors, soft supervision by peers, and difficult supervision by subordinates," and promote effective restriction of power. We will strengthen daily supervision, consolidate the regular supervision responsibilities of party committees and governments at all levels, and make effective and powerful ex-ante supervision an important line of defense against the occurrence of wind and corruption problems. Relying on the big data supervision platform of public power, we will promote the "shadow-like" supervision digitization and the exercise of power digitization, and better improve the ability of active supervision and precise supervision; by deeply exploring common problems, we will promote functional departments to improve the system mechanism, eliminate power operation loopholes, supervision blind spots, and system gaps; by solidifying the process through informationization, we will enhance the rigidity of the system, timely discover and correct deviations in system implementation, and effectively block violations of regulations. We will carry out big data supervision and artificial intelligence applications in key areas such as bidding, and comprehensively promote the deployment and application of "Supervision at a Click" for grassroots micro-power.

We will deepen integrity education to strengthen the unwillingness to be corrupt. We will deeply implement the three-year action plan for the construction of integrity culture in the new era, enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of integrity publicity and education, and continuously shape the ideological character of integrity and uprightness, the political and moral cultivation of integrity and public service, the moral integrity of integrity and self-discipline, and the social ethos of advocating integrity and rejecting corruption. We will enrich content supply, adhere to using the Party's innovative theory to strengthen the soul, deeply explain the ideals and beliefs, values, moral concepts, and discipline and law awareness contained therein, and promote the creative transformation and innovative development of the integrity and uprightness ideas contained in the excellent traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture. We will innovate publicity mechanisms, coordinate traditional positions and new carriers and new methods, build a technological support system for integrity culture, take object-precise identification, content-precise production, channel-precise construction, and effect-precise evaluation as the direction of improvement, consolidate the data base of integrity culture with a corpus and object base, and promote "precise drip irrigation" of integrity publicity and education with precise adaptation, and empower and enhance the construction of integrity culture in the new era. We will optimize education methods, adhere to hierarchical classification and precise teaching, strengthen demonstration leadership with the advanced deeds of diligent and honest models, strengthen warning deterrence with cases of violations of discipline and law around us, and continuously enhance the communication power, attractiveness, and appeal of integrity culture in the new era.

We will improve the system mechanism to promote integrated advancement. We will improve ideological understanding, grasp the concept requirements of integrated advancement of "Three No Corruption" from the strategic height of deepening the treatment of both symptoms and root causes, and prevent and correct the stage theory and the link theory. We will improve the anti-corruption working mechanism, improve the normalized cooperation mechanism between the discipline inspection and supervision organs and the departments of inspection, organization, publicity, politics and law, auditing, letters and visits, finance and accounting, and statistics under the unified leadership of the Party Committee (党委), and promote integrated governance with full-chain cooperation. We will grasp the promotion of reform and governance through cases, improve the pertinence and accuracy of discipline inspection and supervision suggestions, strengthen the follow-up supervision and tracking of the implementation of rectification, and form a closed-loop mechanism of supervision, handling cases, rectification, and governance. We will focus on technological empowerment, accelerate the construction of a digital discipline inspection and supervision system, focus on the "four full" goal requirements, deepen the construction and functional integration of the "five major platforms" such as the discipline inspection and supervision big data resource center, and orderly realize sharing and co-use; strengthen ethical norms and data security, adhere to construction and use in accordance with regulations and laws, strictly implement the approval authority for data collection and query, implement security and confidentiality responsibilities, and effectively build a security barrier. We will improve the anti-corruption responsibility implementation mechanism, promote the implementation of the reporting system on the performance of the main responsibility, optimize the assessment of responsibility implementation, and better realize the integrated advancement of "Three No Corruption" with coordinated responsibility.

(IV) Strengthen discipline enforcement for the people and continue to deepen the centralized rectification of unhealthy tendencies and corruption problems around the masses.

This year is the year of the three-year centralized rectification and tough battle, we must better connect the responsibilities of all parties, consolidate key tasks, increase efforts, improve quality and efficiency, form a mechanism, and strive to achieve comprehensive results of reshaping the industry style, grassroots good governance, and benefiting the masses.

We will increase efforts to rectify outstanding problems. We will continue to deepen national rectification projects such as the management of rural collective "three assets," the management of medical insurance funds, and elderly care services, deploy and carry out the rectification of high-standard farmland construction problems, consolidate the results of the "campus meal" rectification and the special action against corruption and chaos in the funeral field, and follow up on key supervision. We will guide all localities to grasp key rectification projects and practical matters for the people in accordance with local conditions, resolutely correct problems that touch the bottom line, such as infringing on the interests of vulnerable groups such as the elderly and minors, deepen governance around the masses' employment, social security, housing, medical care, and other fields and outstanding problems that damage the business environment, and deeply rectify illegal law enforcement in different places and profit-seeking law enforcement, so that the masses can further feel changes and receive benefits.

We will improve the system to consolidate the results. We will summarize the experience and practices of centralized rectification, study and formulate opinions on carrying out rectification work on a regular basis, and form a long-term mechanism of unified leadership, closed-loop implementation, supervision and regulation, and mass participation. We will promote functional departments to clarify functional powers, improve regulatory standards, optimize service processes, and open up information barriers, and continuously optimize the construction of industry style. We will make good use of the working mechanism of "masses asking questions, departments answering questions, discipline inspection commissions supervising, and social evaluation," strengthen scientific evaluation and supervision and guidance, and truly do the work of benefiting the people to the hearts of the masses.

We will improve the grassroots supervision capacity. We will use the working method of "grasping both ends and leading the middle" to promote the continuous deepening of rectification work in the county-level main battlefield. We will strengthen the work guidance for the centralized office of the dispatched agencies of the county-level discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions, improve mechanisms such as upgrading supervision and cross-supervision, and promote the connection between grassroots supervision and grassroots governance. We will give play to the role of mass supervision, combine with deeply promoting the rule of law in petitioning work, unblock channels for mass supervision, deepen the tackling of repeated reports, carry out centralized governance of petitioning problems in the field of people's livelihood, fully absorb the opinions of the masses into the evaluation of rectification results, and create a good environment for the masses to actively supervise and supervise in accordance with the law.

(V) Strengthen political inspection and enhance the deterrence, penetration, and driving force of inspection and supervision.

Inspection is a strategic institutional arrangement for comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. We must fully implement the Party's inspection work policy, accurately discover problems, effectively solve problems, and better play the role of comprehensive supervision of inspection.

Accurately discovering problems enhances deterrence. We will coordinate the use of inspection methods and organize the seventh and eighth rounds of inspections by the 20th Central Committee (中央). We will strengthen the collection, management, analysis, and utilization of inspection and supervision data, and empower inspection work with big data and informationization. We will optimize the inspection work process, strengthen the review of inspection reports, and ensure that the problems reflected in the reports have factual basis, policy basis, and responsibility basis.

Strengthening linkage and cooperation enhances penetration. We will deepen the linkage between inspections and supervision from top to bottom, strengthen guidance and supervision of inspection work in provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and guide all localities to promote inspections of villages. We will do a solid and detailed job of classified guidance for internal inspections of central units, and study and formulate standardized guidelines by sector. We will strengthen the connection and linkage between inspection and discipline inspection and supervision, and improve the effective mechanism for coordinating forces, integrating resources, and sharing results.

Effectively solving problems enhances driving force. We will coordinate and urge the inspected party organizations to grasp the central inspection and rectification work and promote genuine rectification. We will explore the establishment of a working mechanism for discipline inspection and supervision organs and organizational departments to fulfill their responsibilities for supervising rectification, improve the rectification evaluation and accountability mechanism, and seriously hold accountable those who perfunctorily rectify and falsely rectify.

(VI) Strengthen the awareness of an iron army and continuously improve the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work.

Strengthening the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work is a major political task, which must be grasped as a systematic project for a long time to ensure that we are upright, clean, and strong. We must consolidate and expand the achievements of the "Year of Standardization, Legalization, and Regularization of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work" action, and concentrate on grasping it for another two years to strive for greater results.

We will forge absolute loyalty and be politically strong. We will strengthen ideological leadership, highlight political education and party spirit education, adhere to the "first topic" system and the collective learning system, deeply study and thoroughly understand the Party's innovative theory, and refine the "indestructible body." We will consciously think under the overall situation and act under the overall situation, strictly implement the reporting system, and resolutely safeguard the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) as the core over discipline inspection and supervision work.

We will enhance our ability to perform our duties and be capable. We will adhere to the linkage between top and bottom, continue to implement the three-year action plan for organizational construction, deepen the reform of discipline inspection and supervision institutions, strengthen the coordinated use of forces in organs and dispatched institutions, and promote internal discipline inspection institutions to better play their role. In accordance with the unified deployment of the Party Central Committee, we will cooperate in doing a good job in the re-election of the discipline inspection commission, and promote the selection of outstanding and strong leading teams of the discipline inspection commission and supervision commission, especially the "top leader." We will study and formulate regulations on the education and training of discipline inspection and supervision cadres, carry out full training at all levels and categories, explore the holding of medium- and long-term training courses, strengthen actual combat training, and lead training by doing, and coordinate the arrangement of cadres to receive training in major special work and the handling of important cases, and continuously improve the quality and efficiency of supervision, discipline enforcement, and law enforcement.

We will carry forward the spirit of struggle and be strong in style. We will cultivate the distinct character of being brave in struggle, and dare to confront and show our swords in the face of major issues of principle and unhealthy tendencies. We will strengthen the standardization of supervision, discipline enforcement, and law enforcement, assist the Party Central Committee in revising the "Rules of the Communist Party of China for Discipline Inspection Organs on Supervision and Discipline Enforcement," revise the "Regulations on the Use of Supervision, Inspection, Review, and Investigation Measures by Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs," formulate regulations on township supervision work, and the standards for filing and prosecuting duty-related crimes under the jurisdiction of supervision organs, and guide relevant dispatched institutions to carry out pilot projects for re-dispatching supervision in a steady and orderly manner by category and field. We will strengthen the awareness of the rule of law, procedural awareness, and evidence awareness, seek truth from facts, and be fair and just in supervision, discipline enforcement, and law enforcement.

We will always maintain a sense of awe and be clean. We will adhere to inward-facing self-revolution, improve the internal power restriction mechanism and management and supervision system, formulate rules for case review work and a system for handling appeals against illegal and irregular case handling behaviors, standardize the behavior of discipline inspection and supervision cadres outside of "eight hours," and resolutely prevent "darkness under the lamp." We will actively accept supervision, and the National Supervisory Commission (国家监委) will report special work to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. We will improve the positive incentive system for discipline inspection and supervision, strengthen performance guarantees, increase the evaluation of excellence and awards and publicity efforts, and do a solid job in caring and caring measures to make cadres more at ease in their work and strive for progress.

Comrades, the blueprint has been drawn, and the bugle has been sounded. The discipline inspection and supervision organs have great responsibilities and glorious missions in promoting the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Let us unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) as the core, work hard and forge ahead, continuously promote the high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work in the new era and new journey, and make greater contributions to comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization.

(Xinhua News Agency (新华社), Beijing (北京), February 28)

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Focusing on Transportation, Measuring Public Sentiment with Footsteps (Practical Work Demonstrates Responsibility, Working Together to Start a New Journey - Stories of Deputies and Members Fulfilling Their Duties)

By: 本报记者 张 文

A cold wind sweeps through Yanglang Village (杨郎村), Yuanzhou District (原州区), Guyuan City (固原市), Ningxia (宁夏). Chen Yan (陈燕), a National People's Congress representative and director of the Operation and Maintenance Department of Ningxia Transportation Investment Group Co., Ltd. (宁夏交通投资集团有限公司运营养护部), walks along the village road, chatting with villagers and taking notes: "Is the width of the farm road sufficient? Where does the funding for village road maintenance come from?" As she speaks, she occasionally bends down to feel the road surface with her hand, fully aware of the maintenance status of the road facilities.

Chen Yan (陈燕) deeply understands that transportation is related to all aspects of people's production and life. The operation of urban public transportation, the traffic conditions of rural roads, and the industry difficulties of freight drivers are all key areas of her concern.

"Footsteps are the most powerful tool for measuring public sentiment," Chen Yan (陈燕) says. Only by going deep into the front line can she understand the most authentic grassroots situation. She often takes buses, shuttling between urban and rural areas of various districts and counties in Ningxia (宁夏), sitting with local people and chatting about their daily lives.

Buses are the "mobile windows" of the city and also the "mobile platforms" for collecting public sentiment. Working and living in Yinchuan (银川), Chen Yan (陈燕) is accustomed to communicating with passengers when taking the bus, collecting their opinions and suggestions on bus schedules, station settings, and operating hours. In response to the problems reflected by the public, such as the unreasonable setting of some bus routes and the spacing between certain stations, she has conducted many on-the-spot investigations, combined with the characteristics of urban traffic flow, and compiled specific suggestions such as extending the last bus time of key lines and optimizing bus routes. Chen Yan (陈燕) also took the initiative to connect with the bus company and participate in relevant program discussions.

When visiting old residential areas, rural areas, and highway service areas in various places, Chen Yan (陈燕) found that the construction of new energy vehicle charging infrastructure in Ningxia (宁夏) is relatively lagging behind. Many car owners have reported to her that the shortage of charging piles seriously affects the convenience of travel. After extensive visits and repeated deliberation, Chen Yan (陈燕) wrote a proposal on improving the charging situation of new energy vehicles, covering many aspects such as increasing the coverage of locations, planning and design, and budget.

Having grown up in the countryside since childhood, Chen Yan (陈燕) deeply understands the important role of transportation in the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside. "Today, Ningxia (宁夏) is coordinating the solution of the 'last mile' problem for farmers in terms of happy travel, logistics distribution, and postal delivery, making the two-way flow of agricultural products into the city and industrial products into the countryside smooth." Chen Yan (陈燕) said that rural roads should be built well, used well, and, more importantly, managed and operated well.

In response to the problem of insufficient investment in rural road maintenance funds in some places, Chen Yan (陈燕) has visited more than 20 townships in Ningxia (宁夏) since last year, and her notes have filled two thick books. In her proposal, Chen Yan (陈燕) called for appropriate adjustments to the subsidy amount for ordinary provincial roads and rural roads in financially weak areas in order to improve the quality of rural roads. In the proposal, there are more than 20 data citations, all of which are first-hand data obtained from Chen Yan's (陈燕) visits and investigations. Chen Yan (陈燕) said: "The most authentic and objective suggestions are those that are walked out."

Reporter's Notes

"Walking" out of Responsibility and Commitment

The performance of duties by National People's Congress representatives is deeply rooted in the lives of the people on one end and closely connected to national policies on the other. Chen Yan (陈燕) plays a good role as a bridge and link to reach public opinion and benefit people's livelihood through in-depth grassroots work.

Coming from the transportation industry, she integrates the needs of the people and the national transportation strategic goals with professional qualities and humanistic feelings. In her determined footsteps, she has walked out the people's sense of gain and happiness, and also walked out the responsibilities and commitments of the National People's Congress representatives. The more mud on her feet, the closer she is to the people; the more solid the responsibility on her shoulders, the more weight her performance of duties has.

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Passing on Cantonese Opera: Warming Hearts with Culture (Acting with Dedication, Embarking on a New Journey with Unity - Stories of NPC Deputies and CPPCC Members Fulfilling Their Duties)

By: 本报记者 罗艾桦 姜晓丹

On the third day of the Lunar New Year, the spring opera troupe's gongs and drums resounded through the sky. In front of the stage of the Guangdong Cantonese Opera Theatre's (广东粤剧院) "New Year Opera Extravaganza," crowds surged, and every seat was taken. Zeng Xiaomin (曾小敏), a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (全国政协委员), Party Secretary and President of the Guangdong Cantonese Opera Theatre, looked at the familiar lively scene and recalled that her journey as a duty performer in 2025 began with this lively Cantonese opera spring troupe, following the roots of opera and traveling throughout the countryside of Guangdong (广东) and Guangxi (广西).

Zeng Xiaomin and her colleagues from the Guangdong Dramatists Association (广东省戏剧家协会) departed from Guangzhou (广州) and traveled to Dianbai (电白), Wuchuan (吴川), and Leizhou (雷州), and even to Guangxi, conducting research on the opera ecosystem while following the sound of gongs and drums. "I didn't expect the spring opera troupes in the villages to be so popular and well-received." Looking at the layers of audience members below the stage, Zeng Xiaomin was filled with emotion.

The sights, sounds, feelings, and insights from the research journey were all recorded by Zeng Xiaomin in "My Spring Opera Troupe Diary." Under the rural stage, the figures of young audience members are increasing, and young actors are gradually maturing on the stage, which makes her more determined: "The future of Cantonese opera lies in people, especially in young people." This research result from the countryside laid a solid foundation for her to perform her duties and make suggestions.

At the National People's Congress (全国两会) in 2025, Zeng Xiaomin, carrying the thoughts from grassroots research, proposed integrating outstanding traditional Chinese culture into secondary and higher education. "Excellent traditional culture cannot only stay in extracurricular interest classes, but must enter the classroom in a more systematic and professional way." She stated bluntly in the proposal that only by allowing young people to come into contact with and deeply understand traditional culture from an early age can the cultural roots be passed down from generation to generation. Behind this proposal is years of practical accumulation: since the implementation of the Cantonese Opera Social Art Level Examination in 2021, thousands of enthusiasts have passed the examination. From the elderly to children, they can feel the charm of Cantonese opera in the examination. The influence of the examination has also extended beyond the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (粤港澳大湾区), becoming an important link in cultural inheritance.

In addition to inheritance, innovation is another key point of Zeng Xiaomin's performance of duties and suggestions. The Cantonese opera films "The Legend of the White Snake: Affection" (白蛇传·情) and "Lady Xian" (谯国夫人) set new box office records for opera films, allowing her to see the infinite possibilities of the integration of technology and outstanding traditional culture. Therefore, she also proposed a proposal on artificial intelligence to help the innovative development of opera. In 2025, she led the team to boldly explore, integrating multimedia technology and stage special effects into the creation and arrangement of new plays, and launched "The Fragrance of Daughters" (最是女儿香), which combines intangible cultural heritage and cultural tourism, giving Cantonese opera a new look with contemporary aesthetics.

Now, the introduction of the "Three-Year Action Plan for Revitalizing Drama (2026-2028)" (戏剧振兴三年行动计划（2026—2028年）) has made Zeng Xiaomin feel excited and more responsible. "In the new year, I will continue to conduct in-depth research on the inheritance and development of traditional opera, and earnestly prepare proposals on promoting the construction of a Cantonese opera cultural communication platform in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and promoting the cross-border integration of 'literature and art + technology'." Zeng Xiaomin is full of expectations for the future, "I hope opera can truly cross mountains and seas and warm the hearts of more people."

Reporter's Notes

Pragmatic Actions Demonstrate Original Intention

Reviewing Zeng Xiaomin's performance trajectory, the lines reveal her deep affection and responsibility for inheriting and innovating Cantonese opera. Those notes from the spring opera troupe research and those proposals closely related to reality demonstrate the original intention of a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Analyzing trends from the viewing boom in rural opera stages and finding a way out in cross-border innovation, she uses pragmatic actions to help Cantonese opera cross mountains and seas, allowing cultural roots to be inherited and promoted and thrive in the tide of the times.

This is not only a brilliant performance answer sheet, but also a vivid microcosm of the new era of literary and art workers guarding cultural roots and moving forward bravely.

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Empowering More People to Stand Firm and Shine Through Skills (Sound Implementation: High-Quality Handling of Deputies' Suggestions)

By: 本报记者 贾丰丰

As an industrial worker rooted on the front lines for more than 30 years, Dong Hongtao (董宏涛), a National People's Congress representative and a train mechanic at the Xi'an EMU Depot (西安动车段) of the China Railway Xi'an Group Co., Ltd. (中国铁路西安局集团有限公司), is well aware of the practical expectations of industrial workers: skill levels, career development, and salary待遇, "These things are directly related to everyone's enthusiasm and expectations."

After the introduction of the "New Eight-Grade Worker" system in 2022, Dong Hongtao sincerely felt the country's determination to cultivate more master craftsmen and highly skilled talents through the system. However, due to the different situations of enterprises, in exchanges and discussions with industrial workers from all walks of life, Dong Hongtao found that some places were slow to implement the system, some enterprises did not keep up with salary incentives, and the skill certification standards were not clear enough, so the "last mile" of good policies had not been fully opened.

"In order to thoroughly understand the real situation, I went to vocational colleges such as Xi'an Automotive Vocational University (西安汽车职业大学) and Xi'an Railway Vocational and Technical College (西安铁路职业技术学院) to talk with teachers and students about the connection between skills training and enterprise needs; I talked with more than a thousand front-line industrial workers of different industries and ages to listen to their difficulties in promotion and their expectations for the value of skills, and finally compiled everyone's aspirations into practical suggestions," said Dong Hongtao (董宏涛).

At the National People's Congress (全国两会) in 2025, Dong Hongtao (董宏涛) submitted a proposal on carrying out research on the implementation of the "New Eight-Grade Worker" system: "I want to express the real thoughts and demands of front-line workers, find out the difficulties in implementing policies, pave the way for everyone to grow and succeed, and let more people stand on their skills and shine with their abilities."

This proposal was submitted to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源社会保障部) for handling. In its reply to the representative's proposal, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源社会保障部) stated that since last year, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源社会保障部) has strengthened the scheduling and research of this work, and has scheduled the development of vocational skill level certification work and the certification and certification of skill levels in various places through statistical reports every quarter, and also obtained the implementation of promotion in various places, existing problems, and suggestions from all parties through research methods such as symposiums and exchanges. In May 2025, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源社会保障部) jointly with the Ministry of Finance (财政部) and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (国务院国资委) issued the "Notice on Increasing Salary Distribution Incentives for Skilled Talents in State-owned Enterprises", which is a powerful measure to focus on the implementation of the system.

"I was both moved and excited to receive the official reply from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源社会保障部). As a grassroots representative, it is the meaning of performing my duties as a representative to be able to convey the voices of my colleagues and promote the continuous improvement and implementation of policies. Now, in our Xi'an EMU Depot (西安动车段), the policy dividends have slowly emerged. By subdividing the development level and expanding the space for career promotion, the atmosphere of studying technology and competing in skills in workshops and teams is becoming stronger and stronger," said Dong Hongtao (董宏涛).

A proposal bridges the communication gap - there are both accurate and pragmatic suggestions from the front line, and targeted policies and efficient implementation by departments.

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Bearing in mind the entrustment, scaling new heights, and making new contributions to building a strong sporting nation.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, February 28th. State Councilor Chen Yiqin (谌贻琴) met with the triumphant Chinese sports delegation of the Milan Winter Olympics in Beijing on February 28th. She conveyed the cordial greetings from the Party Central Committee and the State Council to all athletes, coaches, and staff, and expressed warm congratulations on the outstanding achievements of the delegation. She emphasized that the sports front should bear in mind the entrustment of General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平), avoid complacency and impetuosity, and continue to work hard to make new contributions to building a strong sports nation.

Chen Yiqin (谌贻琴) pointed out that the Chinese sports delegation worked hard and strived for excellence at this Winter Olympics, achieving the best results in our country's history of participating in the Winter Olympics abroad, and achieving a double harvest of sports performance and spiritual civilization, winning honor for the motherland and the people. The new Winter Olympics preparation cycle has already begun. It is hoped that everyone will have lofty aspirations for the motherland, improve their strength in a down-to-earth manner, challenge the limits and break through themselves, summarize experience and cultivate new talents, and continue to climb new peaks in ice and snow sports.

Chen Yiqin (谌贻琴) emphasized that on the new journey, the sports front must take Xi Jinping's (习近平) Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guide, earnestly implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, give full play to the advantages of the new type of national system, strengthen strengths, make up for weaknesses, strengthen the construction of a reserve talent system, continuously improve the competitive strength of ice and snow sports, consolidate and expand the achievements of "300 million people participating in ice and snow sports," promote the sharing of ice and snow sports by all, and promote the high-quality development of ice and snow undertakings.

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Geneva "Group of Friends of Global Governance" Officially Established

This newspaper's Berlin, February 28th dispatch (Reporter Liu Zhonghua (刘仲华)) Geneva News: The Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland held the launch meeting of the Geneva "Group of Friends of Global Governance" at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland on February 27. Representatives from nearly 60 countries, including 42 founding member states of the Group of Friends, attended the meeting.

Ambassador Jia Guide (贾桂德), Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland, stated that the current international situation is intricate and complex. China has proposed the Global Governance Initiative, emphasizing adherence to five core concepts: sovereign equality, compliance with international rule of law, practicing multilateralism, advocating a people-centered approach, and focusing on action-oriented approaches. This initiative clarifies the Chinese solution to the contemporary question of "what kind of global governance system to build and how to reform and improve global governance." The initiative is rooted in the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and is an important measure to address global challenges and defend multilateralism. Geneva is home to many United Nations agencies and professional organizations and is an important hub for global governance. China is willing to take this as an opportunity to work with all parties to jointly explore ways to reform and improve global governance and contribute to promoting the construction of a more just and reasonable global governance system.

Representatives from the Group of Friends members, including Cuba, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Palestine, Venezuela, and Zambia, delivered speeches. All parties highly agreed with and supported the Global Governance Initiative, praised China's leading role in global governance, and looked forward to the Group of Friends strengthening communication and coordination and promoting dialogue and cooperation on the Geneva platform to form a joint force to promote the reform and improvement of global governance.

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Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Answers Questions on US and Israeli Military Strikes Against Iran

Beijing, February 28th (Reported by this newspaper) - On February 28th, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (外交部) answered questions from reporters regarding the military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran.

A reporter asked: According to reports, at Beijing time on February 28th, the United States and Israel launched military strikes against Iran. What is China's comment on this?

The spokesperson said that China is highly concerned about the military strikes against Iran by the United States and Israel. Iran's national sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity should be respected. China calls for an immediate cessation of military actions to avoid further escalation of the tense situation, to resume dialogue and negotiations, and to safeguard peace and stability in the Middle East region.

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Guterres Calls on All Parties to Respect International Law

This newspaper Washington, D.C. February 28th (Reporter Li Zhiwei (李志伟)) United Nations News: United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres (安东尼奥·古特雷斯) issued a statement on February 28th, condemning the escalation of military conflict in the Middle East. He emphasized that all United Nations member states must respect their obligations under international law, including the Charter of the United Nations. Relevant parties should immediately cease hostilities and de-escalate the situation, otherwise there is a risk of triggering a larger regional conflict.

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In 2025, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Supervisory Commission investigated 181 centrally-administered cadres.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, February 28th (Reporter Sun Shaolong) The work report of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection was released in full on February 28th. The report shows that in 2025, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Supervisory Commission filed cases for investigation against 181 centrally-administered cadres, including Jin Xiangjun (金湘军), Lan Tianli (蓝天立), Wang Lixia (王莉霞), Bi Jingquan (毕井泉), Qizhala (齐扎拉), Jiang Chaoliang (蒋超良), Liu Hui (刘慧), and Yi Huiman (易会满).

According to the report, in 2025, discipline inspection and supervision agencies nationwide filed 1.012 million cases, detained 47,000 people, and gave Party disciplinary or administrative sanctions to 983,000 people. Adhering to the principle of 惩前毖后 (chéng qián bì hòu - "punish the past to prevent future mistakes," to learn from past mistakes to avoid repeating them) and 治病救人 (zhì bìng jiù rén - "treat the illness to save the patient," to correct mistakes with good intentions), discipline inspection and supervision agencies nationwide used the "four forms" of supervision and discipline to criticize, educate, and handle 1.984 million people. Under strong deterrence and policy incentives, 26,000 people voluntarily surrendered themselves.

Continuing to curb the "four winds" severely, the report shows that in 2025, discipline inspection and supervision agencies nationwide investigated and dealt with 150,000 cases of hedonism and extravagance, and 141,000 cases of formalism and bureaucracy, criticizing, educating, and handling a total of 376,000 people.

According to the report, in 2025, international cooperation in the fight against corruption was deepened, 505 cross-border corruption cases were filed and investigated, the "Sky Net 2025" operation and a special operation to recover stolen assets from overseas duty crimes were carried out, 963 fugitives were repatriated, and the "100 Most Wanted Fugitives" were cleared in Asia.

Vigorously punishing "flies and ants" corruption, the report shows that in 2025, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Supervisory Commission directly investigated and supervised 8,116 cases of unhealthy tendencies and corruption around the people. A total of 967,000 related cases were investigated nationwide, 627,000 people were punished, and 22,000 people were transferred to the procuratorial organs. At the same time, a total of 3.716 million urgent and difficult problems of the masses were solved nationwide, and 77.63 billion yuan of property was returned to the people.

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Chongqing Develops Ecological and Characteristic Agriculture by Leveraging Mountainous Terrain

By: 本报记者 李增辉 姜 峰 沈靖然

Spring arrives in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and golden oranges adorn the mountains and forests.

On the banks of the Yangtze River, in Huangtu Village (黄土村), Zhong County (忠县), Chongqing (重庆). "In the past, we had to carry everything on our shoulders, and we were most afraid of the fruit rotting in the fields." Villager Chen Jianguo (陈建国) loaded fresh oranges onto a truck, "Now there is a processing plant right at our doorstep, and they will buy as much as we have!" Modern factories have been built at the foot of the mountains, and in as little as one hour, fresh oranges can complete the entire process from the branches to the sorting line, and then into the juicing barrels.

More than 70% of Chongqing's area is mountainous. How can "golden nuggets" be grown from "palm-sized fields"?

In April 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized during his inspection in Chongqing (重庆): "Grasp grain production firmly and practically, and develop ecological and characteristic agriculture by adapting to local conditions."

Thoroughly implementing the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important instructions, Chongqing (重庆) is striving to develop ecological and characteristic agriculture by adapting to local conditions, empowering with technology, innovating mechanisms, and cultivating brands, so as to help promote the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside. At present, the total scale of ecological and characteristic agriculture in the city has reached 38 million mu, with an annual comprehensive output value of 450 billion yuan; 13 national modern agricultural industrial parks have been built.

——Technological empowerment, moving towards digital and intelligent agriculture.

"In the past, it took a lot of time and effort to complete rice-oil rotation manually. Now, with one-click operation, a complete set of procedures for one mu of land can be completed in 10 minutes." In Jinping Village (金平村), Ansheng Town (安胜镇), Liangping District (梁平区), new farmer Li Shifei (李世飞) is operating an intelligent machine that integrates sowing and fertilization. The machine is equipped with radar speed measurement and a chip calculation system, which can precisely control the sowing amount in real time according to soil nutrients.

Digging deep into potential and cultivating meticulously, continuous efforts are being made in good fields, good seeds, good machines, and good methods. In 2025, Chongqing's (重庆) total grain output reached 11.125 million tons, a new high in the past 20 years.

In the citrus digital sorting workshop of Zhong County (忠县) Modern Agriculture Citrus Industrial Park, the processing is running at full speed, with a processing capacity of 100 tons per hour. "We have integrated and applied citrus late-maturing anti-dehydration and anti-fruit drop technology, realizing 'fresh fruit in August, processing in all seasons'." Li Jiwei (李继伟), deputy general manager of Chongqing Orange Standard Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. (重庆橙标农业发展有限公司), raised the corners of his mouth.

Technological support has broken through the bottleneck of mountain operations. In 2025, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in Chongqing (重庆) increased to 64%. "We will focus on creating three characteristic industrial gold name cards: Fuling pickled mustard tuber (涪陵榨菜), Fengjie navel orange (奉节脐橙), and Wushan crisp plum (巫山脆李), and continue to cultivate three 100-billion-yuan-level pillar industrial clusters: high-quality grain and oil, mountain fruits and vegetables, and ecological animal husbandry." Said Li Chunkui (李春奎), Secretary of the Agricultural and Rural Work Committee of the Chongqing Municipal Committee (重庆市委农业农村工委书记) and Director of the Chongqing Municipal Agriculture and Rural Affairs Commission (市农业农村委主任).

——Innovative mechanisms to revitalize scattered resources.

The fields are connected, but half are in Rongchang District (荣昌区), Chongqing (重庆), and half are in Longchang City (隆昌市), Sichuan (四川). "In the past, the two families each grew their own crops, with different standards, and could not sell them at a good price." Jiang Hong (江红), a villager in Anfu Street (安富街道), Rongchang District (荣昌区), admitted frankly.

Jointly building characteristic industries, with crayfish sorting centers and smart greenhouses put into use one after another; exploring joint governance at the grassroots level, and establishing mechanisms for joint prevention and mediation of conflicts and disputes... Today, the two places have broken down administrative division boundaries and established the Shuangchang Cooperation Demonstration Park (双昌合作示范园区) in the Chengdu-Chongqing Modern Efficient Characteristic Agricultural Belt (成渝现代高效特色农业带), and are conducting in-depth cooperation in infrastructure, industrial synergy, and agricultural, cultural, and tourism integration development. Jiang Hong (江红) has also become an industrial development commissioner of the park, "From fighting alone to developing together, this 'common prosperity chain' not only links up resources, but also links up people's hearts."

In Baohe Village (保合村), Longhe Town (龙河镇), Changshou District (长寿区), citrus trees have ushered in new owners - city residents who fancy a certain tree can pre-purchase the "picking rights". Citizens have enriched their experience, villagers have increased their income, and the idle "future income of fruit trees" has become immediate cash.

Changshou District (长寿区) has included 12 types of rural assets and resources, such as land management rights and aquaculture water surface management rights, into the platform for public transfer and trading. At present, more than 2,000 projects have been traded in the district, with an amount of 900 million yuan, driving farmers' income to increase by more than 70 million yuan.

Reforms have been implemented, and the whole game is alive. Chongqing (重庆) is actively promoting the development of ecological and characteristic agriculture with the pilot project of comprehensive reform of factor market allocation, building a unified rural property rights transfer and trading market system in the city, and has cumulatively revitalized 120 billion yuan of rural resources and assets. The "sleeping assets" in rural areas are continuously being transformed into "development living water".

——Cultivating brands to amplify ecological dividends.

"Our agricultural products come from the beautiful mountains and rivers of our hometown." In the live broadcast room of Gexin Village (革新村), Panlong Street (盘龙街道), Yunyang County (云阳县), Zhong Fan (钟凡), a college student who returned to her hometown to start a business, is enthusiastically promoting to the mobile phone screen. The exquisitely packaged Three Gorges Yang Chrysanthemum (三峡阳菊) in her hand is uniformly marked with the regional public brand logo of "Tian Sheng Yunyang" (天生云阳).

In order to make ecological and characteristic agricultural products "well-known and sell well," Chongqing (重庆) is focusing on cultivating brands and amplifying green value and ecological dividends. Yunyang County (云阳县) has created the "Tian Sheng Yunyang" (天生云阳) brand, covering five categories of products including fresh fruits, grains and oils, and Chinese medicinal materials, and the brand value has exceeded 5 billion yuan.

In 2025, Chongqing (重庆) carried out the evaluation activity of "Top 100 Famous and High-Quality Products" of Bayu (巴渝) "Local Special Products", and the first batch of 40 products were identified; the brand values of Fengjie Navel Orange (奉节脐橙), Fuling Pickled Mustard Tuber (涪陵榨菜), and Wushan Crisp Plum (巫山脆李) reached 38.1 billion yuan, 37.9 billion yuan, and 10.5 billion yuan respectively. "Entering the '15th Five-Year Plan', we will anchor the goal of building a strong agricultural city, iteratively implement the 100-billion-yuan-level ecological and characteristic industry cultivation action, continue to polish the golden name card of Bayu (巴渝) 'Local Special Products', and accelerate the development of modern ecological and efficient agriculture." Said Li Chunkui (李春奎).

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Advance comprehensive and strict Party governance with higher standards and more concrete measures to provide a strong guarantee for achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan" period.

By: 李 希

I submit this translation with the understanding that the original text is likely fictional, as it references future dates (2025, 2026) and events.

On behalf of the Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, I am delivering this work report to the Fifth Plenary Session for your deliberation.

The main tasks of this plenary session are to: thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想), thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the spirit of the plenary sessions of the 20th Central Committee, earnestly implement the arrangements of the Fourth Plenary Session, summarize the discipline inspection and supervision work in 2025, and deploy the tasks for 2026. This morning, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) delivered an important speech, making strategic arrangements to promote comprehensive and strict Party governance with higher standards and more practical measures, and to provide a strong guarantee for achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan" period. We must conscientiously study and comprehend it, and resolutely implement it.

I. Review of Work in 2025

2025 was a very extraordinary year. Facing the complex and volatile international situation and the arduous and heavy tasks of domestic reform, development, and stability, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core unremittingly promoted the Party's self-revolution, carried out in-depth study and education on implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee, and advanced the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and the anti-corruption struggle in depth. It united and led the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to overcome difficulties and work hard, successfully completing the goals and tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, and taking new and solid steps in Chinese-style modernization.

In 2025, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) fully affirmed the work of discipline inspection and supervision in the new era and on the new journey, put forward important requirements for unswervingly promoting comprehensive and strict Party governance, winning the tough battle against corruption, and building a discipline inspection and supervision iron army. He encouraged the vast number of discipline inspection and supervision cadres to remain true to their original aspirations and keep their mission firmly in mind, and to play a greater role in comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection led the entire system in in-depth study and comprehension, which greatly strengthened the sense of mission and responsibility, boosted the morale of the struggle, and stimulated the driving force for progress. It more profoundly understood the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments" and resolutely achieved the "Two Upholds." Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels kept in mind General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) entrustment, knew their responsibilities and bore their burdens, and were more determined to fight to safeguard the Party's unity and solidarity and to defend the Party's advanced nature and purity, providing a strong guarantee for the development of the Party and the country with new achievements in Party conduct, integrity, and the anti-corruption struggle.

(I) Unremittingly Arming Our Minds with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想) to Ensure that Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work Always Advances in the Right Direction

Firmly grasp the primary political task of strengthening the Party's innovative theoretical arming, deeply study, conduct practical research, and implement, and experience the power of truth and the power of practice in the unity of knowledge and action. Deepen theoretical study. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection played a leading role in learning and promoting learning, strictly implemented the "First Topic" system, deeply studied the fifth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" (习近平谈治国理政), followed up on the communication and study of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important speeches and important instructions and approvals, and consciously used the Party's innovative theories to guide all discipline inspection and supervision work. Deeply study and implement the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, find the focus of work, and actively serve and guarantee the overall situation of economic and social development. Strengthen publicity and interpretation. Deeply study and publicize General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important thoughts on Party building and his important thoughts on the Party's self-revolution, and deeply explain the "Nine Withs" practical requirements and the "Five Further In-Place" important requirements. Produce and broadcast the television special "Anti-Corruption for the People" (反腐为了人民), sing the main theme of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party; clarify ideological confusion, powerfully refute the wrong understanding of the anti-corruption struggle, and gather the positive energy of clearing the turbid and promoting the upright. Conduct in-depth investigation and research. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection conducted research on nine topics, including "increasing the efforts to simultaneously advance the fight against corruption, the inability to be corrupt, and the unwillingness to be corrupt," driving the resident (dispatch) institutions of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission and the leading bodies of the provincial discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions to conduct in-depth research, forming more than 800 research results, and learning ideology, understanding truth, and grasping implementation in solving problems.

Through deepening theoretical arming, the direction of discipline inspection and supervision work has become clearer, the thinking has become broader, and the measures have become more scientific.

(II) Closely Focusing on the Major Political Responsibility of "Two Upholds" to Promote the Concretization, Precision, and Normalization of Political Supervision

Firmly grasp the important requirement of maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in ideology, politics, and action, earnestly implement the "Measures for Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs to Carry Out Political Supervision (Trial Implementation)," strictly enforce political discipline and political rules, and ensure that orders are carried out and prohibitions are enforced. Focus on political essentials to strengthen political supervision. Take the implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important speeches and important instructions and approvals as the primary political responsibility, incorporate the implementation into supervision and inspection, review and investigation, and inspection and supervision, promote the improvement of account management and closed-loop implementation mechanisms, and promote the entire Party to closely follow the General Secretary and forge ahead on a new journey. Focus on the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee to strengthen political supervision. Strengthen supervision and inspection on the implementation of the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments on further comprehensively deepening reform and completing the goals and tasks of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, improve the coordinated supervision mechanism for the implementation of major cross-regional and cross-departmental strategies, and urge Party organizations at all levels to be responsible for their own land and fulfill their responsibilities. Focus on strengthening political supervision of the political responsibility of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. Earnestly fulfill the responsibilities of assistance and supervision, comprehensively use special consultations, discipline inspection and supervision recommendations, and conversation reminders to promote the deepening of responsibility from tangible coverage to effective consolidation. Accurately and standardizedly use the weapon of accountability, strengthen the upgrading and review of accountability cases in key areas and key issues, and focus on problems such as the failure to strictly and practically grasp the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and seriously hold accountable those who have neglected their duties. A total of 1,336 Party organizations were held accountable nationwide, and 39,000 leading cadres were held accountable.

By tightening and solidifying political responsibilities and doing a solid and meticulous job in political supervision, the entire Party has been further promoted to deeply understand the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," enhance the firm consciousness of achieving the "Two Upholds," and form a good situation of working together to implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee.

(III) Solidly Carrying Out In-Depth Study and Education on Implementing the Spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee to Promote the Overall Improvement of the Party's Conduct

Firmly grasp the effectiveness and experience of deeply implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, seize and solidify study and education, and continue to strengthen the dam of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee. Take the "first phalanx" of study and education well. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection held a special collective study, deeply studied General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important expositions on strengthening the Party's conduct construction, accurately grasped the core essence and practical requirements, and drove the entire system to promote learning, investigation, and rectification in an integrated manner to ensure that learning has quality, investigation has strength, and rectification has effectiveness. Powerfully serve and guarantee the Party's study and education. Participate in the work of the central-level study and education special class, do a good job in policy interpretation, case compilation and distribution, publicity and guidance, rectification and governance, and guidance and supervision, write "The Eight-Point Regulation Changes China" (八项规定改变中国) and include it in the Party's study and education materials, and help the Party's study and education to be solidly promoted. Severely rectify the stubborn diseases of the "Four Winds." Seriously investigate and deal with violations of eating and drinking regulations, and publicly report typical cases that occurred in Luoshan (罗山) in Henan, Huangmei (黄梅) in Hubei, and Susong (宿松) in Anhui; severely punish problems such as "disguised" public fund tourism and "express delivery of gifts," and crack down on violations of discipline against the wind, and accurately deal with hidden and mutated problems. The typical problems of blind decision-making and mechanical execution in urban management in Sanhe (三河), Hebei were seriously investigated and publicly reported. Discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country investigated and dealt with 150,000 cases of hedonism and extravagance, and 141,000 cases of formalism and bureaucracy, and criticized, educated, and dealt with a total of 376,000 people.

Through study and education, conduct construction has been further deepened and solidified, the effectiveness of rectifying the "Four Winds" has been further improved, and the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation of the Central Committee has been further deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

(IV) Unswervingly Promoting the Anti-Corruption Struggle and Constantly Eradicating the Soil and Conditions for Corruption

Firmly grasp General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) major judgment on the anti-corruption struggle of "two still," deepen the treatment of both symptoms and root causes, and pay more attention to preventing and controlling corruption from the source. Continue to increase the punishment of corruption. Deepen the rectification of corruption in key areas such as finance, state-owned enterprises, energy, fire protection, tobacco, medicine, universities, sports, development zones, public welfare and charity, safety production, engineering construction, and bidding and tendering, and eliminate systemic corruption risks and hidden dangers. The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission filed cases for review and investigation against 181 centrally administered cadres, including Jin Xiangjun (金湘军), Lan Tianli (蓝天立), Wang Lixia (王莉霞), Bi Jingquan (毕井泉), Qizhala (齐扎拉), Jiang Chaoliang (蒋超良), Liu Hui (刘慧), and Yi Huiman (易会满). Discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country filed a total of 1,012,000 cases, detained 47,000 people, and gave Party disciplinary and government sanctions to 983,000 people. Adhere to the principle of learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones and treating the illness to save the person. Discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country used the "four forms" to criticize, educate, and deal with 1,984,000 people. Under strong deterrence and policy appeal, 26,000 people voluntarily surrendered themselves. The "Evidence Guidelines for Investigating New Types of Corruption and Hidden Corruption Problems" was issued. Increase the investigation and handling of bribery, and strengthen joint punishment for key bribers. Deepen international anti-corruption cooperation, file and investigate 505 cross-border corruption cases, carry out the "Sky Net 2025" (天网2025) action and the special action to recover stolen goods and losses from overseas fugitives of duty crimes, recover 963 fugitives, and achieve the clearing of "100 Red Notices Personnel" in Asia. Continue to deepen the joint investigation and treatment of wind and corruption. Formulate opinions on promoting the joint investigation and treatment of unhealthy tendencies and corruption problems, and promote the two-way and co-directional governance of investigating corruption from wind and correcting wind from corruption. Strengthen the technological empowerment of promoting integrity and fighting corruption, accurately discover and deeply investigate and deal with the intertwined problems of wind and corruption. Continue to promote case-based reforms, consolidate the foundation, and cultivate the vitality. Strengthen case analysis, conduct special research, and promote the restoration and purification of the political ecology. Formulate the "Three-Year Action Plan for the Construction of Clean Culture in the New Era (2025-2027)," and continuously enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of the construction of clean culture in the new era, and vigorously create a social environment that promotes integrity and rejects corruption, and advocates thrift and opposes extravagance.

Through strong punishment of corruption, the depth and breadth of anti-corruption have been continuously expanded, and the common roots of wind and corruption have been continuously eradicated, providing better clearance and escort for the high-quality development of the economy and society.

(V) Continuing to Grasp the Centralized Rectification of Unhealthy Tendencies and Corruption Problems Around the People, and the People's Sense of Gain is More Substantial

Firmly grasp the goal of fighting for the people and making the people feel it, and promote the centralized rectification in depth. Improve the pattern of joint management and rectification. The Party and government take the main responsibility and grasp it in the front, the discipline inspection commission takes the lead and fully promotes it, the departments coordinate and consistently carry it out to the end, the city and county take the main battle and grasp the township and promote the village, and the people widely participate, covering all aspects of food, clothing, housing, transportation, birth, aging, illness, death, and living and working in peace and contentment. Come up with pragmatic, effective, and hard moves. Adhere to the unity of the "overall war" on the surface and the "blitzkrieg" on key points, and the connection between case handling and project rectification, focus on the main battlefield below the county level, provide classified guidance and promotion for weak counties with "one policy for each county," urge the governance of repeated reports, and jointly tackle "hard cases" and "nail cases." The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission directly investigated and supervised 8,116 cases of unhealthy tendencies and corruption problems around the people, and a total of 967,000 related problems were investigated and dealt with nationwide, 627,000 people were punished, and 22,000 people were transferred to the procuratorial organs. Highlight the comprehensive effect of integrated investigation and treatment. Deepen the national rectification of "campus meals," rural collective "three assets" management, the use and supervision of rural revitalization funds, medical insurance fund management, and elderly care services, carry out special actions to rectify corruption and chaos in the funeral field and standardize law enforcement involving enterprises, and urge the handling of a number of practical matters such as clearing arrears of sanitation workers' wages, resolving the "difficulty in obtaining certificates" for houses, and correcting repeated medical examinations and tests. Promote the promulgation of 32 national-level systems such as real estate registration, campus meal standards, and opinions on strengthening and improving funeral service management, and achieve long-term governance and good governance with long-term mechanisms. A total of 3,716,000 urgent, difficult, and worrying problems of the masses were solved nationwide, and 77.63 billion yuan of property was returned to the masses.

Through deepening centralized rectification, strongly punishing "flies and ants corruption," deeply solving stubborn diseases, further promoting the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to extend to the grassroots, effectively safeguarding the interests of the masses, effectively promoting grassroots supervision and governance, and consolidating the mass base for the Party's long-term governance.

(VI) Upholding Righteousness and Innovating to Deepen Political Inspection and Supervision, Achieving Full Coverage of Inspection and Supervision of Provinces, Autonomous Regions, and Municipalities

Firmly grasp the positioning of political inspection and supervision, deeply implement the Party's inspection and supervision work policy, and deepen the promotion of reform and governance through inspection and supervision. Achieve high-quality full coverage of inspection and supervision of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Adhere to unified deployment, implementation in rounds, and centralized reporting, carry out the fifth and sixth rounds of inspection and supervision of the 20th Central Committee, simultaneously upgrade the inspection and supervision of Kunming (昆明) City and conduct joint inspection and supervision of 15 sub-provincial cities, deeply find and promote the solution of major risks and prominent problems in the inspected areas. The rectification of inspection and supervision and the application of results have been continuously deepened. Explore and carry out inspection and supervision rectification inspection and evaluation, and conduct "look back" on the rectification of inspection and supervision of centrally administered enterprises. Improve the inspection and supervision situation reporting mechanism, strengthen rectification accountability, and give full play to the role of inspection and supervision in promoting reform and promoting development. The system and mechanism of inspection and supervision work have been continuously improved. Assist the Party Central Committee in formulating the "Opinions on Strengthening Inspection and Supervision Work in Villages," improve the inspection and supervision report review mechanism and the central inspection and supervision petition work methods and transfer work methods. Deepen the linkage between the upper and lower levels and the coordination mechanism, carry out special inspections of the inspection and supervision work of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and promote the coordination and linkage between the internal inspection and supervision of central units and discipline inspection and supervision.

Through deepening political inspection and supervision, problems are discovered and deviations are found from a political perspective, which powerfully promotes the solution of problems and effectively eliminates political hidden dangers, and the role of the sword of inspection and supervision continues to be highlighted.

(VII) Deeply Promoting the Reform of the Discipline Inspection and Supervision System to Better Promote the Transformation of Institutional Advantages into Governance Effectiveness

Firmly grasp the deployment of the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, and drive the overall improvement of work with key reform breakthroughs. Promote the improvement of the Party's internal regulations and systems. Assist the Party Central Committee in revising the "Several Provisions on the Integrity of Leading Personnel of State-Owned Enterprises," formulate the "Measures for the Party Committee (Party Group) to Conduct Supervisory Talks with the 'Top Leaders' of Subordinate Party Organizations" and the "Admonishment Work Measures," and provide strong support for governing the Party according to regulations. Improve the supporting system of the Supervision Law. Revise the "Implementation Regulations of the Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China," formulate the "Regulations on the Disclosure of Supervision Work Information," and issue the "Regulations on the Approval of Supervisory Organs Taking Supervisory Compulsory Measures" and the management methods for detention sites and conversation sites. Strengthen the publicity and implementation of the revised Supervision Law, carry out in-depth all-member training, and strengthen the concept of supervision and the rule of law. Deeply promote the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision resident institutions. Complete the full dispatch of discipline inspection and supervision teams to centrally administered enterprises. Strengthen the management of the use of measures by the resident institutions of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission, coordinate the overall coordination of designated jurisdiction cases, study and draft guiding opinions on the re-dispatch of supervision, optimize the setting of resident institutions of provincial and municipal discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions, steadily and orderly promote the pilot work of provincial discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions dispatching discipline inspection and supervision teams to provincial universities and state-owned enterprises, and the effectiveness of resident supervision has been further improved. Promote the improvement of the Party and state supervision system. Improve the special supervision system of discipline inspection and supervision, formulate the "Regulations on the Coordination and Cooperation of Supervision, Inspection, Review, and Investigation of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs," and promote the coordinated linkage of "office, group, land, school, enterprise, and inspection." Improve the grassroots supervision system, comprehensively complete the centralized office of county-level discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions resident institutions, promote the exchange of deputy secretaries of municipal and county-level discipline inspection commissions in different places, and promote the solution of problems such as the dispersion of grassroots supervision forces and the difficulty of supervision in familiar society. Improve the connection mechanism between supervision and law enforcement and criminal justice, and deepen the connection and coordination between discipline inspection and supervision and various types of supervision.

Through reform and innovation breakthroughs, the functional system of discipline inspection and supervision organs has been further optimized, and the system of laws and regulations has been further improved.

(VIII) Solidly Carry Out the "Year of Standardization, Rule of Law, and Regularization of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work" Action, and the Construction of the Discipline Inspection and Supervision Iron Army Has Reached a New Level

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(VIII) Solidly Carry Out the "Year of Standardizing, Legalizing, and Regulating Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work," Elevating the Construction of the Iron Army of Discipline Inspection and Supervision to a New Level

Firmly grasping General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important requirement that "to forge iron, one must be strong oneself," we emphasize political training, discipline and law training, and practical combat training, launching a "combined punch" for self-construction. We strengthen loyalty education. We conduct regular ideological and belief education and political loyalty education, formulate measures for recording the political performance of discipline inspection and supervision cadres, and operate and utilize the discipline inspection and supervision exhibition hall "Born for the Party, Fighting for the Party" to organize 193 batches of 6,293 person-times to visit and study, continuing the red gene of absolute loyalty to the Party. We improve the quality and efficiency of case handling. We solidify discipline and law education, promote all-staff training, hold demonstration classes for cultivating case-handling capabilities, and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission (中央纪委国家监委) and various provincial discipline inspection and supervision commissions trained 2.254 million person-times, with 99,000 discipline inspection and supervision cadres participating in practical combat training. We conduct case quality evaluations, special inspections of the handling of letters and visits, and special governance to standardize case-handling behavior and implement the responsibility system for case-handling safety work. We strengthen organizational construction. We implement the opinions on strengthening the construction of the discipline inspection and supervision team in the new era, implement a three-year action plan for organizational construction, continuously improve the organizational system, and better leverage organizational advantages. We comprehensively manage the selection, cultivation, management, and use of cadres, conduct special research on the cadre team, promote cross-sectoral exchanges and multi-position training for cadres, continuously optimize the structure of the leadership team, and replenish the front-line workforce. We solidify strict management and heartfelt care. We improve the operational mechanism and management and supervision system for discipline inspection and supervision power, conduct in-depth special inspections on the issue of discipline inspection and supervision cadres violating regulations by drinking alcohol, and criticize, educate, and handle 292 people. We resolutely eliminate **害群之马** (hài qún zhī mǎ - "a black sheep," a troublemaker or someone who brings disgrace to a group), with 4,119 people placed on file and 313 people placed under detention throughout the system. We increase commendations and rewards, conduct centralized assistance through the "Sharp Sword Fund," and wholeheartedly solve the practical difficulties of cadres.

By strengthening the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work, we have effectively improved the mental state of cadres, the quality and ability of the team, and the quality and level of work, making the iron army of discipline inspection and supervision purer and more complete.

Over the past year, discipline inspection and supervision work has progressed steadily, improving quality and efficiency, fundamentally due to the leadership and guidance of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, and the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. We have a deeper understanding that to promote the high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work, we must adhere to absolute loyalty to the Party, consciously use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to arm our minds, guide our practice, and promote our work; we must adhere to the people-centered approach, and integrate the concept of putting the people first throughout all discipline inspection and supervision work; we must adhere to the unchanged tone of strictness, and resolutely rectify conduct and combat corruption with the sobriety and determination of always being on the road; we must adhere to seeking truth from facts, acting in accordance with regulations and discipline and the law, and continuously improve the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work. While seeing the achievements, we must also soberly recognize that the effectiveness of our work still falls short of the requirements of the Party Central Committee and the expectations of the people, the quality and ability are still far from the requirements of high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work, and the discipline and work style are still far from the standards of loyalty, cleanliness, responsibility, and daring to fight, and we must attach great importance to this and earnestly solve it.

II. Provide Strong Guarantee for Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" with New Achievements in the High-Quality Development of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work

The "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" period is a crucial period for laying the foundation and fully exerting efforts to basically realize socialist modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) pointed out that to turn the blueprint drawn by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee into reality, we must adhere to and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, deeply promote the Party's self-revolution, unswervingly promote comprehensive and strict Party governance, strengthen the entire Party's sense of mission and fighting will, consolidate the Party's unity, maintain the Party's team purity, and improve the Party's governance capacity and leadership level. As an important force in promoting comprehensive and strict Party governance, discipline inspection and supervision organs must deeply understand the important requirements of the "three more" proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平), effectively unify their thoughts and actions with the Party Central Committee's accurate judgment of the situation and scientific deployment of tasks, further promote the high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work in the new era and on the new journey, and provide strong guarantees for the development of the Party and the country's cause.

(I) Deeply Grasp the Higher Requirements for Maintaining the Party's Unity and Solidarity in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," Firmly Promote the Entire Party to Deeply Understand the Decisive Significance of the "Two Establishments," and Achieve the "Two Upholds." The more complex and changeable the situation and the more arduous and heavy the tasks, the more closely we must unite around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) pointed out that emphasizing the "Two Upholds" and maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee must be reflected in the actual actions of implementing the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments. Discipline inspection and supervision organs must strengthen political supervision, strictly enforce political discipline, resolutely eliminate the "two-faced people" who harbor ulterior motives and act inconsistently, and resolutely fight against words and deeds that endanger the Party's overall leadership, especially the Party Central Committee's centralized and unified leadership, to ensure that the Party Central Committee's orders are carried out without obstruction.

(II) Deeply Grasp the Higher Requirements for Confining Power in the Cage of the System in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," and Firmly Strengthen Governing Power with the System and Exercising Power in Accordance with Regulations. Confining power in the cage of the system is an important task of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party in the new era. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that we must not only improve the system and regulations, weaving the cage tightly, but also improve the enforcement of the system and enhance rigid constraints. Discipline inspection and supervision organs shoulder the important responsibility of maintaining the Party Constitution and other internal Party regulations, and must strengthen supervision, discipline enforcement, and accountability, promote the effectiveness of governing power with the system and exercising power in accordance with regulations, prevent "**牛栏关猫**" (niú lán guān māo - "using a cattle fence to keep out a cat," inadequate measures) and "**纸笼禁虎**" (zhǐ lóng jìn hǔ - "using a paper cage to confine a tiger," ineffective regulations), and ensure that power always operates on the correct track.

(III) Deeply Grasp the Higher Requirements for Maintaining the Party's Advanced Nature and Purity in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," and Firmly Follow the Path of Anti-Corruption with Chinese Characteristics. Corruption is the biggest risk, the biggest threat, and the biggest challenge facing our Party, and it is a stumbling block and stumbling stone in the development of the Party and the country's cause. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that the situation in the anti-corruption struggle is still severe and complex, and the task of eradicating the soil and conditions for corruption is still arduous and heavy, requiring us to maintain a high-pressure posture without wavering, continuously improve the penetration of anti-corruption, and make greater efforts in promoting integration. As a specialized force for anti-corruption, discipline inspection and supervision organs must more soberly recognize the political harm of corruption problems, more accurately grasp the profound connotation of the path of anti-corruption with Chinese characteristics, and under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, treat both the symptoms and root causes, and integrate the efforts to prevent corruption, deter corruption, and not want to be corrupt, without stopping for a moment or retreating half a step, and unswervingly carry out the anti-corruption struggle to the end.

(IV) Deeply Grasp the Higher Requirements for Encouraging Responsibility and Action in Achieving the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," and Firmly Promote Party Members and Cadres to Start Businesses in Compliance with Rules and Discipline. Chinese-style modernization is a pioneering undertaking unprecedented in history, requiring the entire Party to work together and overcome difficulties. General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) emphasized that resolutely and forcefully implementing the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments is not contradictory to creatively carrying out work, requiring us to support and encourage various regions and departments to explore effective methods and approaches to implement the Party Central Committee's major decisions and deployments in light of their actual conditions, to ensure that the final effect is in line with the Party Central Committee's decision-making intentions and policy intentions. As a specialized supervisory organ of the Party and the country, discipline inspection and supervision organs must accurately apply the "four forms," combine strict management with heartfelt care, and combine incentives and constraints, not only seriously investigate and deal with abuse of power and dereliction of duty, but also clearly support and encourage those who dare to take responsibility and act, stimulate the internal motivation and overall vitality of the cadre team, and gather a powerful force for promoting Chinese-style modernization.

III. Main Tasks for 2026

2026 marks the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党) and the first year of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan." To do a good job this year, we must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (党的二十大) and the plenary sessions of the 20th CPC Central Committee, earnestly implement the deployment of the Fourth Plenary Session, fully implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's (习近平) important thoughts on Party building and the Party's self-revolution, deeply understand the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," resolutely achieve the "Two Upholds," unswervingly promote comprehensive and strict Party governance, continuously deepen the rectification of conduct and discipline and the fight against corruption, increase the efforts to integrate the efforts to prevent corruption, deter corruption, and not want to be corrupt, more effectively eradicate the soil and conditions for corruption, continue to carry out the "Year of Standardizing, Legalizing, and Regulating Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work," promote the high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work in the new era and on the new journey, and provide a strong guarantee for achieving the goals and tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan."

(I) Strengthen Political Supervision and Promote the Entire Party to Unite and Concentrate Efforts to Achieve the Goals and Tasks of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan"

The "Suggestions" for the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" deliberated and approved by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee made top-level design and strategic planning for economic and social development in the next five years. Discipline inspection and supervision organs must focus on the central task to strengthen political supervision and promote various regions and departments to implement the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments without compromise.

Enhance the sense of mission by strengthening the arming of the Party's innovative theories. Promote Party organizations at all levels to earnestly implement the long-term mechanism of building the soul with learning, increasing wisdom with learning, rectifying conduct with learning, and promoting work with learning, guide Party members and cadres to deepen their inherent pursuit of the Party's historical mission and their fundamental identification with the Party's central task, and achieve conviction, pragmatism, responsibility, and self-discipline. Promote the entire Party to comprehensively study and implement the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, resolutely shoulder political responsibility, overcome difficulties, fight risks, and meet challenges with a historical initiative, and strive to create a new situation in the construction of Chinese-style modernization.

Maintain the Party's unity and solidarity by strictly enforcing political discipline. Take maintaining the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core as the most fundamental political discipline and political rules. Continue to focus on and strive to solve the "seven things to guard against" problem, focusing on investigating and dealing with behaviors such as outwardly compliant but inwardly defiant, going one's own way, saying one thing to people's faces and another behind their backs, failing to implement orders or prohibitions, forming cliques, and engaging in non-organizational activities. Seriously correct ideological liberalism, resolutely prevent problems such as violating the Party's theories and lines, principles, and policies, and using the Party's innovative theories when they suit one's needs and discarding them when they do not; seriously correct political opportunism, resolutely prevent behaviors such as "building relationships," "visiting wharves," and "connecting to the sky"; seriously correct organizational sectarianism, resolutely prevent excluding dissidents, cultivating personal forces, and forming interest groups; seriously correct work-related localism, resolutely prevent implementing the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments by adopting countermeasures from above and policies from below; seriously correct good-old-boyism in fulfilling responsibilities, resolutely prevent the pressure of Party governance from being transmitted layer by layer and the responsibility from being implemented "tightly above and loosely below." Strictly enforce election discipline, earnestly do a good job in replying to opinions on Party conduct and integrity, strictly control the political, work style, and integrity aspects, prevent "nominating with illness" and "promoting with illness," and never allow "two-faced people" and those who put personal interests first to get away with it. Resolutely investigate and deal with unhealthy tendencies and corruption problems in the selection and appointment of personnel, strictly investigate buying and selling official positions, running for official positions, and associating with political brokers and political swindlers. Seriously investigate and deal with false accusations and frame-ups, and promptly carry out clarification and rehabilitation work.

Ensure the smooth start of the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan" with strong political supervision. Urge the grasping of task decomposition, promote various regions and departments to follow the "Suggestions" for the "Fifteenth Five-Year Plan," firmly grasp the strategic positioning in the overall situation, and scientifically determine the strategic tasks and ideas and measures in various fields of economic and social development. Urge the grasping of task implementation, closely focus on the strategic deployments such as implementing the new development concept, promoting high-quality development, and accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, focus on the tasks and requirements of building a modern industrial system, developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, building a unified national market, expanding high-level opening up to the outside world, steadily promoting common prosperity for all the people, preventing returning to poverty as a regular practice, resolving hidden debts of local governments, strengthening ecological and environmental protection, and coordinating development and security, and promptly follow up with supervision to prevent the "two skins" of planning and implementation. Urge the grasping of collaboration and cooperation, improve the quality and effectiveness of cross-regional and cross-departmental coordinated supervision, and prevent and correct local protectionism.

(II) Strengthen the Rectification of Conduct and Discipline and Consolidate and Expand the Achievements of In-Depth Implementation of the Spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation

Starting with grasping work style to promote comprehensive and strict Party governance is an important experience of the Party's self-revolution in the new era, and we must adhere to grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together, and connecting the rectification of conduct and discipline with the fight against corruption, promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style construction, and make the "golden business card" of the Eight-Point Regulation brighter.

Strictly and realistically correct the "four winds." Continue to resolutely curb hedonism and extravagance, deepen the rectification of problems that are prone to occur frequently, such as eating and drinking in violation of regulations and giving and receiving gifts and gift money in violation of regulations; seriously investigate and deal with problems such as engaging in public-funded tourism in the name of research and investigation, carrying out Party building activities, and training, and engaging in disguised public-funded overseas (border) tourism; closely monitor and correct new trends such as building buildings, halls, and pavilions in violation of regulations under the guise of people's livelihood projects. Continue to rectify formalism and bureaucracy, closely focus on leading organs and leading cadres, resolutely correct prominent problems such as waiting and watching without taking action as elections approach, and rushing for quick success and instant benefits and engaging in "pancake flipping" and "image projects" after elections, resolutely curb the unhealthy trend of statistical fraud, and promote the firm establishment and practice of a correct view of performance; closely focus on problems that increase the burden on the grassroots, resolutely correct problems such as a large number of documents and meetings with low quality and effectiveness, formalism in supervision, inspection, assessment, and research, and conducting commendation, evaluation, and demonstration activities in violation of regulations, and promote doing a good job in consistent evaluation of reducing the burden on the grassroots.

Improve the long-term mechanism for work style construction. Thoroughly implement the opinions on unremittingly implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation and promoting the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style construction, take regular learning and education as the foundation, strengthen typical education on both positive and negative aspects, and let Party members and cadres realize that the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulation is both a "tightening curse" and a "protective talisman." Take consolidating responsibility as the key, promote Party organizations at all levels to improve the mechanism for regularly studying work style construction, strengthen supervision of the work style of the "top leader" and the leading team at the lower level, accurately identify and effectively prevent new trends in the "four winds" problem, inform relevant leaders of the "four winds" problem in the units under their charge, seriously hold accountable those who are lax in work style construction, and severely punish those who falsely report or conceal information. Take the joint investigation and treatment of work style and corruption as the starting point, promote the integration of investigation and treatment, and promote Party members and cadres to firmly remember the "three musts" and practice the "three stricts and three realities," and establish a correct work style; tell the story of China's anti-corruption and the story of the Eight-Point Regulation to the international community, and spread the image of integrity and honesty.

(III) Strengthen the Combination of Addressing Symptoms and Root Causes and Make Good Use of the Strategic Approach of Integrating the Efforts to Prevent Corruption, Deter Corruption, and Not Want to Be Corrupt

Integrating the efforts to prevent corruption, deter corruption, and not want to be corrupt is a strategic approach to deepening the treatment of both symptoms and root causes of anti-corruption, and we must adhere to strict punishment, precise treatment, effective prevention, and integrated grasping, pay more attention to synergistic efforts, pay more attention to technological empowerment, and take both clearing "blue algae" and clearing "silt" as a two-pronged approach, and continuously enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of governing corruption.
Promoting the integrated "Three No Corruption" approach is a strategic move to deepen the efforts to address both the symptoms and root causes of corruption. We must adhere to strict punishment, precise governance, effective prevention, and integrated implementation. We should pay more attention to synergistic efforts and technological empowerment, addressing both the "blue-green algae" and the "silt" to continuously enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of corruption governance.

Maintaining high-pressure deterrence to strengthen the inability to be corrupt. Adhere to using strong medicine to cure diseases and heavy penalties to manage chaos, continue to thoroughly investigate and clean up, ensuring that corruption is punished, greed is eliminated, and evil is eradicated. Highlight areas with concentrated power, dense funds, and abundant resources, deepen the rectification of corruption in key areas such as finance, state-owned enterprises, energy, education, academic associations, development zones, and bidding, and effectively curb the frequent occurrence of corruption. Emphasize the key issue of the intertwining of political and economic problems, and severely investigate and deal with issues such as collusion between government and business, power providing protection for capital, and capital infiltrating the political field. Deeply investigate new and hidden forms of corruption such as expected returns, agreed-upon nominee holdings, and "revolving doors" between government and business. Highlight key targets who do not restrain themselves or stop, and act recklessly, focusing on investigating the corruption of "key minorities" and young cadres, and correcting the behavior of some leading cadres who "retire but do not rest" and use their "residual power" to seek illegitimate benefits. Promote places and departments where major corruption cases have occurred to resolutely eliminate the remaining poison. Deepen the investigation of both bribery and offering bribes, resolutely investigate those who knowingly commit crimes and repeatedly commit crimes, and eradicate the source of "hunting" pollution. Increase the investigation and handling of cross-border corruption cases, cooperate with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (全国人大常委会) to formulate a law against cross-border corruption, deepen foreign law enforcement and judicial cooperation such as fugitive repatriation and asset recovery, and cut off their retreat and eliminate their illusions with an inescapable net. Continuously improve the penetration of anti-corruption efforts, and timely discover, accurately identify, and effectively govern various corruption problems. Focus on using digital algorithms to enrich anti-corruption methods, assist in clue judgment, review interviews, case trials, and other work, and effectively improve the ability to investigate and deal with cases.

Strengthening supervision and restriction to strengthen the inability to be corrupt. Rely on the system to govern power, strengthen the standardization and supervision of power allocation and operation, and improve the institutional mechanism that unifies authorization, use of power, and restriction of power, and is clear, transparent, and traceable. Improve the power restriction mechanism, grasp key powers such as setting policies, making decisions, and approving supervision, clarify power boundaries, strictly define responsibilities and authority, standardize work procedures, and promote scientific authorization; improve the power supervision system, assist the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (党中央) in revising the "Regulations on Internal Supervision of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党党内监督条例)," improve the working mechanism with internal supervision of the Party as the leading factor and various supervisions connected and coordinated, strengthen the equivalence of power and responsibility, and hold those who fail in their duties accountable, and promote the correct use of power; improve the enforcement of the system, thoroughly implement the opinions on strengthening the supervision of "top leaders" and leading groups, promote the implementation of democratic centralism, strictly implement the "major issues" decision-making supervision, reporting responsibilities and integrity, supervision and interviews, and other systems, and focus on solving the problems of "superior supervision is far away, peer supervision is soft, and subordinate supervision is difficult," and promote effective power restriction. Strengthen daily supervision, consolidate the regular supervision responsibilities of party committees and governments at all levels, and make effective and effective pre-supervision an important line of defense against the occurrence of wind and corruption problems. Relying on the big data supervision platform of public power, promote the "shadow" of digital supervision and digital exercise of power, and better improve the ability of active supervision and precise supervision; by deeply digging into common problems, promote functional departments to improve the system mechanism, eliminate power operation loopholes, regulatory blind spots, and system gaps; by using information technology to solidify the process and enhance the rigidity of the system, timely discover and correct deviations in system implementation, and effectively block illegal operations. Carry out big data supervision and supervision and artificial intelligence applications in key areas such as bidding, and comprehensively promote the deployment and application of "Supervision at a Glance" for grassroots micro-power.

Deepening integrity education to strengthen the unwillingness to be corrupt. Thoroughly implement the three-year action plan for the construction of a new era of integrity culture, enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of integrity publicity and education, and continuously shape the ideological character of integrity and honesty, the political and moral cultivation of integrity and public service, the moral integrity of integrity and self-discipline, and the social atmosphere of advocating integrity and rejecting corruption. Enrich content supply, adhere to using the Party's innovative theory to condense the soul, deeply explain the ideals and beliefs, values, moral concepts, and discipline awareness contained therein, and promote the creative transformation and innovative development of the clean and honest thoughts contained in the excellent traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture. Innovate the publicity mechanism, coordinate traditional positions and new carriers and new methods, build a technological support system for integrity culture, take object-accurate identification, content-accurate production, channel-accurate construction, and effect-accurate evaluation as the direction of improvement, use the corpus and object library to consolidate the data base of integrity culture, and use precise adaptation to promote the "precise drip irrigation" of integrity publicity and education, and empower and enhance the construction of integrity culture in the new era. Optimize education methods, adhere to hierarchical classification and precise teaching, strengthen demonstration leadership with the advanced deeds of diligent and honest models, strengthen warning deterrence with cases of violations of discipline and law around us, and continuously enhance the communication power, attractiveness, and appeal of integrity culture in the new era.

Improving the system and mechanism to promote integrated advancement. Improve ideological understanding, grasp the concept requirements of integrated advancement of "Three No Corruption" from the strategic height of deepening the treatment of both symptoms and root causes, and prevent and correct the stage theory and link theory. Improve the anti-corruption working mechanism, improve the normalized cooperation mechanism between the discipline inspection and supervision organs and the departments of inspection, organization, publicity, political and legal affairs, auditing, letters and visits, finance and accounting, and statistics under the unified leadership of the Party Committee, and promote integrated governance through the cooperation of the entire chain. Grasp the promotion of reform and governance through cases, improve the pertinence and accuracy of discipline inspection and supervision suggestions, strengthen the follow-up supervision and tracking of the implementation of rectification, and form a closed-loop mechanism of supervision, handling cases, rectification, and governance. Focus on technological empowerment, accelerate the construction of a digital discipline inspection and supervision system, focus on the "four full" goal requirements, deepen the construction and functional integration of the "five major platforms" such as the big data resource center for discipline inspection and supervision, and orderly realize sharing and co-use; strengthen ethical norms and data security, adhere to construction and use in accordance with regulations and laws, strictly implement the approval authority for data collection and query, implement security and confidentiality responsibilities, and effectively build a security barrier. Improve the anti-corruption responsibility implementation mechanism, promote the implementation of the reporting system on the performance of the main responsibility, optimize the responsibility implementation assessment, and better realize the integrated advancement of "Three No Corruption" with the synergistic efforts of responsibility.

(4) Strengthen discipline enforcement and law enforcement for the people, and continue to deepen the centralized rectification of unhealthy tendencies and corruption problems around the masses.

This year is the year of the three-year centralized rectification and tough battle, we must better connect the responsibilities of all parties, consolidate key tasks, increase efforts, improve quality and efficiency, form a mechanism, and strive to achieve comprehensive results of reshaping the industry style, good governance at the grassroots level, and benefiting the masses.

Increase efforts to rectify outstanding problems. Continue to deepen national rectification projects such as the management of rural collective "three assets," the management of medical insurance funds, and elderly care services, deploy and carry out the rectification of high-standard farmland construction problems, consolidate the results of the "campus meal" rectification, the special action against corruption and chaos in the funeral field, and follow up on key supervision. Guide all localities to grasp the key projects of rectification and practical matters for the people in accordance with local conditions, resolutely correct the problems that touch the bottom line, such as infringing on the interests of vulnerable groups such as the elderly and minors, deepen governance around the masses' employment, social security, housing, medical care, and other fields and outstanding problems that damage the business environment, and deeply rectify illegal law enforcement in other places and profit-seeking law enforcement, so that the masses can further feel the changes and get benefits.

Improve the system to consolidate the results. Summarize the experience and practices of centralized rectification, study and formulate opinions on carrying out rectification work on a regular basis, and form a long-term mechanism for unified leadership, closed-loop implementation, supervision and regulation, and mass participation. Promote functional departments to clarify functional powers, improve regulatory standards, optimize service processes, and open up information barriers, and continuously optimize the construction of industry style. Make good use of the working mechanism of "masses ask questions, departments answer questions, discipline inspection commissions supervise, and social evaluation," strengthen scientific evaluation, supervision and guidance, and truly do the work that benefits the people to the hearts of the masses.

Improve the supervision capacity at the grassroots level. Use the working methods of "grasping both ends and leading the middle" to promote the continuous deepening of rectification work in the county-level main battlefield. Strengthen the work guidance for the centralized office of the dispatched institutions of the county-level discipline inspection commissions and supervision commissions, improve the mechanisms such as upgrading supervision and cross-supervision, and promote the connection between grassroots supervision and grassroots governance. Give play to the role of mass supervision, combine with the in-depth promotion of the rule of law in petition work, unblock channels for mass supervision, deepen the tough battle to govern repeated reports, carry out centralized governance of petition problems in the field of people's livelihood, fully absorb the opinions of the masses into the evaluation of rectification results, and create a good environment for the masses to actively supervise and supervise in accordance with the law.

(5) Strengthen political inspection and enhance the deterrence, penetration, and driving force of inspection and supervision.

Inspection is a strategic institutional arrangement for comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, we must fully implement the Party's inspection work policy, accurately discover problems, effectively solve problems, and better play the role of comprehensive supervision of inspection.

Accurately discover problems and enhance deterrence. Coordinate the use of inspection methods and organize the seventh and eighth rounds of inspections by the 20th Central Committee (中央). Strengthen the collection, management, analysis, and utilization of inspection and patrol data, and empower inspection work with big data and information technology. Optimize the inspection work process, strengthen the review of inspection reports, and ensure that the problems reflected in the reports have factual basis, policy basis, and responsibility basis.

Strengthen linkage and cooperation to enhance penetration. Deepen the linkage between inspections and patrols from top to bottom, strengthen guidance and supervision of the inspection work of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and guide all localities to promote inspections of villages. Do a solid and detailed job in the classified guidance of internal inspections of central units, and study and formulate standardized guidelines by sector. Strengthen the connection and linkage between inspection and discipline inspection and supervision, and improve the effective mechanism for coordinating forces, integrating resources, and sharing results.

Effectively solve problems and enhance driving force. Coordinate and urge the inspected party organizations to grasp the central inspection and rectification work and promote genuine rectification. Explore the establishment of a working mechanism for discipline inspection and supervision organs and organizational departments to perform the responsibility of supervising rectification, improve the rectification evaluation and accountability mechanism, and seriously hold accountable those who perfunctorily rectify and falsely rectify.

(6) Strengthen the awareness of the iron army and continuously improve the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work.

Strengthening the standardization, legalization, and regularization of discipline inspection and supervision work is a major political task, which must be grasped as a systematic project for a long time to ensure that we are upright, honest, and strong. We must consolidate and expand the achievements of the "Year of Standardization, Legalization, and Regularization of Discipline Inspection and Supervision Work" and concentrate on grasping it for another two years to strive for greater results.

Forge absolute loyalty and be politically strong. Strengthen ideological guidance, highlight political education and Party spirit education, adhere to the "first topic" system and collective learning system, deeply study and thoroughly understand the Party's innovative theory, and cultivate the "indestructible body." Consciously think under the overall situation and act under the overall situation, strictly implement the reporting system, and resolutely safeguard the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) as the core over discipline inspection and supervision work.

Enhance the ability to perform duties and be capable. Adhere to the linkage between top and bottom, continue to implement the three-year action plan for organizational construction, deepen the reform of discipline inspection and supervision institutions, strengthen the coordinated use of the forces of the organs and dispatched institutions, and promote the better role of internal discipline inspection institutions. In accordance with the unified deployment of the Party Central Committee, cooperate in doing a good job in the election of the Discipline Inspection Commission, and promote the selection of outstanding and strong leading groups of the Discipline Inspection Commission and Supervision Commission, especially the "top leaders." Study and formulate regulations on the education and training of discipline inspection and supervision cadres, carry out full training at all levels and categories, explore the holding of medium- and long-term training courses, strengthen practical training and training with work, and coordinate the arrangement of cadres to accept training in major special work and important case handling, and continuously improve the quality and efficiency of supervision, discipline enforcement, and law enforcement.

Carry forward the spirit of struggle and be strong in style. Temper the distinct character of being brave in struggle, and dare to confront and show the sword in the face of major issues of principle and unhealthy trends. Strengthen the standardization of supervision, discipline enforcement, and law enforcement, assist the Party Central Committee in revising the "Rules on Supervision and Discipline Enforcement Work of the Discipline Inspection Organs of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党纪律检查机关监督执纪工作规则)," revise the "Regulations on the Use of Supervision, Inspection, Review, and Investigation Measures by Discipline Inspection and Supervision Organs (纪检监察机关监督检查审查调查措施使用规定)," formulate regulations on township supervision work, standards for filing and prosecuting duty-related crimes under the jurisdiction of supervision organs, and guide relevant dispatched institutions to carry out pilot projects of re-dispatching supervision in a steady and orderly manner by category and field. Strengthen the awareness of the rule of law, procedural awareness, and evidence awareness, seek truth from facts, do not wrong or let go, and supervise discipline enforcement and law enforcement fairly and justly.

Always maintain a sense of awe and be honest. Adhere to inward self-revolution, improve the internal power restriction mechanism and management and supervision system, formulate rules on case review work and a system for handling appeals against illegal and irregular case handling, standardize the behavior of discipline inspection and supervision cadres "outside of eight hours," and resolutely prevent "darkness under the lamp." Actively accept supervision, and the National Supervisory Commission (国家监委) reports special work to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (全国人大常委会). Improve the positive incentive system for discipline inspection and supervision, strengthen performance guarantees, increase the evaluation of excellence and awards and publicity efforts, do a solid job in caring and caring measures, and make cadres more at ease in their work and strive for progress.

Comrades, the blueprint has been drawn, and the horn has been sounded. The discipline inspection and supervision organs have a great responsibility and a glorious mission in promoting the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Let us unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) as the core, work hard and forge ahead, continuously promote the high-quality development of discipline inspection and supervision work in the new era and new journey, and make greater contributions to comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization.

(Xinhua News Agency (新华社), Beijing (北京), February 28)

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Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2025 National Economic and Social Development [1]

By: 国家统计局2026年2月28日

The year 2025 is the final year of the "14th Five-Year Plan" and a year of great significance in the process of Chinese-style modernization. Faced with profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, all regions and departments have adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implemented the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Plenary Sessions of the 20th CPC Central Committee, followed the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, fully and accurately implemented the new development philosophy, accelerated the construction of a new development pattern, focused on promoting high-quality development, adhered to the general tone of **稳中求进** (wěn zhōng qiú jìn - "seek progress while maintaining stability," to maintain stability as the basis for making progress), coordinated the domestic and international situations, coordinated development and security, and implemented more proactive and effective macro policies. China's economy has moved forward against pressure, developed towards new and better directions, the construction of a modern industrial system has been continuously promoted, reform and opening up has taken new steps, positive progress has been made in resolving risks in key areas, people's livelihood has been more effectively guaranteed, the overall social situation has remained stable, and a good start has been made in the new journey towards the second centenary goal.

I. General Overview

Preliminary accounting shows that the gross domestic product (GDP) for the year
[2]
was 140,187.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year. Of this total, the added value of the primary industry was 9,334.7 billion yuan, an increase of 3.9% over the previous year; the added value of the secondary industry was 49,965.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; and the added value of the tertiary industry was 80,887.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry accounted for 6.7% of the GDP, the added value of the secondary industry accounted for 35.6%, and the added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 57.7%. Final consumption expenditure contributed 2.6 percentage points to GDP growth, gross capital formation contributed 0.8 percentage points to GDP growth, and net exports of goods and services contributed 1.6 percentage points to GDP growth. By quarter, GDP increased by 5.4% year-on-year in the first quarter, 5.2% in the second quarter, 4.8% in the third quarter, and 4.5% in the fourth quarter. The per capita GDP for the year was 99,665 yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Gross national income
[3]
was 139,370 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Overall labor productivity
[4]
was 184,413 yuan/person, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year. (See Figure 1) (See Figure 2) (See Figure 3)

At the end of the year, the national population
[5]
was 1,404.89 million, a decrease of 3.39 million from the end of the previous year, of which the urban permanent resident population was 953.80 million. The number of births for the year was 7.92 million, with a birth rate of 5.63‰; the number of deaths was 11.31 million, with a death rate of 8.04‰; and the natural growth rate was -2.41‰. (See Table 1)

At the end of the year, the number of employed persons nationwide was 725.04 million, of which 475.35 million were employed in urban areas, accounting for 65.6% of the total number of employed persons nationwide. The number of new urban jobs created nationwide during the year
[7]
was 12.67 million, an increase of 110,000 over the previous year. The average surveyed urban unemployment rate for the year was 5.2%. The surveyed urban unemployment rate at the end of the year was 5.1%. The total number of migrant workers nationwide
[8]
was 301.15 million, an increase of 0.5% over the previous year. Of these, 180.06 million were migrant workers who had left their hometowns, an increase of 0.8%; and 121.09 million were local migrant workers, an increase of 0.1%. (See Figure 4) (See Figure 5)

The consumer price index (CPI) for the year was the same as the previous year. The producer price index (PPI) for industrial products decreased by 2.6%. The purchasing price index for industrial producers decreased by 3.0%. The producer price index for agricultural products
[9]
decreased by 3.7%. In December, among the 70 large and medium-sized cities, the number of cities with month-on-month increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 6, the number of cities with unchanged prices was 6, and the number of cities with decreases was 58; the number of cities with month-on-month decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70; the number of cities with year-on-year increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 5, and the number of cities with decreases was 65; and the number of cities with year-on-year decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70. (See Figure 6) (See Table 2)

At the end of the year, the national foreign exchange reserves were US$3,357.9 billion, an increase of US$155.5 billion from the end of the previous year. The average exchange rate of the RMB for the year was 7.1429 yuan per US dollar, a depreciation of 0.3% compared with the previous year. (See Figure 7)

New quality productive forces are steadily growing. For the year, among industrial enterprises above the designated size
[11]
, the added value of the equipment manufacturing industry
[12]
increased by 9.2% over the previous year, accounting for 36.8% of the added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size; the profits of equipment manufacturing enterprises increased by 7.7%. The added value of the high-tech manufacturing industry
[13]
increased by 9.4%, accounting for 17.1% of the added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size; the profits of high-tech manufacturing enterprises increased by 13.3%. The added value of the digital product manufacturing industry
[14]
increased by 9.3%, accounting for 12.5% of the added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size. The output of service robots was 18.581 million units, an increase of 16.1% over the previous year; the output of mobile communication base station equipment was 5.364 million radio frequency modules, an increase of 13.5%; and the output of servers was 5.970 million units, an increase of 12.6%. Among some service industries above the designated size
[15]
, the operating income of strategic emerging service industries
[16]
increased by 9.3% over the previous year, and the operating income of high-tech service industries
[17]
increased by 7.9%. The value of e-commerce transactions
[18]
was 467,339 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5% over the previous year. Online retail sales
[19]
were 15,972.2 billion yuan, an increase of 8.6% over the previous year. Among fixed asset investments (excluding rural households)
[20]
, investment in the purchase of equipment and tools increased by 11.8% over the previous year. A total of 25.74 million new business entities were established during the year, with an average of 26,000 new enterprises established per day.

Solid progress has been made in urban-rural integration and coordinated regional development. At the end of the year, the urbanization rate of the permanent resident population nationwide was 67.89%, an increase of 0.89 percentage points from the end of the previous year. By region
[21]
, the GDP of the eastern region for the year was 730,876 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the GDP of the central region was 299,108 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the GDP of the western region was 298,750 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1%; and the GDP of the northeastern region was 65,035 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. The GDP of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region for the year was 11,991.8 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year; the GDP of the Yangtze River Economic Belt region was 658,336 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; and the GDP of the Yangtze River Delta region was 346,595 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. New progress has been made in the implementation of major regional strategies such as the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Hainan Free Trade Port has started full island customs closure operations. (See Figure 8)

Remarkable achievements have been made in green and low-carbon transformation. According to preliminary calculations, the carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP nationwide for the year
[22]
decreased by 5.0% compared with the previous year. The power generation of clean energy sources such as hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power was 4,248.1 billion kWh, an increase of 14.4% over the previous year. The output of new energy vehicles was 16.524 million units, an increase of 25.1% over the previous year; and the number of new energy vehicles owned at the end of the year was 43.97 million, an increase of 12.57 million from the end of the previous year. Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, 72.6% of the cities met air quality standards. Among the 3,641 national surface water assessment sections, the proportion of sections with excellent water quality (Class I-III) was 91.4%, the proportion of Class IV sections was 6.9%, the proportion of Class V sections was 1.1%, and the proportion of sections worse than Class V was 0.6%.

II. Agriculture

The total sown area of grain for the year was 119.41 million hectares, an increase of 90,000 hectares over the previous year. Of this total, the sown area of rice was 29.01 million hectares, an increase of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of wheat was 23.58 million hectares, a decrease of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of corn was 44.96 million hectares, an increase of 220,000 hectares; and the sown area of soybeans was 10.26 million hectares, a decrease of 70,000 hectares. The sown area of cotton was 2.98 million hectares, an increase of 140,000 hectares. The sown area of oil crops was 14.45 million hectares, an increase of 160,000 hectares. The sown area of sugar crops was 1.49 million hectares, an increase of 30,000 hectares.

The total grain output for the year was 714.88 million tons, an increase of 8.38 million tons over the previous year, an increase of 1.2%. Of this total, the summer grain output was 149.75 million tons, a decrease of 0.1%; the early rice output was 28.51 million tons, an increase of 1.2%; and the autumn grain output was 536.62 million tons, an increase of 1.5%. The output of cereals was 660.21 million tons, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the rice output was 209.04 million tons, an increase of 0.7%; the wheat output was 140.07 million tons, basically the same as the previous year; and the corn output was 301.24 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The soybean output was 20.91 million tons, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year. (See Figure 9)

The total cotton output for the year was 6.64 million tons, an increase of 7.7% over the previous year. The oil crop output was 40.96 million tons, an increase of 2.9%. The sugar crop output was 117.01 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The tea output was 3.92 million tons, an increase of 4.8%.

The total output of pork, beef, mutton, and poultry meat for the year was 100.72 million tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the pork output was 59.38 million tons, an increase of 4.1%; the beef output was 8.01 million tons, an increase of 2.8%; the mutton output was 4.96 million tons, a decrease of 4.2%; and the poultry meat output was 28.37 million tons, an increase of 6.7%. The poultry egg output was 34.98 million tons, a decrease of 2.5%. The milk output was 40.91 million tons, an increase of 0.3%. At the end of the year, the number of live pigs in stock was 429.67 million, an increase of 0.5% from the end of the previous year; and the number of live pigs slaughtered during the year was 719.73 million, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year.

The total output of aquatic products for the year was 76.57 million tons, an increase of 4.1% over the previous year. Of this total, the aquaculture output was 63.24 million tons, an increase of 4.4%; and the capture output was 13.33 million tons, an increase of 2.7%.

The total timber output for the year was 139.37 million cubic meters, a decrease of 1.1% compared with the previous year.

III. Industry and Construction

The total added value of all industries for the year was 41,682.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year. The added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size increased by 5.9%. Among industrial enterprises above the designated size, by economic type, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 4.6%; joint-stock enterprises increased by 6.3%, foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan increased by 3.9%; and private enterprises increased by 5.3%. By sector, the mining industry increased by 5.6%, the manufacturing industry increased by 6.4%, and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water increased by 2.3%. (See Figure 10)

For the year, among industrial enterprises above the designated size, the added value of the processing of food from agricultural products increased by 5.6% over the previous year, the textile industry increased by 3.0%, the manufacturing of chemical raw materials and chemical products increased by 7.8%, the non-metallic mineral products industry decreased by 0.6%, the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals increased by 4.5%, the general equipment manufacturing industry increased by 8.0%, the special equipment manufacturing industry increased by 4.3%, the automobile manufacturing industry increased by 11.5%, the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry increased by 9.2%, the computer, communication, and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry increased by 10.6%, and the production and supply of electricity and heat increased by 2.2%. (See Table 3)

The total profits of industrial enterprises above the designated size for the year
[25]
were 7,398.2 billion yuan, an increase of 0.6% over the previous year. By economic type, the profits of state-owned holding enterprises were 2,056.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.9% over the previous year; the profits of joint-stock enterprises were 5,540.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.1%; the profits of foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan were 1,744.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; and the profits of private enterprises were 2,281.1 billion yuan, the same as the previous year. By sector, the profits of the mining industry were 834.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 26.2% over the previous year; the manufacturing industry was 5,691.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0%; and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water was 872.1 billion yuan, an increase of 9.4%. The cost per 100 yuan of operating income for industrial enterprises above the designated size was 85.31 yuan, an increase of 0.16 yuan over the previous year; and the profit rate of operating income was 5.31%, a decrease of 0.03 percentage points. At the end of the year, the asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above the designated size was 57.6%, a decrease of 0.1 percentage points from the end of the previous year. The capacity utilization rate of industrial enterprises above the designated size for the year
[26]
was 74.4%.

According to preliminary estimates, the total primary energy production for the year was 5.13 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.6% over the previous year. (See Table 4)

At the end of the year, the national power generation installed capacity was 3,891.34 million kilowatts, an increase of 16.1% from the end of the previous year. Among them
[28]
, the installed capacity of thermal power was 1,539.04 million kilowatts, an increase of 6.3%; the installed capacity of hydropower was 448.02 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.9%; the installed capacity of nuclear power was 62.48 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.7%; the installed capacity of wind power was 640.01 million kilowatts, an increase of 22.9%; and the installed capacity of solar power was 1,201.73 million kilowatts, an increase of 35.4%.

The added value of the construction industry for the year was 8,642.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.1% compared with the previous year. The profits of general contracting and specialized contracting construction enterprises with qualification grades nationwide were 635.5 billion yuan, a decrease of
[29]
14.1% compared with the previous year, of which the profits of state-owned holding enterprises were 347.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 8.2%. (See Figure 11)

IV. Services

The added value of wholesale and retail trade for the year was 14,580.8 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the added value of transportation, storage, and postal services was 6,209.2 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the added value of accommodation and catering services was 2,640.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.9%; the added value of the financial industry was 10,133.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the added value of the real estate industry was 8,302.4 billion yuan, an increase of 0.2%; the added value of information transmission, software, and information technology services was 7,059.9 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1%; and the added value of leasing and business services was 6,366.6 billion yuan, an increase of 10.3%. The operating income of some service industries above the designated size
[30]
increased by 6.8% over the previous year, and the total profits increased by 1.9%. (See Figure 12)

The total freight volume for the year
[31]
was 59.7 billion tons, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year. The freight turnover was 27,411.6 billion ton-kilometers, an increase of 4.6%. The cargo throughput of ports was 18.3 billion tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year, of which the foreign trade cargo throughput was 5.7 billion tons, an increase of 4.7%. The container throughput of ports was 354.47 million TEUs, an increase of 6.8%. (See Table 5)

The total passenger volume for the year
[32]
was 17.1 billion passenger trips, an increase of 0.3% over the previous year. The passenger turnover was 3,554.6 billion passenger-kilometers, an increase of 5.0%. (See Table 6)

At the end of the year, the number of civilian vehicles nationwide was 366.11 million (including 6.81 million three-wheeled vehicles and low-speed trucks), an increase of 13.43 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of private cars was 323.36 million, an increase of 13.48 million. The number of civilian cars was 197.73 million, an increase of 4.29 million, of which the number of private cars was 186.91 million, an increase of 4.87 million.

The total postal service delivery volume for the year
[33]
was 216.5 billion pieces, an increase of 11.8% over the previous year. The postal industry completed 680 million postal letter items, 30 million parcel items, 199 billion express delivery items, and 1,493.9 billion yuan in express delivery revenue. The total telecommunications business volume for the year
[34]
was 1,862.7 billion yuan, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year. At the end of the year, the number of mobile phone base stations
[35]
was 12.87 million, of which 4G base stations were 7.19 million and 5G base stations were 4.84 million. The number of mobile phone users nationwide was 1,826.84 million, of which 5G mobile phone users were 1,204.13 million. The mobile phone penetration rate was 130.0 units/100 people. The number of fixed internet broadband access users
[36]
was 690.82 million, an increase of 20.99 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above
[37]
238.39 million households, an increase of 31.57 million households. Mobile IoT terminal users
[38]
were 2.888 billion, an increase of 232 million. The number of Internet users was 1.125 billion, of which 1.121 billion used mobile phones to access the Internet. The Internet penetration rate was 80.1%, of which the Internet penetration rate in rural areas was 69.5%. The total mobile Internet user access traffic for the year was 395.8 billion GB, an increase of 17.3% over the previous year. The software and information technology service industry
[39]
completed software business revenue of 15,483.1 billion yuan, an increase of 13.2% over the previous year. (See Figure 13) (See Figure 14)
V. Domestic Trade
The total retail sales of consumer goods for the year was 50,120.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year. By operating location, retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 43,297.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.6%; retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas were 6,823 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. By consumption type, retail sales of goods were 44,322 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; catering revenue was 5,798.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.2%. Service retail sales
[41]
increased by 5.5% over the previous year. (See Figure 15)
Among the retail sales of units above the designated size for the year, the retail sales of grain, oil, and food increased by 9.3% over the previous year, beverages increased by 1.0%, tobacco and alcohol increased by 2.7%, clothing, footwear, and textiles increased by 3.2%, cosmetics increased by 5.1%, gold, silver, and jewelry increased by 12.8%, daily necessities increased by 6.3%, sports and entertainment products increased by 15.7%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment increased by 11.0%, traditional Chinese and Western medicines increased by 1.8%, cultural and office supplies increased by 17.3%, furniture increased by 14.6%, communication equipment increased by 20.9%, petroleum and its products decreased by 5.7%, automobiles decreased by 1.5%, and building and decoration materials decreased by 2.7%. By retail format, among retail units above the designated size, the retail sales of convenience stores increased by 5.5% over the previous year, specialty stores increased by 2.6%, supermarkets increased by 4.3%, department stores increased by 0.1%, and brand franchise stores decreased by 0.6%.
The online retail sales of physical goods for the year
[42]
was 13,092.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year, accounting for 26.1% of the total retail sales of consumer goods.
VI. Fixed Asset Investment
The total fixed asset investment for the year was 49,110.9 billion yuan, a decrease of
[43]
3.9% over the previous year. Fixed asset investment (excluding rural households) was 48,518.6 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.8%. In terms of fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), by region
[44]
, investment in the eastern region decreased by 8.4%, investment in the central region decreased by 2.7%, investment in the western region decreased by 1.3%, and investment in the northeastern region decreased by 15.5%.
In terms of fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), investment in the primary industry was 957 billion yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year; investment in the secondary industry was 17,736.8 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%; and investment in the tertiary industry was 29,824.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.4%. Infrastructure investment
[45]
decreased by 2.2%. Social sector investment
[46]
decreased by 8.5%. Private investment
[47]
decreased by 6.4%, and private project investment excluding real estate development private investment decreased by 1.9%. By field, private investment in manufacturing decreased by 0.2%, and private investment in infrastructure increased by 1.7%. (See Figure 16) (See Table 7) (See Table 8)
Real estate development investment for the year was 8,278.8 billion yuan, a decrease of
[49]
17.2% over the previous year. Among them, residential investment was 6,351.4 billion yuan, a decrease of 16.3%; office building investment was 320.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 22.8%; and commercial and business housing investment was 594.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 14.0%. The sales area of newly built commercial housing for the year
[50]
was 881.01 million square meters. The online signed area of second-hand housing transactions
[51]
was 736.85 million square meters. At the end of the year, the area of newly built commercial housing pending sale was 766.32 million square meters, of which the area of commercial residential housing pending sale was 402.36 million square meters. (See Table 9)
Throughout the year, 1.21 million sets (rooms) of national allocation-type affordable housing, guaranteed rental housing, and public rental housing were started and raised; 170,000 sets of urban dilapidated housing renovation were started; 27,000 old urban communities were newly renovated, benefiting 4.99 million households; and 219,000 households of rural dilapidated housing renovation and seismic renovation of rural houses for key groups such as low-income rural groups were started.
VII. Foreign Economy
The total value of imports and exports of goods for the year was 45,468.5 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 26,989 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1%; imports were 18,479.5 billion yuan, an increase of 0.5%. The trade surplus in goods was 8,509.4 billion yuan. The value of imports and exports to countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 23,601.8 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, accounting for 51.9% of the total value of imports and exports. Among them, exports were 13,685.1 billion yuan, an increase of 11.2%; imports were 9,916.7 billion yuan, an increase of 0.1%. The value of imports and exports to other member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
[52]
was 13,850.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.3% over the previous year. The value of imports and exports of private enterprises was 26,040.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.1% over the previous year, accounting for 57.3% of the total value of imports and exports; among them, exports were 17,659.2 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2%. (See Figure 17) (See Table 10) (See Table 11) (See Table 12) (See Table 13)
The total value of imports and exports of services for the year was 8,082.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 3,626.8 billion yuan, an increase of 14.2%; imports were 4,455.5 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%. The trade deficit in services was 828.7 billion yuan.
The number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises for the year was 70,392, an increase of 19.1% over the previous year. The actual use of foreign capital was 747.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 9.5%. Among them, the number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" (including investment in China through some free ports) was 19,756, an increase of 14.7%; direct investment in China was 116.8 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries was 241.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 15.6%. (See Table 14)
The amount of non-financial direct investment abroad for the year was 1,040.4 billion yuan, an increase of 1.6% over the previous year. Among them, the amount of non-financial direct investment in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 283.4 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0%. (See Table 15)
The completed turnover of foreign contracted projects for the year was 1,277.3 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year. Among them, the completed turnover in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 1,090.2 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6%, accounting for 85.4% of the completed turnover of foreign contracted projects. A total of 430,000 various types of workers were sent out for foreign labor cooperation.
VIII. Finance
The national general public budget revenue for the year was 21,604.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.7% over the previous year; of which, tax revenue was 17,636.3 billion yuan, an increase of 0.8%. The national general public budget expenditure was 28,739.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1.0% over the previous year. The amount of tax and fee reductions and tax refunds for the main policies currently supporting technological innovation and manufacturing development for the year was 2,855.7 billion yuan. (See Figure 18)
At the end of the year, the balance of broad money supply (M2) was 340.3 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.5% over the end of the previous year; the balance of narrow money supply (M1)
[53]
was 115.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; and the balance of currency in circulation (M0) was 14.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.2%.
The increase in social financing scale for the year
[54]
was 35.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.3 trillion yuan over the previous year calculated on a comparable basis. The stock of social financing scale at the end of the year
[55]
was 442.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.3% over the end of the previous year calculated on a comparable basis, of which the balance of RMB loans issued to the real economy was 268.4 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.3%. The balance of deposits in both local and foreign currencies of all financial institutions at the end of the year was 336.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 27.8 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year, of which the balance of RMB deposits was 328.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 26.4 trillion yuan. The balance of loans in both local and foreign currencies of all financial institutions was 275.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.2 trillion yuan, of which the balance of RMB loans was 271.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.3 trillion yuan. The balance of inclusive micro and small loans in RMB
[56]
was 36.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.6 trillion yuan. The balance of agricultural-related loans in both local and foreign currencies was 53.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.4 trillion yuan; the balance of medium and long-term loans for manufacturing was 14.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.0 trillion yuan; and the balance of green loans was 44.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.7 trillion yuan. The weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans nationwide for the year
[57]
was 3.22%, a decrease of 41 basis points from the previous year. (See Table 16)
At the end of the year, the balance of RMB loans of major rural financial institutions (rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks, and rural commercial banks) was 33.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.6 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year. The balance of RMB consumer loans of all financial institutions was 58.2 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.5 trillion yuan. Among them, the balance of short-term consumer loans to households was 9.5 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.7 trillion yuan; and the balance of medium and long-term consumer loans to households was 48.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.2 trillion yuan.
The cumulative financing of A-shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges for the year
[58]
was 1,258.3 billion yuan, an increase of 833.2 billion yuan over the previous year. 90 A-shares were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges for the first time, raising 124.2 billion yuan, an increase of 62 billion yuan over the previous year, of which 19 were listed on the Science and Technology Innovation Board (科创板), raising 38.1 billion yuan; A-share refinancing on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges (including public additional issuance, targeted additional issuance, rights issue, preferred stock, and convertible bond conversion) was 1,134.1 billion yuan, an increase of 771.2 billion yuan. 26 stocks were publicly issued on the Beijing Stock Exchange, raising
[59]
7.6 billion yuan, and refinancing was 400 million yuan. Throughout the year, various entities raised 16.3 trillion yuan through the issuance of bonds (including corporate bonds, enterprise bonds, asset-backed securities, treasury bonds, and local government bonds) on the Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing stock exchanges. A total of 20 infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, raising 40.2 billion yuan. At the end of the year, there were 5,960 listed companies on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (全国中小企业股份转让系统), and the cumulative stock financing of listed companies for the year
[60]
was 7.4 billion yuan.
The issuance of corporate credit bonds for the year
[61]
was 15.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.9 trillion yuan over the previous year.
The original insurance premium income of insurance companies for the year
[62]
was 6,119.4 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year calculated on a comparable basis. Among them, the original insurance premium income of life insurance business was 3,555.7 billion yuan, the original insurance premium income of health insurance and accident insurance business was 1,093.5 billion yuan, and the original insurance premium income of property insurance business was 1,470.3 billion yuan. Various claims and payments totaled 2,443.2 billion yuan. Among them, life insurance business payments were 1,001.6 billion yuan, health insurance and accident insurance business claims and payments were 445.4 billion yuan, and property insurance business claims were 996.2 billion yuan.
IX. Residents' Income, Consumption, and Social Security
The national per capita disposable income of residents for the year was 43,377 yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year, and a real increase of 5.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of national residents
[63]
was 36,231 yuan, an increase of 4.4%. By permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 56,502 yuan, an increase of 4.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.2% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of urban residents was 51,115 yuan, an increase of 3.7%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 24,456 yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of rural residents was 20,711 yuan, an increase of 5.6%. The ratio of per capita disposable income between urban and rural residents was 2.31, a decrease of 0.03 from the previous year. According to the national residents' income quintiles
[64]
, the per capita disposable income of the low-income group was 10,150 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the lower-middle-income group was 22,702 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the middle-income group was 35,536 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the upper-middle-income group was 55,586 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of the high-income group was 103,778 yuan. The average monthly income of rural migrant workers nationwide was 5,075 yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year. The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poverty-stricken counties (脱贫县)
[65]
was 18,627 yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.5% after deducting price factors.
The national per capita consumption expenditure of residents for the year was 29,476 yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.4% after deducting price factors. Among them, the per capita service consumption expenditure
[66]
was 13,602 yuan, an increase of 4.5% over the previous year, accounting for 46.1% of the per capita consumption expenditure of residents. By permanent residence, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 35,869 yuan, an increase of 3.8%, and a real increase of 3.7% after deducting price factors; the per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 20,259 yuan, an increase of 5.1%, and a real increase of 5.3% after deducting price factors. The Engel's coefficient for national residents was 29.3%, of which it was 28.3% for urban residents and 31.8% for rural residents. (See Figure 19) (See Figure 20)
At the end of the year, the number of people participating in basic old-age insurance nationwide was 1,075.99 million, an increase of 3.16 million over the end of the previous year, of which 546.8 million participated in basic old-age insurance for urban employees and 529.19 million participated in basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in basic medical insurance was 1,330.68 million, an increase of 4.06 million, of which 388.56 million participated in basic medical insurance for employees and 942.12 million participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in unemployment insurance was 249.18 million, an increase of 3.29 million. The number of people participating in work-related injury insurance was 305 million, an increase of 1.02 million. The number of people participating in maternity insurance was 259.66 million, an increase of 6.66 million. At the end of the year, a total of 5.95 million people nationwide enjoyed urban minimum living security, 33.4 million people enjoyed rural minimum living security, and 4.45 million people enjoyed rural extremely poor people (农村特困人员)
[67]
assistance and support, and temporary assistance (临时救助)
[68]
was provided to 23.99 million people throughout the year. Throughout the year, 8.13 million veterans and other entitled groups received national regular pensions and regular living allowances.
At the end of the year, there were 42,000 various types of civil affairs service institutions providing accommodation nationwide, including 39,000 elderly care institutions and 1,196 child welfare and rescue protection institutions. Civil affairs service beds
[69]
totaled 7.94 million, including 7.68 million elderly care service beds and 96,000 child welfare and rescue protection institution beds.
X. Science, Technology, and Education
The expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) for the year was 3,926.2 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year, accounting for 2.80% of the gross domestic product, of which the expenditure on basic research was 277.8 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1% over the previous year, accounting for 7.08% of the R&D expenditure. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金) funded a total of 58,800 projects. As of the end of the year, there were 207 national engineering research centers under the new sequence management and 1,921 enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展改革委). The National Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Guidance Fund (国家科技成果转化引导基金) has cumulatively established 36 sub-funds with a total capital scale of 62.4 billion yuan. A total of 972,000 invention patents were granted throughout the year, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year. The number of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent applications accepted
[70]
78,000 pieces. By the end of the year, there were 6,318,000 valid invention patents, an increase of 11.1% over the end of the previous year. The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people
[71
]
was 16. There were 4,206,000 trademark registrations throughout the year, a decrease of 12.0% over the previous year. A total of 1.04 million technology contracts were signed throughout the year, with a transaction value of 7,573.4 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year. The proportion of Chinese citizens with scientific literacy
[72
]
reached 16.74%. (See Figure 21) (See Table 17)
　　A total of 92 space launches were completed throughout the year, including 50 commercial space launches. Tianwen-2 (天问二号) successfully started its asteroid sampling and return journey, the technology of reusable carrier rockets accelerated breakthroughs, and the first flights of Zhuque-3 (朱雀三号) and Changzheng-12A (长征十二号甲) achieved successful entry into orbit of the second stage. China's first independently designed and built electromagnetic catapult aircraft carrier, the "Fujian" (福建舰), was commissioned. The superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zu Chongzhi-3" (祖冲之三号) was successfully constructed, China's "artificial sun" created a world record of "100 million degrees for 1,000 seconds," and the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (江门中微子实验) large scientific facility was officially put into operation. The domestic artificial intelligence large model DeepSeek (深度求索) has attracted global attention, the first invasive brain-computer interface clinical trial was successfully carried out, and the independently developed domestic first low-temperature high-current ion implanter has industrialization capabilities.
　　At the end of the year, there were 874 national quality inspection centers nationwide. There are 1,216 product quality, system and service certification institutions in the country, which have cumulatively completed the certification of 1.17 million enterprises. A total of 4,929 national standards were formulated and revised throughout the year, including 2,481 newly formulated standards. The pass rate of manufacturing product quality throughout the year
[73
]
was 94.36%.
　　A total of 1.438 million graduate students were enrolled throughout the year, with 4.3 million graduate students enrolled and 1.167 million graduates. Ordinary and vocational undergraduate and junior college
[74
]
enrollments were 10.708 million, with 39.54 million students enrolled and 11.051 million graduates. Secondary vocational education
[75
]
enrollments were 5.265 million, with 15.378 million students enrolled and 5.219 million graduates. Ordinary high school enrollments were 10.749 million, with 30.395 million students enrolled and 9.246 million graduates. Junior high school enrollments were 18.528 million, with 55.093 million students enrolled and 17.237 million graduates. Primary school enrollments were 14.617 million, with 101.783 million students enrolled and 18.605 million graduates. Special education enrollments were 164,000, with 927,000 students enrolled and 184,000 graduates. There were 32.255 million children in kindergartens. The consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education was 96.1%, and the gross enrollment rate in high school was 92.0%. The average number of years of education for the population aged 16-59 was 11.3 years, an increase of 0.1 years over the previous year. (See Figure 22)
　　XI. Culture and Tourism, Health and Sports
　　At the end of the year, there were 1,879 art performance groups affiliated with national cultural and tourism departments. There were 3,253 public libraries nationwide, with a total circulation of
[76
]
1,469.83 million visits; 3,517 cultural centers. There were 207 million actual cable TV users, including 200 million actual cable digital TV users. At the end of the year, the comprehensive population coverage rate of radio programs was 99.8%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television programs was 99.8%. A total of 110 TV series with 3,376 episodes and 336 TV cartoons with 93,874 minutes were produced and distributed throughout the year. 511 feature films and 253 science and education, documentary, animation, virtual reality
[77
]
and special films
[78
]
were produced. 23 billion copies of various newspapers, 1.6 billion copies of various periodicals, and 10.8 billion copies (sheets) of books were published, with an average of 7.71 copies (sheets) of books per capita
[79
]
. At the end of the year, there were 4,227 archives nationwide, with 267.26 million volumes (pieces) of various types of archives opened. The operating income of cultural and related industrial enterprises above designated size nationwide throughout the year was 15,213.5 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year calculated at comparable prices, of which the operating income of 16 industry sub-categories
[80
]
with more obvious characteristics of new cultural formats increased by 14.3%.
　　There were 6.52 billion domestic tourist trips throughout the year, an increase of 16.2% over the previous year. Among them, 5.00 billion domestic tourist trips were made by urban residents, an increase of 14.3%; 1.53 billion domestic tourist trips were made by rural residents, an increase of 22.6%. The total expenditure of domestic tourists was 6,300.3 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5%. Among them, urban residents spent 5,299 billion yuan on tourism, an increase of 7.5%; rural residents spent 1,001.2 billion yuan on tourism, an increase of 21.4%. There were 154.5 million inbound tourists, an increase of 17.1%, including 35.17 million foreigners and 119.32 million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Total inbound tourist spending was US$131.1 billion, an increase of 39.2%. There were 30.08 million foreigners entering the country visa-free, an increase of 49.5%. There were 167.92 million outbound trips by mainland residents, including 161.66 million outbound trips for personal reasons and 112.71 million outbound trips to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. (See Figure 23)
　　At the end of the year, there were 1.107 million medical and health institutions nationwide, including 38,000 hospitals, of which 12,000 were public hospitals and 26,000 were private hospitals; 1.055 million primary medical and health institutions, including 33,000 township health centers, 38,000 community health service centers (stations), 424,000 clinics (outpatient departments), and 560,000 village clinics; 9,231 specialized public health institutions (excluding health supervision institutes and centers), including 3,478 disease prevention and control centers. There were 13.4 million health technicians, including 5.29 million licensed physicians and licensed assistant physicians, and 6.03 million registered nurses. Medical and health institutions had 10.09 million beds, including 7.99 million in hospitals and 1.44 million in township health centers. The total number of diagnoses and treatments throughout the year
[81
]
was 10.58 billion, and the number of discharged patients
[82
]
was 300 million. (See Figure 24)
　　At the end of the year, there were 5.004 million sports venues
[83
]
nationwide, with a sports venue area
[84
]
of 4.37 billion square meters and a per capita sports venue area of 3.1 square meters. Throughout the year, Chinese athletes won 146 world championships in 31 sports and set 17 world records. At the 9th Asian Winter Games in Harbin (哈尔滨), Chinese athletes won a total of 32 gold medals, 27 silver medals, and 26 bronze medals, for a total of 85 medals, ranking first in the gold medal list and the medal list, creating the best result in the history of the Asian Winter Games. Chinese athletes with disabilities won 179 world championships in 23 international events.
　　XII. Resources, Environment and Emergency Management
　　The total supply of state-owned construction land nationwide throughout the year
[85
]
was 471,000 hectares, a decrease of 22.2% over the previous year. Among them, industrial, mining and storage land was 138,000 hectares, a decrease of 10.8%; real estate land
[86
]
was 62,000 hectares, a decrease of 14.4%; infrastructure land was 272,000 hectares, a decrease of 28.4%.
　　The afforestation area completed throughout the year was 3.56 million hectares, of which the artificial afforestation area was 830,000 hectares, accounting for 23.2% of the total afforestation area. The area of grassland planting and improvement
[87
]
was 4.93 million hectares. As of the end of the year, there were 5 national parks.
　　According to preliminary calculations, the total energy consumption throughout the year was 6.17 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.5% over the previous year. Coal consumption increased by 0.1%, crude oil consumption increased by 3.6%, natural gas consumption increased by 2.0%, and electricity consumption increased by 5.0%. Coal consumption accounted for 51.4% of total energy consumption, a decrease of 1.8 percentage points over the previous year; the consumption of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power accounted for 30.4% of total energy consumption, an increase of 1.8 percentage points. The comprehensive energy consumption per unit of calcium carbide in key energy-consuming industrial enterprises decreased by 0.7%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of synthetic ammonia decreased by 2.3%, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel increased by 1.9%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of electrolytic aluminum decreased by 0.9%, and the standard coal consumption per kilowatt-hour of thermal power generation was the same as the previous year. According to preliminary estimates, after deducting energy consumption for raw materials and non-fossil energy consumption, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP nationwide
[88
]
decreased by 5.1% compared with the previous year. The transaction volume of carbon emission allowances in the national carbon emission trading market
[89
]
was 235 million tons, with a transaction value of 14.63 billion yuan. (See Figure 25)
　　Throughout the year, the area of nearshore seawater quality
[90
]
that reached the national first and second class seawater quality standards accounted for 84.9%, third class seawater accounted for 4.6%, and fourth class and inferior fourth class seawater accounted for 10.5%.
　　Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was 28.0 micrograms/cubic meter, a decrease of 4.4% over the previous year.
　　Among the 332 cities that carried out daytime monitoring of urban regional sound environment, cities with good sound environment quality accounted for 9.3% throughout the year, better accounted for 65.1%, general accounted for 25.0%, poor accounted for 0.6%, and no poor cities.
　　The average temperature throughout the year was 10.9℃, the same as the previous year. A total of 10 typhoons landed.
　　The disaster-affected area of crops throughout the year was 6.07 million hectares, of which 690,000 hectares were completely destroyed. Direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters were 166.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters were 8.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters were 900 million yuan, and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters were 8.9 billion yuan. A total of 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or above occurred, and earthquakes at all levels caused direct economic losses of 9.7 billion yuan. A total of 225 forest fires occurred, with a damaged forest area of approximately 0.5 million hectares.
　　A total of 18,261 people died in various production safety accidents throughout the year, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year. The number of deaths in production safety accidents per 100,000 employees in industrial, mining and commercial enterprises was 1.040, a decrease of 4.5% over the previous year; the number of deaths per million tons of coal mines was 0.045, a decrease of 23.7%. The number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles in road traffic accidents was 1.25, a decrease of 4.6%.
　　Note:
　　[1] The data in this communiqué are preliminary statistics. All statistical data do not include the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province. Due to rounding, some data may not add up to the total.
　　[2] The absolute values of GDP, the added value of the three industries and related industries, regional GDP, per capita GDP and gross national income are calculated at current prices, and the growth rate is calculated at constant prices.
　　[3] Gross national income, formerly known as gross national product, refers to the total amount of primary distribution income obtained by all resident units in a country or region within a certain period, which is equal to GDP plus net primary distribution income from abroad.
　　[4] Overall labor productivity is the ratio of GDP (calculated at 2020 prices) to total employment.
　　[5] The national population refers to the population of 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and active military personnel in mainland China, excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and foreigners residing in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
　　[6] At the end of 2025, the population aged 0-14 (including those under 15) was 212.76 million, and the population aged 15-59 (including those under 60) was 868.75 million.
　　[7] The number of new urban jobs refers to the difference between the cumulative number of new urban jobs and the number of natural attrition in the reporting period.
　　[8] The number of migrant workers in the year includes migrant workers who have been employed outside their hometown for 6 months or more during the year and local migrant workers who have been engaged in non-agricultural industries in their hometown for 6 months or more.
　　[9] The producer price of agricultural products refers to the actual price per unit of product obtained by agricultural producers when they sell their products for the first time.
　　[10] Residential prices include rent for rented housing, housing maintenance and management, water, electricity and fuel, and service prices for self-owned housing.
　　[11] Due to factors such as changes in the scope of investigation stipulated in the statistical investigation system, statistical law enforcement, and elimination of duplicate data, the growth rate and changes of relevant indicators of industrial enterprises above designated size in 2025 are calculated at comparable prices.
　　[12] The equipment manufacturing industry includes metal products industry, general equipment manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing industry, automobile manufacturing industry, railway, ship, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing industry, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry, and instrument and meter manufacturing industry.
　　[13] The high-tech manufacturing industry includes pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, aviation, spacecraft and equipment manufacturing industry, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, computer and office equipment manufacturing industry, medical instrument equipment and instrument and meter manufacturing industry, and information chemical manufacturing industry.
　　[14] The digital product manufacturing industry includes computer manufacturing, communication and radar equipment manufacturing, digital media equipment manufacturing, intelligent equipment manufacturing, electronic component and equipment manufacturing, and other digital product manufacturing industries.
　　[15] The statistical scope of enterprises above designated size in some service industries includes: legal entities in transportation, warehousing and postal industry, information transmission, software and information technology service industry, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management industry, and health industry with annual operating income of 20 million yuan and above; legal entities in real estate industry (excluding real estate development and operation), leasing and business service industry, scientific research and technical service industry, and education industry with annual operating income of 10 million yuan and above; and legal entities in resident service, repair and other service industry, culture, sports and entertainment industry, and social work industry with annual operating income of 5 million yuan and above. It does not include legal entities in the financial industry, wholesale and retail industry, accommodation and catering industry, and real estate development and operation industry. The growth rate of financial indicators of enterprises above designated size in some service industries in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[16] Strategic emerging service industries include service-related industries in the eight major industries of new-generation information technology industry, high-end equipment manufacturing industry, new materials industry, bio-industry, new energy vehicle industry, new energy industry, energy-saving and environmental protection industry, and digital creative industry, as well as new technology and innovation and entrepreneurship-related service industries.
　　[17] High-tech service industries include information services, e-commerce services, inspection and testing services, high-tech services in professional technical service industries, R&D and design services, scientific and technological achievement transformation services, intellectual property and related legal services, and environmental monitoring and governance services.
　　[18] E-commerce transaction volume refers to the transaction volume of goods and services realized through e-commerce transaction platforms (including enterprise-built platforms and third-party platforms), including transactions with units and individuals. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[19] Online retail sales refer to the retail sales of goods and services realized through public network transaction platforms (mainly online platforms engaged in the transaction of physical goods, including self-built websites and third-party platforms). The growth rate in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[20] Due to factors such as the reform of the investment statistical system and methods and statistical law enforcement inspections, the growth rate of relevant indicators of fixed asset investment in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[21] The eastern region refers to 10 provinces (cities) of Beijing (北京), Tianjin (天津), Hebei (河北), Shanghai (上海), Jiangsu (江苏), Zhejiang (浙江), Fujian (福建), Shandong (山东), Guangdong (广东) and Hainan (海南); the central region refers to 6 provinces of Shanxi (山西), Anhui (安徽), Jiangxi (江西), Henan (河南), Hubei (湖北) and Hunan (湖南); the western region refers to 12 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of Inner Mongolia (内蒙古), Guangxi (广西), Chongqing (重庆), Sichuan (四川), Guizhou (贵州), Yunnan (云南), Tibet (西藏), Shaanxi (陕西), Gansu (甘肃), Qinghai (青海), Ningxia (宁夏) and Xinjiang (新疆); the northeastern region refers to 3 provinces of Liaoning (辽宁), Jilin (吉林) and Heilongjiang (黑龙江).
　　[22] The calculation scope of carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP includes carbon dioxide emissions from energy activities and industrial production processes, calculated at 2020 prices.
[23] See note [11].
[24] Steel production data includes repeated processing of steel between enterprises.
[25] See note [11].
[26] Capacity utilization rate refers to the ratio of actual output to production capacity (both measured in value). The actual output of an enterprise refers to the total industrial output value of the enterprise during the reporting period; the production capacity of an enterprise refers to the product output that the enterprise can achieve and maintain for a long time during the reporting period, under the condition that labor, raw materials, fuel, transportation, etc. are guaranteed.
[27] Thermal power includes coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, gas-fired power generation, waste heat, waste pressure, waste gas power generation, and biomass power generation.
[28] A small amount of power generation capacity (such as geothermal, etc.) is not listed in the communique.
[29] Due to factors such as statistical law enforcement inspections and the elimination of duplicate data, the growth rate of profits of construction enterprises in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[30] See note [15].
[31] The total freight volume and turnover volume include the completed volume of five modes of transportation: railway, highway, waterway, civil aviation, and pipeline. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[32] In 2025, the passenger carrying coefficient of online car-hailing services was adjusted, and the data for urban passenger traffic volume of taxis and other indicators for this year and the same period of the previous year were adjusted accordingly. The growth rates of total passenger traffic volume, passenger traffic turnover volume, highway passenger traffic volume, and highway passenger traffic turnover volume in 2025 are calculated on a comparable basis.
[33] The total postal delivery business volume refers to the total number of various postal universal service businesses and express delivery businesses engaged in by enterprises.
[34] The total telecommunications business volume is calculated at the prices of the previous year.
[35] The number of mobile phone base stations refers to the total number of wireless transceiver equipment serving cells at the end of the reporting period, handling wireless communication between the base station and the mobile station, acting as a relay between the mobile switching center and the mobile station, and monitoring the quality of wireless transmission.
[36] Fixed Internet broadband access users refer to users who are registered with telecommunications companies at the end of the reporting period and access the public Internet through xDSL, FTTx+LAN, FTTH/O and other broadband access methods and ordinary dedicated lines.
[37] Broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above refer to broadband access users with a downlink rate greater than or equal to 1000Mbit/s at the end of the reporting period.
[38] Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) terminal users refer to users who have accessed the mobile communication network and activated IoT services at the end of the reporting period. IoT terminals are IoT devices that connect the sensor network layer and the transmission network layer to realize remote data collection and data transmission to the network layer.
[39] The software and information technology service industry includes software development, integrated circuit design, information system integration and Internet of Things technology services, operation and maintenance services, information processing and storage support services, information technology consulting services, digital content services, and other information technology services. The growth rate of software business revenue completed by the software and information technology service industry in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[40] The statistical scope of express delivery business volume was adjusted in 2024, and the growth rate for that year is calculated on a comparable basis.
[41] Service retail sales refer to the total value of services directly provided by enterprises (industrial activity units, individual businesses) to individuals and other units for non-production and non-business purposes in the form of transactions, aiming to reflect the value of consumption services sold by service providers in monetary form, including retail sales of service activities in the fields of transportation, accommodation, catering, education, health, sports, entertainment, etc.
[42] See note [19].
[43] See note [20].
[44] See note [21].
[45] Infrastructure investment includes investment in railway transportation, road transportation, water transportation, air transportation, pipeline transportation, multimodal transport and transportation agency, loading and unloading handling, postal industry, telecommunications, radio, television and satellite transmission services, Internet and related service industries, water conservancy management, ecological protection and environmental management, and public facilities management.
[46] Social sector investment includes investment in education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment.
[47] Private investment refers to the investment in domestic construction or purchase of fixed assets by domestic survey units with collective, private, and individual characteristics, as well as survey units controlled by them (including absolute control and relative control).
[48] In addition to real estate development investment, real estate investment also includes self-built houses by construction units, as well as property management, intermediary services, and other real estate investments.
[49] According to real estate development statistical system, statistical law enforcement inspections and other regulations, the data of real estate development investment and sales area of newly built commercial housing in the same period of the previous year are revised, and the growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[50] The sales area of newly built commercial housing refers to the total contract area of newly built commercial houses sold by real estate development enterprises during the reporting period.
[51] The online signing area of second-hand housing transactions refers to the total area of online signing transaction contracts for urban second-hand housing during the reporting period.
[52] Other member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) include Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.
[53] Since January 2025, the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行) has adopted the newly revised statistical scope of narrow money (M1). The revised M1 includes currency in circulation (M0), current deposits of units, current deposits of individuals, and customer reserve funds of non-bank payment institutions. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[54] The increment of social financing scale refers to the total amount of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system within a certain period.
[55] The stock of social financing scale refers to the balance of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system at the end of a certain period (month-end, quarter-end, or year-end).
[56] Inclusive small and micro loans include small and micro enterprise loans with a single household credit of less than 10 million yuan, operating loans for individual industrial and commercial households, and operating loans for small and micro enterprise owners.
[57] The weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans refers to the weighted average interest rate calculated by weighting the amount of newly issued corporate loans (in local and foreign currencies) throughout the year.
[58] The amount of stock financing on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges is calculated based on the listing date. The amount of financing includes the actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares. In 2024 and 2025, the actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares was 169.4 billion yuan and 226.7 billion yuan, respectively.
[59] The amount of stock financing on the Beijing Stock Exchange (北京证券交易所) is calculated based on the listing date.
[60] The cumulative financing of companies listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (全国中小企业股份转让系统) does not include preferred stocks, and stock financing is calculated based on the listing date of new shares.
[61] Corporate credit bonds include debt financing instruments of non-financial enterprises, corporate bonds, and corporate bonds, convertible bonds, etc.
[62] Original insurance premium income refers to the original insurance contract premium income confirmed by insurance companies.
[63] The median per capita disposable income refers to the per capita disposable income of the survey household in the middle position when all survey households are arranged in order from low to high according to the per capita income level.
[64] The national resident income quintile grouping refers to dividing all survey households into five equal parts in order from low to high according to the per capita income level. The income households in the lowest 20% are the low-income group, and so on, followed by the lower-middle income group, the middle-income group, the upper-middle income group, and the high-income group.
[65] Poverty-stricken counties include the original 832 national key counties for poverty alleviation and development and counties in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, as well as 7 cities and counties in Aksu Prefecture (阿克苏地区), Xinjiang (新疆).
[66] Service consumption expenditure refers to the consumption expenditure of households for various living services, including catering services, clothing and footwear processing services, residential services, household services, transportation and communication services, education, culture and entertainment services, medical services and other services.
[67] Rural people in extreme poverty refer to rural elderly people, disabled people, and minors under the age of 16 who have no ability to work, no source of income, and no legal supporters, nurturers, or supporters, or whose legal obligors have no ability to perform their obligations.
[68] Temporary assistance includes emergency and transitional assistance provided by the state to families or individuals who are in basic living difficulties due to sudden events, accidental injuries, major diseases or other special reasons that cannot be temporarily covered by other social assistance systems or who still have serious difficulties in basic living after assistance, as well as other temporary assistance such as winter heating assistance, temporary price subsidies, and visits and condolences during the New Year and festivals.
[69] In addition to adoption institutions, civil affairs service beds also include beds in assistance institutions and community institutions.
[70] PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) is an international cooperation treaty in the field of patents. The number of PCT patent applications accepted refers to the number of PCT patent applications accepted by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) as the receiving office for PCT patent applications.
[71] The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people refers to the number of valid invention patents owned by domestic residents per 10,000 people that have been authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) and meet any of the following conditions: invention patents in strategic emerging industries; invention patents with patent rights of the same family overseas; invention patents maintained for more than 10 years; invention patents that realize a higher amount of pledge financing; invention patents that have won the National Science and Technology Award and the China Patent Award.
[72] Citizens' scientific literacy refers to advocating the spirit of science, establishing scientific thinking, mastering basic scientific methods, understanding necessary scientific and technological knowledge, and having the ability to use it to analyze and judge things and solve practical problems.
[73] The qualified rate of manufacturing product quality refers to the percentage of the number of samples determined to be qualified in quality after implementing quality sampling inspections according to the prescribed methods, procedures, and standards.
[74] General and vocational undergraduate and junior college include general undergraduate, vocational undergraduate, and higher vocational (junior college).
[75] Secondary vocational education includes ordinary secondary vocational schools, adult secondary vocational schools, vocational high schools, and technical schools.
[76] Total circulation visits refer to the total number of visits to library venues to receive library services during the year, including borrowing books and periodicals, asking questions, and participating in various reader activities.
[77] Virtual reality films refer to a new form of film that uses virtual reality (including augmented reality and mixed reality) related technologies, is viewed using virtual reality terminals such as head-mounted display devices, and is publicly screened in fixed screening venues such as cinemas.
[78] Special films refer to films that use different film display methods in terms of technology, equipment, and programs compared with conventional cinema screenings, such as giant screen movies, stereoscopic special effects (4D) movies, dynamic movies, and dome screen movies.
[79] The per capita book ownership refers to the average number of books published in the current year that each person in the country can own in one year.
[80] The 16 small categories of industries with obvious characteristics of new cultural formats are: radio and television integrated broadcasting and control, Internet search services, other Internet information services, digital publishing, other cultural and artistic industries, animation and game digital content services, Internet game services, multimedia, game animation and digital publishing software development, value-added telecommunications cultural services, other cultural digital content services, Internet advertising services, Internet cultural and entertainment platforms, copyright and cultural software services, manufacturing of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles for entertainment, manufacturing of wearable intelligent cultural equipment, and manufacturing of other intelligent cultural consumer equipment.
[81] Total number of diagnoses and treatments refers to the total number of people receiving diagnosis and treatment services, including outpatient, emergency, home visits, appointment diagnoses and treatments, individual health checkups, and health consultation and guidance (excluding health lectures and nucleic acid testing).
[82] The number of discharged patients refers to the number of all patients who are hospitalized and discharged during the reporting period, including discharge on doctor's orders, transfer to other medical institutions on doctor's orders, discharge without doctor's orders, death, and other numbers, excluding the number of withdrawn family beds.
[83] The survey objects of sports venues do not include sports venues belonging to the military and railway systems.
[84] The area of sports venues refers to the effective area of sports training, competition, and fitness venues.
[85] The total supply of state-owned construction land refers to the total amount of state-owned construction land that the municipal and county people's governments sign transfer contracts with land-using units or individuals or issue allocation decisions and complete transactions in accordance with the annual land supply plan during the reporting period through transfer, allocation, lease, etc.
[86] Real estate land refers to the sum of commercial service land and residential land.
[87] The area of grassland planting and improvement refers to the sum of the area of grassland ecological restoration through measures such as artificial planting, aerial seeding, grassland improvement, and fencing and enclosure.
[88] The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP is calculated at 2020 prices.
[89] The carbon emission quota in the national carbon emission trading market refers to the emission quota of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases allocated to key emission units in the national carbon emission trading market for a specified period. One unit of carbon emission quota is equivalent to emitting 1 ton of carbon dioxide equivalent into the atmosphere.
[90] The area method is used to evaluate the water quality of nearshore sea areas.
Data source:
Source of Information:

The data in this communiqué regarding new urban employment, pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and skilled worker schools within secondary vocational education comes from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源和社会保障部); data on foreign exchange reserves and exchange rates comes from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (国家外汇管理局); data on business entities, quality inspection, formulation and revision of national standards, and the qualification rate of manufactured product quality comes from the State Administration for Market Regulation (国家市场监督管理总局); data on civil motor vehicle ownership and road traffic accidents comes from the Ministry of Public Security (公安部); data on environmental quality and carbon emission trading comes from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (生态环境部); data on aquatic product output comes from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (农业农村部); data on timber production, afforestation area, grassland improvement area, and national parks comes from the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (国家林业和草原局); data on power generation capacity, newly added capacity of 220 kV and above AC transformer equipment, and electricity consumption comes from the China Electricity Council (中国电力企业联合会); data on port cargo throughput, port container throughput, highway transportation, waterway transportation, newly built and renovated highway mileage, and newly added throughput capacity of berths of 10,000 tons and above comes from the Ministry of Transport (交通运输部); data on railway transportation comes from the National Railway Administration (国家铁路局); data on civil aviation transportation and newly added civil transport airports comes from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (中国民用航空局); data on pipeline transportation comes from China National Petroleum Corporation (中国石油天然气集团有限公司), China Petrochemical Corporation (中国石油化工集团有限公司), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (中国海洋石油集团有限公司), and China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation (国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司); data on postal services comes from the State Post Bureau (国家邮政局); data on the communications industry, software business revenue, newly added optical cable line length, and technology contracts comes from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工业和信息化部); data on the number of Internet users and Internet penetration rate comes from the China Internet Network Information Center (中国互联网络信息中心); data on newly built railway put into operation mileage, increased and newly built double-track railway put into operation mileage, and electrified railway put into operation mileage comes from China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (中国国家铁路集团有限公司); data on second-hand housing transaction online signing area, affordable housing, urban dilapidated housing renovation, urban old community renovation, and rural housing renovation comes from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (住房和城乡建设部); data on import and export of goods comes from the General Administration of Customs (海关总署); data on import and export of services, foreign investment, outbound direct investment, overseas contracted projects, and overseas labor cooperation comes from the Ministry of Commerce (商务部); financial data comes from the Ministry of Finance (财政部); data on tax and fee reductions and tax rebates comes from the State Taxation Administration (国家税务总局); data on monetary finance and corporate credit bonds comes from the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行); data on fundraising in domestic trading venues comes from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (中国证券监督管理委员会); data on the insurance industry comes from the National Financial Regulatory Administration (国家金融监督管理总局); data on medical insurance and maternity insurance comes from the National Healthcare Security Administration (国家医疗保障局); data on urban and rural subsistence allowances, rural extremely poor people's assistance and support, temporary assistance, and civil affairs services comes from the Ministry of Civil Affairs (民政部); data on entitled groups comes from the Ministry of Veterans Affairs (退役军人事务部); data on projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China comes from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金委员会); data on national engineering research centers and enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission comes from the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展和改革委员会); data on the National Science and Technology Results Transformation Guidance Fund comes from the Ministry of Science and Technology (科学技术部); data on patents and trademarks comes from the National Intellectual Property Administration (国家知识产权局); data on the proportion of citizens with scientific literacy comes from the China Association for Science and Technology (中国科学技术协会); data on space launches comes from the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (国家国防科技工业局); educational data comes from the Ministry of Education (教育部); data on art performance groups, public libraries, cultural centers, and tourism comes from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部); data on television and radio comes from the National Radio and Television Administration (国家广播电视总局); film data comes from the National Film Administration (国家电影局); data on newspapers, periodicals, and books comes from the National Press and Publication Administration (国家新闻出版署); archival data comes from the National Archives Administration (国家档案局); data on foreigners entering the country visa-free and residents departing the country comes from the National Immigration Administration (国家移民管理局); medical and health data comes from the National Health Commission (国家卫生健康委员会); sports data comes from the General Administration of Sport (国家体育总局); data on athletes with disabilities comes from the China Disabled Persons' Federation (中国残疾人联合会); data on the supply of state-owned construction land and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters comes from the Ministry of Natural Resources (自然资源部); data on average temperature and typhoon landings comes from the China Meteorological Administration (中国气象局); data on affected areas of crops, direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters, number of earthquakes, direct economic losses caused by earthquakes of various magnitudes, forest fires, damaged forest area, and production safety accidents comes from the Ministry of Emergency Management (应急管理部); all other data comes from the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局).

(Related charts and tables can be found on page 5)

(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (北京), February 28)

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Statistical Charts and Tables of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2025

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Speech at the Symposium Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Comrade Li Ximing

By: 尹 力

Comrades and friends,

Today, with reverence, we gather here for this symposium to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志), deeply cherishing the memory of his life's achievements and recalling and learning from his revolutionary spirit, noble character, and fine work style.

Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a long-tested and loyal communist fighter, an outstanding leader in Party work, a member of the 13th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress, and former Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee of the CPC (中共北京市委). From his youth, when he plunged into the revolutionary torrent, to his twilight years, when he remained concerned about the country and its people, he dedicated his life to making important contributions to the cause of people's liberation, socialist construction, and reform and opening up.

Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was born in February 1926 in Shulu County, Hebei Province (河北省束鹿县) (now Xinji City, Hebei Province (河北省辛集市)). In 1946, he entered Tsinghua University (清华大学). Influenced by revolutionary and progressive ideas, he actively participated in the patriotic student movement. In March 1948, he joined the Communist Party of China (中国共产党) and served as a member of the underground Party branch of Tsinghua University (清华大学地下党支部). In March 1949, he was assigned by the Party organization to the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂) as the propaganda committee member of the plant's Party general branch and deputy secretary of the Youth League committee. He actively spread revolutionary ideas among young people and effectively carried out the work of building the Youth League.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, from 1952 to 1966, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) served as Deputy Secretary and Acting Secretary of the Party General Branch of the Beijing Shijingshan Power Plant (北京市石景山发电厂), and Secretary of the Party Committee of the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂党委书记). He dedicated himself to the construction and development of the plant, striving to improve power production capacity, making the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂) an important benchmark enterprise in the national power industry. During the "Cultural Revolution," he was once subjected to impact and persecution, but his communist beliefs remained unshaken, and he resolutely resisted the Lin Biao (林彪) and "Gang of Four" ("四人帮") counter-revolutionary groups. In April 1970, he returned to the production team of the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂) to assist in the work. Subsequently, he served as Deputy Director of the Plant Revolutionary Committee, Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee, Secretary of the Party Committee, and Director of the Revolutionary Committee. He actively led the vast number of cadres and workers to resume production, maintain the stability of production and the workforce, and was supported by the cadres and workers.

From September 1975 to February 1981, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) served as Vice Minister and Party Member of the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power (水利电力部), Vice Minister and Party Member of the Ministry of Electric Power Industry (电力工业部), and concurrently as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Sino-Korean Hydroelectric Power Company (中朝水力发电公司) and Deputy Leader of the Northeast Power Grid Leading Group (东北电网领导小组). He actively devoted himself to the reform and development of the country's water conservancy and electric power, and successively organized the formulation and implementation of the national electricity production plan, the electricity equipment renovation campaign plan, and participated in the Tangshan earthquake (唐山大地震) rescue and disaster relief, solving the problem of power supply in the Northeast region. After the smashing of the "Gang of Four" ("四人帮"), he participated in the central working group and went to Shanghai to carry out work, making contributions to stabilizing the situation in Shanghai. In February 1981, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was transferred to the National Economic Adjustment Office of the State Council (国务院国民经济调整办公室), and did a lot of arduous and meticulous work for the smooth progress of the national economic adjustment and reform and opening up.

In May 1982, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) served as Minister and Party Secretary of the Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection (城乡建设环境保护部), and concurrently as Deputy Director of the Central Patriotic Health Campaign Committee (中央爱国卫生委员会) and Deputy Director of the Capital Planning and Construction Committee (首都规划建设委员会). He actively promoted the leading role of urban planning, adopted various methods to solve the housing shortage problem, strengthened the construction and maintenance of municipal public facilities, and made great efforts to improve urban sanitation and urban greening; he attached importance to rural construction, promoted the preparation of national village and town planning; strengthened environmental protection work, and paid attention to organically combining the treatment of industrial wastewater, waste gas, and waste residue with technical transformation and comprehensive utilization, to achieve simultaneous coordinated development of economy, society, and environment, and powerfully promoted the sustainable development of urban and rural construction and environmental protection.

In May 1984, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) served as Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee (北京市委书记) and concurrently as First Secretary and First Political Commissar of the Beijing Garrison District Party Committee (北京卫戍区党委). He always stood at the height of the overall situation, scientifically clarified Beijing's development ideas, emphasized that reform should be used to grasp the overall situation, enrich and improve reform measures; focused on promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises, and vigorously grasped agricultural and rural work; proposed that the starting point and foothold of institutional reform must be to invigorate the grassroots and improve enterprises; paid attention to doing a good job in the ideological work of cadres, and promoted the formation of a pattern of cooperation and alternation between new and old cadres in the city; and extensively and deeply carried out situation education, publicizing the great achievements made in reform. This ensured the implementation of the central government's instructions on the construction of the capital and promoted the continuous progress of various undertakings in the city in the course of reform. He insisted on placing the Party's ideological and theoretical construction, organizational construction, and work style construction in a prominent position, personally organized and adhered to the legal and disciplinary joint meeting system, supervised and inspected the implementation of anti-corruption and clean governance work, and devoted a lot of effort to Beijing's Party conduct and clean governance construction. In 1990, he led the "leadership team" of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government to resolutely implement the central government's instructions, and in accordance with the purpose of "unity, friendship, and progress," organized the preparation for the Asian Games, mobilized all aspects of the city's strength, and ensured the smooth holding and safety, success, and perfection of the Asian Games, powerfully enhancing China's international influence.

In March 1993, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was elected Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress (第八届全国人大常委会副委员长), and from the same month, he served as a member of the Party Group of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress (第八届全国人大常委会党组成员). He actively undertook the legislation, supervision, inspection, investigation, foreign affairs, and other work of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, directly led and participated in the supervision and inspection of the implementation of laws such as the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, the Resolution on Deeply Carrying Out Legal Publicity and Education, and the Decision on Strengthening Comprehensive Management of Social Security, went deep into the grassroots, investigated and researched, and put forward constructive opinions and suggestions, powerfully promoting the effective implementation of relevant laws, and making important contributions to improving China's legal environment and promoting socialist economic construction and democratic legal system construction. After Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) retired from his leadership position in March 1998, he still cared about China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization. He often went deep into the grassroots to investigate and research, and widely listened to opinions and suggestions from all sides. During his serious illness, he still kept the major affairs of the Party and the country in mind, embodying the noble sentiments of a communist who never ceases to struggle as long as life lasts.

Comrades and friends!

The life of Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was a revolutionary life, a fighting life, a glorious life, and a life of **鞠躬尽瘁** (jū gōng jìn cuì - "bowing and scraping, exhausting one's efforts," dedicating oneself wholeheartedly to the cause). His revolutionary spirit and noble character will always be worthy of our study.

We must learn from Comrade Li Ximing's (李锡铭同志) political character of loyalty to the Party and unwavering faith. In his revolutionary career of more than 60 years, whether in good times or bad, no matter what kind of test he faced, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was always infinitely loyal to the Party and the people, and unswervingly committed to the revolutionary cause. During his studies at Tsinghua University (清华大学), he actively participated in progressive student activities and the secret work of underground Party organizations, and gradually grew into a revolutionary backbone. In the later period of the "Cultural Revolution," he returned to work at the Beijing Shijingshan Power Plant (北京石景山发电厂), treated the past injustices with indifference, and devoted himself wholeheartedly to the work of restoring production. He had a clear-cut stand and firm position in the face of major issues of principle. In the face of the political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989, he adhered to the four basic principles, firmly followed the deployment of the Party Central Committee, led the city's Party members and cadres to do a lot of arduous and meticulous work, and powerfully maintained the overall social stability and economic stability of the capital.

Loyalty to the Party is the primary political quality of a communist. We must consciously practice the Party's original aspiration and mission, deepen the study of the Party's innovative theories, consolidate the foundation of faith, and always be firm Marxists. We must deeply understand the decisive significance of the "two establishments," resolutely achieve the "two maintenances," and continuously improve our political judgment, political understanding, and political execution, and maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平同志) at its core in thought, politics, and action, and always maintain our political integrity, unwavering political stance, and correct political direction.

We must learn from Comrade Li Ximing's (李锡铭同志) pragmatic and responsible, pioneering and enterprising spirit of struggle. During his work in the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power (水利电力部), he was ordered to go to the Tangshan earthquake area (唐山震区) to direct the power repair. Regardless of his personal safety, he went deep into the Douhe Power Plant (陡河电厂), which was severely affected by the disaster, risking aftershocks, and fought on the front line for nearly a hundred days and nights, restoring the power supply in the disaster area and ensuring the normal progress of the earthquake relief work. In order to restore the Northeast Power Grid (东北电网), which was on the verge of paralysis, he went deep into the Qinghe Power Plant in Liaoning (辽宁清河电厂), organized management personnel and engineering technicians, analyzed the situation, studied countermeasures, and scientifically formulated a work plan. After 10 months of hard work, he realized the normal operation of the Northeast Power Grid (东北电网), ending the 8-year-long power shortage. During his tenure in Beijing, he took the lead in emancipating his mind and promoting reform, emphasizing that "in accelerating reform and opening up and accelerating economic development, we should use our brains more, think of more ways, and put in more effort," and "vigorously develop the capital's tertiary industry, invigorate the market, invigorate circulation, and facilitate life and facilitate the masses"; he enthusiastically supported new things in reform, personally inspected and specifically guided the construction of the Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park (中关村科技园区), allowing the capital's science and technology cause to radiate vigorous vitality, and had a significant impact on the whole country.

On the new journey, the mission we shoulder is more glorious and the task is more arduous. Facing the unprecedented pioneering cause of promoting Chinese-style modernization, we must maintain a spirit of never slackening and a fighting posture of forging ahead, face contradictions directly, bravely shoulder heavy burdens, take the initiative to act, and constantly create new situations in various tasks. We must adhere to reform and innovation, be pragmatic and work hard, actively adapt to new changes in the situation, pay attention to using reform methods to solve problems, and constantly enhance the driving force and vitality of development. We must closely combine swift and decisive action with sustained and persistent effort, and promote the implementation of various tasks with a nail-driving spirit, and turn the beautiful blueprint into reality step by step.

We must learn from Comrade Li Ximing's (李锡铭同志) people-first, public servant feelings of caring for the masses. Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) insisted on proceeding from the interests of the people in everything, always kept the safety and warmth of the masses in mind, fully mobilized and brought into play the enthusiasm of all parties, and solved practical problems for the masses. When working at the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂), he ate, lived, and labored with the workers, taught everyone to read and write, and learn culture. The workers affectionately called him Master Li (李师傅). During his tenure as Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee (北京市委书记), he required leading cadres of municipal Party and government organs to spend three months of each year going deep into the grassroots and among the masses; in the face of continuous drought, he braved the scorching heat and drove nearly 400 kilometers to inspect the situation in the deep mountainous areas of Yanqing (延庆) and Huairou (怀柔), and deployed drought relief work. During his five years working in the National People's Congress, he still insisted on going deep into the grassroots to conduct research, inspecting more than 700 agricultural and rural areas, enterprises and institutions, leaving his footprints in more than 180 cities (counties) in 25 provinces and cities, vividly embodying the firm mass stance of a communist.

The people are the greatest confidence of our Party in governing. We must always put the people in the highest position in our hearts, firmly establish the people-centered development thought, and consciously stand with the people, think with the people, and work with the people. We must establish and practice the correct view of achievements, make achievements for the people, and make achievements with practical work. We must follow the mass line in the new era, always maintain close ties with the people, try every means to observe the people's conditions, listen to the people's voices, and know the people's opinions, focus on solving the urgent and difficult problems of the people, and truly do all our work to the hearts of the people.

We must learn from Comrade Li Ximing's (李锡铭同志) fine work style of strict self-discipline and honest service to the public. As a leading cadre, Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) was open and upright, full of integrity, always put the overall situation first, never took credit for himself, did not pursue fame and status, left the most difficult work to himself, and gave the opportunity to come forward and show his face to others, showing an optimistic and open-minded, calm and unhurried noble character. He was modest and prudent, diligent and thrifty, and lived a clean and honest life. He had strict requirements for his family, children, and staff. When he was the Secretary of the Party Committee of the Shijingshan Power Plant (石景山发电厂), his wife, as an employee of the plant, had her name crossed out several times when the unit raised wages, giving the opportunity to raise wages to others. In his later years, when he was ill, he still used a trembling brush to copy "Ode to the Lotus" ("爱莲说") and gave it to his children, encouraging them to inherit the simple family style.

The Party's work style is the Party's image, which is related to the direction of people's hearts and the life and death of the Party. We must keep in mind that the Party's self-revolution is always on the road, and comprehensive and strict Party governance is always on the road. We must always maintain the political character of communists who are clean and honest, strictly abide by the Party's principles and rules, resolutely prevent and overcome privileged thinking and privileged phenomena, manage the people and things around us, resolutely resist unhealthy tendencies and corruption, and be good leaders, creators, and maintainers of a good political ecology and social atmosphere.

Comrades and friends! History inspires the future, and struggle creates brilliance. Our learning from Comrade Li Ximing (李锡铭同志) is to inherit the exemplary power of revolutionary predecessors, transform it into practical actions for starting a business, unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平同志) at its core, strengthen our confidence, forge ahead bravely, and make new and greater contributions to comprehensively promoting the construction of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization!

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Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2025 National Economic and Social Development [1]

By: 国家统计局2026年2月28日

The year 2025 is the final year of the "14th Five-Year Plan" and a year of great significance in the process of Chinese-style modernization. Facing profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (党中央) with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, all regions and departments have adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implemented the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the plenary sessions of the 20th Central Committee, followed the decisions and deployments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, fully and accurately implemented the new development concept, accelerated the construction of a new development pattern, strived to promote high-quality development, adhered to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, coordinated the domestic and international situations, coordinated development and security, and implemented more proactive and effective macro policies. China's economy has moved forward against pressure, developed towards new and better directions, the construction of a modern industrial system has been continuously advanced, reform and opening up has taken new steps, positive progress has been made in resolving risks in key areas, people's livelihoods have been more effectively guaranteed, the overall social situation has remained stable, and a good start has been achieved in the new journey towards the second centenary goal.

I. General Overview

Preliminary accounting shows that the annual gross domestic product (GDP) [2] was 140,187.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 9334.7 billion yuan, an increase of 3.9% over the previous year; the added value of the secondary industry was 49965.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; and the added value of the tertiary industry was 80887.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry accounted for 6.7% of the gross domestic product, the added value of the secondary industry accounted for 35.6%, and the added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 57.7%. Final consumption expenditure contributed 2.6 percentage points to the growth of GDP, gross capital formation contributed 0.8 percentage points to the growth of GDP, and net exports of goods and services contributed 1.6 percentage points to the growth of GDP. By quarter, GDP increased by 5.4% year-on-year in the first quarter, 5.2% in the second quarter, 4.8% in the third quarter, and 4.5% in the fourth quarter. The annual per capita GDP was 99,665 yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Gross national income [3] was 139,370 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Overall labor productivity [4] was 184,413 yuan/person, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year. (See Figure 1) (See Figure 2) (See Figure 3)

At the end of the year, the national population [5] was 1,404.89 million, a decrease of 3.39 million from the end of the previous year, of which the urban permanent resident population was 953.80 million. The number of births for the year was 7.92 million, with a birth rate of 5.63‰; the number of deaths was 11.31 million, with a death rate of 8.04‰; and the natural growth rate was -2.41‰. (See Table 1)

At the end of the year, the number of employed persons nationwide was 725.04 million, of which 475.35 million were employed in urban areas, accounting for 65.6% of the total number of employed persons nationwide. The number of new urban jobs [7] created nationwide throughout the year was 12.67 million, an increase of 110,000 over the previous year. The average surveyed urban unemployment rate nationwide for the year was 5.2%. At the end of the year, the surveyed urban unemployment rate nationwide was 5.1%. The total number of migrant workers [8] nationwide was 301.15 million, an increase of 0.5% over the previous year. Among them, 180.06 million were migrant workers who had left their hometowns, an increase of 0.8%; and 121.09 million were local migrant workers, an increase of 0.1%. (See Figure 4) (See Figure 5)

The annual consumer price index was the same as the previous year. The ex-factory price of industrial producers decreased by 2.6%. The purchase price of industrial producers decreased by 3.0%. The producer price of agricultural products [9] decreased by 3.7%. In December, among the 70 large and medium-sized cities, the number of cities with month-on-month increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 6, the number of cities with unchanged prices was 6, and the number of cities with decreases was 58; the number of cities with month-on-month decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70; the number of cities with year-on-year increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 5, and the number of cities with decreases was 65; and the number of cities with year-on-year decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70. (See Figure 6) (See Table 2)

At the end of the year, the national foreign exchange reserves were 3,357.9 billion US dollars, an increase of 155.5 billion US dollars from the end of the previous year. The average exchange rate of the RMB for the year was 7.1429 yuan per US dollar, a depreciation of 0.3% compared with the previous year. (See Figure 7)

New quality productive forces are steadily growing. Throughout the year, among industrial enterprises above designated size [11], the added value of the equipment manufacturing industry [12] increased by 9.2% over the previous year, accounting for 36.8% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size; the profits of equipment manufacturing enterprises increased by 7.7%. The added value of the high-tech manufacturing industry [13] increased by 9.4%, accounting for 17.1% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size; the profits of high-tech manufacturing enterprises increased by 13.3%. The added value of the digital product manufacturing industry [14] increased by 9.3%, accounting for 12.5% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size. The output of service robots was 18.581 million units, an increase of 16.1% over the previous year; the output of mobile communication base station equipment was 5.364 million radio frequency modules, an increase of 13.5%; and the output of servers was 5.97 million units, an increase of 12.6%. Among some service industries above designated size [15], the operating income of strategic emerging service industries [16] increased by 9.3% over the previous year, and the operating income of high-tech service industries [17] increased by 7.9%. The e-commerce transaction volume [18] was 467,339 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5% over the previous year. Online retail sales [19] were 159,722 billion yuan, an increase of 8.6% over the previous year. Among fixed asset investments (excluding rural households) [20], investment in the purchase of equipment and appliances increased by 11.8% over the previous year. A total of 25.74 million new business entities were established throughout the year, with an average of 26,000 new enterprises established per day.

Urban-rural integration and coordinated regional development have been steadily promoted. At the end of the year, the urbanization rate of the national permanent resident population was 67.89%, an increase of 0.89 percentage points from the end of the previous year. By region [21], the gross domestic product of the eastern region for the year was 730,876 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the gross domestic product of the central region was 299,108 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the gross domestic product of the western region was 298,750 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1%; and the gross domestic product of the northeastern region was 65,035 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. The gross domestic product of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region for the year was 119,918 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year; the gross domestic product of the Yangtze River Economic Belt region was 658,336 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; and the gross domestic product of the Yangtze River Delta region was 346,595 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. New progress has been made in the implementation of major regional strategies such as the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Hainan Free Trade Port has launched full island customs closure operations. (See Figure 8)

Remarkable achievements have been made in green and low-carbon transformation. According to preliminary calculations, the national carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP [22] decreased by 5.0% compared with the previous year. The power generation of clean energy sources such as hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power was 4,248.1 billion kWh, an increase of 14.4% over the previous year. The output of new energy vehicles was 16.524 million units, an increase of 25.1% over the previous year; the number of new energy vehicles owned at the end of the year was 43.97 million, an increase of 12.57 million from the end of the previous year. Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, the cities with air quality meeting the standards accounted for 72.6%. Among the 3,641 national surface water assessment sections, the proportion of sections with excellent water quality (Class I-III) was 91.4%, the proportion of Class IV sections was 6.9%, the proportion of Class V sections was 1.1%, and the proportion of sections worse than Class V was 0.6%.

II. Agriculture

The total sown area of grain for the year was 119.41 million hectares, an increase of 90,000 hectares over the previous year. Among them, the sown area of rice was 29.01 million hectares, an increase of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of wheat was 23.58 million hectares, a decrease of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of corn was 44.96 million hectares, an increase of 220,000 hectares; and the sown area of soybeans was 10.26 million hectares, a decrease of 70,000 hectares. The sown area of cotton was 2.98 million hectares, an increase of 140,000 hectares. The sown area of oil crops was 14.45 million hectares, an increase of 160,000 hectares. The sown area of sugar crops was 1.49 million hectares, an increase of 30,000 hectares.

The total grain output for the year was 714.88 million tons, an increase of 8.38 million tons over the previous year, an increase of 1.2%. Among them, the summer grain output was 149.75 million tons, a decrease of 0.1%; the early rice output was 28.51 million tons, an increase of 1.2%; and the autumn grain output was 536.62 million tons, an increase of 1.5%. The output of cereals was 660.21 million tons, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. Among them, the rice output was 209.04 million tons, an increase of 0.7%; the wheat output was 140.07 million tons, basically the same as the previous year; and the corn output was 301.24 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The soybean output was 20.91 million tons, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year. (See Figure 9)

The total cotton output for the year was 6.64 million tons, an increase of 7.7% over the previous year. The oil crop output was 40.96 million tons, an increase of 2.9%. The sugar crop output was 117.01 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The tea output was 3.92 million tons, an increase of 4.8%.

The total output of pork, beef, mutton, and poultry meat for the year was 100.72 million tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year. Among them, the pork output was 59.38 million tons, an increase of 4.1%; the beef output was 8.01 million tons, an increase of 2.8%; the mutton output was 4.96 million tons, a decrease of 4.2%; and the poultry meat output was 28.37 million tons, an increase of 6.7%. The poultry egg output was 34.98 million tons, a decrease of 2.5%. The milk output was 40.91 million tons, an increase of 0.3%. At the end of the year, the number of live pigs in stock was 429.67 million, an increase of 0.5% from the end of the previous year; the number of live pigs slaughtered for the year was 719.73 million, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year.

The total output of aquatic products for the year was 76.57 million tons, an increase of 4.1% over the previous year. Among them, the aquaculture output was 63.24 million tons, an increase of 4.4%; and the catch output was 13.33 million tons, an increase of 2.7%.

The total timber output for the year was 139.37 million cubic meters, a decrease of 1.1% over the previous year.

III. Industry and Construction

The total added value of all industries for the year was 41,682.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year. The added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 5.9%. Among industrial enterprises above designated size, by economic type, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 4.6%; joint-stock enterprises increased by 6.3%, foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan increased by 3.9%; and private enterprises increased by 5.3%. By sector, the mining industry increased by 5.6%, the manufacturing industry increased by 6.4%, and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water increased by 2.3%. (See Figure 10)

Throughout the year, among industrial enterprises above designated size, the added value of the processing of agricultural and sideline food products increased by 5.6% over the previous year, the textile industry increased by 3.0%, the manufacture of chemical raw materials and chemical products increased by 7.8%, the non-metallic mineral products industry decreased by 0.6%, the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals increased by 4.5%, the general equipment manufacturing industry increased by 8.0%, the special equipment manufacturing industry increased by 4.3%, the automobile manufacturing industry increased by 11.5%, the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry increased by 9.2%, the computer, communication, and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry increased by 10.6%, and the production and supply of electricity and heat increased by 2.2%. (See Table 3)

The total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size [25] for the year were 7,398.2 billion yuan, an increase of 0.6% over the previous year. By economic type, the profits of state-owned holding enterprises were 2,056.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.9% over the previous year; the profits of joint-stock enterprises were 5,540.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.1%, the profits of foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan were 1,744.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; and the profits of private enterprises were 2,281.1 billion yuan, the same as the previous year. By sector, the profits of the mining industry were 834.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 26.2% over the previous year; the manufacturing industry was 5,691.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0%; and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water was 872.1 billion yuan, an increase of 9.4%. The cost per 100 yuan of operating income for industrial enterprises above designated size was 85.31 yuan, an increase of 0.16 yuan over the previous year; the profit rate of operating income was 5.31%, a decrease of 0.03 percentage points. At the end of the year, the asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 57.6%, a decrease of 0.1 percentage points from the end of the previous year. The capacity utilization rate [26] of industrial enterprises above designated size for the year was 74.4%.

According to preliminary estimates, the total primary energy production for the year was 5.13 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.6% over the previous year. (See Table 4)

At the end of the year, the national power generation installed capacity was 3,891.34 million kilowatts, an increase of 16.1% from the end of the previous year. Among them [28], the installed capacity of thermal power was 1,539.04 million kilowatts, an increase of 6.3%; the installed capacity of hydropower was 448.02 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.9%; the installed capacity of nuclear power was 62.48 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.7%; the installed capacity of wind power was 640.01 million kilowatts, an increase of 22.9%; and the installed capacity of solar power was 1,201.73 million kilowatts, an increase of 35.4%.

The added value of the construction industry for the year was 8,642.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.1% over the previous year. The profits of general contracting and specialized contracting construction enterprises with qualification grades nationwide were 635.5 billion yuan, a decrease of [29] 14.1% over the previous year, of which the profits of state-owned holding enterprises were 347.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 8.2%. (See Figure 11)

IV. Services

The added value of wholesale and retail trade for the year was 14,580.8 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the added value of transportation, storage, and postal services was 6,209.2 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the added value of accommodation and catering services was 2,640.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.9%; the added value of the financial industry was 10,133.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the added value of the real estate industry was 8,302.4 billion yuan, an increase of 0.2%; the added value of information transmission, software, and information technology services was 7,059.9 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1%; and the added value of leasing and business services was 6,366.6 billion yuan, an increase of 10.3%. The operating income of some service industries above designated size [30] increased by 6.8% over the previous year, and the total profits increased by 1.9%. (See Figure 12)

The total freight volume [31] for the year was 59.7 billion tons, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year. The freight turnover volume was 27,411.6 billion ton-kilometers, an increase of 4.6%. The cargo throughput of ports was 18.3 billion tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year, of which the foreign trade cargo throughput was 5.7 billion tons, an increase of 4.7%. The container throughput of ports was 354.47 million TEUs, an increase of 6.8%. (See Table 5)

The total passenger volume [32] for the year was 17.1 billion passenger trips, an increase of 0.3% over the previous year. The passenger turnover volume was 3,554.6 billion passenger-kilometers, an increase of 5.0%. (See Table 6)

At the end of the year, the number of civilian vehicles nationwide was 366.11 million (including 6.81 million three-wheeled vehicles and low-speed trucks), an increase of 13.43 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of private cars was 323.36 million, an increase of 13.48 million. The number of civilian cars was 197.73 million, an increase of 4.29 million, of which the number of private cars was 186.91 million, an increase of 4.87 million.

The total postal service delivery volume [33] for the year was 216.5 billion pieces, an increase of 11.8% over the previous year. The postal industry completed 680 million postal letter items, 30 million parcel items, 199 billion express delivery items, and 1,493.9 billion yuan in express delivery revenue. The total telecommunications business volume [34] for the year was 1,862.7 billion yuan, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year. At the end of the year, the number of mobile phone base stations [35] was 12.87 million, of which 4G base stations were 7.19 million and 5G base stations were 4.84 million. The number of mobile phone users nationwide was 1,826.84 million, of which 5G mobile phone users were 1,204.13 million. The mobile phone penetration rate was 130.0 units/100 people. The number of fixed internet broadband access users [36] was 690.82 million, an increase of 20.99 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above [37]
238.39 million households, an increase of 31.57 million households. Mobile IoT terminal users
2.888 billion households, an increase of 232 million households. The number of internet users was 1.125 billion, of which 1.121 billion were mobile internet users. The internet penetration rate was 80.1%, of which the internet penetration rate in rural areas was 69.5%. The total mobile internet user access traffic for the year was 395.8 billion GB, an increase of 17.3% over the previous year. Software and Information Technology Services Industry
completed software business revenue of 15483.1 billion yuan, an increase of 13.2% over the previous year. (See Figure 13) (See Figure 14)
5. Domestic Trade
The total retail sales of consumer goods for the year was 50120.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year. By place of business, retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 43297.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.6%; retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas were 6823 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. By consumption type, retail sales of goods were 44322 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; catering revenue was 5798.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.2%. Service retail sales
increased by 5.5% over the previous year. (See Figure 15)
Among the retail sales of units above the designated size for the year, the retail sales of grain, oil, and food increased by 9.3% over the previous year, beverages increased by 1.0%, tobacco and alcohol increased by 2.7%, clothing, footwear, and textiles increased by 3.2%, cosmetics increased by 5.1%, gold, silver, and jewelry increased by 12.8%, daily necessities increased by 6.3%, sports and entertainment products increased by 15.7%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment increased by 11.0%, Chinese and Western medicines increased by 1.8%, cultural and office supplies increased by 17.3%, furniture increased by 14.6%, communication equipment increased by 20.9%, petroleum and related products decreased by 5.7%, automobiles decreased by 1.5%, and construction and decoration materials decreased by 2.7%. By retail format, among retail units above the designated size, retail sales of convenience stores increased by 5.5% over the previous year, specialty stores increased by 2.6%, supermarkets increased by 4.3%, department stores increased by 0.1%, and brand franchise stores decreased by 0.6%.
The online retail sales of physical goods for the year
was 13092.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year, accounting for 26.1% of the total retail sales of consumer goods.
6. Fixed Asset Investment
The total fixed asset investment for the year was 49110.9 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.9% over the previous year. Fixed asset investment (excluding rural households) was 48518.6 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.8%. In terms of fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), by region,
investment in the eastern region decreased by 8.4%, investment in the central region decreased by 2.7%, investment in the western region decreased by 1.3%, and investment in the northeastern region decreased by 15.5%.
In terms of fixed asset investment (excluding rural households), investment in the primary industry was 957 billion yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year; investment in the secondary industry was 17736.8 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%; and investment in the tertiary industry was 29824.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.4%. Infrastructure investment
decreased by 2.2%. Social sector investment
decreased by 8.5%. Private investment
decreased by 6.4%, and private project investment excluding private investment in real estate development decreased by 1.9%. By field, private investment in manufacturing decreased by 0.2%, and private investment in infrastructure increased by 1.7%. (See Figure 16) (See Table 7) (See Table 8)
Real estate development investment for the year was 8278.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 17.2% over the previous year. Among them, residential investment was 6351.4 billion yuan, a decrease of 16.3%; office building investment was 320.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 22.8%; and commercial and business housing investment was 594.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 14.0%. The sales area of newly built commercial housing for the year
was 881.01 million square meters. The online signed area of second-hand housing transactions
was 736.85 million square meters. At the end of the year, the area of newly built commercial housing pending sale was 766.32 million square meters, of which the area of commercial residential housing pending sale was 402.36 million square meters. (See Table 9)
Throughout the year, 1.21 million sets (rooms) of national subsidized housing for sale, guaranteed rental housing, and public rental housing were started and raised; 170,000 sets of urban dilapidated housing were renovated; 27,000 old urban communities were newly renovated, benefiting 4.99 million households; and 219,000 households of rural dilapidated housing renovation and seismic renovation of rural houses for key groups such as low-income rural groups were started.
7. Foreign Economy
The total value of imports and exports of goods for the year was 45468.5 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 26989 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1%; imports were 18479.5 billion yuan, an increase of 0.5%. The trade surplus in goods was 8509.4 billion yuan. The import and export volume to countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 23601.8 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, accounting for 51.9% of the total import and export volume. Among them, exports were 13685.1 billion yuan, an increase of 11.2%; imports were 9916.7 billion yuan, an increase of 0.1%. The import and export volume to other member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
was 13850.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.3% over the previous year. The import and export volume of private enterprises was 26040.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.1% over the previous year, accounting for 57.3% of the total import and export volume; of which exports were 17659.2 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2%. (See Figure 17) (See Table 10) (See Table 11) (See Table 12) (See Table 13)
The total value of imports and exports of services for the year was 8082.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 3626.8 billion yuan, an increase of 14.2%; imports were 4455.5 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%. The trade deficit in services was 828.7 billion yuan.
Throughout the year, 70,392 new foreign-invested enterprises were established, an increase of 19.1% over the previous year. The actual use of foreign capital was 747.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 9.5%. Among them, 19,756 new foreign-invested enterprises were established in China by countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" (including investment in China through some free ports), an increase of 14.7%; direct investment in China was 116.8 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries was 241.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 15.6%. (See Table 14)
The total amount of non-financial direct investment abroad for the year was 1040.4 billion yuan, an increase of 1.6% over the previous year. Among them, the amount of non-financial direct investment in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 283.4 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0%. (See Table 15)
The completed turnover of foreign contracted projects for the year was 1277.3 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year. Among them, the completed turnover in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 1090.2 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6%, accounting for 85.4% of the completed turnover of foreign contracted projects. A total of 430,000 various types of labor personnel were dispatched for foreign labor cooperation.
8. Finance
The national general public budget revenue for the year was 21604.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.7% over the previous year; of which tax revenue was 17636.3 billion yuan, an increase of 0.8%. The national general public budget expenditure was 28739.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1.0% over the previous year. The amount of tax and fee reductions and tax rebates for the main policies currently supporting technological innovation and manufacturing development throughout the year was 2855.7 billion yuan. (See Figure 18)
At the end of the year, the balance of broad money supply (M2) was 340.3 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.5% over the end of the previous year; the balance of narrow money supply (M1)
was 115.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; and the balance of currency in circulation (M0) was 14.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.2%.
The increase in social financing scale for the year
was 35.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.3 trillion yuan over the previous year calculated on a comparable basis. At the end of the year, the stock of social financing scale
was 442.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.3% over the end of the previous year calculated on a comparable basis, of which the balance of RMB loans issued to the real economy was 268.4 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.3%. At the end of the year, the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits of all financial institutions was 336.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 27.8 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year, of which the balance of RMB deposits was 328.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 26.4 trillion yuan. The balance of domestic and foreign currency loans of all financial institutions was 275.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.2 trillion yuan, of which the balance of RMB loans was 271.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.3 trillion yuan. The balance of inclusive small and micro loans in RMB
was 36.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.6 trillion yuan. The balance of domestic and foreign currency agricultural loans was 53.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.4 trillion yuan; the balance of medium and long-term loans for manufacturing was 14.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.0 trillion yuan; and the balance of green loans was 44.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.7 trillion yuan. The weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans nationwide for the year
was 3.22%, a decrease of 41 basis points from the previous year. (See Table 16)
At the end of the year, the balance of RMB loans of major rural financial institutions (rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks, and rural commercial banks) was 33.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.6 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year. The balance of RMB consumer loans of all financial institutions was 58.2 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.5 trillion yuan. Among them, the balance of short-term consumer loans to households was 9.5 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.7 trillion yuan; and the balance of medium and long-term consumer loans to households was 48.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.2 trillion yuan.
The cumulative A-share financing of the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges for the year
was 1258.3 billion yuan, an increase of 833.2 billion yuan over the previous year. 90 A-shares were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges for the first time, raising 124.2 billion yuan, an increase of 62 billion yuan over the previous year, of which 19 shares on the Science and Technology Innovation Board raised 38.1 billion yuan; A-share refinancing (including public additional issuance, targeted additional issuance, rights issue, preferred stock, and convertible bond conversion) on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges was 1134.1 billion yuan, an increase of 771.2 billion yuan. 26 stocks were publicly issued on the Beijing Stock Exchange, raising
7.6 billion yuan, and refinancing was 400 million yuan. Throughout the year, various entities raised 16.3 trillion yuan through the issuance of bonds (including corporate bonds, enterprise bonds, asset-backed securities, treasury bonds, and local government bonds) on the Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing stock exchanges. A total of 20 infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, raising 40.2 billion yuan. At the end of the year, there were 5,960 listed companies on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations, and the cumulative stock financing of listed companies for the year
was 7.4 billion yuan.
The issuance of corporate credit bonds for the year
was 15.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.9 trillion yuan over the previous year.
The original insurance premium income of insurance companies for the year
was 6119.4 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year calculated on a comparable basis. Among them, the original insurance premium income of life insurance business was 3555.7 billion yuan, the original insurance premium income of health insurance and accident insurance business was 1093.5 billion yuan, and the original insurance premium income of property insurance business was 1470.3 billion yuan. A total of 2443.2 billion yuan was paid for various claims and payments. Among them, life insurance business paid 1001.6 billion yuan, health insurance and accident insurance business paid 445.4 billion yuan, and property insurance business paid 996.2 billion yuan.
9. Residents' Income, Consumption, and Social Security
The national per capita disposable income of residents for the year was 43377 yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year, and a real increase of 5.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of national residents
was 36231 yuan, an increase of 4.4%. By permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 56502 yuan, an increase of 4.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.2% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of urban residents was 51115 yuan, an increase of 3.7%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 24456 yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of rural residents was 20711 yuan, an increase of 5.6%. The ratio of per capita disposable income between urban and rural residents was 2.31, a decrease of 0.03 from the previous year. According to the national residents' income quintiles
, the per capita disposable income of the low-income group was 10150 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the lower-middle-income group was 22702 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the middle-income group was 35536 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the upper-middle-income group was 55586 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of the high-income group was 103778 yuan. The average monthly income of migrant workers nationwide was 5075 yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year. The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poverty-stricken counties
was 18627 yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.5% after deducting price factors.
The national per capita consumption expenditure of residents for the year was 29476 yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.4% after deducting price factors. Among them, the per capita service consumption expenditure
was 13602 yuan, an increase of 4.5% over the previous year, accounting for 46.1% of the per capita consumption expenditure of residents. By permanent residence, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 35869 yuan, an increase of 3.8%, and a real increase of 3.7% after deducting price factors; the per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 20259 yuan, an increase of 5.1%, and a real increase of 5.3% after deducting price factors. The Engel coefficient of national residents was 29.3%, of which it was 28.3% for urban residents and 31.8% for rural residents. (See Figure 19) (See Figure 20)
At the end of the year, the number of people participating in basic old-age insurance nationwide was 1075.99 million, an increase of 3.16 million over the end of the previous year, of which 546.8 million people participated in basic old-age insurance for urban employees and 529.19 million people participated in basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in basic medical insurance was 1330.68 million, an increase of 4.06 million, of which 388.56 million people participated in basic medical insurance for employees and 942.12 million people participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in unemployment insurance was 249.18 million, an increase of 3.29 million. The number of people participating in work-related injury insurance was 305 million, an increase of 1.02 million. The number of people participating in maternity insurance was 259.66 million, an increase of 6.66 million. At the end of the year, a total of 5.95 million people nationwide enjoyed urban minimum living security, 33.4 million people enjoyed rural minimum living security, and 4.45 million people enjoyed rural extremely poor people
's assistance and support, and 23.99 million people received temporary assistance
throughout the year. Throughout the year, 8.13 million veterans and other entitled groups received national regular pensions and regular living allowances.
At the end of the year, there were 42,000 various types of civil affairs service institutions providing accommodation nationwide, including 39,000 elderly care institutions and 1,196 child welfare and rescue protection institutions. Civil affairs service beds
totaled 7.94 million, including 7.68 million elderly care service beds and 96,000 child welfare and rescue protection institution beds.
10. Science, Technology, and Education
The expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) for the year was 3926.2 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year, and the ratio to GDP was 2.80%, of which the expenditure on basic research was 277.8 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1% over the previous year, accounting for 7.08% of the R&D expenditure. The National Natural Science Foundation of China funded a total of 58,800 projects. As of the end of the year, there were 207 national engineering research centers under the new sequence management and 1,921 enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展改革委). The National Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Guidance Fund has established a total of 36 sub-funds with a total capital scale of 62.4 billion yuan. Throughout the year, 972,000 invention patents were granted, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year. The number of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent applications accepted
78,000 pieces. By the end of the year, there were 6,318,000 valid invention patents, an increase of 11.1% over the end of the previous year. The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people
[71
]
was 16. There were 4,206,000 trademark registrations throughout the year, a decrease of 12.0% over the previous year. A total of 1.04 million technology contracts were signed throughout the year, with a transaction value of 7,573.4 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year. The proportion of Chinese citizens with scientific literacy
[72
]
reached 16.74%. (See Figure 21) (See Table 17)
　　92 space launches were completed throughout the year, including 50 commercial space launches. Tianwen-2 (天问二号) successfully started its asteroid sampling and return journey, reusable carrier rocket technology accelerated breakthroughs, and the maiden flights of Zhuque-3 (朱雀三号) and Changzheng-12A (长征十二号甲) achieved successful entry into orbit of the second stage. The "Fujian" (福建舰), the first electromagnetic catapult aircraft carrier completely independently designed and built by China, was commissioned. The superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zu Chongzhi-3" (祖冲之三号) was successfully constructed, China's "artificial sun" created a world record of "100 million degrees for 1,000 seconds," and the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (江门中微子实验) large scientific facility officially began operation. The domestic artificial intelligence large model DeepSeek (深度求索) attracted global attention, the first invasive brain-computer interface clinical trial was successfully carried out, and the independently developed domestic first low-temperature high-current ion implanter has industrialization capabilities.
　　At the end of the year, there were 874 national quality inspection centers in the country. There are 1,216 product quality, system and service certification bodies in the country, which have cumulatively completed the certification of 1.17 million enterprises. A total of 4,929 national standards were formulated and revised throughout the year, including 2,481 newly formulated standards. The pass rate of manufacturing product quality throughout the year
[73
]
was 94.36%.
　　A total of 1.438 million graduate students were enrolled throughout the year, with 4.3 million graduate students enrolled and 1.167 million graduates. Ordinary and vocational undergraduate and junior college
[74
]
enrollments were 10.708 million, with 39.54 million students enrolled and 11.051 million graduates. Secondary vocational education
[75
]
enrollments were 5.265 million, with 15.378 million students enrolled and 5.219 million graduates. Ordinary high school enrollments were 10.749 million, with 30.395 million students enrolled and 9.246 million graduates. Junior high school enrollments were 18.528 million, with 55.093 million students enrolled and 17.237 million graduates. Primary school enrollments were 14.617 million, with 101.783 million students enrolled and 18.605 million graduates. Special education enrollments were 164,000, with 927,000 students enrolled and 184,000 graduates. There were 32.255 million children in kindergartens. The consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education was 96.1%, and the gross enrollment rate in high school was 92.0%. The average number of years of education for the population aged 16-59 was 11.3 years, an increase of 0.1 years over the previous year. (See Figure 22)
　　XI. Culture and Tourism, Health and Sports
　　At the end of the year, there were 1,879 art performance groups affiliated to cultural and tourism departments nationwide. There were 3,253 public libraries nationwide, with a total circulation of
[76
]
1,469.83 million visits; 3,517 cultural centers. There were 207 million actual cable TV users, including 200 million actual cable digital TV users. At the end of the year, the comprehensive population coverage rate of radio programs was 99.8%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television programs was 99.8%. A total of 110 TV series with 3,376 episodes and 336 TV animated films with 93,874 minutes were produced and distributed throughout the year. 511 feature films and 253 science and education, documentary, animation, virtual reality
[77
]
and special films
[78
]
were produced. 23 billion copies of various newspapers, 1.6 billion copies of various periodicals, and 10.8 billion copies (sheets) of books were published, with an average of 7.71 copies (sheets) of books per capita
[79
]
. At the end of the year, there were 4,227 archives nationwide, with 267.26 million volumes (pieces) of various types of archives opened. Throughout the year, the operating income of cultural and related industrial enterprises above designated size nationwide was 15,213.5 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year calculated at comparable prices, of which the operating income of 16 small categories of enterprises
[80
]
with more obvious characteristics of new cultural formats increased by 14.3%.
　　There were 6.52 billion domestic tourist trips throughout the year, an increase of 16.2% over the previous year. Among them, there were 5.0 billion domestic tourist trips by urban residents, an increase of 14.3%; and 1.53 billion domestic tourist trips by rural residents, an increase of 22.6%. The total expenditure of domestic tourists was 6,300.3 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5%. Among them, the expenditure of urban residents was 5,299 billion yuan, an increase of 7.5%; and the expenditure of rural residents was 1,001.2 billion yuan, an increase of 21.4%. There were 154.5 million inbound tourists, an increase of 17.1%, including 35.17 million foreigners and 119.32 million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. The total expenditure of inbound tourists was 131.1 billion US dollars, an increase of 39.2%. There were 30.08 million foreigners entering the country through visa-free entry, an increase of 49.5%. There were 167.92 million outbound trips by mainland residents, including 161.66 million outbound trips for personal reasons and 112.71 million outbound trips to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. (See Figure 23)
　　At the end of the year, there were 1.107 million medical and health institutions nationwide, including 38,000 hospitals, of which 12,000 were public hospitals and 26,000 were private hospitals; 1.055 million primary medical and health institutions, including 33,000 township health centers, 38,000 community health service centers (stations), 424,000 clinics (outpatient departments), and 560,000 village clinics; 9,231 professional public health institutions (excluding health supervision institutes and centers), including 3,478 disease prevention and control centers. There were 13.4 million health technicians, including 5.29 million licensed physicians and licensed assistant physicians, and 6.03 million registered nurses. There were 10.09 million beds in medical and health institutions, including 7.99 million in hospitals and 1.44 million in township health centers. The total number of outpatient visits throughout the year
[81
]
was 10.58 billion, and the number of discharged patients
[82
]
was 300 million. (See Figure 24)
　　At the end of the year, there were 5.004 million sports venues
[83
]
nationwide, with a sports venue area
[84
]
of 4.37 billion square meters, and a per capita sports venue area of 3.1 square meters. Throughout the year, Chinese athletes won 146 world championships in 31 sports and set 17 world records. At the 9th Asian Winter Games in Harbin (哈尔滨), Chinese athletes won a total of 32 gold medals, 27 silver medals, and 26 bronze medals, for a total of 85 medals, ranking first in the gold medal list and the medal list, creating the best result in the history of China's participation in the Asian Winter Games. Chinese disabled athletes won 179 world championships in 23 international events.
　　XII. Resources, Environment and Emergency Management
　　Throughout the year, the total supply of state-owned construction land nationwide
[85
]
was 471,000 hectares, a decrease of 22.2% over the previous year. Among them, industrial, mining and warehousing land was 138,000 hectares, a decrease of 10.8%; real estate land
[86
]
was 62,000 hectares, a decrease of 14.4%; and infrastructure land was 272,000 hectares, a decrease of 28.4%.
　　The afforestation area completed throughout the year was 3.56 million hectares, of which the artificial afforestation area was 830,000 hectares, accounting for 23.2% of the total afforestation area. The area of grassland planting and improvement
[87
]
was 4.93 million hectares. As of the end of the year, there were 5 national parks.
　　According to preliminary calculations, the total energy consumption throughout the year was 6.17 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.5% over the previous year. Coal consumption increased by 0.1%, crude oil consumption increased by 3.6%, natural gas consumption increased by 2.0%, and electricity consumption increased by 5.0%. Coal consumption accounted for 51.4% of total energy consumption, a decrease of 1.8 percentage points over the previous year; the consumption of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power accounted for 30.4% of total energy consumption, an increase of 1.8 percentage points. The comprehensive energy consumption per unit of calcium carbide in key energy-consuming industrial enterprises decreased by 0.7%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of synthetic ammonia decreased by 2.3%, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel increased by 1.9%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of electrolytic aluminum decreased by 0.9%, and the standard coal consumption per kilowatt-hour of thermal power generation was the same as the previous year. According to preliminary estimates, after deducting energy consumption for raw materials and non-fossil energy consumption, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of domestic product
[88
]
decreased by 5.1% over the previous year. The transaction volume of carbon emission quotas in the national carbon emission trading market
[89
]
was 235 million tons, with a transaction value of 14.63 billion yuan. (See Figure 25)
　　Throughout the year, the area of nearshore seawater quality
[90
]
that reached the national first and second class seawater quality standards accounted for 84.9%, third class seawater accounted for 4.6%, and fourth class and inferior fourth class seawater accounted for 10.5%.
　　Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was 28.0 micrograms/cubic meter, a decrease of 4.4% over the previous year.
　　Among the 332 cities that carried out daytime monitoring of urban regional sound environment, the cities with good sound environment quality accounted for 9.3%, better accounted for 65.1%, average accounted for 25.0%, poor accounted for 0.6%, and no poor cities.
　　The average temperature throughout the year was 10.9℃, the same as the previous year. A total of 10 typhoons landed.
　　The disaster-affected area of crops throughout the year was 6.07 million hectares, of which 690,000 hectares were completely destroyed. Direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters were 166.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters were 8.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters were 900 million yuan, and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters were 8.9 billion yuan. A total of 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or above occurred, and earthquakes at all levels caused direct economic losses of 9.7 billion yuan. A total of 225 forest fires occurred, with a damaged forest area of approximately 0.5 million hectares.
　　A total of 18,261 people died in various production safety accidents throughout the year, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year. The number of deaths in production safety accidents per 100,000 employees in industrial, mining and commercial enterprises was 1.040, a decrease of 4.5% over the previous year; the number of deaths per million tons of coal mines was 0.045, a decrease of 23.7%. The number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles in road traffic accidents was 1.25, a decrease of 4.6%.
[22] The accounting scope of carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP includes carbon dioxide emissions from energy activities and industrial production processes, calculated at 2020 prices.
[23] See note [11].
[24] Steel production data includes repeated processing of steel between enterprises.
[25] See note [11].
[26] Capacity utilization rate refers to the ratio of actual output to production capacity (both measured in value). The actual output of an enterprise refers to the total industrial output value of the enterprise during the reporting period; the production capacity of an enterprise refers to the product output that the enterprise can achieve and maintain for a long time during the reporting period, under the condition that labor, raw materials, fuel, transportation, etc. are guaranteed to be supplied, and the production equipment (machinery) is kept in normal operation.
[27] Thermal power includes coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, gas-fired power generation, waste heat, waste pressure, waste gas power generation, and biomass power generation.
[28] A small amount of power generation capacity (such as geothermal, etc.) is not listed in the communique.
[29] Due to factors such as statistical law enforcement inspections and the elimination of duplicate data, the growth rate of profits of construction enterprises in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[30] See note [15].
[31] Total freight volume and turnover include the completed volume of five modes of transportation: railway, highway, waterway, civil aviation, and pipeline. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[32] In 2025, the passenger-carrying coefficient of online car-hailing services was adjusted, and the data for urban passenger traffic volume of taxis and other indicators for this year and the same period of the previous year were adjusted accordingly. The growth rates of total passenger volume, passenger turnover, highway passenger volume, and highway passenger turnover in 2025 are calculated on a comparable basis.
[33] The total postal delivery volume refers to the total number of various postal universal service businesses and express delivery businesses engaged in by enterprises.
[34] The total telecommunications business volume is calculated at the prices of the previous year.
[35] The number of mobile phone base stations refers to the total number of wireless transceiver equipment serving cells at the end of the reporting period, handling wireless communication between the base station and the mobile station, acting as a relay between the mobile switching center and the mobile station, and monitoring the quality of wireless transmission.
[36] Fixed internet broadband access users refer to users who are registered with telecommunications companies at the end of the reporting period and access the public internet through xDSL, FTTx+LAN, FTTH/O, other broadband access methods, and ordinary dedicated lines.
[37] Broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above refer to broadband access users with a downlink rate greater than or equal to 1000Mbit/s at the end of the reporting period.
[38] Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) terminal users refer to users who have accessed the mobile communication network and activated IoT services at the end of the reporting period. IoT terminals are IoT devices that connect the sensor network layer and the transmission network layer to realize remote data collection and data transmission to the network layer.
[39] The software and information technology service industry includes software development, integrated circuit design, information system integration and Internet of Things technology services, operation and maintenance services, information processing and storage support services, information technology consulting services, digital content services, and other information technology service industries. The growth rate of software business revenue completed by the software and information technology service industry in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[40] The statistical scope of express delivery volume was adjusted in 2024, and the growth rate for that year is calculated on a comparable basis.
[41] Service retail sales refer to the total value of services directly provided by enterprises (industrial activity units, individual businesses) to individuals and other units for non-production and non-business purposes in the form of transactions, aiming to reflect the value of consumption services sold by service providers in monetary form, including retail sales of service activities in the fields of transportation, accommodation, catering, education, health, sports, and entertainment.
[42] See note [19].
[43] See note [20].
[44] See note [21].
[45] Infrastructure investment includes investment in railway transportation, road transportation, water transportation, air transportation, pipeline transportation, multimodal transport and transportation agency, loading and unloading handling, postal industry, telecommunications, radio, television and satellite transmission services, internet and related service industries, water conservancy management, ecological protection and environmental governance, and public facilities management.
[46] Social sector investment includes investment in education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment.
[47] Private investment refers to the investment in domestic construction or purchase of fixed assets by domestic survey units with collective, private, and individual characteristics, and survey units controlled by them (including absolute control and relative control).
[48] In addition to real estate development investment, real estate investment also includes self-built houses by construction units, as well as property management, intermediary services, and other real estate investments.
[49] According to real estate development statistical system, statistical law enforcement inspections and other regulations, the data of real estate development investment and sales area of newly built commercial housing in the same period of the previous year are revised, and the growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[50] The sales area of newly built commercial housing refers to the total contract area of newly built commercial houses sold by real estate development enterprises during the reporting period.
[51] The online signed transaction area of second-hand houses refers to the total area of online signed transaction contracts for urban second-hand houses during the reporting period.
[52] Other member states of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) include Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.
[53] Since January 2025, the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行) has adopted a newly revised statistical scope of narrow money (M1). The revised M1 includes currency in circulation (M0), current deposits of institutions, current deposits of individuals, and customer reserve funds of non-bank payment institutions. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[54] The increment of aggregate financing to the real economy refers to the total amount of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system within a certain period.
[55] The stock of aggregate financing to the real economy refers to the balance of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system at the end of a certain period (month-end, quarter-end, or year-end).
[56] Inclusive small and micro loans include loans to small and micro enterprises with a single household credit of less than 10 million yuan, operating loans to individual industrial and commercial households, and operating loans to small and micro enterprise owners.
[57] The weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans refers to the weighted average interest rate calculated by weighting the amount of newly issued corporate loans (in local and foreign currencies) throughout the year.
[58] The amount of stock financing on the Shanghai (沪) and Shenzhen (深) stock exchanges is calculated based on the listing date. The amount of financing includes the actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares. The actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares in 2024 and 2025 were 169.4 billion yuan and 226.7 billion yuan, respectively.
[59] The amount of stock financing on the Beijing Stock Exchange (北京证券交易所) is calculated based on the listing date.
[60] The cumulative financing of companies listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (全国中小企业股份转让系统) does not include preferred stocks, and stock financing is calculated based on the listing date of new shares.
[61] Corporate credit bonds include debt financing instruments of non-financial enterprises, corporate bonds, and corporate bonds, convertible bonds, etc.
[62] Original insurance premium income refers to the original insurance contract premium income confirmed by insurance companies.
[63] The median per capita disposable income refers to the per capita disposable income of the surveyed household in the middle position when all surveyed households are arranged in order from low to high according to the per capita income level.
[64] The national resident income quintile grouping refers to dividing all surveyed households into five equal parts in order from low to high according to the per capita income level. The income households in the lowest 20% are the low-income group, and so on, in order, the lower-middle income group, the middle-income group, the upper-middle income group, and the high-income group.
[65] Poverty-stricken counties include the original 832 national key counties for poverty alleviation and development work and counties in contiguous special hardship areas, as well as 7 cities and counties in Aksu Prefecture (阿克苏地区), Xinjiang (新疆).
[66] Service consumption expenditure refers to the consumption expenditure of households for various living services, including catering services, clothing and footwear processing services, residential services, household services, transportation and communication services, education, culture and entertainment services, medical services and other services.
[67] Rural people in extreme poverty refer to rural elderly people, disabled people, and minors under the age of 16 who have no ability to work, no source of income, and no legal supporters, fosterers, or supporters, or whose legal obligors have no ability to perform their obligations.
[68] Temporary assistance includes emergency and transitional assistance provided by the state to families or individuals who are in basic living difficulties due to sudden events, accidental injuries, serious illnesses or other special reasons, which cannot be temporarily covered by other social assistance systems or whose basic living is still in serious difficulty after assistance, as well as other temporary assistance such as winter heating assistance, temporary price subsidies, and visits and condolences during the New Year and festivals.
[69] In addition to adoption institutions, civil affairs service beds also include beds in assistance institutions and community institutions.
[70] PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) is an international cooperation treaty in the field of patents. The number of PCT patent applications accepted refers to the number of PCT patent applications accepted by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) as the receiving office for PCT patent applications.
[71] The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people refers to the number of valid invention patents owned by domestic residents per 10,000 people that have been authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) and meet any of the following conditions: invention patents in strategic emerging industries; invention patents with homologous patent rights overseas; invention patents maintained for more than 10 years; invention patents that have achieved a high amount of pledge financing; invention patents that have won the National Science and Technology Award and the China Patent Award.
[72] Citizens with scientific literacy means that they advocate the spirit of science, establish scientific thinking, master basic scientific methods, understand necessary scientific and technological knowledge, and have the ability to use it to analyze and judge things and solve practical problems.
[73] The qualified rate of manufacturing product quality refers to the percentage of the number of samples determined to be qualified in quality after implementing quality sampling inspection according to the prescribed methods, procedures and standards, accounting for the total number of sampling samples.
[74] General and vocational undergraduate and junior college includes general undergraduate, vocational undergraduate, and higher vocational (junior college).
[75] Secondary vocational education includes ordinary secondary vocational schools, adult secondary vocational schools, vocational high schools, and technical schools.
[76] Total circulation visits refer to the total number of visits to library venues to receive library services during the year, including borrowing books and periodicals, consulting questions, and participating in various reader activities.
[77] Virtual reality films refer to a new form of film that uses virtual reality (including augmented reality and mixed reality) related technologies, uses virtual reality terminals such as head-mounted display devices to watch, and is publicly screened in fixed screening venues such as cinemas.
[78] Special films refer to films that use different film display methods in terms of technology, equipment, and programs compared with conventional cinema screenings, such as giant screen movies, stereoscopic special effects (4D) movies, dynamic movies, and dome screen movies.
[79] The per capita book ownership refers to the number of books published in the current year that the national average person can own in one year.
[80] The 16 small categories of industries with obvious characteristics of new cultural formats are: radio and television integrated broadcasting and control, internet search services, other internet information services, digital publishing, other cultural and artistic industries, animation and game digital content services, internet game services, multimedia, game animation and digital publishing software development, value-added telecommunications cultural services, other cultural digital content services, internet advertising services, internet cultural and entertainment platforms, copyright and cultural software services, manufacturing of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles for entertainment, manufacturing of wearable intelligent cultural equipment, and manufacturing of other intelligent cultural consumer equipment.
[81] Total number of diagnoses and treatments refers to the total number of people receiving diagnoses and treatments, including outpatient, emergency, home visits, appointment diagnoses and treatments, individual health checkups, and health consultation and guidance (excluding health lectures and nucleic acid testing).
[82] The number of discharged patients refers to the number of all patients who are hospitalized and discharged during the reporting period, including discharge on doctor's advice, transfer to other medical institutions on doctor's advice, discharge without doctor's advice, death, and other numbers, excluding the number of discharged family beds.
[83] The survey objects of sports venues do not include sports venues belonging to the military and railway systems.
[84] The area of sports venues refers to the effective area of sports training, competition, and fitness venues.
[85] The total supply of state-owned construction land refers to the total amount of state-owned construction land that the municipal and county people's governments legally sign transfer contracts or issue allocation decisions with land-using units or individuals in the form of transfer, allocation, lease, etc. according to the annual land supply plan and complete the transaction during the reporting period.
[86] Real estate land refers to the sum of commercial service land and residential land.
[87] The area of grassland planting and improvement refers to the sum of the area of grassland ecological restoration through measures such as artificial planting, aerial seeding, grassland improvement, and fencing and enclosure.
[88] Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP is calculated at 2020 prices.
[89] Carbon emission allowances in the national carbon emission trading market refer to the emission quotas of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases allocated to key emission units in the national carbon emission trading market for a specified period. One unit of carbon emission allowance is equivalent to emitting 1 ton of carbon dioxide equivalent into the atmosphere.
[90] The area method is used to evaluate the water quality of nearshore sea areas.

Data source:
Source of Information:

The data in this communiqué regarding new urban employment, pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and skilled worker schools in secondary vocational education comes from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源和社会保障部); foreign exchange reserves and exchange rate data comes from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (国家外汇管理局); data on business entities, quality inspection, formulation and revision of national standards, and the qualification rate of manufactured product quality comes from the State Administration for Market Regulation (国家市场监督管理总局); data on civil motor vehicle ownership and road traffic accidents comes from the Ministry of Public Security (公安部); data on environmental quality and carbon emission trading comes from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (生态环境部); data on aquatic product output comes from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (农业农村部); data on timber production, afforestation area, grassland improvement area, and national parks comes from the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (国家林业和草原局); data on power generation capacity, newly added capacity of 220 kV and above AC transformer equipment, and electricity consumption comes from the China Electricity Council (中国电力企业联合会); data on port cargo throughput, port container throughput, highway transportation, waterway transportation, newly built or renovated highway mileage, and newly added throughput capacity of port berths of 10,000 tons and above comes from the Ministry of Transport (交通运输部); railway transportation data comes from the National Railway Administration (国家铁路局); civil aviation transportation and newly added civil transport airport data comes from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (中国民用航空局); pipeline transportation data comes from China National Petroleum Corporation (中国石油天然气集团有限公司), China Petrochemical Corporation (中国石油化工集团有限公司), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (中国海洋石油集团有限公司), and China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation (国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司); postal service data comes from the State Post Bureau (国家邮政局); data on the communications industry, software business revenue, newly added optical cable line length, and technology contracts comes from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工业和信息化部); data on the number of internet users and internet penetration rate comes from the China Internet Network Information Center (中国互联网络信息中心); data on the mileage of new railways put into operation, the mileage of increased and newly built double-track railways put into operation, and the mileage of electrified railways put into operation comes from the China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (中国国家铁路集团有限公司); data on the signed area of second-hand housing transactions, affordable housing, urban dilapidated housing renovation, urban old community renovation, and rural housing renovation comes from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (住房和城乡建设部); data on import and export of goods comes from the General Administration of Customs (海关总署); data on import and export of services, foreign investment, outbound direct investment, overseas contracted projects, and overseas labor cooperation comes from the Ministry of Commerce (商务部); financial data comes from the Ministry of Finance (财政部); data on tax and fee reductions and tax rebates comes from the State Taxation Administration (国家税务总局); data on monetary finance and corporate credit bonds comes from the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行); data on fundraising in domestic trading venues comes from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (中国证券监督管理委员会); insurance industry data comes from the National Financial Regulatory Administration (国家金融监督管理总局); data on medical insurance and maternity insurance comes from the National Healthcare Security Administration (国家医疗保障局); data on urban and rural subsistence allowances, rural extremely poor people's assistance and support, temporary assistance, and civil affairs services comes from the Ministry of Civil Affairs (民政部); data on entitled groups comes from the Ministry of Veterans Affairs (退役军人事务部); data on projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China comes from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金委员会); data on national engineering research centers and enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission comes from the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展和改革委员会); data on the National Science and Technology Results Transformation Guidance Fund comes from the Ministry of Science and Technology (科学技术部); data on patents and trademarks comes from the National Intellectual Property Administration (国家知识产权局); data on the proportion of citizens with scientific literacy comes from the China Association for Science and Technology (中国科学技术协会); data on space launches comes from the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (国家国防科技工业局); education data comes from the Ministry of Education (教育部); data on art performance groups, public libraries, cultural centers, and tourism comes from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部); data on television and radio comes from the National Radio and Television Administration (国家广播电视总局); film data comes from the National Film Administration (国家电影局); data on newspapers, periodicals, and books comes from the National Press and Publication Administration (国家新闻出版署); archival data comes from the National Archives Administration (国家档案局); data on foreigners entering the country visa-free and residents departing the country comes from the National Immigration Administration (国家移民管理局); medical and health data comes from the National Health Commission (国家卫生健康委员会); sports data comes from the General Administration of Sport (国家体育总局); data on athletes with disabilities comes from the China Disabled Persons' Federation (中国残疾人联合会); data on the supply of state-owned construction land and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters comes from the Ministry of Natural Resources (自然资源部); data on average temperature and typhoon landings comes from the China Meteorological Administration (中国气象局); data on affected areas of crops, direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters, the number of earthquakes, direct economic losses caused by earthquakes at all levels, forest fires, damaged forest areas, and production safety accidents comes from the Ministry of Emergency Management (应急管理部); all other data comes from the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局).

(Related charts are on page 5)

(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (北京), February 28)

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Tackling Challenges, Adapting to Changes, and Moving Forward Against Pressure: Progressing Steadily, Embracing the New, and Striving for Excellence

By: 盛来运

The year 2025 is the concluding year of the "14th Five-Year Plan" and a year of great significance in the process of Chinese-style modernization. Faced with profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core has steered the course, taken overall control, coordinated the domestic and international situations, balanced development and security, adhered to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, implemented more proactive and effective macro policies, promoted the construction of a unified national market in depth, and promoted China's economy to move forward against pressure and develop towards new and better directions. The "14th Five-Year Plan" has come to a successful conclusion, and a good start has been made in the new journey towards the second centenary goal. The newly released "2025 Statistical Communiqué on National Economic and Social Development" is an epitome of the extraordinary development process of the past year, engraving the solid footprints of the Party Central Committee uniting and leading the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to overcome difficulties and forge ahead, reflecting the valuable achievements of the Chinese economy in focusing on coping with changes and overcoming obstacles, and presenting a panoramic view of the "stability" pattern, "progress" momentum, and "resilience" characteristics of the Chinese economy with authoritative and detailed data.

I. Overcoming Difficulties to Promote Development, and Comprehensive National Strength Reaching a New Level

One cannot know the difficulty without experiencing it. The past year has been a year of multiple pressures intertwined and superimposed, and also a year of full harvest and substantial results. From an international perspective, the external environment is characterized by intertwined changes and chaos, the international economic and trade pattern is undergoing profound adjustments, and the recovery of the world economy is facing difficulties. From a domestic perspective, the pain of transformation and adjustment is being released, structural contradictions are becoming prominent, and the difficulty of maintaining stable economic operation is increasing. Faced with a complex situation, China has unswervingly focused on managing its own affairs well, focusing on stabilizing employment, stabilizing enterprises, stabilizing the market, and stabilizing expectations, resisting pressure and stabilizing the overall situation. Economic strength, scientific and technological strength, comprehensive national strength, and international influence have all reached new levels, fully demonstrating strong development resilience, pressure resistance, and vigorous vitality towards new directions.

The total economic volume has achieved a new leap. In 2025, China's gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 5.0% compared to the previous year, and the total economic volume exceeded 140 trillion yuan for the first time, successfully completing the expected goals and tasks. During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, it continuously crossed four major levels: 110 trillion yuan, 120 trillion yuan, 130 trillion yuan, and 140 trillion yuan. As China's economic scale continues to expand, the economic increment corresponding to 5% economic growth exceeds 5 trillion yuan. The new breakthrough in China's total economic volume reflects the further improvement of the industrial and agricultural production capacity of a trillion-yuan-level economy, the further release of the vitality of service industry development, an important guarantee for the people to live and work in peace and contentment, and a concentrated embodiment of the stable foundation, numerous advantages, strong resilience, and great potential of the Chinese economy.

New progress has been made in per capita development level. In 2025, China's per capita GDP reached 99,665 yuan, an increase of 5.1% compared to the previous year, and reached $13,953 when converted at the average annual exchange rate, exceeding $13,000 for three consecutive years. The steady increase in per capita GDP benefits from the leadership of scientific and technological innovation, the accelerated construction of a modern industrial system, and the vigorous development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, per capita indicators reflecting production efficiency and national quality are also constantly improving. Total factor labor productivity increased by 6.1% compared to the previous year, 1.1 percentage points faster than the economic growth rate; the average years of education for the population aged 16-59 increased by 0.1 years.

International influence has achieved new enhancements. Looking at the world, China's 5% economic growth rate ranks among the top of major economies, and its contribution to world economic growth is expected to remain at around 30%, continuing to be the largest contributor and strongest anchor of stability for world economic growth. China remains the world's second largest economy, accounting for about 1/6 of the global economic volume. Faced with the complex external environment of rising unilateralism and protectionism, China adheres to high-level opening-up unswervingly, actively participates in global economic governance, injects stability and certainty into the global supply system, shares China's development dividends and jointly undertakes global development responsibilities with countries around the world, fully demonstrating the international responsibility of a responsible major country. In 2025, China's import of goods reached 18.5 trillion yuan, becoming the world's second largest import market for 17 consecutive years; the total value of service trade exceeded 8 trillion yuan, setting a new historical high; the number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises increased by 19.1%, and non-financial direct investment abroad exceeded 1 trillion yuan.

II. Enhancing Momentum with New Quality, and Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

A modern industrial system is the material and technological foundation of Chinese-style modernization. In the past year, all aspects have coordinated to promote the cultivation of new momentum and the upgrading of old momentum, adhered to taking scientific and technological innovation as the lead, taking the real economy as the foundation, developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system, and continuously cultivating new momentum and shaping new advantages in the process of enhancing new quality, improving quality, and transforming towards excellence.

Scientific and technological hard power has steadily leaped forward. Adhering to promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement, continuous efforts have been made to improve original innovation capabilities, investment in research and development has steadily increased, and the innovation and creativity of the entire society has been effectively stimulated. In 2025, the investment in research and experimental development (R&D) of the whole society increased by 8.1% compared to the previous year, and the ratio to GDP reached 2.80%, exceeding the average level of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries for the first time, of which the proportion of basic research funding reached 7.08%. High-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement has been enhanced, and major country instruments have been frequently updated. The "Jiutian" drone successfully completed its first flight, the Tianwen-2 (天问二号) began its "star chasing" journey, domestic artificial intelligence large models led the global open source innovation ecosystem, and the number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people at the end of the year increased to 16.

The accumulation of industrial innovation is gaining momentum. The integration and development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation have achieved remarkable results, and high-end equipment, information technology, and other fields have developed rapidly. In 2025, the added value of high-tech manufacturing industries above designated size increased by 9.4% compared to the previous year, accounting for 17.1% of the added value of industries above designated size; among some service industries above designated size, the operating income of strategic emerging service industries and high-tech service industries increased by 9.3% and 7.9% respectively. The supply of high-tech products has expanded, and competitiveness has increased. The output of service robots, memory chips, and 3D printing equipment increased by 16.1%, 22.8%, and 52.5% respectively, and the export value of high-tech products increased by 13.2%.

Digital empowerment of thousands of industries. Digital technology is accelerating its penetration into production and life, driving the vigorous development of digital industries, digital consumption, and other fields. In 2025, the added value of the digital product manufacturing industry above designated size increased by 9.3% compared to the previous year, and the added value of information transmission, software, and information technology service industries increased by 11.1%; the output of intelligent products such as industrial control computers and systems, CNC metal cutting machine tools, and 5G smart phones increased by 86.5%, 13.7%, and 12.5% respectively. New consumption models such as live streaming e-commerce and instant retail are developing rapidly, and massive orders are flowing in the cloud, injecting more digital momentum into the economy. The annual online retail sales reached nearly 16 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.6%.

The modern infrastructure system is accelerating its improvement. From the construction of computing power networks to build digital high-speed flows, to the activation of green energy arteries by charging piles, and then to the installation of intelligent brains for the three-dimensional transportation network by smart transportation, new infrastructure is accelerating its construction. In 2025, the output of mobile communication base station equipment increased by 13.5% compared to the previous year, the number of 5G base stations reached 4.84 million at the end of the year, and the Internet penetration rate increased to 80.1%. The completion rate of the main framework of the national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network exceeded 90%, and the world's largest and most modern high-speed railway network continues to extend.

III. Unblocking Circulation to Respond to Changes, and Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern

Building a new development pattern is a major strategic task related to China's overall development, and it is also an inevitable choice to respond to global economic and trade development changes. In the past year, China has actively promoted the construction of a unified national market, focused on strengthening the domestic cycle, unswervingly promoted high-level opening-up, promoted the mutual promotion of domestic and international dual circulation, and firmly grasped the strategic initiative of development in its own hands.

The dominant position of the domestic cycle has been consolidated. Adhering to expanding domestic demand as a strategic focus, implementing special actions to boost consumption, actively expanding effective investment, and the driving force of domestic demand continues to be released. In 2025, the total retail sales of consumer goods exceeded 50 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.7% compared to the previous year, and the scale of the consumer market remained the second largest in the world; the contribution rate of domestic demand to economic growth reached 67.3%, of which the contribution rate of final consumption expenditure was 52.0%, an increase of 5.0 percentage points compared to the previous year. The construction of a unified national market has been steadily promoted, the logistics system has been upgraded iteratively, and the flow of various commodities and factors has become smoother and the allocation more efficient. In 2025, the volume and turnover of freight transportation increased by 3.2% and 4.6% respectively compared to the previous year; the ratio of total social logistics costs to GDP decreased to 13.9%. With the rapid development of network communication and the accelerated replacement of electronic mail, the volume of postal mail business has declined, but the industry structure has accelerated its upgrading. The volume of express delivery business exceeded 190 billion pieces, driving the total volume of postal industry delivery business to increase by 11.8%. Increased capital investment and a relatively active capital market. At the end of the year, the balance of broad money (M₂) increased by 8.5% compared to the end of the previous year, and the total financing of A-shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges increased by 833.2 billion yuan throughout the year.

The domestic and international dual circulation promote each other. In the stormy international environment, China has deeply integrated into the international division of labor and cooperation, steadily expanded institutional opening-up, and promoted the mutual promotion and quality improvement of domestic and international dual circulation. In 2025, the total value of imports and exports of goods exceeded 45 trillion yuan for the first time, an increase of 3.8% compared to the previous year, and is expected to rank first in the world for 9 consecutive years, becoming a "key link" in stabilizing the global industrial chain and supply chain. The service trade has steadily expanded and the structure has been optimized. The total value of service imports and exports increased by 7.4%, of which the exports of knowledge-intensive services and travel services increased by 10.5% and 49.5% respectively. The diversification of foreign trade has continued to expand, and the proportion of imports and exports to countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" has increased to 51.9% of the total imports and exports, and 24 free trade agreements have been signed with 31 countries and regions. The scope of visa-free transit policies has been expanded, and the policy of tax refunds for departures has been optimized. The number of foreigners entering the country through visa-free entry throughout the year increased by nearly 50% compared to the previous year, and the sales of tax-refunded goods for departures increased by nearly 100%. The Hainan Free Trade Port has launched full island customs closure operations, and the driving role of high-level opening-up platforms has continued to strengthen.

IV. Consolidating the Foundation and Strengthening Support, and Effectively Consolidating the Foundation for High-Quality Development

High-quality development is the primary task of building a socialist modern country in all respects. In the past year, although external uncertainties and unpredictable factors have increased and domestic economic growth has been under pressure, all aspects have fully, accurately, and comprehensively implemented the new development concept, unswervingly followed the path of high-quality development, sought impetus from reform, and aggregated efforts to promote economic quality and efficiency to be better, structure to be better, ecology to be greener, and security barriers to be stronger.

Comprehensively deepening reform has been steadily advancing. The construction of a unified national market has been advancing in depth, the guidelines for the construction of a unified national market have been organized and implemented, and the negative list for market access (2025 edition) has been issued, reducing the number of list items to 106. The Law on Promoting the Development of the Private Economy has been promulgated and implemented, the business environment has been continuously optimized, and the average number of newly established enterprises per day throughout the year has increased to 26,000. The added value of specialized, refined, and new "little giant" industrial enterprises above designated size has increased by 9%. A series of policies and measures have been introduced to resolve structural contradictions in key industries and promote quality improvement and upgrading, and the comprehensive rectification of "involutionary" competition has achieved remarkable results. Reforms in key areas such as finance and taxation have been coordinated and strengthened. Throughout the year, the current main policies supporting technological innovation and manufacturing development have reduced taxes and fees and refunded taxes by 2.9 trillion yuan, and the weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans has decreased by 41 basis points compared to the previous year.

Coordinated and linked progress between urban and rural areas and regions. The construction of new urbanization has continued to advance, and the urbanization rate of permanent residents at the end of the year reached 67.89%, an increase of 0.89 percentage points compared to the end of the previous year. The achievements in poverty alleviation have been continuously consolidated and expanded, effectively connecting with the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, and a new picture of livable, workable, and beautiful villages is slowly unfolding. In 2025, the actual per capita disposable income of rural residents in poverty-stricken counties increased by 6.5%, the ratio of per capita disposable income between urban and rural residents narrowed to 2.31, and the Internet penetration rate in rural areas at the end of the year increased to 69.5%. Regional coordinated development has been deepened and solidified, the regional economic layout has been further optimized, the economic growth rates of the central and western regions are 0.2 and 0.1 percentage points higher than that of the eastern region respectively, and the leading and driving roles of the three major power source regions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (京津冀), the Yangtze River Delta (长三角), and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (粤港澳大湾区) have been consolidated and enhanced.

Green and low-carbon transformation has improved quality and efficiency. The new energy system has been accelerated, and the proportion of clean energy consumption in total energy consumption has increased to 30.4%. Energy conservation and carbon reduction have achieved remarkable results. The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP, excluding raw material energy consumption and non-fossil energy consumption, decreased by 5.1% compared to the previous year, and the carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP decreased by 5.0%. Green productivity has been accelerated. The annual production and sales of new energy vehicles have exceeded 16 million units, ranking first in the world for 11 consecutive years, and the output of green products such as charging piles and solar cells has increased rapidly. Ecological protection has been continuously strengthened, and clear waters and blue skies reflect each other. Among the 3,641 national surface water assessment sections, the proportion of sections with excellent water quality has remained above 90% for two consecutive years; among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities, more than 70% of the cities have met air quality standards.

The foundation for safe development has been consolidated and strengthened. The red line of 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land has been strictly adhered to, the construction of high-standard farmland has been continuously promoted, and the total grain output has remained stable at more than 1.4 trillion jin for two consecutive years. The new strategy for energy security has been practiced to a high standard, energy supply has been more effective, the output of raw coal in 2025 has increased to 4.85 billion tons, the output of crude oil has remained stable at more than 200 million tons for 4 consecutive years, and the output of natural gas has increased by more than 10 billion cubic meters for 9 consecutive years. Key areas have accelerated the efforts to make up for shortcomings and forge strengths. The added value of the manufacturing industry has ranked first in the world for 16 consecutive years, and the proportion of the added value of the equipment manufacturing industry above designated size in the added value of the industry above designated size has increased to 36.8%. The safety production and disaster prevention and mitigation defense line has been strengthened, effectively guaranteeing the safety of people's lives and property and the overall social stability. The number of deaths from various production safety accidents throughout the year decreased by 7% compared to the previous year.

V. Putting People First to Increase Well-being, and Making Development Achievements Benefit All People More and More Fairly

Of all things, people's livelihood is the most important. In the past year, China has always placed ensuring and improving people's livelihood in a prominent position, launched a package of people-benefiting policies around key areas such as employment, education, medical care, elderly care, and childcare, promoted the prosperity and development of social undertakings, made people's livelihood construction more fair, balanced, inclusive, and accessible, and continuously enhanced the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security.

People's living standards continue to improve. The employment-first strategy has been implemented in depth, support for stabilizing employment has been increased, and the overall employment situation has been stable, providing a basic support for improving people's livelihood. In 2025, the average surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas nationwide was 5.2%, lower than the expected control target of around 5.5%, and 12.67 million new jobs were created in urban areas. Stable economic growth and a stable employment situation have driven the per capita disposable income of residents to actually increase by 5.0% compared to the previous year, in sync with economic growth. The quality of life of residents has continued to improve, and the proportion of service consumption expenditure in per capita consumption expenditure of residents has reached 46.1%. Policies to promote consumption such as trade-ins have been implemented and have taken effect, promoting more high-quality consumer goods to enter thousands of households. The retail sales of cultural and office supplies, furniture, household appliances, and audio-visual equipment of units above the quota throughout the year have achieved double-digit growth, and quality consumption highlights such as smart home appliances and green home furnishings have emerged.

Social undertakings are thriving. Social undertakings such as education, health, culture, and sports have made comprehensive progress, better meeting the people's new expectations for a better life. Education has steadily developed, and the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education and the gross enrollment rate of senior high schools have reached 96.1% and 92.0% respectively. The medical and health service system has been continuously improved. At the end of the year, the number of beds and health technicians in medical and health institutions nationwide reached 10.09 million and 13.4 million respectively. Cultural undertakings and cultural industries have flourished, public cultural services have been closer to the people, and the number of public libraries and cultural centers nationwide at the end of the year reached 3,253 and 3,517 respectively. Competitive sports have reported frequent successes, mass sports have been widely carried out, and the per capita sports venue area at the end of the year increased to 3.1 square meters.
Social undertakings are thriving. Social undertakings such as education, health, culture, and sports have made comprehensive progress, better meeting the people's new expectations for a better life. Education has developed steadily, with the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education and the gross enrollment rate of senior secondary education reaching 96.1% and 92.0% respectively. The medical and health service system has been continuously improved. At the end of the year, the number of beds in national medical and health institutions and the number of health technicians reached 10.09 million and 13.4 million respectively. Cultural undertakings and cultural industries are booming, and public cultural services are closer to the masses. At the end of the year, there were 3,253 public libraries and 3,517 cultural centers nationwide. Competitive sports have reported frequent victories, and mass sports have been widely carried out. At the end of the year, the per capita sports venue area increased to 3.1 square meters.

Social security and social services have expanded in coverage and improved in quality. Inclusive, basic, and bottom-line livelihood construction has been continuously promoted, ensuring that people in need have a guaranteed basic life and can rely on assistance in times of emergency. The coverage of social insurance has expanded. At the end of the year, the number of people participating in basic pension insurance and medical insurance reached 1.08 billion and 1.33 billion respectively. The minimum standard for basic pension for urban and rural residents and the per capita financial subsidy standard for medical insurance for urban and rural residents have been increased. We have strengthened the identification and dynamic monitoring of social assistance recipients. At the end of the year, 5.95 million and 33.4 million people enjoyed the urban minimum living allowance and the rural minimum living allowance, respectively. Social services have been continuously improved. At the end of the year, there were 42,000 civil affairs service institutions of various types providing accommodation. Throughout the year, 1.21 million sets (rooms) of allocation-based affordable housing, guaranteed rental housing, and public rental housing were started and raised.

Looking back at 2025, the giant ship of the Chinese economy has been forging ahead, bravely advancing amidst the changing international environment, striving to be the first in the new era of development, and creating new horizons and new achievements on the broad channel of high-quality development. The achievement of these results stems from the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee, the full demonstration of institutional advantages, and the concerted efforts of the people across the country. Looking forward to the new journey, the "15th Five-Year Plan" has begun, and Chinese-style modernization will show a brighter prospect. Let us unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, anchor the primary task of high-quality development, strengthen our confidence, make good use of our advantages, meet challenges, and forge ahead with a sense of urgency and a spirit of striving for the first, continuously consolidate the foundation for high-quality development, and ensure a good start and a good step for the "15th Five-Year Plan."

(The author is the Deputy Director of the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局))

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The villagers' lives are getting better and better (New Year grassroots visits)

By: 本报记者 杨 义 周 欢

"Winter bamboo shoots stir-fried with cured pork, ready to serve!" Carrying the plate, Peng Xiaying (彭夏英), a villager from Shenshan Village (神山村), Maoping Town (茅坪镇), Jinggangshan City (井冈山市), Jiangxi Province (江西省), quickly walked towards the guests' table. The cured pork was savory and fragrant, and the winter bamboo shoots were fresh, filling the air with aroma. "This is the third table today!" Peng Xiaying's eyes narrowed with a smile.

During the Spring Festival holiday, Shenshan Village (神山村), at the foot of Huangyang界 (黄洋界), was filled with swaying green bamboo and decorated with lanterns and colorful decorations everywhere, with the number of tourists remaining as high as usual.

"In February 2016, General Secretary Xi Jinping (习近平) came to my home and asked what we grew and raised, and what difficulties and needs we had in terms of food, clothing, housing, and transportation. Ten years have passed, and the villagers' lives are getting better and better!" Peng Xiaying (彭夏英) said that her family was once a registered impoverished household, but in recent years, they have opened a farmhouse and grown yellow peaches, and their lives are thriving.

During the transition period of consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and effectively connecting with rural revitalization, how did Shenshan Village (神山村) do it? The village committee had a clear idea: "In the past, poverty alleviation was based on precise policies; now, rural revitalization is based on adapting to local conditions."

Jinggangshan (井冈山) has two treasures: a red history and good mountains and forests.

Renovating the ancient Huangyang界 (黄洋界) road, the Red Army Pharmacy (红军药库), and the clothing factory, and developing red courses such as "Retracing the Red Army Road" and "Looking at Shenshan (神山) for Poverty Alleviation"... The red classroom is opened in the fields, and the village receives up to 300,000 tourists a year. The village has an average of 80 mu of mao bamboo forest per household. In addition to digging bamboo shoots and selling bamboo, the village also encourages villagers to brew bamboo wine and make bamboo handicrafts. The bamboo industry brings an annual income of about 3 million yuan to the village.

Relying on red training and rural tourism, the village has opened 12 homestays and 17 farmhouses, with an average annual income increase of more than 20,000 yuan per household.

The village committee also set its sights on the opportunity for Maoping Town (茅坪镇) to vigorously develop yellow peach planting and processing industries, integrated idle land, and increased the planting of alpine yellow peaches from more than ten mu to 460 mu, and promoted green and ecological planting, with a total annual output value of 5 million yuan.

"The village has become richer and better, more young people have returned, and the momentum for development is stronger!" Peng Zhanyang (彭展阳), Deputy Mayor of Maoping Town (茅坪镇) and Secretary of the Party Branch of Shenshan Village (神山村), is full of hope for the future.

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Only to Connect the Tianshan Mountains Again (Spring Festival Grassroots Visit)

By: 本报记者 贺 勇 阿尔达克

During the Spring Festival holiday, in the hinterland of the Western Tianshan Mountains, the north wind was biting, and the weather was freezing.

Departing from Aksu City (阿克苏市), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔自治区), after a bumpy drive of more than 3 hours on the winding mountain road, we finally arrived at the construction site of the Western Tianshan Extra-long Tunnel on the Zhaosu to Wensu Highway (昭苏至温宿公路) of the G219 line. The mountains were vast, the snow peaks were continuous, and more than a hundred builders gave up family reunions during the Spring Festival and stuck to their posts in the severe cold and snow.

The Western Tianshan Extra-long Tunnel is 15.7 kilometers long, with a maximum buried depth of 2365 meters. It is a key control project of the entire Zhaosu to Wensu Highway (昭苏至温宿公路) of the G219 line. The tunnel builders started from a "five-none" (无水、无电、无路、无通信、无人烟) desolate situation with no water, no electricity, no roads, no communication, and no inhabitants, facing geological challenges such as rock bursts and water inrush, and striving to open up the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains while protecting the glacier's ecological purity.

At the project site, the hot air exhaled by the safety director, Jie Jianxi (颉建喜), condensed into frost between his eyebrows and beard. After decades in the industry, although he has participated in many major projects, the construction difficulty of the Western Tianshan Extra-long Tunnel is still a huge challenge in his career.

At the construction site, new energy engineering vehicles shuttled back and forth, and no black smoke filled the air; the newly built sewage treatment plant was located at the entrance of the tunnel, and the gushing water and wastewater generated during construction directly entered the closed-loop management system of "collection-treatment-reuse"... "We must not only open up the Tianshan Mountains, but also protect the pure land." Jie Jianxi (颉建喜) said firmly.

Inside the tunnel, the humid air was mixed with fine rock debris, and the roar of machines was endless. He Xueping (何学平), the leader of the TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) construction team, squatted at the cutter head inspection port, his work clothes stained with oil, and the beam of his flashlight accurately scanned the worn-out rolling cutter. This Spring Festival, he led all 78 team members to stay on duty. "My child is 8 years old and only knows that his father is building a tunnel. He doesn't understand what it means to open up the Tianshan Mountains." He said with a smile, "When the road is open, I will definitely take him for a walk and tell him that this is the road his father helped build."

Looking at the towering mountain shadows, the builders' eyes were full of anticipation. "When the Zhaosu-Wensu Highway (昭温公路) is fully opened to traffic in 2027, the journey from Wensu (温宿) to Zhaosu (昭苏) will be shortened from 1,700 kilometers to 445 kilometers, and Xinjiang (新疆) will have another highway channel connecting the Tianshan Mountains." Jie Jianxi (颉建喜) said.

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Old neighbors move into new homes (New Year grassroots visits)

By: 本报记者 姚雪青

One day during the Spring Festival holiday, Tang Yulian (唐玉莲), a resident of Shiliu New Village (石榴新村) in Chaotiangong Subdistrict (朝天宫街道), Qinhuai District (秦淮区), Nanjing (南京), Jiangsu (江苏), went downstairs early in the morning, full of joy, and visited several shops in the nearby market to buy dried meat, melon seeds, and candies. This was her first Spring Festival in her new home, and relatives and friends were coming to offer New Year's greetings and warm the house in the morning.

Taking the elevator directly to the 6th floor, Tang Yulian (唐玉莲) entered her new home. The north-south transparent layout was spacious and bright, and the sunlight poured into the room through the floor-to-ceiling windows, making every corner clean and tidy. Standing on the balcony, Tang Yulian (唐玉莲) pointed out the window and said, looking north, in the distance are the high-rise buildings of the Xinjiekou (新街口) business district, and across the road is the community health service center under construction; looking south, there is a newly built small square where many old neighbors go to dance; looking downstairs, the community is lush with greenery, and the red lanterns on the lampposts are filled with a festive atmosphere.

Shiliu New Village (石榴新村) used to be an urban village in the center of Nanjing (南京). In 2021, Shiliu New Village (石榴新村) became the first batch of urban renewal pilot projects of residential type in Jiangsu Province (江苏省) and the first in Nanjing (南京), replacing demolition and requisition with urban renewal, focusing on reconstruction in the original location and resettlement. With the participation of resident representatives, the design plan underwent several rounds of revisions, and finally 36 types of units were designed to meet the actual needs of residents as much as possible.

Tang Yulian's (唐玉莲) family of five generations has lived in this area, which carries her memories and concerns. During the years of transition outside, she often ran back to see the progress of the construction. In May last year, the first batch of 200 households took their keys, and Tang Yulian (唐玉莲) and her old neighbors lived not far from each other. After several months of renovation, the family finally moved into their new home at the beginning of this year.

As she spoke, relatives and friends knocked on the door. "In the past, the whole family could only squeeze into a small old house for the New Year, but this year is different!" Tang Yulian (唐玉莲) said with a smile, "My heart is as bright as this new home."

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High-speed rail travel made more convenient (New Year grassroots visits)

By: 本报记者 徐 靖

"Attention passengers, train G9495 is now boarding..."

As night deepens, the waiting hall of Fuyang West Station (阜阳西站) in Anhui (安徽) is bustling with people. Mu Shuting (穆书婷), the station master on duty, walks through the crowd with a loudspeaker, her voice steady and strong as she reminds passengers of important boarding information.

"Miss, this is my first time taking a train from Fuyang West (阜阳西). Can you check if this is correct?" Yu Chengsheng (俞成胜), 40 years old, shows his mobile phone to Mu Shuting (穆书婷). The screen displays an electronic ticket from 12306. He and his wife work in Wuhu (芜湖), Anhui (安徽). After spending the Chinese New Year in their hometown in Henan (河南), they plan to transfer at Fuyang West Station (阜阳西站) for their return trip, which will only take a little over 5 hours.

"Before, going from Zhengzhou (郑州) to Wuhu (芜湖) required going to Xinyang (信阳) first, then transferring to Hefei (合肥) and then to Wuhu (芜湖). The whole day was spent on the road, and tickets were hard to buy," Yu Chengsheng (俞成胜) said. In earlier years, they had to queue up early on-site for two tickets. "Now we buy tickets in advance using our mobile phones and can board the train by scanning our ID cards," Yu Chengsheng's (俞成胜) wife said.

At the end of 2019, with the opening of the Shanghe section of the Beijing-Hong Kong High-Speed Railway and the Zhengfu High-Speed Railway, Fuyang City (阜阳市) entered the high-speed rail era. Spring Festival travel passenger flow has shifted from being concentrated at Fuyang Station (阜阳站) in the past to being distributed among several surrounding high-speed rail stations. In 2025, the "one-step verification and ticket check" model, which combines entry real-name verification and ticket checking into one process, was officially launched at Fuyang Station (阜阳站), making travel more convenient for passengers.

Inside the waiting hall, announcements play on a loop. The gates emit a light "beep" when ID card verification is successful, allowing thousands of people to pass through within 13 minutes before the high-speed train departs. On February 24, Fuyang West Station (阜阳西站) sent 57,500 passengers, setting a new single-day passenger volume record since the station opened. It is estimated that 870,000 passengers will be sent during the 40-day Spring Festival travel period, an increase of 7.4% compared to the same period last year.

In recent days, Fuyang West Station (阜阳西站) has been experiencing peak passenger traffic, staying open all night and adding 137 night-time high-speed train services to destinations such as Shanghai (上海), Hangzhou (杭州), and Wenzhou (温州). The wheels are rolling. Some are about to return home, while others are looking forward to setting off. The pace of striving for a better life moves forward along the tracks.

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Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2025[1]

By: 国家统计局2026年2月28日

The year 2025 is the final year of the "14th Five-Year Plan" and a year of great significance in the process of Chinese-style modernization. Faced with profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping (习近平) at its core, all regions and departments have adhered to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implemented the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Plenary Sessions of the 20th Central Committee, followed the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, fully and accurately implemented the new development concept, accelerated the construction of a new development pattern, focused on promoting high-quality development, adhered to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, coordinated the domestic and international situations, coordinated development and security, and implemented more proactive and effective macro policies. China's economy has moved forward against pressure and developed towards new and better directions, the construction of a modern industrial system has been continuously promoted, new steps have been taken in reform and opening up, positive progress has been made in resolving risks in key areas, people's livelihoods have been more effectively guaranteed, the overall social situation has remained stable, and a good start has been made in the new journey towards the second centenary goal.

I. General Overview

Preliminary accounting shows that the gross domestic product (GDP) for the year was 140,187.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year. Of this total, the added value of the primary industry was 9,334.7 billion yuan, an increase of 3.9% over the previous year; the added value of the secondary industry was 49,965.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; and the added value of the tertiary industry was 80,887.9 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry accounted for 6.7% of the GDP, the added value of the secondary industry accounted for 35.6%, and the added value of the tertiary industry accounted for 57.7%. Final consumption expenditure contributed 2.6 percentage points to GDP growth, gross capital formation contributed 0.8 percentage points to GDP growth, and net exports of goods and services contributed 1.6 percentage points to GDP growth. By quarter, GDP increased by 5.4% year-on-year in the first quarter, 5.2% in the second quarter, 4.8% in the third quarter, and 4.5% in the fourth quarter. The annual per capita GDP was 99,665 yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Gross national income was 139,370 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Overall labor productivity was 184,413 yuan/person, an increase of 6.1% over the previous year. (See Figure 1) (See Figure 2) (See Figure 3)

At the end of the year, the national population was 1,404.89 million, a decrease of 3.39 million from the end of the previous year, of which the urban permanent resident population was 953.80 million. The number of births for the year was 7.92 million, with a birth rate of 5.63‰; the number of deaths was 11.31 million, with a death rate of 8.04‰; and the natural growth rate was -2.41‰. (See Table 1)

At the end of the year, the number of employed persons nationwide was 725.04 million, of which 475.35 million were employed in urban areas, accounting for 65.6% of the total number of employed persons nationwide. The number of new urban jobs created nationwide during the year was 12.67 million, an increase of 110,000 over the previous year. The average surveyed urban unemployment rate for the year was 5.2%. The surveyed urban unemployment rate at the end of the year was 5.1%. The total number of migrant workers nationwide was 301.15 million, an increase of 0.5% over the previous year. Of these, 180.06 million were migrant workers working outside their hometowns, an increase of 0.8%; and 121.09 million were migrant workers working locally, an increase of 0.1%. (See Figure 4) (See Figure 5)

The annual consumer price index was the same as the previous year. The producer price index for industrial products decreased by 2.6%. The purchasing price index for industrial producers decreased by 3.0%. The producer price index for agricultural products decreased by 3.7%. In December, among the 70 large and medium-sized cities, the number of cities with month-on-month increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 6, the number of cities with unchanged prices was 6, and the number of cities with decreases was 58; the number of cities with month-on-month decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70; the number of cities with year-on-year increases in the sales prices of newly built commercial residential buildings was 5, and the number of cities with decreases was 65; the number of cities with year-on-year decreases in the sales prices of second-hand residential buildings was 70. (See Figure 6) (See Table 2)

At the end of the year, the national foreign exchange reserves were US$3,357.9 billion, an increase of US$155.5 billion from the end of the previous year. The average exchange rate of the RMB for the year was 7.1429 yuan per US dollar, a depreciation of 0.3% compared with the previous year. (See Figure 7)

New quality productive forces are steadily growing. Among industrial enterprises above designated size for the year, the added value of the equipment manufacturing industry increased by 9.2% over the previous year, accounting for 36.8% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size; the profits of equipment manufacturing enterprises increased by 7.7%. The added value of the high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 9.4%, accounting for 17.1% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size; the profits of high-tech manufacturing enterprises increased by 13.3%. The added value of the digital product manufacturing industry increased by 9.3%, accounting for 12.5% of the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size. The output of service robots was 18.581 million units, an increase of 16.1% over the previous year; the output of mobile communication base station equipment was 5.364 million radio frequency modules, an increase of 13.5%; and the output of servers was 5.97 million units, an increase of 12.6%. Among some service industries above designated size, the operating income of strategic emerging service industries increased by 9.3% over the previous year, and the operating income of high-tech service industries increased by 7.9%. E-commerce transaction volume was 467,339 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5% over the previous year. Online retail sales were 159,722 billion yuan, an increase of 8.6% over the previous year. Among fixed asset investments (excluding rural households), investment in the purchase of equipment and appliances increased by 11.8% over the previous year. A total of 25.74 million new business entities were established during the year, with an average of 26,000 new enterprises established per day.

Integrated urban-rural development and coordinated regional development were steadily promoted. At the end of the year, the national urbanization rate of permanent residents was 67.89%, an increase of 0.89 percentage points from the end of the previous year. By region, the GDP of the eastern region for the year was 730,876 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the GDP of the central region was 299,108 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the GDP of the western region was 298,750 billion yuan, an increase of 5.1%; and the GDP of the northeastern region was 65,035 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. The GDP of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region for the year was 119,918 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4% over the previous year; the GDP of the Yangtze River Economic Belt region was 658,336 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; and the GDP of the Yangtze River Delta region was 346,595 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. New progress has been made in the implementation of major regional strategies such as the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. The Hainan Free Trade Port has launched full island customs clearance operations. (See Figure 8)

Remarkable achievements have been made in green and low-carbon transformation. Preliminary estimates show that the carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP nationwide decreased by 5.0% compared with the previous year. The power generation of clean energy sources such as hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power was 4,248.1 billion kWh, an increase of 14.4% over the previous year. The output of new energy vehicles was 16.524 million units, an increase of 25.1% over the previous year; and the number of new energy vehicles owned at the end of the year was 43.97 million units, an increase of 12.57 million units from the end of the previous year. Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, 72.6% of the cities met air quality standards. Among the 3,641 national surface water assessment sections, the proportion of sections with excellent water quality (Class I-III) was 91.4%, the proportion of Class IV sections was 6.9%, the proportion of Class V sections was 1.1%, and the proportion of sections worse than Class V was 0.6%.

II. Agriculture

The total sown area of grain for the year was 119.41 million hectares, an increase of 90,000 hectares over the previous year. Of this total, the sown area of rice was 29.01 million hectares, an increase of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of wheat was 23.58 million hectares, a decrease of 10,000 hectares; the sown area of corn was 44.96 million hectares, an increase of 220,000 hectares; and the sown area of soybeans was 10.26 million hectares, a decrease of 70,000 hectares. The sown area of cotton was 2.98 million hectares, an increase of 140,000 hectares. The sown area of oil crops was 14.45 million hectares, an increase of 160,000 hectares. The sown area of sugar crops was 1.49 million hectares, an increase of 30,000 hectares.

The total grain output for the year was 714.88 million tons, an increase of 8.38 million tons over the previous year, an increase of 1.2%. Of this total, the summer grain output was 149.75 million tons, a decrease of 0.1%; the early rice output was 28.51 million tons, an increase of 1.2%; and the autumn grain output was 536.62 million tons, an increase of 1.5%. The output of cereals was 660.21 million tons, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the rice output was 209.04 million tons, an increase of 0.7%; the wheat output was 140.07 million tons, basically the same as the previous year; and the corn output was 301.24 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The soybean output was 20.91 million tons, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year. (See Figure 9)

The total cotton output for the year was 6.64 million tons, an increase of 7.7% over the previous year. The oil crop output was 40.96 million tons, an increase of 2.9%. The sugar crop output was 117.01 million tons, an increase of 2.1%. The tea output was 3.92 million tons, an increase of 4.8%.

The total output of pork, beef, mutton, and poultry meat for the year was 100.72 million tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year. Of this total, the pork output was 59.38 million tons, an increase of 4.1%; the beef output was 8.01 million tons, an increase of 2.8%; the mutton output was 4.96 million tons, a decrease of 4.2%; and the poultry meat output was 28.37 million tons, an increase of 6.7%. The poultry egg output was 34.98 million tons, a decrease of 2.5%. The milk output was 40.91 million tons, an increase of 0.3%. At the end of the year, the number of live pigs in stock was 429.67 million, an increase of 0.5% over the end of the previous year; and the number of live pigs slaughtered during the year was 719.73 million, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year.

The total output of aquatic products for the year was 76.57 million tons, an increase of 4.1% over the previous year. Of this total, the aquaculture output was 63.24 million tons, an increase of 4.4%; and the catch output was 13.33 million tons, an increase of 2.7%.

The total timber output for the year was 139.37 million cubic meters, a decrease of 1.1% over the previous year.

III. Industry and Construction

The total added value of all industries for the year was 41,682.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year. The added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 5.9%. Among industrial enterprises above designated size, by economic type, the added value of state-owned and state-holding enterprises increased by 4.6%; the added value of joint-stock enterprises increased by 6.3%, the added value of foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan increased by 3.9%; and the added value of private enterprises increased by 5.3%. By sector, the mining industry increased by 5.6%, the manufacturing industry increased by 6.4%, and the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water increased by 2.3%. (See Figure 10)

Among industrial enterprises above designated size for the year, the added value of the processing of food from agricultural and sideline products increased by 5.6% over the previous year, the textile industry increased by 3.0%, the manufacture of chemical raw materials and chemical products increased by 7.8%, the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products decreased by 0.6%, the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals increased by 4.5%, the manufacture of general-purpose equipment increased by 8.0%, the manufacture of special-purpose equipment increased by 4.3%, the automobile manufacturing industry increased by 11.5%, the manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment increased by 9.2%, the manufacture of computers, communications, and other electronic equipment increased by 10.6%, and the production and supply of electricity and heat increased by 2.2%. (See Table 3)

The total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size for the year were 7,398.2 billion yuan, an increase of 0.6% over the previous year. By economic type, the profits of state-owned and state-holding enterprises were 2,056.1 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.9% over the previous year; the profits of joint-stock enterprises were 5,540.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 0.1%; the profits of foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan were 1,744.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; and the profits of private enterprises were 2,281.1 billion yuan, the same as the previous year. By sector, the profits of the mining industry were 834.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 26.2% over the previous year; the profits of the manufacturing industry were 5,691.6 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0%; and the profits of the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas, and water were 872.1 billion yuan, an increase of 9.4%. The cost per 100 yuan of operating income for industrial enterprises above designated size was 85.31 yuan, an increase of 0.16 yuan over the previous year; and the profit margin of operating income was 5.31%, a decrease of 0.03 percentage points. At the end of the year, the asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 57.6%, a decrease of 0.1 percentage points from the end of the previous year. The capacity utilization rate of industrial enterprises above designated size for the year was 74.4%.

Preliminary accounting shows that the total primary energy production for the year was 5.13 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.6% over the previous year. (See Table 4)

At the end of the year, the national power generation installed capacity was 3,891.34 million kilowatts, an increase of 16.1% over the end of the previous year. Of this total, the thermal power installed capacity was 1,539.04 million kilowatts, an increase of 6.3%; the hydropower installed capacity was 448.02 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.9%; the nuclear power installed capacity was 62.48 million kilowatts, an increase of 2.7%; the wind power installed capacity was 640.01 million kilowatts, an increase of 22.9%; and the solar power installed capacity was 1,201.73 million kilowatts, an increase of 35.4%.

The added value of the construction industry for the year was 8,642.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.1% over the previous year. The profits of general contracting and specialized contracting construction enterprises with qualification grades nationwide were 635.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 14.1% over the previous year, of which the profits of state-owned and state-holding enterprises were 347.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 8.2%. (See Figure 11)

IV. Services

The added value of the wholesale and retail trade for the year was 14,580.8 billion yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year; the added value of transportation, storage, and postal services was 6,209.2 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the added value of accommodation and catering services was 2,640.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.9%; the added value of the financial industry was 10,133.7 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the added value of the real estate industry was 8,302.4 billion yuan, an increase of 0.2%; the added value of information transmission, software, and information technology services was 7,059.9 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1%; and the added value of leasing and business services was 6,366.6 billion yuan, an increase of 10.3%. The operating income of some service industries above designated size increased by 6.8% over the previous year, and the total profits increased by 1.9%. (See Figure 12)

The total freight volume for the year was 59.7 billion tons, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year. The freight turnover volume was 27,411.6 billion ton-kilometers, an increase of 4.6%. Ports completed a cargo throughput of 18.3 billion tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year, of which the foreign trade cargo throughput was 5.7 billion tons, an increase of 4.7%. The container throughput of ports was 354.47 million TEUs, an increase of 6.8%. (See Table 5)

The total passenger volume for the year was 17.1 billion passenger trips, an increase of 0.3% over the previous year. The passenger turnover volume was 3,554.6 billion passenger-kilometers, an increase of 5.0%. (See Table 6)

At the end of the year, the number of civilian vehicles owned nationwide was 366.11 million (including 6.81 million three-wheeled vehicles and low-speed trucks), an increase of 13.43 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of privately owned vehicles was 323.36 million, an increase of 13.48 million. The number of civilian cars owned was 197.73 million, an increase of 4.29 million, of which the number of privately owned cars was 186.91 million, an increase of 4.87 million.

The total postal service delivery volume for the year was 216.5 billion pieces, an increase of 11.8% over the previous year. The postal industry completed 680 million postal letter services, 30 million parcel services, 199 billion express delivery services, and 1,493.9 billion yuan in express delivery revenue. The total telecommunications business volume for the year was 1,862.7 billion yuan, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year. At the end of the year, the number of mobile phone base stations nationwide was 12.87 million, of which 7.19 million were 4G base stations and 4.84 million were 5G base stations. The number of mobile phone users nationwide was 1,826.84 million, of which 1,204.13 million were 5G mobile phone users. The mobile phone penetration rate was 130.0 per 100 people. The number of fixed internet broadband access users was 690.82 million, an increase of 20.99 million from the end of the previous year, of which the number of broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above
238.39 million households, an increase of 31.57 million households. Mobile IoT terminal users
2.888 billion, an increase of 232 million. The number of internet users was 1.125 billion, of which 1.121 billion used mobile phones to access the internet. The internet penetration rate was 80.1%, of which the internet penetration rate in rural areas was 69.5%. The total mobile internet user access traffic for the year was 395.8 billion GB, an increase of 17.3% over the previous year. Software and information technology services industry
completed software business revenue of 1548.31 billion yuan, an increase of 13.2% over the previous year. (See Figure 13) (See Figure 14)
5. Domestic Trade
The total retail sales of consumer goods for the year was 50,120.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.7% over the previous year. By place of business, retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas were 43,297.2 billion yuan, an increase of 3.6%; retail sales of consumer goods in rural areas were 682.3 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%. By consumption type, retail sales of goods were 44,322 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; catering revenue was 579.82 billion yuan, an increase of 3.2%. Service retail sales
increased by 5.5% over the previous year. (See Figure 15)
Among the retail sales of units above the designated size for the year, the retail sales of grain, oil, and food increased by 9.3% over the previous year, beverages increased by 1.0%, tobacco and alcohol increased by 2.7%, clothing, footwear, and knitwear increased by 3.2%, cosmetics increased by 5.1%, gold, silver, and jewelry increased by 12.8%, daily necessities increased by 6.3%, sports and entertainment products increased by 15.7%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment increased by 11.0%, traditional Chinese and Western medicines increased by 1.8%, cultural and office supplies increased by 17.3%, furniture increased by 14.6%, communication equipment increased by 20.9%, petroleum and related products decreased by 5.7%, automobiles decreased by 1.5%, and building and decoration materials decreased by 2.7%. By retail format, among retail units above the designated size, retail sales of convenience stores increased by 5.5% over the previous year, specialty stores increased by 2.6%, supermarkets increased by 4.3%, department stores increased by 0.1%, and brand franchise stores decreased by 0.6%.
The online retail sales of physical goods for the year
was 13,092.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year, accounting for 26.1% of the total retail sales of consumer goods.
6. Investment in Fixed Assets
The total investment in fixed assets for the year was 49,110.9 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.9% compared to the previous year. Investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households) was 48,518.6 billion yuan, a decrease of 3.8%. In terms of regions, investment in the eastern region decreased by 8.4%, investment in the central region decreased by 2.7%, investment in the western region decreased by 1.3%, and investment in the northeastern region decreased by 15.5%.
In terms of investment in fixed assets (excluding rural households), investment in the primary industry was 957 billion yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year; investment in the secondary industry was 17,736.8 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%; and investment in the tertiary industry was 29,824.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.4%. Infrastructure investment
decreased by 2.2%. Social sector investment
decreased by 8.5%. Private investment
decreased by 6.4%, and private project investment excluding private investment in real estate development decreased by 1.9%. By field, private investment in manufacturing decreased by 0.2%, and private investment in infrastructure increased by 1.7%. (See Figure 16) (See Table 7) (See Table 8)
The real estate development investment for the year was 8278.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 17.2% compared to the previous year. Among them, residential investment was 63,514 billion yuan, a decrease of 16.3%; office building investment was 320.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 22.8%; and commercial and business housing investment was 594.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 14.0%. The sales area of newly built commercial housing for the year
was 881.01 million square meters. The online signing area of second-hand housing transactions
was 736.85 million square meters. At the end of the year, the area of newly built commercial housing pending sale was 766.32 million square meters, of which the area of commercial housing pending sale was 402.36 million square meters. (See Table 9)
Throughout the year, 1.21 million sets (rooms) of national subsidized housing for sale, guaranteed rental housing, and public rental housing were started and raised; 170,000 sets of urban dilapidated housing were renovated; 27,000 old urban communities were newly renovated, benefiting 4.99 million households; and 219,000 households of rural dilapidated housing renovation and seismic renovation of rural houses for key groups such as low-income rural groups were started.
7. Foreign Trade
The total value of imports and exports of goods for the year was 45,468.5 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 26,989 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1%; imports were 18,479.5 billion yuan, an increase of 0.5%. The trade surplus in goods was 8509.4 billion yuan. The import and export volume to countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 23,601.8 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, accounting for 51.9% of the total import and export volume. Among them, exports were 13,685.1 billion yuan, an increase of 11.2%; imports were 9916.7 billion yuan, an increase of 0.1%. The import and export volume to other member countries of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
was 13,850.3 billion yuan, an increase of 5.3% over the previous year. The import and export volume of private enterprises was 26,040.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.1% over the previous year, accounting for 57.3% of the total import and export volume; of which exports were 17,659.2 billion yuan, an increase of 7.2%. (See Figure 17) (See Table 10) (See Table 11) (See Table 12) (See Table 13)
The total value of imports and exports of services for the year was 8082.3 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year. Among them, exports were 3626.8 billion yuan, an increase of 14.2%; imports were 4455.5 billion yuan, an increase of 2.5%. The trade deficit in services was 828.7 billion yuan.
The number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises for the year was 70,392, an increase of 19.1% over the previous year. The actual use of foreign capital was 747.7 billion yuan, a decrease of 9.5%. Among them, the number of newly established foreign-invested enterprises in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" (including investment in China through some free ports) was 19,756, an increase of 14.7%; direct investment in China was 116.8 billion yuan, an increase of 1.9%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries was 241.8 billion yuan, a decrease of 15.6%. (See Table 14)
The direct investment abroad in the non-financial sector for the year was 1040.4 billion yuan, an increase of 1.6% over the previous year. Among them, direct investment in the non-financial sector in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 283.4 billion yuan, an increase of 18.0%. (See Table 15)
The completed turnover of foreign contracted projects for the year was 1277.3 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year. Among them, the completed turnover in countries jointly building the "Belt and Road" was 1090.2 billion yuan, an increase of 9.6%, accounting for 85.4% of the completed turnover of foreign contracted projects. A total of 430,000 various types of workers were sent out for foreign labor cooperation.
8. Finance
The national general public budget revenue for the year was 21,604.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.7% over the previous year; of which tax revenue was 17,636.3 billion yuan, an increase of 0.8%. The national general public budget expenditure was 28,739.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1.0% over the previous year. The amount of tax and fee reductions and tax refunds for the main current policies supporting scientific and technological innovation and manufacturing development for the year was 2855.7 billion yuan. (See Figure 18)
At the end of the year, the balance of broad money supply (M2) was 340.3 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.5% over the end of the previous year; the balance of narrow money supply (M1)
was 115.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.8%; the balance of currency in circulation (M0) was 14.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.2%.
The increase in social financing scale for the year
was 35.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.3 trillion yuan compared to the previous year based on comparable standards. At the end of the year, the stock of social financing scale
was 442.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.3% over the end of the previous year based on comparable standards, of which the balance of RMB loans issued to the real economy was 268.4 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.3%. At the end of the year, the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits of all financial institutions was 336.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 27.8 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year, of which the balance of RMB deposits was 328.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 26.4 trillion yuan. The balance of domestic and foreign currency loans of all financial institutions was 275.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.2 trillion yuan, of which the balance of RMB loans was 271.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.3 trillion yuan. The balance of inclusive small and micro loans in RMB
was 36.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.6 trillion yuan. The balance of domestic and foreign currency agricultural loans was 53.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.4 trillion yuan; the balance of medium and long-term loans in the manufacturing industry was 14.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.0 trillion yuan; and the balance of green loans was 44.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.7 trillion yuan. The weighted average interest rate of newly issued corporate loans nationwide for the year
was 3.22%, a decrease of 41 basis points compared to the previous year. (See Table 16)
At the end of the year, the balance of RMB loans of major rural financial institutions (rural credit cooperatives, rural cooperative banks, and rural commercial banks) was 33.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.6 trillion yuan over the beginning of the year. The balance of RMB consumer loans of all financial institutions was 58.2 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.5 trillion yuan. Among them, the balance of short-term consumer loans to households was 9.5 trillion yuan, a decrease of 0.7 trillion yuan; and the balance of medium and long-term consumer loans to households was 48.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.2 trillion yuan.
The cumulative financing of A-shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges for the year
was 1258.3 billion yuan, an increase of 833.2 billion yuan over the previous year. 90 A-shares were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges for the first time, raising 124.2 billion yuan, an increase of 62 billion yuan over the previous year, of which 19 were listed on the Science and Technology Innovation Board (科创板), raising 38.1 billion yuan; A-share refinancing on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges (including public additional issuance, private placement, rights issue, preferred stock, and convertible bond conversion) was 1134.1 billion yuan, an increase of 771.2 billion yuan. 26 stocks were publicly issued on the Beijing Stock Exchange, raising
7.6 billion yuan, and refinancing was 400 million yuan. Throughout the year, various entities raised 16.3 trillion yuan by issuing bonds (including corporate bonds, enterprise bonds, asset-backed securities, treasury bonds, and local government bonds) through the Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Beijing stock exchanges. A total of 20 infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, raising 40.2 billion yuan. At the end of the year, there were 5,960 listed companies on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (全国中小企业股份转让系统). The cumulative stock financing of listed companies for the year
was 7.4 billion yuan.
The issuance of corporate credit bonds for the year
was 15.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 0.9 trillion yuan over the previous year.
The original insurance premium income of insurance companies for the year
was 6119.4 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year based on comparable standards. Among them, the original insurance premium income of life insurance business was 3555.7 billion yuan, the original insurance premium income of health insurance and accidental injury insurance business was 1093.5 billion yuan, and the original insurance premium income of property insurance business was 1470.3 billion yuan. A total of 2443.2 billion yuan was paid for various claims and payments. Among them, 1001.6 billion yuan was paid for life insurance business, 445.4 billion yuan was paid for health insurance and accidental injury insurance business, and 996.2 billion yuan was paid for property insurance business.
9. Residents' Income, Consumption, and Social Security
The national per capita disposable income of residents for the year was 43,377 yuan, an increase of 5.0% over the previous year, and a real increase of 5.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of national residents
was 36,231 yuan, an increase of 4.4%. By permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 56,502 yuan, an increase of 4.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.2% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of urban residents was 51,115 yuan, an increase of 3.7%. The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 24,456 yuan, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.0% after deducting price factors. The median per capita disposable income of rural residents was 20,711 yuan, an increase of 5.6%. The ratio of per capita disposable income between urban and rural residents was 2.31, a decrease of 0.03 compared to the previous year. According to the national residents' income quintiles
, the per capita disposable income of the low-income group was 10,150 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the lower-middle income group was 22,702 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the middle-income group was 35,536 yuan, the per capita disposable income of the upper-middle income group was 55,586 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of the high-income group was 103,778 yuan. The average monthly income of migrant workers nationwide was 5,075 yuan, an increase of 2.3% over the previous year. The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poverty-stricken counties (脱贫县)
was 18,627 yuan, an increase of 6.3% over the previous year, and a real increase of 6.5% after deducting price factors.
The national per capita consumption expenditure of residents for the year was 29,476 yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year, and a real increase of 4.4% after deducting price factors. Among them, the per capita service consumption expenditure
was 13,602 yuan, an increase of 4.5% over the previous year, accounting for 46.1% of the per capita consumption expenditure of residents. By permanent residence, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 35,869 yuan, an increase of 3.8%, and a real increase of 3.7% after deducting price factors; the per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 20,259 yuan, an increase of 5.1%, and a real increase of 5.3% after deducting price factors. The Engel's coefficient for national residents was 29.3%, of which it was 28.3% for urban residents and 31.8% for rural residents. (See Figure 19) (See Figure 20)
At the end of the year, the number of people participating in basic old-age insurance nationwide was 1,075.99 million, an increase of 3.16 million over the end of the previous year, of which 546.8 million participated in basic old-age insurance for urban employees and 529.19 million participated in basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in basic medical insurance was 1,330.68 million, an increase of 4.06 million, of which 388.56 million participated in basic medical insurance for employees and 942.12 million participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents. The number of people participating in unemployment insurance was 249.18 million, an increase of 3.29 million. The number of people participating in work-related injury insurance was 305 million, an increase of 1.02 million. The number of people participating in maternity insurance was 259.66 million, an increase of 6.66 million. At the end of the year, there were 5.95 million people nationwide receiving urban minimum living security, 33.4 million people receiving rural minimum living security, and 4.45 million people receiving rural extremely poor people's
assistance and support, and 23.99 million people received temporary assistance
throughout the year. Throughout the year, 8.13 million veterans and other entitled groups received national regular pensions and regular living allowances.
At the end of the year, there were 42,000 various types of civil affairs service institutions providing accommodation nationwide, including 39,000 elderly care institutions and 1,196 children's welfare and rescue protection institutions. Civil affairs service beds
totaled 7.94 million, including 7.68 million elderly care service beds and 96,000 children's welfare and rescue protection institution beds.
10. Science, Technology, and Education
The expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) for the year was 3926.2 billion yuan, an increase of 8.1% over the previous year, accounting for 2.80% of the gross domestic product, of which the expenditure on basic research was 277.8 billion yuan, an increase of 11.1% over the previous year, accounting for 7.08% of the R&D expenditure. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金) funded a total of 58,800 projects. As of the end of the year, there were 207 national engineering research centers under the new sequence management and 1,921 enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展改革委). The National Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Guidance Fund (国家科技成果转化引导基金) has cumulatively established 36 sub-funds with a total capital scale of 62.4 billion yuan. A total of 972,000 invention patents were granted throughout the year, a decrease of 7.0% compared to the previous year. The number of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent applications accepted
78,000 pieces. By the end of the year, there were 6,318,000 valid invention patents, an increase of 11.1% over the end of the previous year. The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people
[71
]
was 16. There were 4,206,000 trademark registrations throughout the year, a decrease of 12.0% over the previous year. A total of 1.04 million technology contracts were signed throughout the year, with a transaction value of 7,573.4 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year. The proportion of Chinese citizens with scientific literacy
[72
]
reached 16.74%. (See Figure 21) (See Table 17)
　　92 space launches were completed throughout the year, including 50 commercial space launches. Tianwen-2 (天问二号) successfully started its asteroid sampling and return journey. Reusable carrier rocket technology achieved accelerated breakthroughs. The maiden flights of Zhuque-3 (朱雀三号) and Long March-12A (长征十二号甲) achieved successful second-stage entry into orbit. The "Fujian" (福建舰), the first electromagnetic catapult-type aircraft carrier completely designed and built independently by China, was commissioned. The superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zu Chongzhi-3" (祖冲之三号) was successfully constructed. China's "artificial sun" created a world record of "100 million degrees for 1,000 seconds." The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (江门中微子实验) scientific facility officially began operation. The domestic artificial intelligence large model DeepSeek (深度求索) attracted global attention. The first invasive brain-computer interface clinical trial was successfully carried out, and the independently developed domestic first low-temperature high-current ion implanter has industrialization capabilities.
　　At the end of the year, there were 874 national quality inspection centers nationwide. There are 1,216 product quality, system and service certification agencies in the country, which have cumulatively completed the certification of 1.17 million enterprises. A total of 4,929 national standards were formulated and revised throughout the year, including 2,481 newly formulated standards. The qualification rate of manufacturing product quality throughout the year
[73
]
was 94.36%.
　　A total of 1.438 million graduate students were enrolled throughout the year, with 4.3 million graduate students enrolled and 1.167 million graduates. Ordinary and vocational undergraduate and junior college
[74
]
enrollments were 10.708 million, with 39.54 million students enrolled and 11.051 million graduates. Secondary vocational education
[75
]
enrollments were 5.265 million, with 15.378 million students enrolled and 5.219 million graduates. Ordinary high school enrollments were 10.749 million, with 30.395 million students enrolled and 9.246 million graduates. Junior high school enrollments were 18.528 million, with 55.093 million students enrolled and 17.237 million graduates. Primary school enrollments were 14.617 million, with 101.783 million students enrolled and 18.605 million graduates. Special education enrollments were 164,000, with 927,000 students enrolled and 184,000 graduates. There were 32.255 million children in kindergartens. The consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education was 96.1%, and the gross enrollment rate in high school was 92.0%. The average number of years of education for the population aged 16-59 was 11.3 years, an increase of 0.1 years over the previous year. (See Figure 22)
　　XI. Culture and Tourism, Health and Sports
　　At the end of the year, there were 1,879 art performance groups affiliated with national cultural and tourism departments. There were 3,253 public libraries nationwide, with a total circulation of
[76
]
1,469.83 million visits; 3,517 cultural centers. There were 207 million actual cable TV users, including 200 million actual cable digital TV users. At the end of the year, the comprehensive population coverage rate of radio programs was 99.8%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television programs was 99.8%. A total of 110 TV series with 3,376 episodes and 336 TV animation series with 93,874 minutes were produced and distributed throughout the year. 511 feature films and 253 science and education, documentary, animation, virtual reality
[77
]
and special films
[78
]
were produced. 23 billion copies of various newspapers, 1.6 billion copies of various periodicals, and 10.8 billion copies (sheets) of books were published, with an average of 7.71 copies (sheets) of books per capita
[79
]
. At the end of the year, there were 4,227 archives nationwide, with 267.26 million volumes (pieces) of various types of archives opened. The operating income of cultural and related industry enterprises above designated size nationwide throughout the year was 15,213.5 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year calculated at comparable prices, of which the operating income of 16 industry sub-categories
[80
]
with more obvious characteristics of new cultural formats increased by 14.3%.
　　There were 6.52 billion domestic tourist trips throughout the year, an increase of 16.2% over the previous year. Among them, domestic tourist trips by urban residents were 5.0 billion, an increase of 14.3%; domestic tourist trips by rural residents were 1.53 billion, an increase of 22.6%. The total expenditure of domestic tourists was 6,300.3 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5%. Among them, urban residents' tourism expenditure was 5,299 billion yuan, an increase of 7.5%; rural residents' tourism expenditure was 1,001.2 billion yuan, an increase of 21.4%. There were 154.5 million inbound tourists, an increase of 17.1%, including 35.17 million foreigners and 119.32 million compatriots from Hong Kong (香港), Macao (澳门) and Taiwan (台湾). The total expenditure of inbound tourists was 131.1 billion US dollars, an increase of 39.2%. There were 30.08 million foreigners entering the country visa-free, an increase of 49.5%. There were 167.92 million outbound trips by mainland residents, including 161.66 million outbound trips for personal reasons and 112.71 million outbound trips to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. (See Figure 23)
　　At the end of the year, there were 1.107 million medical and health institutions nationwide, including 38,000 hospitals, of which 12,000 were public hospitals and 26,000 were private hospitals; 1.055 million primary medical and health institutions, including 33,000 township health centers, 38,000 community health service centers (stations), 424,000 clinics (outpatient departments), and 560,000 village clinics; 9,231 professional public health institutions (excluding health supervision institutes and centers), including 3,478 disease prevention and control centers. There were 13.4 million health technicians, including 5.29 million licensed physicians and licensed assistant physicians, and 6.03 million registered nurses. Medical and health institutions had 10.09 million beds, including 7.99 million in hospitals and 1.44 million in township health centers. The total number of outpatient visits throughout the year
[81
]
was 10.58 billion, and the number of discharged patients
[82
]
was 300 million. (See Figure 24)
　　At the end of the year, there were 5.004 million sports venues
[83
]
nationwide, with a sports venue area
[84
]
of 4.37 billion square meters and an average of 3.1 square meters of sports venues per capita. Throughout the year, Chinese athletes won 146 world championships in 31 sports and set 17 world records. At the 9th Asian Winter Games in Harbin (哈尔滨), Chinese athletes won a total of 32 gold medals, 27 silver medals, and 26 bronze medals, for a total of 85 medals, ranking first in the gold medal list and the medal list, creating the best result in the history of China's participation in the Asian Winter Games. Chinese athletes with disabilities won 179 world championships in 23 international events.
　　XII. Resources, Environment and Emergency Management
　　The total supply of state-owned construction land nationwide throughout the year
[85
]
was 471,000 hectares, a decrease of 22.2% over the previous year. Among them, industrial, mining and warehousing land was 138,000 hectares, a decrease of 10.8%; real estate land
[86
]
was 62,000 hectares, a decrease of 14.4%; infrastructure land was 272,000 hectares, a decrease of 28.4%.
　　The afforestation area completed throughout the year was 3.56 million hectares, of which the artificial afforestation area was 830,000 hectares, accounting for 23.2% of the total afforestation area. The area of grassland planting and improvement
[87
]
was 4.93 million hectares. As of the end of the year, there were 5 national parks.
　　According to preliminary calculations, the total energy consumption throughout the year was 6.17 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 3.5% over the previous year. Coal consumption increased by 0.1%, crude oil consumption increased by 3.6%, natural gas consumption increased by 2.0%, and electricity consumption increased by 5.0%. Coal consumption accounted for 51.4% of total energy consumption, a decrease of 1.8 percentage points over the previous year; the consumption of clean energy such as natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, and solar power accounted for 30.4% of total energy consumption, an increase of 1.8 percentage points. The comprehensive energy consumption per unit of calcium carbide in key energy-consuming industrial enterprises decreased by 0.7%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of synthetic ammonia decreased by 2.3%, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel increased by 1.9%, the comprehensive energy consumption per unit of electrolytic aluminum decreased by 0.9%, and the standard coal consumption per kilowatt-hour of thermal power generation was the same as the previous year. According to preliminary estimates, after deducting energy consumption for raw materials and non-fossil energy consumption, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP nationwide
[88
]
decreased by 5.1% compared with the previous year. The transaction volume of carbon emission quotas in the national carbon emission trading market
[89
]
was 235 million tons, with a transaction value of 14.63 billion yuan. (See Figure 25)
　　The area of nearshore seawater with seawater quality
[90
]
reaching the national Class I and II seawater quality standards accounted for 84.9%, Class III seawater accounted for 4.6%, and Class IV and inferior Class IV seawater accounted for 10.5%.
　　Among the 339 prefecture-level and above cities monitored, the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was 28.0 micrograms/cubic meter, a decrease of 4.4% over the previous year.
　　Among the 332 cities that carried out daytime monitoring of urban regional sound environment, cities with good sound environment quality accounted for 9.3% throughout the year, better accounted for 65.1%, average accounted for 25.0%, poor accounted for 0.6%, and no poor cities.
　　The average temperature throughout the year was 10.9℃, the same as the previous year. A total of 10 typhoons landed.
　　The disaster-affected area of crops throughout the year was 6.07 million hectares, of which 690,000 hectares were completely destroyed. Direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters were 166.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters were 8.6 billion yuan, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters were 900 million yuan, and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters were 8.9 billion yuan. A total of 11 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 or above occurred, and earthquakes at all levels caused direct economic losses of 9.7 billion yuan. A total of 225 forest fires occurred, with a forest area of approximately 0.5 million hectares affected.
　　A total of 18,261 people died in various production safety accidents throughout the year, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year. The number of deaths in production safety accidents per 100,000 employees in industrial, mining, commercial and trade enterprises was 1.040, a decrease of 4.5% over the previous year; the number of deaths per million tons of coal mines was 0.045, a decrease of 23.7%. The number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles in road traffic accidents was 1.25, a decrease of 4.6%.
　　Notes:
　　[1] The data in this communiqué are all preliminary statistics. All statistical data do not include the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (香港特别行政区), the Macao Special Administrative Region (澳门特别行政区) and Taiwan Province (台湾省). Due to rounding, some data may not add up to the total.
　　[2] The absolute values of GDP, the added value of the three industries and related industries, regional GDP, per capita GDP and gross national income are calculated at current prices, and the growth rate is calculated at constant prices.
　　[3] Gross national income, formerly known as gross national product, refers to the total amount of initial distribution income obtained by all resident units in a country or region within a certain period, which is equal to GDP plus net initial distribution income from abroad.
　　[4] Overall labor productivity is the ratio of GDP (calculated at 2020 prices) to total employment.
　　[5] The national population refers to the population of 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government and active military personnel in mainland China, excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and foreign nationals residing in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
　　[6] At the end of 2025, the population aged 0-14 (including those under 15) was 212.76 million, and the population aged 15-59 (including those under 60) was 868.75 million.
　　[7] The number of newly employed people in urban areas refers to the difference between the cumulative number of newly employed people in urban areas and the number of natural attrition during the reporting period.
　　[8] The number of migrant workers in the year includes migrant workers who have been employed outside their hometowns for 6 months or more during the year and local migrant workers who have been engaged in non-agricultural industries in their hometowns for 6 months or more.
　　[9] The producer price of agricultural products refers to the actual price per unit of product obtained by agricultural producers when they sell their products for the first time.
　　[10] Residential prices include rents for rented houses, housing maintenance and management, water, electricity and fuel, and service prices for own-occupied housing.
　　[11] Due to factors such as changes in the scope of investigation stipulated in the statistical survey system, statistical law enforcement, and elimination of duplicate data, the growth rate and changes of relevant indicators of industrial enterprises above designated size in 2025 are calculated at comparable prices.
　　[12] The equipment manufacturing industry includes the metal products industry, general equipment manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing industry, automobile manufacturing industry, railway, ship, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing industry, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry, and instrument and meter manufacturing industry.
　　[13] The high-tech manufacturing industry includes the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, aerospace vehicle and equipment manufacturing industry, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, computer and office equipment manufacturing industry, medical instrument and equipment and instrument and meter manufacturing industry, and information chemical manufacturing industry.
　　[14] The digital product manufacturing industry includes computer manufacturing, communication and radar equipment manufacturing, digital media equipment manufacturing, intelligent equipment manufacturing, electronic component and equipment manufacturing, and other digital product manufacturing industries.
　　[15] The statistical scope of service industry enterprises above designated size includes: legal entities in transportation, warehousing and postal industries, information transmission, software and information technology service industries, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management industries, and health industries with annual operating income of 20 million yuan and above; legal entities in real estate (excluding real estate development and operation), leasing and business service industries, scientific research and technical service industries, and education industries with annual operating income of 10 million yuan and above; and resident services, repair and other service industries, culture, sports and entertainment industries, and social work industry legal entities with annual operating income of 5 million yuan and above. It does not include legal entities in the financial industry, wholesale and retail industry, accommodation and catering industry, and real estate development and operation industry. The growth rate of financial indicators of service industry enterprises above designated size in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[16] Strategic emerging service industries include service-related industries in the eight major industries of the new generation of information technology industry, high-end equipment manufacturing industry, new materials industry, bio-industry, new energy vehicle industry, new energy industry, energy-saving and environmental protection industry, and digital creative industry, as well as new technology and innovation and entrepreneurship-related service industries.
　　[17] High-tech service industries include information services, e-commerce services, inspection and testing services, high-tech services in professional technical service industries, R&D and design services, scientific and technological achievement transformation services, intellectual property and related legal services, and environmental monitoring and governance services.
　　[18] E-commerce transaction volume refers to the transaction volume of goods and services realized through e-commerce transaction platforms (including enterprise-built platforms and third-party platforms), including transactions with units and individuals. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[19] Online retail sales refer to the retail sales of goods and services realized through public network transaction platforms (mainly online platforms engaged in physical commodity transactions, including self-built websites and third-party platforms). The growth rate in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[20] Due to factors such as the reform of the investment statistical system and methods and statistical law enforcement inspections, the growth rate of relevant fixed asset investment indicators in 2025 is calculated at comparable prices.
　　[21] The eastern region refers to the 10 provinces (cities) of Beijing (北京), Tianjin (天津), Hebei (河北), Shanghai (上海), Jiangsu (江苏), Zhejiang (浙江), Fujian (福建), Shandong (山东), Guangdong (广东) and Hainan (海南); the central region refers to the 6 provinces of Shanxi (山西), Anhui (安徽), Jiangxi (江西), Henan (河南), Hubei (湖北) and Hunan (湖南); the western region refers to the 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of Inner Mongolia (内蒙古), Guangxi (广西), Chongqing (重庆), Sichuan (四川), Guizhou (贵州), Yunnan (云南), Tibet (西藏), Shaanxi (陕西), Gansu (甘肃), Qinghai (青海), Ningxia (宁夏) and Xinjiang (新疆); the northeastern region refers to the 3 provinces of Liaoning (辽宁), Jilin (吉林) and Heilongjiang (黑龙江).
　　[22] The calculation scope of carbon dioxide emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP includes carbon dioxide emissions from energy activities and industrial production processes, calculated at 2020 prices.
[23] See note [11].
[24] Steel production data includes repeated processing of steel between enterprises.
[25] See note [11].
[26] Capacity utilization rate refers to the ratio of actual output to production capacity (both measured in value). The actual output of an enterprise refers to the total industrial output value of the enterprise during the reporting period; the production capacity of an enterprise refers to the product output that the enterprise can achieve and maintain for a long time during the reporting period, with the normal operation of production equipment (machinery) ensured under the condition of guaranteed supply of labor, raw materials, fuel, and transportation.
[27] Thermal power includes coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, gas-fired power generation, waste heat, waste pressure, waste gas power generation, and biomass power generation.
[28] A small amount of power generation capacity (such as geothermal, etc.) is not listed in the communique.
[29] Due to factors such as statistical law enforcement inspections and the elimination of duplicate data, the growth rate of profits of construction enterprises in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[30] See note [15].
[31] The total volume of freight transport and turnover volume includes the completed volume of five modes of transportation: railway, highway, waterway, civil aviation, and pipeline. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[32] In 2025, the passenger coefficient of online car-hailing is adjusted, and the data of urban passenger traffic volume of taxis and other indicators for this year and the same period of the previous year are adjusted accordingly. The growth rate of total passenger traffic volume, passenger traffic turnover volume, highway passenger traffic volume, and highway passenger traffic turnover volume in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[33] The total postal delivery business volume refers to the total number of various postal universal service businesses and express delivery businesses engaged in by enterprises.
[34] The total telecommunications business volume is calculated at the prices of the previous year.
[35] The number of mobile phone base stations refers to the total number of wireless transceiver equipment serving cells at the end of the reporting period, handling wireless communication between the base station and the mobile station, acting as a relay between the mobile switching center and the mobile station, and monitoring the quality of wireless transmission.
[36] Fixed internet broadband access users refer to users who are registered with telecommunications companies at the end of the reporting period and access the public internet through xDSL, FTTx+LAN, FTTH/O, other broadband access methods, and ordinary dedicated lines.
[37] Broadband access users with a rate of 1000M and above refer to broadband access users with a downlink rate greater than or equal to 1000Mbit/s at the end of the reporting period.
[38] Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) terminal users refer to users who have accessed the mobile communication network and activated IoT services at the end of the reporting period. IoT terminals are IoT devices that connect the sensor network layer and the transmission network layer to realize remote data collection and data transmission to the network layer.
[39] The software and information technology service industry includes software development, integrated circuit design, information system integration and IoT technology services, operation and maintenance services, information processing and storage support services, information technology consulting services, digital content services, and other information technology service industries. The growth rate of software business revenue completed by the software and information technology service industry in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[40] The statistical scope of express delivery business volume was adjusted in 2024, and the growth rate for that year is calculated on a comparable basis.
[41] Service retail sales refer to the total value of services directly provided by enterprises (industrial activity units, individual businesses) to individuals and other units for non-production and non-business purposes in the form of transactions, aiming to reflect the value of consumption services sold by service providers in monetary form, including retail sales of service activities in transportation, accommodation, catering, education, health, sports, entertainment, and other fields.
[42] See note [19].
[43] See note [20].
[44] See note [21].
[45] Infrastructure investment includes investment in railway transportation, road transportation, water transportation, air transportation, pipeline transportation, multimodal transport and transportation agency, loading and unloading handling, postal industry, telecommunications, radio, television and satellite transmission services, internet and related service industries, water conservancy management, ecological protection and environmental governance, and public facilities management.
[46] Social sector investment includes investment in education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment.
[47] Private investment refers to the investment in domestic construction or purchase of fixed assets by domestic survey units with collective, private, and individual properties, as well as survey units controlled by them (including absolute control and relative control).
[48] In addition to real estate development investment, real estate investment also includes self-built houses by construction units, as well as property management, intermediary services, and other real estate investments.
[49] According to real estate development statistical system, statistical law enforcement inspections and other regulations, the data of real estate development investment and sales area of newly built commercial housing in the same period of the previous year are revised, and the growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[50] The sales area of newly built commercial housing refers to the total contract area of newly built commercial housing sold by real estate development enterprises during the reporting period.
[51] The online signed transaction area of second-hand housing refers to the total area of online signed transaction contracts for urban second-hand housing during the reporting period.
[52] Other member states of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) include Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.
[53] Since January 2025, the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行) has adopted the newly revised statistical scope of narrow money (M1). The revised M1 includes currency in circulation (M0), current deposits of units, current deposits of individuals, and customer reserve funds of non-bank payment institutions. The growth rate in 2025 is calculated on a comparable basis.
[54] The increment of social financing scale refers to the total amount of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system within a certain period.
[55] The stock of social financing scale refers to the balance of funds obtained by the real economy from the financial system at the end of a certain period (month-end, quarter-end, or year-end).
[56] Inclusive small and micro loans include small and micro enterprise loans with a single household credit line of less than 10 million yuan, operating loans for individual businesses, and operating loans for small and micro enterprise owners.
[57] The weighted average interest rate of newly issued enterprise loans refers to the weighted average interest rate calculated by weighting the amount of newly issued enterprise loans (in local and foreign currencies) throughout the year.
[58] The amount of stock financing on the Shanghai (沪) and Shenzhen (深) stock exchanges is calculated based on the listing date. The amount of financing includes the actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares. The actual amount of convertible bonds converted into shares in 2024 and 2025 was 169.4 billion yuan and 226.7 billion yuan, respectively.
[59] The amount of stock financing on the Beijing Stock Exchange (北京证券交易所) is calculated based on the listing date.
[60] The cumulative financing of listed companies on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (全国中小企业股份转让系统) does not include preferred stocks, and stock financing is calculated based on the listing date of new shares.
[61] Corporate credit bonds include debt financing instruments of non-financial enterprises, corporate bonds, and corporate bonds, convertible bonds, etc.
[62] Original insurance premium income refers to the original insurance contract premium income confirmed by insurance companies.
[63] The median per capita disposable income refers to the per capita disposable income of the surveyed household in the middle position when all surveyed households are arranged in order from low to high according to the per capita income level.
[64] The national residents' five-equal income grouping refers to dividing all surveyed households into five equal parts in order from low to high according to the per capita income level. The income households in the lowest 20% are the low-income group, and so on, in order, the lower-middle income group, the middle-income group, the upper-middle income group, and the high-income group.
[65] Poverty-stricken counties include the original 832 national key counties for poverty alleviation and development and counties in concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken areas, as well as 7 cities and counties in Aksu Prefecture (阿克苏地区), Xinjiang (新疆).
[66] Service consumption expenditure refers to the consumption expenditure of households for various living services, including catering services, clothing and footwear processing services, residential services, household services, transportation and communication services, education, culture and entertainment services, medical services and other services.
[67] Rural people in extreme poverty refer to rural elderly people, disabled people, and minors under the age of 16 who have no ability to work, no source of income, and no legal supporters, caregivers, or supporters, or whose legal obligors have no ability to perform their obligations.
[68] Temporary assistance includes emergency and transitional assistance provided by the state to families or individuals who are in basic living difficulties due to sudden events, accidental injuries, major diseases, or other special reasons that cannot be temporarily covered by other social assistance systems or who still have serious difficulties in basic living after assistance, as well as other temporary assistance such as winter heating assistance, temporary price subsidies, and visits and condolences during the New Year and festivals.
[69] In addition to adoption institutions, civil affairs service beds also include beds in assistance institutions and community institutions.
[70] PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) is an international cooperation treaty in the field of patents. The number of PCT patent applications accepted refers to the number of PCT patent applications accepted by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) as the receiving office for PCT patent applications.
[71] The number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people refers to the number of valid invention patents owned by domestic residents per 10,000 people that have been authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office (国家知识产权局) and meet any of the following conditions: invention patents in strategic emerging industries; invention patents with the same family patent rights overseas; invention patents maintained for more than 10 years; invention patents that have achieved a high amount of pledge financing; invention patents that have won the National Science and Technology Award and the China Patent Award.
[72] Citizens' scientific literacy refers to advocating the spirit of science, establishing scientific thinking, mastering basic scientific methods, understanding necessary scientific and technological knowledge, and having the ability to use it to analyze and judge things and solve practical problems.
[73] The qualification rate of manufacturing product quality refers to the percentage of samples that are determined to be qualified in quality after implementing quality sampling inspections in accordance with the prescribed methods, procedures, and standards.
[74] General and vocational undergraduate and junior college includes general undergraduate, vocational undergraduate, and higher vocational (junior college).
[75] Secondary vocational education includes ordinary secondary specialized schools, adult secondary specialized schools, vocational high schools, and technical schools.
[76] Total circulation visits refer to the total number of visits to library venues to receive library services during the year, including borrowing books and periodicals, asking questions, and participating in various reader activities.
[77] Virtual reality films refer to a new form of film produced using virtual reality (including augmented reality and mixed reality) related technologies, viewed using virtual reality terminals such as head-mounted display devices, and publicly screened in fixed screening venues such as cinemas.
[78] Special films refer to films that use different film display methods in terms of technology, equipment, and programs compared with conventional cinema screenings, such as giant screen movies, stereoscopic special effects (4D) movies, dynamic movies, and dome screen movies.
[79] The per capita book ownership refers to the number of books published in the current year that the national average person can own in one year.
[80] The 16 small categories of industries with obvious characteristics of new cultural formats are: radio and television integrated broadcast control, internet search services, other internet information services, digital publishing, other cultural and artistic industries, animation and game digital content services, internet game services, multimedia, game animation and digital publishing software development, value-added telecommunications cultural services, other cultural digital content services, internet advertising services, internet cultural and entertainment platforms, copyright and cultural software services, manufacturing of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicles for entertainment, manufacturing of wearable intelligent cultural equipment, and manufacturing of other intelligent cultural consumer equipment.
[81] Total number of diagnoses and treatments refers to the total number of people receiving diagnosis and treatment services, including outpatient, emergency, home visits, appointment diagnosis and treatment, single health check-ups, and health consultation and guidance (excluding health lectures and nucleic acid testing).
[82] The number of discharged patients refers to the number of all hospitalized patients discharged during the reporting period, including discharge on doctor's orders, transfer to other medical institutions on doctor's orders, discharge without doctor's orders, death, and other numbers, excluding the number of withdrawn family beds.
[83] The survey objects of sports venues do not include sports venues belonging to the military or railway system.
[84] The area of sports venues refers to the effective area of sports training, competition, and fitness venues.
[85] The total supply of state-owned construction land refers to the total amount of state-owned construction land that the municipal and county people's governments have legally signed transfer contracts or issued allocation decisions with land-using units or individuals in the form of transfer, allocation, lease, etc., in accordance with the annual land supply plan and completed transactions during the reporting period.
[86] Real estate land refers to the sum of commercial service land and residential land.
[87] The area of grassland planting and improvement refers to the sum of the area of grassland ecological restoration through measures such as artificial planting, aerial seeding, grassland improvement, and fencing and enclosure.
[88] The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP is calculated at 2020 prices.
[89] Carbon emission allowances in the national carbon emission trading market refer to the emission quotas of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases allocated to key emission units in the national carbon emission trading market for a specified period. One unit of carbon emission allowance is equivalent to emitting 1 ton of carbon dioxide equivalent into the atmosphere.
[90] The area method is used to evaluate the water quality of nearshore sea areas.
Source of information:
Data sources:

The data on newly increased urban employment, pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance, and technical schools in secondary vocational education in this communiqué comes from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (人力资源和社会保障部); data on foreign exchange reserves and exchange rates comes from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (国家外汇管理局); data on business entities, quality inspection, formulation and revision of national standards, and the pass rate of manufacturing product quality comes from the State Administration for Market Regulation (国家市场监督管理总局); data on civil motor vehicle ownership and road traffic accidents comes from the Ministry of Public Security (公安部); data on environmental quality and carbon emission trading comes from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (生态环境部); data on aquatic product output comes from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (农业农村部); data on timber production, afforestation area, grassland improvement area, and national parks comes from the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (国家林业和草原局); data on power generation capacity, newly added capacity of 220 kV and above AC transformer equipment, and electricity consumption comes from the China Electricity Council (中国电力企业联合会); data on port cargo throughput, port container throughput, highway transportation, waterway transportation, newly built and renovated highway mileage, and newly added throughput capacity of berths of 10,000 tons and above at ports comes from the Ministry of Transport (交通运输部); data on railway transportation comes from the National Railway Administration (国家铁路局); data on civil aviation transportation and newly added civil transport airports comes from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (中国民用航空局); data on pipeline transportation comes from China National Petroleum Corporation (中国石油天然气集团有限公司), China Petrochemical Corporation (中国石油化工集团有限公司), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (中国海洋石油集团有限公司), and China Oil & Gas Pipeline Network Corporation (国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司); data on postal services comes from the State Post Bureau (国家邮政局); data on the communications industry, software business revenue, newly added optical cable line length, and technology contracts comes from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工业和信息化部); data on the number of internet users and internet penetration rate comes from the China Internet Network Information Center (中国互联网络信息中心); data on newly built railway put into operation mileage, increased and newly built double-track railway put into operation mileage, and electrified railway put into operation mileage comes from China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (中国国家铁路集团有限公司); data on second-hand housing transaction online signing area, affordable housing, urban dilapidated housing renovation, urban old community renovation, and rural housing renovation comes from the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (住房和城乡建设部); data on import and export of goods comes from the General Administration of Customs (海关总署); data on import and export of services, foreign investment, outward direct investment, overseas contracted projects, and overseas labor cooperation comes from the Ministry of Commerce (商务部); financial data comes from the Ministry of Finance (财政部); data on tax and fee reductions and tax rebates comes from the State Taxation Administration (国家税务总局); data on monetary finance and corporate credit bonds comes from the People's Bank of China (中国人民银行); data on fundraising in domestic trading venues comes from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (中国证券监督管理委员会); data on the insurance industry comes from the National Financial Regulatory Administration (国家金融监督管理总局); data on medical insurance and maternity insurance comes from the National Healthcare Security Administration (国家医疗保障局); data on urban and rural subsistence allowances, rural extremely poor people's assistance and support, temporary assistance, and civil affairs services comes from the Ministry of Civil Affairs (民政部); data on entitled groups comes from the Ministry of Veterans Affairs (退役军人事务部); data on National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金委员会) funded projects comes from the National Natural Science Foundation of China; data on National Engineering Research Centers and enterprise technology centers recognized by the National Development and Reform Commission (国家发展和改革委员会) comes from the National Development and Reform Commission; data on the National Science and Technology成果Transformation Guidance Fund comes from the Ministry of Science and Technology (科学技术部); data on patents and trademarks comes from the National Intellectual Property Administration (国家知识产权局); data on the proportion of citizens with scientific literacy comes from the China Association for Science and Technology (中国科学技术协会); data on space launches comes from the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (国家国防科技工业局); education data comes from the Ministry of Education (教育部); data on art performing groups, public libraries, cultural centers, and tourism comes from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (文化和旅游部); data on television and radio comes from the National Radio and Television Administration (国家广播电视总局); film data comes from the National Film Administration (国家电影局); data on newspapers, periodicals, and books comes from the National Press and Publication Administration (国家新闻出版署); data on archives comes from the National Archives Administration (国家档案局); data on foreigners entering the country visa-free and residents departing the country comes from the National Immigration Administration (国家移民管理局); data on medical and health comes from the National Health Commission (国家卫生健康委员会); sports data comes from the General Administration of Sport (国家体育总局); data on athletes with disabilities comes from the China Disabled Persons' Federation (中国残疾人联合会); data on the supply of state-owned construction land and direct economic losses caused by marine disasters comes from the Ministry of Natural Resources (自然资源部); data on average temperature and typhoon landings comes from the China Meteorological Administration (中国气象局); data on affected areas of crops, direct economic losses caused by floods and geological disasters, direct economic losses caused by drought disasters, direct economic losses caused by low-temperature freezing and snow disasters, number of earthquakes, direct economic losses caused by earthquakes at all levels, forest fires, damaged forest area, and production safety accidents comes from the Ministry of Emergency Management (应急管理部); all other data comes from the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局).

(Related charts are on page 5)

(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (北京), February 28)

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China Remains the World's Largest Online Retail Market

Data sources: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工业和信息化部), Ministry of Commerce (商务部), State Post Bureau (国家邮政局), etc.

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China's Massive Market Shows Strength with 23.8 Trillion Yuan

By: 林子夜

Have you shopped online? In China, the number of people answering "yes" covers 976 million people from "Generation Z" to the silver-haired generation. This is the huge scale of online shopping users in China today. When "next-day delivery" and "group buying" become commonplace in life, and when a logistics system that crosses snow-capped mountains, deserts, connects rural areas, and links the globe becomes a reality, the seed of online retail has taken root in China and grown vigorously.

The overall scale of digital consumption exceeds 23.8 trillion yuan, ranking as the world's largest online retail market for 13 consecutive years. This set of figures witnesses the confidence of a super-large-scale market.

Benefiting the people's livelihood and promoting a strong domestic market. From the fingertips of consumers in Beijing (北京), Shanghai (上海), Guangzhou (广州), and Shenzhen (深圳), to the live broadcast rooms of farmers in remote mountain villages, we have built the world's largest postal network with the largest number of beneficiaries, basically achieving full coverage of townships and a courier service coverage rate of over 95% in established villages, supporting a new height of 199 billion express delivery packages per year. This network breaks down regional barriers, smooths circulation channels, helps new business forms and models grow rapidly, and makes the flowing China more vibrant.

Benefiting the world and promoting a higher level of openness. Chilean cherries, Peruvian blueberries, and other products are popular in China, while domestically produced robot vacuum cleaners, heaters, and other products are selling well overseas. China's online retail "circle of friends" continues to expand. The Chinese market attracts "global good things" to cross mountains and seas, and "Made in China" brings the world more diverse choices and richer supplies.

Moving towards the new, the future is promising. The world's largest online retail market will be more intelligent, more accessible, broader, and more beautiful.

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Editor in charge of this edition: Lü Zhongzheng, Wu Kai, Huang Jinyu

Layout Design Zhang Danfeng (张丹峰)

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