Summary: In his speech marking the CCP's 105th anniversary, Xi Jinping emphasized the Party's enduring mission for national rejuvenation and its accurate navigation of historical contradictions across four eras. The article reviews how the CCP fundamentally transformed China's destiny, established the path to modernization, and demonstrated Marxism's vitality through sinicization. It credits the Party with profoundly influencing global history via development initiatives and offering an alternative to Western modernization. The piece concludes by highlighting the Party's self-reinforcement through rigorous governance, positioning it as the unwavering core of China's continued rise.
Summary: In a speech commemorating the 105th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, President Xi Jinping highlighted "daring and being good at struggle, always maintaining confidence in victory" as a defining trait of the Party. The article argues that struggle is essential for forging confidence, citing historical examples from the Long March to the Korean War, and emphasizes the need for both courage and scientific methods in struggle. It asserts that confidence derives from faith in Marxist truth, reliance on the people, and proven practical achievements. The piece concludes that the Party must continue to enhance its struggle capabilities to secure the nation's future. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: In a speech marking the 105th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping stated that the Party-led Chinese-style modernization has created a new form of human civilization and expanded pathways for developing countries. The article, authored by a Tsinghua University professor, analyzes three core traits of this theoretical system: originality (breaking Western paradigms), subjectivity (upholding Chinese立场 and people-centered values), and systematicity (forming a coherent logical framework). It argues that these traits together constitute the foundation for China’s independent knowledge system and enhance its international academic discourse power. The piece emphasizes that Chinese-style modernization offers an alternative to the "modernization equals Westernization" model, providing new options for developing nations. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: After 105 years of unremitting struggle, the Chinese Communist Party has profoundly influenced world history by standing on the correct side of historical and human progress. The Party now leads the Chinese people in advancing Chinese-style modernization, creating a new form of human civilization and expanding pathways for developing countries. It promotes a community with a shared future for mankind, offering Chinese wisdom and solutions to major global issues. Socialist China under the Party is widely recognized as a contributor to world peace, global development, and international order. No specific official or accompanying figures were reported, and the article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
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Summary: Under Xi Jinping’s leadership, the Party has achieved historic economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, with GDP exceeding 140 trillion yuan and人均GDP nearing $14,000 by 2025. Xi emphasized people-centered development, citing the maxim to “sit squarely on the side of the people,” and introduced concepts like the “new normal,” supply-side reform, and new quality productive forces. In foreign policy, Xi promoted a community with a shared future for mankind, proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, and, while maintaining cooperation with Russia and Europe, called for a constructive strategic stable relationship with the United States. The Party also waged an unprecedented anti-corruption campaign and strengthened its own governance, with Xi stressing that the CPC must become the world’s strongest political party. The article frames these achievements as proof that China’s national rejuvenation is unstoppable.
Summary: The article elaborates on the concept of a "Community with a Shared Future for Mankind" as a core component of Xi Jinping's Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, tracing its roots to traditional Chinese "Tianxia" (all-under-heaven) philosophy and Marxist ideals of universal human liberation. It argues that this concept integrates China's cultural heritage with global aspirations, aiming to reconcile national rejuvenation with world peace and development. The author, a vice education director at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee, emphasizes that the vision has evolved from a Chinese initiative into an international consensus and a comprehensive scientific framework. The piece underscores that China does not seek to export its model or replace other systems, but rather advocates for shared interests, rights, and responsibilities among nations. No reference to the United States or U.S.-China relations is present in the article.
Summary: President Xi Jinping stated at the 105th anniversary celebration of the Chinese Communist Party that the Party has steadfastly upheld its founding mission, achieved great victories across four historical periods, and fundamentally changed the fate of the Chinese people. The article emphasizes that the Party has opened the correct path to national rejuvenation, demonstrated Marxism's vitality, profoundly influenced world history, and forged a strong Party. It highlights the Party's success in leading China to become a world power without directly addressing U.S.-China relations.
Summary: Jia Jingyuan, secretary of the Zhenjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone Party Working Committee, posed a question about Marx’s distinction between human labor and animal instinct, citing the metaphor of a house blueprint. In response, Tang Aijun, a professor at the Central Party School, explained that Marx’s argument highlights human labor as a conscious, purposeful activity driven by a pre-existing mental model or “blueprint.” Tang linked this to Xi Jinping’s call for officials to engage in “务虚” (theoretical deliberation) to design clear plans before action, avoiding aimless tasks and fostering foresight. The analysis stresses that such “blueprinting” enables target-driven work, risk prevention, and unified team efforts. No mention of the United States or U.S.-China relations was made.
Summary: The article, authored by the head of Zhejiang's Judicial Department, emphasizes Xi Jinping's directive that law enforcement must be both strict and compassionate, balancing legal rigidity with public sentiment. It argues that strict enforcement must adhere to procedural justice to avoid abuse, while enforcement should incorporate human warmth through civilized, empathetic methods. The piece calls for balancing efficiency and fairness in enforcement mechanisms, and integrating law, reason, and emotion to ensure outcomes align with public expectations. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article emphasizes the importance of theoretical study for Chinese Communist Party officials, citing Mao Zedong's early call to master Marxist theory and Xi Jinping's 2019 instruction at the Central Party School that cadres must be “willing to invest energy” in comprehensive, timely, deep, and practice-linked learning. Xi stressed that theoretical firmness underpins political and party spirit firmness, and that without solid theoretical grounding, officials risk losing direction amid complex challenges. The piece elaborates on the “舍得” (willing to give and gain) dynamic, arguing that officials must sacrifice distractions like phone scrolling for sustained study to build faith, enhance capabilities, and grasp underlying laws. It outlines four integrated learning methods—systematic, timely, deep, and practical—as a complete cycle to turn theory into a “golden key” for solving problems. The article concludes that only by consistently investing in theoretical learning can officials meet the demands of modernizing China and handling new challenges.
Summary: The 2026 Developing Countries National Governance High-Level Think Tank Forum, held in Beijing on June 26 ahead of the CCP's 105th anniversary, gathered over 100 experts from more than 20 countries to discuss political parties' roles in modernization, social governance, and global governance. Participants, including Malaysian academic You Fangda and Chinese officials like Wu Zhicheng, emphasized that global South nations should strengthen unity and explore development paths suited to their own conditions, with China's party-led model cited as a reference. The forum highlighted China's contributions through initiatives like the Belt and Road and its global governance proposals, though no explicit mention was made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article analyzes the ethical and legal challenges posed by autonomous intelligent weapons, which blur the line between human responsibility and machine error in warfare. It outlines four key questions to determine accountability: distinguishing human intent from AI error, assessing pre-deployment risk evaluation, implementing technical safeguards like self-destruct modules, and establishing rules of engagement that ensure human control and proportionality. The author argues that existing war laws, which typically hold only weapon users liable, must be expanded to include designers, producers, and operators across the weapon’s lifecycle. The piece emphasizes the need for transparent assessment mechanisms and ethical constraints, such as limiting autonomous firing to low-complexity environments, to prevent unintended casualties. No direct reference to the United States or U.S.-China relations is made.
Summary: The article provides a technical overview of self-propelled artillery (SPA) as a cornerstone of modern mechanized warfare, emphasizing its evolution from WWI prototypes to current integrated platforms with automated aiming, information-sharing, and modular ammunition systems. It highlights four core advantages over towed artillery: superior strategic mobility, enhanced battlefield survivability via armored enclosures, rapid response through automated fire control, and strong systemic integration with joint operations. Future development trends are outlined as precision and extended range, lightweight and high mobility for rapid deployment, intelligent and networked capabilities for autonomous target recognition and cooperative engagement, and modular/unmanned designs for reduced personnel risk. The discussion is purely technical and doctrinal, with no mention of specific Chinese officials, political statements, or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article recounts the participation of a U.S.-built C-46 transport and a British Mosquito bomber in the 1949 founding ceremony air parade, emphasizing the critical role of the Northeast Old Aviation School in maintaining and preparing these aircraft. The school’s personnel, including mechanics and pilots such as Lin Hu, overcame technical challenges to ensure the planes flew in formation, with four aircraft carrying live ammunition for both parade and defense. The parade marked the People's Air Force's first public appearance and highlighted the school’s pioneering spirit.
Summary: The article highlights Auckland's public library system as a model for redefining community spaces through music, with the city council's "Tāmaki Makaurau Sound" initiative transforming libraries into hubs for cultural memory, social connection, and multicultural dialogue. Key programs include the digital "Kura Heritage" platform for local music archives, live performances in library stacks, and participatory events like ukulele jams and community choirs. No direct references to the United States or U.S.-China relations are made. The piece is written by a Chinese academic and serves as a comparative cultural analysis for Chinese political analysts.
Summary: In a speech marking the 105th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping stated that Chinese-style modernization has created a new form of human civilization and expanded pathways for developing countries. The article, authored by a Tsinghua University professor, analyzes three core theoretical traits of this modernization: originality, which breaks from the Western paradigm; subjectivity, which upholds a people-centered Chinese stance; and systematicity, which forms a coherent theoretical framework. These traits together constitute the foundation for China’s independent knowledge system and enhance its international academic discourse power. The piece does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article expounds on the Confucian concept of "trustworthiness" (xin), citing classical texts and historical figures to argue that personal integrity, social harmony, and effective governance all depend on keeping one's word. It warns that leaders who break promises lose popular trust and destabilize the state, using examples such as Wei Wenhou's rain-soaked hunting trip and Dong Xuan's principled law enforcement. The piece also highlights officials like Huang Ba and Zhao Xinchen, who restored order by fulfilling commitments to the people. Written by the Vice President of the Confucius Research Institute, it does not reference any current Chinese officials or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: Since 2012, Kweichow Moutai has partnered with the China Youth Development Foundation to donate over 14 billion yuan through its "China Moutai·Pillars of the Nation" program, funding university education for more than 260,000 students from low-income families across 31 provinces. The article highlights that 215,000 recipients have completed their studies and are now active in society, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of assistance and giving back. In 2024, the program was upgraded to a "1+4" model, adding sub-projects focused on mentorship, public service, cultural immersion, and talent development to extend its impact beyond financial aid. Moutai also expanded its broader philanthropic portfolio, including environmental protection, cultural heritage, and rural revitalization, with 121 million yuan in social investments in 2025. The article does not mention any official government figures accompanying the initiative or discuss U.S.-China relations.
By: 中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史教研部
从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运
中华民族有着几千年光辉灿烂的历史，为人类文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。近代以来，西方率先完成工业革命并向全球大规模扩张。由于封建统治的腐朽和西方列强的入侵，中国错失了工业革命的机遇，逐渐落后于时代。1840年鸦片战争以后，中国逐步成为半殖民地半封建社会，“国家蒙辱、人民蒙难、文明蒙尘”，民族危机空前深重。为救亡图存，实现国家独立富强，无数仁人志士 前仆后继 (qián pū hòu jì - "the front falls, the rear follows," to advance wave upon wave, continue fighting without flinching)，进行了不屈不挠的斗争和可歌可泣的探索，各种救国方案轮番出台，但都以失败告终。中国迫切需要新的思想引领救亡运动，迫切需要新的组织凝聚革命力量。十月革命一声炮响，给中国送来了马克思列宁主义，中国共产党应运而生。中国共产党的成立是中国历史上 开天辟地 (kāi tiān pì dì - "to split heaven and earth," epoch-making) 的大事变，中国革命的面貌从此 焕然一新 (huàn rán yī xīn - "to take on a completely new look," to undergo a complete change)。
新民主主义革命时期，党深刻认识到，近代中国社会的主要矛盾是帝国主义与中华民族、封建主义与人民大众的矛盾，明确提出反帝反封建的民主革命纲领。在长期斗争的实践中，中国共产党充分发挥自己的政治和组织优势，把中国人民团结和凝聚成不可战胜的力量。经过28年的英勇奋斗，推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的反动统治，取得新民主主义革命的伟大胜利。中国人民从此站起来了，真正掌握了自己的前途命运，实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃。
社会主义革命和建设时期，中国共产党领导人民在巩固新生政权的基础上，确立根本政治制度、推进社会主义改造和开展大规模建设。1949年，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》，为新生的人民政权建设提供了根本遵循。1954年，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过《中华人民共和国宪法》，确立了人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会制度的政体。同时，中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度等制度的确立，保障了人民当家作主。到1956年，我国基本上完成对生产资料私有制的社会主义改造，基本上实现生产资料公有制和按劳分配，建立起社会主义经济制度。经过不懈奋斗，新中国初步建立起独立的比较完整的国民经济体系，彻底改变了一穷二白 (yī qióng èr bái - "one poverty, two blankness," extremely poor and backward) 的落后面貌。
改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党将主要任务聚焦于继续探索中国建设社会主义的正确道路，解放和发展社会生产力，使人民摆脱贫困、尽快富裕起来。党的十一届六中全会明确我国社会的主要矛盾是人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。我们坚持以经济建设为中心，坚持发展是硬道理，取得从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，实现人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、奔向全面小康的历史性跨越。
党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为核心的党中央明确新时代我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，发展全过程人民民主，推动共同富裕。坚持全面从严治党，坚决遏制腐败蔓延，确保党和人民赋予的权力始终用来为人民谋幸福。打赢脱贫攻坚战，近一亿农村贫困人口实现脱贫，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题。为了保障和改善民生，党在收入分配、就业、教育、社会保障、医疗卫生、住房保障等方面推出一系列惠民举措，人民生活全方位改善，社会治理水平大幅度提升，人民 安居乐业 (ān jū lè yè - "live in peace and work contentedly," to enjoy a stable and comfortable life)，社会安定有序。
105年来，党领导人民经过 波澜壮阔 (bō lán zhuàng kuò - "surging waves, vast and majestic," magnificent and sweeping) 的伟大斗争，彻底摆脱被欺负、被压迫、被奴役的命运，成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。14亿多人口实现全面小康，中国人民对美好生活的向往不断变为现实。中国人民更加自信、自立、自强，焕发出前所未有的历史主动精神和创造精神。
开辟了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路
105年来，党领导人民不懈奋斗、不断进取，成功开辟了中国式现代化道路，创造了人类文明新形态，指引我们一步步向着强国建设、民族复兴的宏伟目标不断迈进。105年来，党领导人民进行的一切奋斗、牺牲、创造，归结起来就是一个主题：实现中华民族伟大复兴。在党的坚强领导下，实现中华民族伟大复兴已经进入不可逆转的历史进程，我们比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标。
自从中国共产党成立，中国革命便有了坚强的领导力量，民族复兴的征程从此有了领路人。党领导人民开辟了农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的正确革命道路。新民主主义革命的胜利，彻底结束了旧中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史，彻底结束了极少数剥削者统治广大劳动人民的历史，彻底结束了旧中国 一盘散沙 (yī pán sǎn shā - "a tray of loose sand," in a state of disunity) 的局面，彻底废除了列强强加给中国的不平等条约和帝国主义在中国的一切特权，从根本上改变了中国社会的发展方向，为实现中华民族伟大复兴创造了根本社会条件。
新中国成立后，党领导人民迅速医治战争创伤、恢复国民经济，并在此基础上开启了向社会主义过渡的历史进程。进行社会主义革命，确立社会主义基本制度，推进社会主义建设，实现了中华民族有史以来最为广泛而深刻的社会变革，使这个原本 积贫积弱 (jī pín jī ruò - "accumulated poverty and weakness," long-standing poverty and weakness)、百废待兴 (bǎi fèi dài xīng - "all waste awaits prosperity," many things need to be done) 的国家 昂首阔步 (áng shǒu kuò bù - "hold head high and stride forward," to walk proudly) 迈进社会主义社会。社会主义制度的建立，为中国的一切进步和发展提供了根本制度保障，为实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础。民族复兴的航船从此有了坚实的压舱石。
1978年，党的十一届三中全会作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策，实现了新中国成立以来党的历史上具有深远意义的伟大转折。党确立社会主义初级阶段基本路线，坚定不移推进改革开放，战胜来自各方面的风险挑战。改革开放不仅极大解放和发展了社会生产力，也使中国人民的思想观念、精神面貌发生深刻变化，中国大踏步赶上时代潮流，综合国力和国际影响力显著提升，为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了充满新的活力的体制保证和快速发展的物质条件。
党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为核心的党中央，以伟大的历史主动精神、巨大的政治勇气、强烈的责任担当，统筹国内国际两个大局，贯彻党的基本理论、基本路线、基本方略，推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。坚持和加强党的全面领导，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，坚持依规治党，战胜一系列重大风险挑战，如期实现第一个百年奋斗目标并向着第二个百年奋斗目标不断前进。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，这是我国发展新的历史方位。新时代的伟大成就是党和人民一道拼出来、干出来、奋斗出来的，为实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了更为完善的制度保证、更为坚实的物质基础、更为主动的精神力量。
105年来，中国共产党始终领导全国各族人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴而不懈奋斗。这一历程通过四个历史时期的接力奋进，为推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业奠定了坚实基础。
展示了马克思主义的强大生命力
中国共产党自创立之日起，便高举马克思主义大旗，但由于一度教条式地对待马克思主义，致使革命多次遭受重大挫折。经历艰辛的理论探索和实践探索，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人深刻认识到，必须把马克思列宁主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，创立了毛泽东思想，开创了马克思主义中国化的历史进程，进而迸发出强大的理论伟力，为夺取新民主主义革命胜利指明了正确方向。新中国成立后，毛泽东提出把马克思列宁主义基本原理同中国具体实际进行“第二次结合”，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，结合新的实际丰富和发展毛泽东思想，提出关于社会主义建设的一系列重要思想，包括社会主义社会是一个很长的历史阶段，严格区分和正确处理敌我矛盾和人民内部矛盾，正确处理我国社会主义建设的十大关系等，指导社会主义建设取得巨大成就。
党的十一届三中全会以后，党深刻认识到，必须以理论创新引领事业发展。以邓小平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，坚持以马克思主义为指导，围绕着什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义这一根本问题，回答了前人没有回答过的课题，创立了邓小平理论。党的十三届四中全会以后，以江泽民同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，加深了对什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义和建设什么样的党、怎样建设党的认识，形成了“三个代表”重要思想，在极其复杂严峻的国内外形势下，成功捍卫了中国特色社会主义并把中国特色社会主义推向21世纪。党的十六大以后，以胡锦涛同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，深刻认识和回答了新形势下实现什么样的发展、怎样发展等重大问题，形成了科学发展观，成功在新形势下坚持和发展了中国特色社会主义。在以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观引领中国特色社会主义事业发展进程中，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系，实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃，为当代中国的发展指明了方向。
党的十八大以来，面对国际局势变乱交织，着眼于满足人民对美好生活的向往，立足以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的使命任务，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，坚持“两个结合”，以伟大的历史主动、巨大的政治勇气、强烈的责任担当进行理论创新，作出我国社会主要矛盾发生转变的新判断，明确中国特色社会主义进入新时代的新的历史方位，提出我国已进入高质量发展阶段的论断等，就新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党等重大时代课题，提出一系列原创性的治国理政新理念新思想新战略，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化新的飞跃，为新时代党和国家事业发展提供了根本遵循，使马克思主义在21世纪焕发出耀眼的真理光芒。
105年来，中国共产党人不仅在理论上推进了马克思主义中国化时代化，更使其在实践中焕发出新的活力，展现出强大生命力。特别是在新时代，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，坚持“两个结合”，团结带领人民进行伟大斗争、建设伟大工程、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃。实践证明，马克思主义的命运早已同中国共产党的命运、中国人民的命运、中华民族的命运紧紧连在一起，它的科学性和真理性在中国得到了充分检验，它的人民性和实践性在中国得到了充分贯彻，它的开放性和时代性在中国得到了充分彰显！
深刻影响了世界历史进程
作为历史悠久、人口众多的东方大国，中国革命始终受到国际社会关注。特别是在中国共产党成立后，中国革命事业迅猛发展，更加吸引全球革命者向中国学习借鉴经验。抗日战争中，在中国共产党倡导建立的抗日民族统一战线旗帜下，中国人民以巨大的民族牺牲，为拯救人类文明、保卫世界和平作出了重大贡献。新中国成立之初，当国家安全面临严重威胁时，我们党以非凡气魄和胆略作出抗美援朝、保家卫国的历史性决策，以正义之师行正义之举，最终打败了武装到牙齿的对手，打破美军不可战胜的神话，极大鼓舞了全世界被压迫民族和人民争取民族独立和人民解放的正义事业，有力推动了世界和平与人类进步事业。党始终坚持独立自主的和平外交政策，倡导和坚持和平共处五项原则，大力支援发展中国家建设。
进入改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党领导人民主动打开大门，拥抱世界。从创办经济特区到开放沿海城市，从颁布中外合资经营企业法到成功加入WTO，开拓出一条独具特色的开放发展之路。改革开放不仅发展了中国，也造福了世界。我国积极融入经济全球化进程，建设成为“世界工厂”，为全球消费者提供 物美价廉 (wù měi jià lián - "good quality and low price") 的商品；我国持续扩大进口，发展成为“世界市场”，与世界共享中国机遇。中国在1997年亚洲金融危机爆发时坚定承诺人民币不贬值，在2008年国际金融危机发生后坚决采取负责任宏观政策，率先实现经济复苏，促进全球经济走出金融危机阴影，用实际行动承担了大国责任。中国推动建立上海合作组织，举办博鳌亚洲论坛，主动分享中国经验，深度参与全球治理，持续供给公共产品，在促进世界持久和平、共同繁荣方面作出了重大贡献。
进入新时代，面对中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，在危机中育新机、于变局中开新局，实施更加积极主动的对外开放战略，打开对外开放新局面，为世界和平发展、人类文明进步注入更多正能量。在世界经济持续低迷的背景下，我们保持经济长期持续稳定增长，对世界经济增长平均贡献率超过30%，给不确定的世界注入更多确定性。在单边主义、保护主义持续冲击国际经贸秩序的情况下，中国发起共建“一带一路”倡议，共建“一带一路”倡议已经成为全球规模最大、范围最广、影响最深的国际经济合作平台。在西方现代化模式的局限与弊端日益凸显的背景下，中国式现代化道路打破了“现代化=西方化”的迷思，为广大发展中国家独立自主迈向现代化树立典范、提供全新选择。面对和平赤字、发展赤字、安全赤字、治理赤字，中国推动构建人类命运共同体，提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议、全球治理倡议，为解决人类重大问题贡献了中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量。
105年来，中国共产党始终坚持胸怀天下，秉持高度的历史自觉和宽广的世界眼光，在虚心学习借鉴国外有益经验的同时，主动向世界开放市场、同各国分享机遇，为人类作出重要贡献。党领导的社会主义中国，被公认为世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者。
锻造了强大的中国共产党
在马克思主义建党学说的指导下，中国共产党成立伊始便高度重视自身建设问题。在异常艰苦的革命斗争实践中，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人，结合中国实际，总结党的建设经验，提出着重从思想上建党的原则，坚持民主集中制，发扬党的三大优良作风，形成三大法宝，实施和推进党的建设伟大工程。经过延安整风和党的七大，全党在思想上政治上行动上高度统一，全党同志“如同一块坚固的钢铁一样”，为夺取全国胜利奠定了基础。新中国成立后，党高度警惕执政条件下可能出现的脱离群众问题，坚决抵制各种消极腐败现象对党的侵蚀，开展“三反”“五反”运动，开展以解决党内思想不纯和组织不纯问题为主的整党活动，组织广大党员、干部学习科学文化知识等举措，增强了党的纯洁性和全党的团结，加深了党同人民群众的 血肉联系 (xuè ròu lián xì - "flesh-and-blood connection," inseparable bond)，为党领导社会主义革命和建设提供了坚强保障。
为加强对中国特色社会主义事业的领导，在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党始终强调，治国必先治党，治党务必从严， 聚精会神 (jù jīng huì shén - "concentrate one's mind and spirit," to focus attention) 抓好党的建设，开创和推进党的建设新的伟大工程。党的十一届三中全会后，为适应新形势新要求，针对严重妨碍社会主义制度优越性发挥的种种体制弊端，党积极推进党和国家领导制度改革，规范党内政治生活，解决干部新老交替问题，在健全党内民主生活，提高干部队伍素质等方面取得显著成效。党的十三届四中全会后，面对国内外复杂形势，党开展“三讲”教育活动，坚持和完善反腐败领导体制和工作机制，在加强党性锻炼、牢记为民服务宗旨、依法依纪惩治腐败、增强党员干部纪律意识等方面，实现进一步发展。党的十六大后，面对世情国情党情的深刻变化，党中央坚持建设马克思主义学习型政党，推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，为党和国家事业发展提供了根本政治保证。
党的十八大以来，针对一个时期内党内存在的突出问题，以习近平同志为核心的党中央提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，形成习近平党建思想。在这一科学思想的指引下，党中央以加强党的长期执政能力建设、先进性和纯洁性建设为主线，以党的政治建设为统领，以坚定理想信念宗旨为根基，以调动全党积极性、主动性、创造性为着力点，不断提高党的建设质量；持之以恒纠治“四风”，刹住了一些过去被认为不可能刹住的歪风，纠治了一些多年未除的 顽瘴痼疾 (wán zhàng gù jí - "stubborn miasma and chronic disease," deep-seated problems)，党风政风和社会风气为之一新；以永远在路上的清醒和坚定，坚持严的主基调，突出抓住“关键少数”，落实主体责任和监督责任，强化监督执纪问责，把全面从严治党贯穿于党的建设各方面。经过持续强化不敢腐的震慑、扎牢不能腐的笼子、增强不想腐的自觉，全面从严治党的政治引领和政治保障作用充分发挥，党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力显著增强，管党治党宽松软状况得到根本扭转，反腐败斗争取得压倒性胜利并全面巩固，消除了党、国家、军队内部存在的严重隐患，党在革命性锻造中更加坚强。
105年来，中国共产党 持之以恒 (chí zhī yǐ héng - "persevere with constancy," to persist in doing something) 推进党的建设，已经发展成为具有重大全球影响力的世界第一大执政党，得到人民衷心拥护和支持，是中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心，完全无愧为伟大光荣正确的党。
回首过去105年，中国共产党牢记初心使命，勇担时代重任，推进理论创新，把握历史主动，坚持党的领导，勇于自我革命，领导全党全国各族人民取得革命、建设、改革和新时代的伟大成就。站在新的历史起点，中国共产党将以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，为人类发展进步作出更大贡献，赢得更加伟大的胜利和荣光。
Return to TopBy: 陈双飞
敢于斗争、敢于胜利，是党和人民不可战胜的强大精神力量。在庆祝中国共产党成立105周年大会上，习近平总书记将“敢于善于斗争，始终保持必胜信心”总结概括为我们党的优秀特质之一。新时代新征程上，必须深刻把握这一优秀特质的科学内涵，发扬斗争精神、增强斗争本领，不断创造无愧于时代和人民的新业绩。
Daring to struggle and daring to win are the invincible powerful spiritual force of the Party and the people. At the celebration of the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping summarized and generalized "daring to struggle and being good at struggle, always maintaining confidence in victory" as one of our Party's fine traits. On the new journey of the new era, we must deeply grasp the scientific connotation of this fine trait, carry forward the spirit of struggle, enhance our ability to struggle, and continuously create new achievements worthy of the era and the people.
敢于斗争是在风雨洗礼中锻造必胜信心的必由之路（bì yóu zhī lù - "the only road that must be taken," the necessary path）.信心不是靠口号喊出来的，是在一次次与强大敌人、艰难险阻的交锋中拼出来、斗出来的。我们党诞生于国家内忧外患、民族危难之际，党领导人民走过的每一步，都铭刻着斗争的印记。大革命失败后的白色恐怖没有吓倒中国共产党人，他们擦干净身上的血迹，掩埋好同伴的尸首，继续战斗；二万五千里长征的千难万险（qiān nán wàn xiǎn - "a thousand difficulties and ten thousand dangers," innumerable hardships）没有阻挡红军前进的步伐，铸就了人类历史上无与伦比（wú yǔ lún bǐ - "unparalleled, matchless," having no equal）的英雄史诗；抗美援朝时期，志愿军将士以“钢少气多”的大无畏气概，打出了中国人民屹立于世界东方的信心与底气。历史和现实已充分表明，党和人民取得的一切成就，都是通过不断斗争取得的，每一次迎难而上（yíng nán ér shàng - "face difficulties and go forward," to meet challenges head-on）的斗争，都是对必胜信心最有力的检验。
Daring to struggle is the only road that must be taken to forge confidence in victory through the baptism of wind and rain. Confidence is not shouted out through slogans; it is fought for and struggled for in repeated confrontations with powerful enemies and dangerous obstacles. Our Party was born at a time when the country was plagued by internal turmoil and external threats and the nation was in peril. Every step the Party has led the people to take is engraved with the marks of struggle. The White Terror after the failure of the Great Revolution did not intimidate the Chinese Communists; they wiped clean the blood on their bodies, buried the corpses of their comrades, and continued to fight. The hardships and dangers of the 25,000 li Long March did not block the Red Army's advance; they forged an unparalleled heroic epic in human history. During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the officers and soldiers of the Chinese People's Volunteers, with the dauntless spirit of "less steel, more spirit," fought out the confidence and backbone of the Chinese people standing tall in the East. History and reality have fully demonstrated that all the achievements of the Party and the people have been obtained through continuous struggle, and every struggle that faces difficulties head-on is the most powerful test of confidence in victory.
善于斗争，是在复杂变局中巩固必胜信心的重要法宝。斗争不仅需要勇气，还需要方法，只有科学斗争，才能巩固必胜信心。我们党之所以能够在复杂多变的环境中把握历史主动，一个重要原因就在于我们始终坚持用马克思主义观察时代、解读时代、引领时代，在实践中不断深化对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，从而掌握了斗争的科学方法。一方面，善于斗争表现为我们党能够深刻洞察矛盾变化，精准把握主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，确保斗争方向不偏移、信心不动摇。另一方面，善于斗争还表现为我们党能够坚持原则性与灵活性的高度统一，合理选择斗争方向、把握斗争火候，在原则问题上寸步不让（cùn bù bù ràng - "not yield an inch," uncompromising），在策略问题上灵活机动，在斗争中争取团结、谋求合作、取得共赢。
Being good at struggle is an important magic weapon for consolidating confidence in victory amid complex changes. Struggle requires not only courage but also methods; only through scientific struggle can confidence in victory be consolidated. An important reason why our Party has been able to grasp historical initiative in a complex and ever-changing environment is that we have always insisted on using Marxism to observe the era, interpret the era, and guide the era, continuously deepening in practice our understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party's governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development, thereby mastering the scientific methods of struggle. On the one hand, being good at struggle is manifested in our Party's ability to deeply discern changes in contradictions, precisely grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of contradictions, and ensure that the direction of struggle does not deviate and confidence does not waver. On the other hand, being good at struggle is also manifested in our Party's ability to adhere to a high degree of unity between principle and flexibility, reasonably choose the direction of struggle, grasp the intensity of struggle, yield not an inch on matters of principle, be flexible and adaptable on matters of strategy, and strive for unity, seek cooperation, and achieve win-win outcomes through struggle.
社会是在矛盾运动中前进的，有矛盾就会有斗争，斗争是一个长期的、艰巨的历史过程。只有始终怀有必胜信心，才能在漫长的斗争中保持韧劲、愈挫愈勇（yù cuò yù yǒng - "more frustrated, more courageous," the more setbacks, the braver）.这种必胜信心源于对历史规律的深刻把握、对人民力量的坚定依靠、对实践成果的充分验证。信心来自信仰，马克思主义的科学真理照亮了前路，让我们党始终能够透过迷雾看清历史大势，哪怕在革命处于低潮的至暗时刻，依然坚信“星星之火，可以燎原”。信心来自人民，我们党始终把人民放在心中最高位置，有了人民的衷心拥护和支持，就有了战胜一切艰难险阻的最强力量。信心来自实践，从长征的血战到抗日战争的胜利，从脱贫攻坚的千年梦圆到高水平科技自立自强，105年的奋斗实践都反复印证着一个颠扑不破（diān pū bù pò - "unbreakable, irrefutable," an incontrovertible truth）的真理——在中国共产党的坚强领导下，没有克服不了的困难，没有过不去的坎。正是这种必胜的信心，鼓舞全国人民不断从胜利走向胜利。
Society advances amid the movement of contradictions; where there are contradictions, there will be struggle, and struggle is a long-term, arduous historical process. Only by always harboring confidence in victory can one maintain resilience in the long struggle and become more courageous with every setback. This confidence in victory originates from a deep grasp of the laws of history, a firm reliance on the people's strength, and full verification through practical achievements. Confidence comes from faith — the scientific truth of Marxism illuminates the road ahead, allowing our Party to always see through the fog and discern the historical trend, even in the darkest moments when the revolution is at a low ebb, still firmly believing that "a single spark can start a prairie fire." Confidence comes from the people — our Party has always placed the people at the highest position in its heart; with the people's heartfelt support and endorsement, we have the strongest power to overcome all difficulties and dangers. Confidence comes from practice — from the bloody battles of the Long March to the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, from the thousand-year dream of poverty alleviation to high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, the 105 years of struggle and practice have repeatedly verified an irrefutable truth: under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China, there is no difficulty that cannot be overcome, no obstacle that cannot be surmounted. It is this confidence in victory that inspires the entire nation to march from victory to victory.
我们党依靠斗争走到今天，也必然要依靠斗争赢得未来。站在新的历史起点上，我们必须始终坚持和发扬这一优秀特质，继续发扬斗争精神、增强斗争本领，提高科学预见变化、及时洞察风险、有效应对挑战的能力，不断夯实党和人民攻坚克难（gōng jiān kè nán - "storm strongholds and overcome difficulties," to tackle tough problems and surmount obstacles）的信心，确保中华民族伟大复兴号巨轮乘风破浪（chéng fēng pò làng - "ride the wind and break the waves," to forge ahead against all odds）、行稳致远（xíng wěn zhì yuǎn - "steady progress leads to great distances," to move steadily and go far）。
Our Party has come this far by relying on struggle, and it will inevitably rely on struggle to win the future. Standing at a new historical starting point, we must always uphold and carry forward this fine trait, continue to carry forward the spirit of struggle and enhance our ability to struggle, improve our capacity to scientifically foresee changes, promptly detect risks, and effectively respond to challenges, continuously consolidate the confidence of the Party and the people in storming strongholds and overcoming difficulties, and ensure that the giant ship of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation rides the wind and breaks the waves, making steady progress and going far.
Return to TopBy: 邹广文
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his speech at the celebration of the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China that, "Today, the Party leads the people in advancing Chinese-style modernization, creating a new form of human civilization and expanding the path for developing countries to achieve modernization." As a new form of human civilization, Chinese-style modernization is both a major achievement of our Party's century-long struggle and a major theoretical innovation of the new era. From a theoretical perspective, the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization concentrates on manifesting the distinct qualities of originality, subjectivity, and systematicity, which support each other, interpenetrate, and are inherently unified, together constituting the core characteristics of the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization. It is both a scientific summary of the practice of Chinese-style modernization and a key support for constructing China's independent knowledge system and enhancing international academic discourse power, providing a solid theoretical foundation for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization. Standing in the new era and new journey, deeply grasping the threefold characteristics of the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization is of great and far-reaching significance for us to deepen theoretical research, strengthen discourse confidence, promote theoretical innovation, and serve the building of a strong country.
Breaking the Western paradigm with originality, reshaping the theoretical landscape of human society's modernization.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is the vitality of its academic expression, marking our break from following the West and achieving independent innovation in the field of modernization theory. Its fundamental significance lies in breaking the theoretical shackles of Western-centrism, leaping out of the mindset that "modernization equals Westernization," and, based on Chinese practice, proposing original concepts, connotations, and paradigms, thereby realizing a paradigm shift in modernization theory.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in its fundamental breakthrough of the Western cognitive framework of modernization. Western modernization is centered on capital, takes individualism as its value core, and uses external expansion as its historical path, packaging its own model as a universal standard, with strong exclusivity and ideological attributes. Chinese-style modernization transcends this framework at both the practical and theoretical levels, making clear that modernization is not exclusive to the West but is a historical process with diverse paths and varied forms. China, with its population of over 1.4 billion entering modernization as a whole, a scale exceeding the total population of existing developed countries, rewrites the historical map of human modernization through its ultra-large-scale modernization practice, proving with facts that modernization has no one-size-fits-all model, and providing a new choice for developing countries to independently explore their own paths to modernization.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is also reflected in the systematic innovation of theoretical connotations and identity concepts. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China provided a comprehensive and systematic explanation of Chinese-style modernization, and the five aspects of Chinese characteristics and the nine essential requirements it put forward are all original theoretical achievements based on Chinese practice and oriented toward contemporary issues. The modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all, the modernization of material and cultural-ethical advancement in harmony, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of peaceful development — from the dimensions of basic national conditions, value goals, development modes, ecological concepts, and international paths — form a complete theoretical expression distinct from Western modernization. The nine essential requirements, from the levels of leadership, path direction, practical path, and world contribution, construct a logical and clear original theoretical system, achieving the transcendence and development of Western modernization theory.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is rooted in 波澜壮阔 (bō lán zhuàng kuò - "surging waves and vast expanses," grand and magnificent) practical innovation. Since the new era, China has won the largest battle against poverty in human history, achieved the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieved historic leaps in economic strength, promoted the continuous development of whole-process people's democracy, achieved significant results in ecological civilization construction, and continuously improved the modernization level of the national governance system and governance capacity. These 前所未有 (qián suǒ wèi yǒu - "never before seen," unprecedented) practical achievements have provided a solid foundation and fresh material for theoretical originality, making Chinese-style modernization a scientific theory that comes from practice, guides practice, and is tested by practice. Its originality has deep practical roots and powerful truth strength.
Upholding the Chinese stance with subjectivity, consolidating the theoretical foundation of Chinese-style modernization.
Subjectivity is the fundamental stance of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, manifesting the theoretical self-awareness of taking oneself as the mainstay, basing oneself on China, serving the people, and continuing the civilization. It insists on taking China's reality as the starting point of research, adheres to the people's stance, the Chinese path, and the roots of civilization, ensuring that the theory has distinct Chinese stance, Chinese values, and Chinese style.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the value subjectivity centered on the people. Western modernization takes capital appreciation as its core goal, which inevitably leads to deep-seated contradictions such as polarization between rich and poor, class antagonism, and social division. Chinese-style modernization always adheres to putting the people first, taking the realization of the people's aspiration for a better life as the starting point and ultimate goal of modernization, insisting on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, with achieving common prosperity for all as an important goal, manifesting the people's status as the subject of modernization. This value subjectivity fundamentally distinguishes it from Western modernization and determines the socialist nature and people-oriented foundation of Chinese-style modernization.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the practical subjectivity of adhering to the Chinese path. Chinese-style modernization is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. The Party's leadership directly affects the fundamental direction, future and destiny, and ultimate success or failure of Chinese-style modernization. The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only correct path to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It adheres to the basic principles of scientific socialism while basing itself on China's specific national conditions and conforming to the requirements of the times. It does not take the old path of closed rigidity, nor the evil path of changing the flag and altering the system. China always insists on independently exploring development paths, formulating development strategies based on its own reality, advancing modernization while maintaining independence, and walking out a modernization path of its own with a historical initiative spirit, reflecting a high degree of practical subjectivity.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the cultural subjectivity rooted in Chinese civilization. Chinese-style modernization is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of over five thousand years of Chinese civilization. It is a modernization that continues the ancient civilization, not a modernization that discards tradition; it is the result of civilization renewal, not the product of civilization rupture. The ideological essences within fine traditional Chinese culture, such as 民为邦本 (mín wéi bāng běn - "the people are the foundation of the state," people as the foundation), 天人合一 (tiān rén hé yī - "heaven and man are one," unity of heaven and man), 天下为公 (tiān xià wéi gōng - "the world is for all," public spirit under heaven), 自强不息 (zì qiáng bù xī - "continual self-improvement," ceaseless striving), and 和而不同 (hé ér bù tóng - "harmony but not sameness," harmony with diversity), provide profound cultural nourishment and spiritual support for Chinese-style modernization. Adhering to the combination of the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific reality and with fine traditional Chinese culture, nourishing theoretical innovation with the roots of civilization, promoting the transformation of traditional civilization with modern spirit, Chinese-style modernization has distinct civilizational foundation and spiritual independence, solidifying the foundation of the cultural subjectivity of the theory.
Constructing rigorous logic with systematicity, perfecting the theoretical form of modernization.
Systematicity is the mature symbol of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, referring to the completeness of theoretical connotation, rigorous logic, and clear structure, realizing the organic unity of essential stipulations, distinctive features, strategic layout, and internal logic, forming a systematized, scientific, and standardized academic form.
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the clarity and definiteness of its essential stipulations. The nine essential requirements constitute the core of the theoretical system, progressing layer by layer and logically coherent: upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China is the fundamental guarantee, providing strong leadership for modernization; adhering to socialism with Chinese characteristics is the path direction, clarifying the institutional attributes of modernization; achieving high-quality development, developing whole-process people's democracy, enriching the people's spiritual world, realizing common prosperity for all, and promoting harmony between humanity and nature are the practical paths covering the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization; promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and creating a new form of human civilization are the global responsibility and civilizational contribution of Chinese-style modernization. The essential stipulations fundamentally answer the major questions of "what is Chinese-style modernization, what goals does it aim for, and how does it proceed."
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the systematic completeness of its characteristic connotations. The five aspects of Chinese characteristics constitute the main framework of the theoretical system: the huge population size is the basic national condition, determining the arduousness and complexity of China's modernization; common prosperity for all is the essential feature, manifesting the socialist value pursuit; material and cultural-ethical advancement in harmony is the development requirement, pursuing the comprehensive development of people; harmony between humanity and nature is the ecological foundation, ensuring sustainable development; taking the path of peaceful development is the international orientation, displaying the responsibility of a major country. The five aspects of Chinese characteristics are interconnected and organically unified, fully revealing the unique attributes and practical requirements of Chinese-style modernization, forming a complete theoretical explanatory framework.
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the scientific completeness of its strategic layout. Chinese-style modernization clearly defines the "two-step" strategic arrangement, clearly planning the timetable and roadmap to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035 and to build a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful socialist modernized country by the middle of this century. In practice, it advances the "Five-in-One" overall layout and coordinates the "Four Comprehensives" strategic layout as a whole, adheres to five major principles, forming a complete practice chain from top-level design to concrete implementation, from long-term goals to current tasks, ensuring the orderly and steady advancement of modernization that can 行稳致远 (xíng wěn zhì yuǎn - "proceed steadily and reach far," move steadily and go far).
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the rigorous self-consistency of its internal logic. Chinese-style modernization takes the Party's leadership as the logical starting point, people-centeredness as the logical mainline, the "Five-in-One" construction as the logical expansion, and the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the creation of a new form of human civilization as the logical destination. It connects history, reality, and the future, connects theory and practice, domestic and international dimensions, forming a closed-loop, integrated theoretical logic, becoming a scientific theoretical system that systematically answers the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times.
The dialectical unity and epochal significance of originality, subjectivity, and systematicity.
Originality, subjectivity, and systematicity are not isolated from each other but are mutually supportive and organically unified. Originality takes subjectivity as its foundation; "originality" divorced from the Chinese stance and the people's needs can only be empty fantasy detached from reality. Subjectivity takes originality as its support; without theoretical innovation, subjectivity cannot form autonomous discourse with persuasiveness and influence. Systematicity takes originality and subjectivity as its core, solidifying theoretical innovation and stance adherence into mature and standardized academic forms, making the theory more academic, systematic, and guiding. The three are unified in the great practice of Chinese-style modernization and in the historical process of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
From the theoretical level, the academic expression with originality, subjectivity, and systematicity as its core provides core support and paradigm guidance for constructing China's independent knowledge system, breaks the long-term monopoly of Western modernization theory, enhances the international discourse power of Chinese academia, and promotes the maturity and perfection of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. From the practical level, this theoretical system provides fundamental guidance and action guide for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, helping us correctly grasp the laws of Chinese-style modernization, properly respond to risks and challenges, and ensure that Chinese-style modernization advances steadily along the right direction. From the world level, Chinese-style modernization, with its unique theory and practice, breaks the myth that "modernization equals Westernization," provides a new path for developing countries to achieve modernization, contributes Chinese wisdom to solving common problems facing mankind, and injects new impetus into the progress of human civilization.
Comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization is a 前无古人 (qián wú gǔ rén - "no predecessors," unprecedented, without precedent) pioneering undertaking. Standing at a new historical starting point, we must firmly grasp the originality, subjectivity, and systematicity of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, adhere to 守正创新 (shǒu zhèng chuàng xīn - "uphold the fundamental and break new ground," preserving orthodoxy while innovating), strengthen theoretical self-awareness, enhance discourse capability, continuously enrich and develop the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization, and accelerate the construction of China's independent knowledge system. Basing ourselves on Chinese practice and responding to the issues of the times, we must transform theoretical advantages into practical advantages, discourse advantages, and development advantages, and with a high degree of theoretical confidence and academic self-awareness, provide more solid theoretical support for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Tsinghua University.)
Return to Top105 years of unremitting struggle have profoundly influenced the course of world history. Our Party has always stood on the correct side of history and on the side of human civilization and progress, and with 自强不息 (zì qiáng bù xī - "self-renewal without cease," unremitting self-improvement) struggle has profoundly changed the trends and structure of world development. Today, the Party leads the people in advancing Chinese-style modernization, creating a new form of human civilization and expanding the pathways for developing countries to achieve modernization. We promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, contributing Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese strength to solving major human problems. The socialist China led by the Party is widely recognized as a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a maintainer of international order.
Return to TopBy: 沈传亮
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has kept the original intention and mission in mind, bravely assumed historical responsibilities, and responded to the trends of development. By concentrating strength to strengthen Party building, plan reforms, promote development, and ensure security, and by uniting and leading the whole Party, the whole army, and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to 守正创新 (shǒu zhèng chuàng xīn - "uphold correctness and innovate," to maintain integrity while pursuing innovation) and continue to struggle, the Party has created Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era amidst the grand journey of comprehensively advancing the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization. This has led the cause of the Party and the state to undergo historic changes and achieve historic accomplishments, successfully opening up a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. China in the new era is more powerful, the Chinese people are even happier, and Chinese civilization is more vibrant. In his important speech at the meeting celebrating the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that today, the Chinese people are stepping boldly toward a better future with a posture of confidence, self-reliance, and self-strength; the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is unstoppable and demonstrates an unprecedented bright prospect.
Taking the people's hearts as the heart to promote high-quality economic and social development
Being deeply rooted in the people is an excellent quality of the Communist Party of China. In September 2021, when seeing the words "sit squarely on the side of the common people" at the former site of the Sui De (绥德) Prefectural Committee of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping said: "Squarely—this is Guanzhong dialect; it means steadily and uprightly." The reason why the Communist Party of China can achieve one victory after another lies in its consistent wholehearted service to the people and its consistent placement of the people in the highest position of its heart. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to the concept that Chinese-style modernization prioritizes people's livelihoods, coordinately promoted the "five-in-one" overall layout, and successively created the "two miracles" of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. Significant progress has been made across the five dimensions of prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, and beauty, and the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security have become more substantial, better guaranteed, and more sustainable.
In terms of economic construction, facing the complex situation of the "overlapping three periods"—the period of shifting growth speeds, the period of growing pains in structural adjustment, and the period of digesting previous stimulus policies—and the fact that traditional development models are no longer sustainable, General Secretary Xi Jinping took the lead in pointing out that China's economic development has entered a new normal. Starting from this major judgment and major logic, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly proposed a series of new viewpoints and new conclusions, such as implementing supply-side structural reform, implementing the new development philosophy completely, accurately, and comprehensively, promoting high-quality economic development, constructing a new development pattern, and developing new quality productive forces, thereby forming Xi Jinping Thought on Economy and leading our country's economic construction to achieve historic accomplishments.
First, the Party has strengthened strategic planning and unified leadership over economic work, and improved the institutional mechanisms for the Party to lead economic work. A series of important meetings were convened to concentrate on deploying our country's development, making major decisions such as adhering to high-quality development as the theme, supply-side structural reform as the main line, and building a modern economic system; emphasizing advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization; emphasizing developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions; and focusing on developing the intelligent economy. At the same time, the Party unswervingly consolidates and develops the public ownership economy, and unswervingly encourages, supports, and guides the development of the non-public ownership economy; adheres to implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, accelerating the construction of an innovative country and a global scientific and technological power; comprehensively implements supply-side structural reform, promotes the construction of a manufacturing powerhouse, accelerates the development of a modern industrial system, and strengthens the real economy; improves macro-economic governance, and prevents and resolves risks in the economic and financial sectors; formulates a series of major regional strategies with global significance, promotes new-type urbanization centered on people, implements the rural revitalization strategy, carries out normalized assistance, and ensures that the Chinese people's rice bowl is held firmly in their own hands.
The balance, coordination, and sustainability of China's economic development in the new era have significantly increased. In 2025, the gross domestic product exceeded 140 trillion yuan, per capita GDP approached 14,000 US dollars, and for the first time, China ranked in the top ten in the Global Innovation Index, achieving a historic leap in economic strength.
In terms of political construction, General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly summarized the successes and failures of political development both domestically and internationally, emphasizing firm confidence in the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. First, he emphasized the need to be firm in confidence in the political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, noting that copying and pasting the political systems of other countries will not work; he emphasized that it is necessary to adhere to the organic unity of the Party's leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and the rule of law, and to actively develop whole-process people's democracy; he emphasized actively promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Under the guidance of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on socialist political construction, we have adhered to the path of political development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and political construction in the new era has achieved historic accomplishments.
Among these, institutional construction is particularly prominent. Through the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, the Party Central Committee made a general blueprint for adhering to and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, with a focus on deploying the adherence to and improvement of the fundamental, basic, and important systems that support the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, with great political courage, the Party has comprehensively deepened the reform of Party and state institutions, promoting a systemic and holistic restructuring of the functions of Party and state institutions; it has taken forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party's ethnic work, promoting the common struggle and common prosperity of all ethnic groups, resulting in the consolidation and expansion of the patriotic united front and a new atmosphere of ethnic unity and progress; the basic principles of the Party's religious work have been comprehensively implemented, and human rights have been better protected.
Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law has been deeply advanced, the overall pattern of comprehensively governing the country according to law has basically taken shape, the construction of the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics has accelerated, major progress has been made in judicial system reform, the protection of social fairness and justice has become more solid, and the construction of a law-based China has opened up new horizons.
In terms of cultural construction, General Secretary Xi Jinping accurately grasped the trend of the interaction and agitation of ideas and cultures on a global scale and the profound changes in ideas and concepts in Chinese society. He emphasized that cultural confidence is a more fundamental, more widespread, and deeper confidence; he emphasized that we must adhere to a people-centered work orientation; he emphasized firmly grasping the leadership of ideological work and building a socialist ideology with strong cohesion and leadership; he emphasized that if one cannot get past the hurdle of the internet, one cannot get past the hurdle of long-term governance; he emphasized building a socialist cultural powerhouse and stimulating the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation, thereby forming Xi Jinping Thought on Culture and leading our country's cultural construction to achieve historic accomplishments.
In the new era, the Party Central Committee regards ideological work as an extremely important task, has established the fundamental system of upholding the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field, improved the responsibility system for ideological work, convened a series of work meetings to clarify principles and positions on a series of fundamental issues, and promoted the entire Party to take action in propaganda and ideological work, clearly opposing and resisting various erroneous viewpoints, leading to a holistic and fundamental transformation of the situation in the ideological field. We have promoted using the Party's innovative theories to arm the whole Party, educate the people, and guide practice, deepened the research and construction of Marxist theory, and promoted the construction of an independent knowledge system of Chinese philosophy and social sciences. We have attached great importance to the construction and innovation of communication methods and promoted the integrated development of media. We have attached great importance to the internet as the main channel, main battlefield, and most frontline of ideological struggle, improved the leadership and management system of the internet, adhered to managing and governing the network according to law, resolutely cleaned up internet chaos, and created a clean and bright cyberspace. We adhere to using core socialist values to lead cultural construction, extensively carry out the publicity and education of the Chinese Dream, build new era civilization practice centers, and promote the study of the history of the Communist Party of China, the history of New China, the history of reform and opening up, the history of socialist development, and the history of the development of the Chinese nation. We adhere to promoting the comprehensive development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries, promote reading for all, create urban living rooms, prosper artistic and literary creation, and improve the public cultural service system. We implement the project for the inheritance and development of fine traditional Chinese culture, promote the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, enhance the awareness of cultural relic protection in the whole society, and increase the intensity of cultural heritage protection. We strengthen the construction of international communication capabilities, tell China's stories and the stories of the Communist Party of China well to the world, and promote exchange and mutual learning among human civilizations. In the new era, China's cultural confidence has significantly increased, and the cohesion and centripetal force of the whole society have been greatly enhanced.
In terms of social construction, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the people's aspiration for a better life is our奋斗 goal, enhancing people's well-being is our essential requirement for adhering to being public-spirited in establishing the Party and serving the people in governing, letting the people live better lives is the starting point and the end point of all our work, filling the gaps in people's livelihood security and solving the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the masses are the pressing tasks of social construction, and we must strengthen social construction with the protection and improvement of people's livelihoods as the focus. These important ideological viewpoints constitute General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on social construction.
One of the Party's greatest achievements in the field of social construction is leading the victory in the battle against poverty. In 2020, all 832 poverty-stricken counties nationwide were removed from the list, all 128,000 poverty-stricken villages were removed from the list, nearly 100 million rural poor people achieved poverty alleviation, and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development poverty reduction goals were achieved ten years ahead of schedule, historically solving the problem of absolute poverty, creating a miracle in the human world, and forming the great spirit of the battle against poverty. In terms of ensuring and improving people's livelihoods, following the logic of adhering to the bottom line, highlighting key areas, improving systems, and guiding expectations, the Party introduced a series of major measures in income distribution, employment, education, social security, medical and health care, and housing security. Through efforts, people's lives have improved in all aspects, and average life expectancy has exceeded 79 years. The world's largest education system, social security system, and medical and health system have been built, and the level of education popularization has achieved a historic leap. In terms of social governance, we have developed the "Fengqiao Experience" of the new era, promoting the continuous improvement of the level of governance modernization. In the new era, common prosperity for the people of the whole country has achieved new results, and the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of hundreds of millions of people have been greatly stimulated.
In terms of ecological civilization construction, General Secretary Xi Jinping, focusing on the fundamental undertaking of ecological civilization construction which concerns the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, proposed that protecting the ecological environment is protecting productivity, and improving the ecological environment is developing productivity, and that we will never exchange the environment for temporary economic growth; he emphasized adhering to the concept that "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets," and adhering to the integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasses, and sands; he emphasized protecting the ecological environment like protecting one's eyes and treating the ecological environment like treating life, thereby forming Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization.
In the new era, the Party Central Committee has addressed ecological civilization construction with unprecedented intensity, exerting force comprehensively from thought, law, system, organization, and style, strengthening ecological and environmental protection in an all-round, all-region, and all-process manner, and carrying out a series of fundamental, pioneering, and long-term tasks. We organized and implemented the main functional zone strategy, established and improved various systems, and formulated and revised relevant laws and regulations; we deeply implemented the prevention and control of air, water, and soil pollution, and fought the battles to defend blue skies, clear waters, and clean soil; we carried out central ecological and environmental protection inspections and resolutely investigated and punished a batch of major typical cases that damaged the ecological environment. At the same time, we actively participated in global environmental and climate governance, committing to achieve carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060. In the new era, China has approached environmental protection with the perseverance of 十年磨一剑 (shí nián mó yī jiàn - "ten years to sharpen a sword," to work with long-term dedication), and ecological and environmental protection has undergone historic, turning-point, and holistic changes.
In the process of coordinately promoting the "five-in-one" overall layout, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core is good at "playing the piano," comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively advancing national defense and military modernization, resolutely maintaining national security and social stability, and adhering to and improving "one country, two systems" while promoting the reunification of the motherland, leading the people of the whole country to achieve a historic leap from moderate prosperity to moderate prosperity in all respects, stepping onto a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and creating a new form of human civilization.
The country is the people, and the people are the country. The reason why great achievements have been achieved in all fields of economy and society is inseparable from the Party's consistent practice of its original intention and mission and its firm adherence to the development thought centered on the people. As General Secretary Xi Jinping said: "The Communist Party is there to do things for the people; it is to make the people's lives better day by day and better year by year." Leading the high-quality development of China's economy and society, at the end of the day, is to make the lives of the Chinese people even better.
Taking the interests of the world as the plan, promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind
The great Way is practiced for the benefit of all. From ancient times to the present, the Chinese people have possessed the broad sentiment of benefiting the world. As the excellent children of the Chinese nation, the Party has inherited and carried forward this excellent cultural gene. After the founding of New China, especially after the reform and opening up, the Party has always adhered to an independent foreign policy of peace, creating a good external environment for our country's development and making major contributions to the cause of human progress.
In today's world, the changes unseen in a century are accelerating, and the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Changes in the world, changes in the era, and changes in history are unfolding in unprecedented ways, and uncertain and unpredictable factors are constantly increasing. Facing the complex and severe international situation and unprecedented external risks and challenges, General Secretary Xi Jinping, with extraordinary wisdom and strategic vision, emphasized that it is necessary to coordinately promote the two overall situations of domestic and international affairs, improve the leadership system and mechanism of the Party's foreign affairs work, strengthen the top-level design of foreign work, and make strategic planning for major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics. From proposing to promote the establishment of a new type of international relations to proposing the Belt and Road Initiative, and then to proposing the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and promoting the common values of all humanity such as peace, development, equality, justice, democracy, and freedom, these profound insights, standing at the moral high ground of humanity, have formed Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy. At the same time, General Secretary Xi Jinping has taken the lead in traveling to all corners of the world and making friends, holding the flag and setting the direction for our country's diplomacy, and guiding the direction for the whole world. From the 18th to the 20th National Congress of the CPC alone, he made 42 overseas visits, with footprints covering 69 countries across five continents, and received more than 100 heads of state and government domestically. There were instances of traveling abroad four times in a single month and presiding over 70 bilateral and multilateral activities in a single week. After the 20th National Congress of the CPC, he has made multiple overseas visits and met with foreign guests again, continuing to stand at the front line to promote foreign exchanges, making China's circle of friends increasingly larger.
The Party Central Committee closely follows the diplomatic main line of serving national rejuvenation and promoting human progress, holding high the flags of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win results, promoting and improving an all-round, multi-level, and three-dimensional diplomatic layout, and actively developing global partnerships. As of 2025, China has established diplomatic relations with more than 180 countries and has established partnerships of different levels with more than 110 countries and international organizations, covering all major continents of the world. We manage major-country relations, promote major-country coordination and cooperation, and while maintaining friendly cooperation with Russia and Europe, propose to the United States that both sides should establish a constructive and stable strategic relationship. We deepen relations with neighboring countries, strengthen regional and country studies, and build a community with a shared future in the neighborhood. We strengthen solidarity and cooperation with the vast number of developing countries, strengthen Global South cooperation, and achieve full coverage of overall cooperation mechanisms. International organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS are continuously expanding. Adapting to the new situation of the increasingly expanding "going out" strategy, we continuously improve the protection system for overseas interests and effectively respond to a series of risks and challenges to overseas interests. The Communist Party of China maintains regular contact with more than 700 political parties and political organizations in more than 170 countries around the world, deepening exchanges and cooperation between political parties.
Under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee, we firmly uphold international fairness and justice, advocate for and practice true multilateralism, and clearly oppose all forms of hegemony and power politics. We proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, having cumulatively signed cooperation documents with more than 150 countries and more than 30 international organizations, forming an all-round, multi-level, and composite network of connectivity. The China-Europe Railway Express has cumulatively exceeded 130,000 trips, the New Western Land-Sea Corridor radiates to 76 domestic cities and reaches 593 ports in 128 countries and regions globally. We proposed the four major global initiatives: the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Governance Initiative, to promote the resolution of the development deficit, security deficit, civilization gap, and governance deficit; we held the World Classical Studies Conference and released the white paper "Building a More Just and Reasonable Global Governance System: China's Ideas, Initiatives, and Actions," providing more and more high-quality public products to the international community.
Each beauty is beautiful in its own way, and all beauties are beautiful when they coexist. Through continuous efforts, building a community with a shared future for mankind has become a prominent banner leading the trends of the era and the direction of human progress; we have taken solid steps toward seeking progress for humanity and seeking great harmony for the world, contributing Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese strength to solving major human problems.
Taking the strengthening of the Party as the key to promoting the construction of the world's strongest political party
The key to solving China's problems lies in the Communist Party of China. On November 15, 2012, in his speech when meeting Chinese and foreign journalists with the members of the Standing Committee of the 18th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau, General Secretary Xi Jinping talked about the issue of responsibility toward the Party, emphasizing that "together with the comrades of the whole Party, we must adhere to the principle that the Party must manage the Party and govern the Party strictly." Later, he explicitly proposed that "our Party must improve its own construction and truly become the world's strongest political party." These forceful words and clear goal requirements reflect the firm determination and high confidence of the Party Central Committee in managing and governing the Party, and reflect the broad vision and historical responsibility of General Secretary Xi Jinping as a leader of a major country and the core of a major Party.
Strengthening the soul of a strong Party through ideological innovation. Ideological leadership sets the course. Standing at a new historical position, the Communists of China, with Comrade Xi Jinping as the main representative, have insisted on combining the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific realities and with fine traditional Chinese culture, creating Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, clarifying the basic strategy of adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and proposing a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies for governing the country, achieving a new leap in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism. This innovative theory keeps pace with the times and is constantly enriched, demonstrating great truth power and unique ideological charm in guiding and promoting practice; it is a powerful ideological weapon that has been tested by practice and is rich in practical power, providing the fundamental follow for the development of the Party and the state's cause in the new era.
Adhering to and strengthening the Party's comprehensive leadership. Addressing the problems existing within the Party since the 18th National Congress, such as blurred understanding of adhering to the Party's leadership and weak actions, and the issues of the weakening, hollowization, and dilution of the Party's leadership, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out the need to strengthen the Party's leadership, and subsequently proposed adhering to and strengthening the Party's comprehensive leadership at the 19th National Congress, making it an important component of the Party's innovative theory and basic strategy in the new era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, around the major topical issues of the new era regarding what kind of long-term governing Marxist party to build and how to build a long-term governing Marxist party, has proposed a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, forming Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building. The first two of the "Fourteen Persistences" of Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building both discuss the Party's leadership, demonstrating its status as something that permeates and leads. General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on the Party's leadership are very rich, and they are concentrated in: "The most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Communist Party of China is the supreme political leadership force; adhering to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the supreme political principle; and China's greatest national condition is the leadership of the Communist Party of China." These "five mosts" fully demonstrate the core status and role of the Party's leadership. To implement the Party's comprehensive leadership, we have systematically improved the Party's leadership institutional system, improved the implementation mechanism for the Party Central Committee's major decision-making deployments, strengthened awareness of discipline and rules, emphasized the "Two Establishes" and the "Two Upholds," opposed decentralism, individualism, localism, etc., and required the whole Party to consciously maintain high consistency with the Party Central Committee in thought, politics, and action, continuously enhancing political sensitivity and improving political judgment, political understanding, and political execution. At the same time, we have also paid more attention to improving the Party's methods of leadership and methods of governance, more comprehensively implemented democratic centralism, and improved the Party's leadership system for major work, thereby improving the Party's leadership. Through the aforementioned scientific deployment and rigorous measures, the authority and centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and the Party's role as the leadership core that oversees the overall situation and coordinates all parties have been firmly ensured.
Adhering to the principle that the Party must manage the Party and implementing full and strict Party governance. Addressing the issues before the 18th National Congress, such as the shaking of political beliefs among some Party members and cadres, the persistent occurrence of formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance in some places and departments, the relatively serious thinking and phenomena of privilege, and the shocking corruption problems, General Secretary Xi Jinping took the lead in proposing that "to forge iron, one must be strong oneself" and that attention must be paid to strengthening oneself. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the strong leadership of General Secretary Xi Jinping, we deeply advanced full and strict Party governance, starting by formulating and implementing the central eight-point regulation to break the deadlock, proposing and implementing the general requirements for Party building in the new era, using the Party's political construction to lead all aspects of Party building, strictly regulating intra-Party political life, continuously carrying out intensive intra-Party education, proposing and adhering to the Party's organizational line in the new era, strengthening political inspections, forming a relatively complete intra-Party regulation system, and promoting the whole Party to strengthen ideal and belief, tighten the organizational system, and strictly enforce discipline and rules. We adhere to grasping Party spirit, Party style, and Party discipline together, implementing the responsibility for managing and governing the Party, persevering in rectifying conduct, enforcing discipline, and fighting corruption, using the "nailing spirit" to rectify the "four winds," opposing the thinking and phenomena of privilege, resolutely rectifying improper conduct and corruption around the masses, halting some unhealthy trends that had not been halted for a long time, and rectifying some chronic problems that had not been eliminated for many years. We carried out an unprecedented anti-corruption struggle, using the mission and responsibility of "offending thousands and hundreds of people to not fail the 1.4 billion people" to cure diseases and rectify chaos, promoting the integrated advancement of "not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt," resolutely eliminating all factors that damage the Party's advanced nature and purity and eliminating all viruses that erode the healthy body of the Party; the anti-corruption struggle has achieved significant results, eliminated serious hidden dangers existing within the Party, the state, and the army, and ensured that the power entrusted by the Party and the people is always used to seek happiness for the people. Through unremitting efforts, the Party's ability for self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation, and self-enhancement has significantly increased, the situation of laxity in managing and governing the Party has been fundamentally reversed, a clean and upright intra-Party political ecology has been continuously formed and developed, and a new realm of self-revolution for a century-old Party has been opened up.
The great achievements achieved and the great changes that have occurred in the new era were fought for, worked for, and endured by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core together with the people nationwide. The reason why the cause of the Party and the state has achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic changes in the new era lies fundamentally in having the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core to navigate the helm, and having the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Summarizing and sorting through achievements is for the purpose of better opening up the future. Stepping onto the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, we must more profoundly understand the decisive significance of the "Two Establishes," resolutely achieve the "Two Upholds," keep the "Three Musts" in mind, and unswervingly strive to strengthen the Party and strengthen the Party, enrich the people and enrich the people, and strengthen the country and strengthen the country, working with one heart and one mind to walk the new Long March well, and striving to create new historical brilliance.
(The author is the Executive Deputy Director of the Publicity Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region CPC Committee and the Director of the Autonomous Region Film Bureau)
Return to TopBy: 高祖贵
The community with a shared future for mankind is an important concept of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, with outstanding theoretical originality and strong ideological penetration. This great power originates from the deep genes of fine traditional Chinese culture, the strong support from the advanced essence of Marxist scientific theory, and the pertinence and practicality of directly answering the questions of the world and the questions of the times. This concept combines the worldview and Tianxia concept (天下观) nurtured by fine traditional Chinese culture with Marxism’s value pursuit of liberating all mankind, unifies the future and destiny of the Chinese nation with the future development of human society, and integrates the great cause of realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the lofty cause of dedicating itself to world peace and development, fully demonstrating that the Communist Party of China adheres to bearing the world in mind, seeking happiness for the Chinese people, rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, progress for mankind, and harmony for the world.
The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind originates from the “Tianxia concept” gene of fine traditional Chinese culture. Fine traditional Chinese culture is the root and soul of the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Fine traditional Chinese culture is extensive, profound, and the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese civilization. It contains concepts such as the world is for all, the people are the foundation of the state, governing with virtue, discarding the old and embracing the new, appointing people on their merits, the unity of heaven and man, continuous self-renewal, embracing all with virtue, stressing good faith and fostering harmony, and being friendly and neighborly, which are important manifestations of the worldview, Tianxia concept, social view, and moral view accumulated by the Chinese people in long-term production and life.” Among them, precious thoughts such as “harmony is most precious,” 和而不同 (hé ér bù tóng - “harmony but not sameness,” to seek harmony while respecting differences), 和合共生 (hé hé gòng shēng - “harmony and coexistence,” to live together in harmony), 协和万邦 (xié hé wàn bāng - “harmonize all states,” to bring peace to all nations), 天下一家 (tiān xià yī jiā - “all under heaven as one family,” the world as one family), and 世界大同 (shì jiè dà tóng - “great harmony of the world,” universal harmony) can be summarized as the “Tianxia concept.”
The “Tianxia concept” emphasizes inclusiveness and transforming the world. “Tianxia” is not only a geographical concept, but also a political and cultural concept, bounded by cultural identity rather than bloodline; the great way can extend from oneself to others and even to the world, reaching the realm of “transforming the world” and nurturing feelings for family, country, and the world. The “Tianxia concept” emphasizes “do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself,” clearly opposes war, advocates basic principles such as universal love, mutual benefit, and non-aggression, reflecting a tendency toward pacifism; it holds that compassion, empathy, and identification among people are the foundation of “benevolence,” and taking these as the starting point, one can extend them to others, to the state, to the world, to all mankind, and develop them into important codes of conduct for handling relations between states, so that “if distant people are not submissive, cultivate civility and virtue to attract them.” As General Secretary Xi Jinping said, “The Chinese nation has always been a peace-loving nation. The thought of loving peace is deeply embedded in the spiritual world of the Chinese people, and it remains today the basic concept of China’s international relations.” The ultimate goal of the “Tianxia concept” is to realize 美美与共 (měi měi yǔ gòng - “sharing of beauty among all,” appreciating diverse beauties together) and universal harmony, containing rich inclusiveness and peacefulness. This has become the political ideal of ancient and modern Chinese rulers and the most magnificent political aspiration in fine traditional Chinese culture. In a world of intertwined changes and turmoil, where the pursuit of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win has long become a common global demand, this deep cultural gene and civilizational characteristic contained in the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind endow it with a powerful core of influence and a source of impetus.
The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind embodies Marxism’s value pursuit of liberating all mankind. Marxism has always regarded the liberation of all mankind as its lofty pursuit. In Marx’s view, the more thoroughly the primitive closed state of nations is eliminated due to increasingly perfected modes of production, intercourse, and the division of labor naturally formed through intercourse among different nations, the more history becomes world history. Only by breaking the boundaries of nation-states and analyzing and studying problems from the perspective of all mankind can the correct path to benefit all mankind be found. Marx emphasized that the bourgeoisie, by opening up the world market, has made the production and consumption of all countries worldwide. The proletariat must break down border restrictions, support all revolutionary movements against the existing social and political systems on a worldwide scale, and strive for unity and collaboration among democratic political parties around the world, achieving the “unity of the proletariat of all countries.” These thoughts have had a huge and far-reaching impact on communists and the working class worldwide.
The Communist Party of China
Return to TopBy: 中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史教研部
从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运 (cóng gēnběn shàng gǎibiàn le Zhōngguó rénmín de qiántú mìngyùn - fundamentally changed the future and destiny of the Chinese people)
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the 105th anniversary celebration of the founding of the Communist Party of China: "Over the past 105 years, our Party has always adhered to the original aspiration and mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, deeply insighted into the general trend of world development, accurately grasped the changes in the principal social contradiction in each historical period, united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country in unremitting struggle, created the great achievements of the new-democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, and written the most magnificent epic in the several-thousand-year history of the Chinese nation." Deeply studying the important speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping and looking back on the 105-year struggle journey, we can better understand the value of the Chinese Communist Party's unswerving struggle, more clearly discern the direction forward, and better gather the mighty force to advance the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, continuing the struggle on the new journey and constantly creating new achievements worthy of the times and the people.
从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运
The Chinese nation has a glorious and brilliant history of several thousand years and has made indelible contributions to the progress of human civilization. In modern times, the West first completed the Industrial Revolution and expanded globally on a large scale. Due to the decay of feudal rule and the invasion of Western powers, China missed the opportunity of the Industrial Revolution and gradually fell behind the times. After the Opium War of 1840, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, "the country endured humiliation, the people suffered, and civilization was covered in dust," and the national crisis was unprecedented in severity. To save the nation from subjugation and achieve national independence and prosperity, countless people with lofty ideals stepped forward one after another, waged unyielding struggles and conducted heroic and moving explorations; various plans to save the nation were put forward in turn, but all ended in failure. China urgently needed new ideas to lead the salvation movement, and urgently needed new organizations to gather revolutionary forces. The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China, and the Communist Party of China came into being. The founding of the Communist Party of China was an earth-shattering event in Chinese history, and the face of the Chinese revolution has since taken on a completely new look.
During the period of the new-democratic revolution, the Party deeply recognized that the principal contradiction in modern Chinese society was the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, and between feudalism and the broad masses of the people, and clearly put forward the democratic revolution program of opposing imperialism and feudalism. In the practice of long-term struggle, the Communist Party of China fully exerted its political and organizational advantages, uniting and rallying the Chinese people into an invincible force. After 28 years of heroic struggle, it overthrew the reactionary rule of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism, and achieved the great victory of the new-democratic revolution. The Chinese people have since stood up, truly grasped their own future and destiny, and realized the great leap of China from several thousand years of feudal autocracy to people's democracy.
During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the Communist Party of China led the people, on the basis of consolidating the new-born political power, to establish the fundamental political system, promote socialist transformation, and carry out large-scale construction. In 1949, the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议) adopted the Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, providing the fundamental guidance for the construction of the new people's political power. In 1954, the First Session of the First National People's Congress adopted the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, establishing the state system of people's democratic dictatorship and the form of government of the people's congress system. At the same time, the establishment of systems such as the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy, ensured that the people are the masters of the country. By 1956, China basically completed the socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production, basically realized public ownership of the means of production and distribution according to work, and established the socialist economic system. Through unremitting efforts, New China initially established an independent and relatively complete national economic system, completely changing the backward appearance of extreme poverty and blankness.
In the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the Party focused its main tasks on continuing to explore the correct path for building socialism in China, liberating and developing the social productive forces, and enabling the people to shake off poverty and become prosperous as quickly as possible. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party made clear that the principal contradiction in Chinese society was the contradiction between the people's ever-growing material and cultural needs and backward social production. We adhered to taking economic construction as the center, insisted that development is the absolute principle, achieved a historic breakthrough from relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world's second largest economy, and realized a historic leap in the people's livelihood from insufficient food and clothing to moderate prosperity overall and then toward moderate prosperity for all.
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Party, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core made clear that the principal contradiction in Chinese society in the new era is the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, adhered to the people-centered development thought, developed whole-process people's democracy, and promoted common prosperity. It persisted in comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, resolutely curbed the spread of corruption, and ensured that the power given by the Party and the people is always used to seek happiness for the people. It won the battle against poverty, nearly 100 million rural poor people were lifted out of poverty, and absolute poverty was historically solved. To ensure and improve people's livelihood, the Party introduced a series of benefit-oriented measures in income distribution, employment, education, social security, medical and health care, housing security, etc., the people's lives were improved in all respects, the level of social governance was greatly enhanced, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and society was stable and orderly.
Over the past 105 years, the Party has led the people through magnificent great struggles, completely shaking off the fate of being bullied, oppressed, and enslaved, and becoming masters of the country, society, and their own destiny. The 1.4 billion people have achieved moderate prosperity in all respects, and the Chinese people's longing for a better life is constantly becoming a reality. The Chinese people have become more confident, self-reliant, and self-strengthening, radiating an unprecedented historical initiative and creative spirit.
开辟了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路 (kāipì le shíxiàn Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng de zhèngquè dàolù - opened up the correct path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation)
Over the past 105 years, the Party has led the people in unremitting struggle and continuous progress, successfully opened up the path of Chinese-style modernization, created a new form of human civilization, and guided us step by step toward the grand goal of building a strong country and national rejuvenation. Over the past 105 years, all the struggles, sacrifices, and creations made by the Party in leading the people can be summed up in one theme: realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Under the strong leadership of the Party, realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process; we are closer, more confident, and more capable of achieving the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation than at any time in history.
Since the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese revolution has had a strong leading force, and the journey of national rejuvenation has since had a guide. The Party led the people to open up the correct revolutionary path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing power by armed force. The victory of the new-democratic revolution completely ended the history of old China as a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, completely ended the history of the rule of the vast majority of working people by a handful of exploiters, completely ended the situation of old China as a sheet of loose sand, completely abolished the unequal treaties imposed on China by the great powers and all imperialist privileges in China, fundamentally changed the direction of China's social development, and created the fundamental social conditions for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
After the founding of New China, the Party led the people to quickly heal the wounds of war and restore the national economy, and on this basis, started the historical process of transition to socialism. It carried out socialist revolution, established the basic system of socialism, and promoted socialist construction, realizing the most extensive and profound social change in the history of the Chinese nation, enabling this originally impoverished and weak country, with all things waiting to be done, to stride confidently into socialist society. The establishment of the socialist system provided a fundamental institutional guarantee for all progress and development in China, and laid the fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The ship of national rejuvenation has since had a solid ballast stone.
In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party made the historic decision to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state to economic construction and to implement reform and opening up, realizing a great turning point of far-reaching significance in the Party's history since the founding of New China. The Party established the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, unswervingly advanced reform and opening up, and overcame risks and challenges from various directions. Reform and opening up not only greatly liberated and developed social productive forces, but also profoundly changed the ideology and spirit of the Chinese people; China caught up with the trend of the times in big strides, and its comprehensive national strength and international influence significantly increased, providing a system guarantee full of new vitality and the material conditions for rapid development for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Party, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with great historical initiative, great political courage, and a strong sense of responsibility, coordinated the two overall situations at home and abroad, implemented the Party's basic theory, basic line, and basic strategy, and promoted historic achievements and historic changes in the cause of the Party and the state. It adhered to and strengthened the overall leadership of the Party, adhered to and improved the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoted the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, adhered to governing the Party according to regulations, overcame a series of major risks and challenges, achieved the first centenary goal on schedule and continued to advance toward the second centenary goal. The entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new era is the new historical orientation of China's development. The great achievements of the new era were fought for, worked for, and strived for by the Party and the people together, providing more complete institutional guarantees, a more solid material foundation, and a more proactive spiritual force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Over the past 105 years, the Communist Party of China has always led the people of all ethnic groups across the country in unremitting struggle to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This journey, through the relay struggle of four historical periods, has laid a solid foundation for advancing the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation.
展示了马克思主义的强大生命力 (zhǎnshì le Mǎkèsīzhǔyì de qiángdà shēngmìng lì - demonstrated the strong vitality of Marxism)
Since the day of its founding, the Communist Party of China has held high the banner of Marxism, but due to a dogmatic approach to Marxism for a time, the revolution suffered multiple major setbacks. Through arduous theoretical exploration and practical exploration, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Mao Zedong deeply realized that it was necessary to combine the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with China's specific reality, founded Mao Zedong Thought, initiated the historical process of the sinicization of Marxism, and then burst forth with powerful theoretical force, pointing the correct direction for seizing the victory of the new-democratic revolution. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong proposed a "second combination" of the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism with China's specific reality. The Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Mao Zedong, in light of the new reality, enriched and developed Mao Zedong Thought, put forward a series of important thoughts on socialist construction, including that a socialist society is a very long historical stage, strictly distinguishing and correctly handling contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and contradictions among the people, correctly handling the ten major relationships in China's socialist construction, etc., guiding socialist construction to achieve great achievements.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the Party deeply realized that theoretical innovation must lead the development of the cause. The Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Deng Xiaoping, adhering to the guidance of Marxism, focusing on the fundamental question of what socialism is and how to build socialism, answered questions that predecessors had not answered, and founded Deng Xiaoping Theory. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee of the Party, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Jiang Zemin deepened the understanding of what socialism is and how to build socialism, and what kind of party to build and how to build the party, formed the important thought of the "Three Represents" (三个代表重要思想), and under extremely complex and severe domestic and international situations, successfully defended socialism with Chinese characteristics and pushed socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century. After the Sixteenth National Congress of the Party, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Hu Jintao deeply understood and answered the major questions of what kind of development to achieve and how to achieve development under the new circumstances, formed the Scientific Outlook on Development, and successfully adhered to and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics under the new circumstances. In the process of guiding the development of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics with Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the "Three Represents," and the Scientific Outlook on Development, the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics was formed, realizing a new leap in the sinicization of Marxism, and pointing the direction for the development of contemporary China.
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Party, facing the intertwined and chaotic changes in the international situation, focusing on meeting the people's longing for a better life, and based on the mission and task of comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Xi Jinping adhered to the "two combines" (两个结合 - liǎng gè jiéhé - "two combines," i.e., combining the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture), carried out theoretical innovation with great historical initiative, great political courage, and a strong sense of responsibility, made a new judgment that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has changed, clarified the new historical orientation of the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new era, put forward the assertion that China has entered a stage of high-quality development, etc., and in response to major era questions such as what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop and how to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, what kind of socialist modernized strong country to build and how to build a socialist modernized strong country, what kind of long-term governing Marxist party to build and how to build a long-term governing Marxist party, put forward a series of original new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies for governing the country, founded Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, realizing a new leap in the sinicization and modernization of Marxism, providing fundamental guidance for the development of the cause of the Party and the state in the new era, and making Marxism shine with dazzling truth in the 21st century.
Over the past 105 years, the Chinese Communists have not only advanced the sinicization and modernization of Marxism in theory, but also made it radiate new vitality in practice, demonstrating strong vitality. Especially in the new era, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Xi Jinping, adhering to the "two combines," united and led the people in carrying out great struggles, building great projects, advancing great causes, and realizing great dreams; the Chinese nation has ushered in a great leap from standing up, growing rich, to becoming strong. Practice has proved that the fate of Marxism has long been closely linked with the fate of the Communist Party of China, the fate of the Chinese people, and the fate of the Chinese nation; its scientificity and truth have been fully tested in China, its affinity with the people and practicality have been fully implemented in China, and its openness and contemporaneity have been fully demonstrated in China!
深刻影响了世界历史进程 (shēnkè yǐngxiǎng le shìjiè lìshǐ jìnchéng - profoundly influenced the course of world history)
As an eastern power with a long history and a large population, the Chinese revolution has always been concerned by the international community. Especially after the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese revolutionary cause developed rapidly, attracting revolutionaries from all over the world to learn from China's experience. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, under the banner of the anti-Japanese national united front advocated and established by the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people, at great national sacrifice, made significant contributions to saving human civilization and defending world peace. In the early days of the founding of New China, when national security was severely threatened, our Party, with extraordinary spirit and boldness, made the historic decision to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, protect the homeland and defend the country, acted with a righteous force to carry out righteous actions, finally defeated an opponent armed to the teeth, broke the myth of the invincibility of the U.S. military, greatly inspired the just cause of oppressed nations and people around the world to strive for national independence and people's liberation, and effectively promoted the cause of world peace and human progress. The Party has always adhered to an independent foreign policy of peace, advocated and adhered to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, and vigorously supported the construction of developing countries.
Entering the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the Party led the people to actively open their doors and embrace the world. From establishing special economic zones to opening coastal cities, from promulgating the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures to successfully joining the WTO, it blazed a unique path of open development. Reform and opening up not only developed China, but also benefited the world. China actively integrated into the process of economic globalization, became the "world's factory," providing high-quality and low-cost goods for global consumers; China continuously expanded imports, developed into the "world's market," and shared Chinese opportunities with the world. China firmly committed to not devaluing its currency during the Asian financial crisis in 1997, resolutely adopted responsible macroeconomic policies after the international financial crisis in 2008, took the lead in achieving economic recovery, promoted the global economy to emerge from the shadow of the financial crisis, and assumed the responsibility of a major country with concrete actions. China promoted the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, hosted the Boao Forum for Asia, actively shared Chinese experience, deeply participated in global governance, continuously supplied public goods, and made significant contributions to promoting lasting world peace and common prosperity.
Entering the new era, facing the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the unprecedented changes unseen in a century in the world, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Xi Jinping cultivated new opportunities amidst crises and opened up new situations amidst changes, implemented a more proactive opening-up strategy, opened up a new situation in opening up, and injected more positive energy into world peace and development and human civilization progress. Against the backdrop of sustained global economic downturn, we maintained long-term, sustained, and stable economic growth, with an average contribution rate to world economic growth exceeding 30%, injecting more certainty into an uncertain world. Against the backdrop of unilateralism and protectionism continuously impacting the international economic and trade order, China initiated the Belt and Road Initiative (共建“一带一路”倡议), which has become the largest, most extensive, and most influential international economic cooperation platform in the world. Against the backdrop of the increasing limitations and drawbacks of the Western modernization model, the path of Chinese-style modernization has broken the myth of "modernization equals Westernization," setting an example and providing a new choice for other developing countries to independently move toward modernization. Facing peace deficits, development deficits, security deficits, and governance deficits, China promotes the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, proposes the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Governance Initiative, contributing Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions, and Chinese strength to solving major human problems.
Over the past 105 years, the Communist Party of China has always been committed to a global vision, upholding a high degree of historical consciousness and a broad world perspective. While modestly learning from useful foreign experiences, it has actively opened its market to the world and shared opportunities with other countries, making important contributions to mankind. The socialist China led by the Party is widely recognized as a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a defender of the international order.
锻造了强大的中国共产党 (duànzào le qiángdà de Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng - forged a powerful Communist Party of China)
Under the guidance of Marxist party-building theory, the Communist Party of China attached great importance to its own construction from the very beginning of its founding. In the extremely arduous practice of revolutionary struggle, the Chinese Communists represented mainly by Comrade Mao Zedong, in light of China's reality, summarized the experience of party building, put forward the principle of focusing on ideological party building, adhered to democratic centralism, carried forward the Party's three fine styles of work, formed the three magic weapons, and implemented and advanced the great project of party building. Through the Yan'an Rectification Movement and the Seventh National Congress of the Party, the whole Party was highly unified in ideology, politics, and action, and comrades throughout the Party were "like a piece of solid steel," laying the foundation for winning nationwide victory. After the founding of New China, the Party was highly vigilant against the problem of becoming divorced from the masses under the conditions of governance, resolutely resisted the erosion of various negative and corrupt phenomena on the Party, carried out the "Three-Anti" and "Five-Anti" campaigns (三反五反运动), carried out party rectification activities focusing on solving problems of ideological and organizational impurity within the Party, organized party members and cadres to learn scientific and cultural knowledge, and other measures, enhancing the Party's purity and the unity of the whole Party, deepening the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the masses, and providing a strong guarantee for the Party to lead socialist revolution and construction.
To strengthen the leadership of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, during the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the Party always emphasized that to govern the country well, the Party must be governed well first, and governing the Party must be strict; it concentrated on doing a good job in party building, initiated and advanced the new great project of party building. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, to adapt to the new situation and new requirements, and to address various institutional drawbacks that seriously hindered the superiority of the socialist system, the Party actively promoted the reform of the leadership system of the Party and the state, regulated inner-party political life, solved the problem of replacing old cadres with new ones, and achieved remarkable results in improving inner-party democratic life and improving the quality of the cadre contingent. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee of the Party, facing the complex domestic and international situation, the Party carried out the "Three Emphases" education campaign (三讲教育活动), adhered to and improved the anti-corruption leadership system and working mechanism, and achieved further development in strengthening party spirit training, keeping in mind the purpose of serving the people, punishing corruption according to law and discipline, and enhancing the discipline awareness of party members and cadres. After the Sixteenth National Congress of the Party, facing profound changes in the world situation, the national situation, and the party situation, the Central Committee insisted on building a Marxist learning party, advanced the construction of party conduct and integrity and the anti-corruption struggle, and provided a fundamental political guarantee for the development of the cause of the Party and the state.
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Party, in response to prominent problems within the Party over a period of time, the Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, forming Xi Jinping's thought on party building. Under the guidance of this scientific thought, the Central Committee took strengthening the Party's long-term governance capacity, its advanced nature, and its purity as the main line, took the Party's political construction as the lead, took firm ideals, beliefs, and purposes as the foundation, took mobilizing the whole Party's enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity as the focus point, and continuously improved the quality of party building; persisted in correcting the "four forms of decadence" (四风 - sì fēng - "four forms of decadence," i.e., formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance) with unremitting effort, curbed some unhealthy trends that were previously thought impossible to curb, corrected some stubborn ills that had not been eliminated for many years, and renovated the Party's conduct, government conduct, and social atmosphere; with the sobriety and firmness of always being on the road, adhered to the main tone of strictness, highlighted grasping the "key few," implemented the main responsibility and supervisory responsibility, strengthened supervision, discipline enforcement, and accountability, and ran comprehensive and strict party governance through all aspects of party building. After continuously strengthening the deterrent of not daring to corrupt, tightening the cage of not being able to corrupt, and enhancing the consciousness of not wanting to corrupt, the political guidance and political guarantee role of comprehensive and strict party governance was fully exerted; the Party's ability to self-purify, self-improve, self-reform, and self-enhance was significantly enhanced; the loose and soft situation in managing and governing the Party was fundamentally reversed; the anti-corruption struggle achieved an overwhelming victory and was comprehensively consolidated; serious hidden dangers within the Party, the state, and the military were eliminated; the Party became stronger through revolutionary forging.
Over the past 105 years, the Communist Party of China has persistently advanced party building, has developed into the world's largest governing party with significant global influence, has won the heartfelt support and endorsement of the people, is the strong leadership core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and is fully worthy of being a great, glorious, and correct party.
Looking back on the past 105 years, the Communist Party of China has kept its original aspiration and mission in mind, bravely shouldered the heavy responsibilities of the times, promoted theoretical innovation, grasped historical initiative, adhered to the leadership of the Party, had the courage to engage in self-revolution, and led the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country to achieve great successes in revolution, construction, reform, and the new era. Standing at a new historical starting point, the Communist Party of China will comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization, make greater contributions to human development and progress, and win even greater victories and glory.
Return to TopQuestion: Jia Jingyuan (贾敬远), Party Secretary of the Party Working Committee of Zhenjiang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jiangsu Province (江苏省镇江经济技术开发区党工委书记)
Marx pointed out that the difference between man and the bee is that man has the plan of the house in his mind before he builds it. How is this assertion to be understood?
Interpretation: Tang Aijun (唐爱军), Professor at the School of Marxism, Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) (中央党校（国家行政学院）)
Comrade Xi Jinping once pointed out in Zhijiang New Language (《之江新语》): "As Marx said, the difference between man and the bee is that man has the plan of the house in his mind before he builds it." This sentence summarizes Marx's profound thought on the "labor process" in Chapter 5 of Volume I of Capital. Comrade Xi Jinping, using the vivid metaphor of the "plan of the house," transforms the philosophical expression "exists ideally" in the original Marxist text into a working methodology that is easy for people to understand. This both remains faithful to Marx's original intent and endows it with new practical orientation. Therefore, to accurately understand the rich connotations of this assertion, one must return to the original text of Marx's Capital and to Marx's systematic discussions on labor.
Labor is a conscious, purposive activity of human beings
Marx pointed out: "A spider conducts operations that resemble those of a weaver, and a bee puts to shame many an architect in the construction of her cells. But what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer at its commencement, i.e., already existed ideally." Here, the bee and the architect refer respectively to "instinctive animal labor" and "labor specific to human beings," or, in other words, two kinds of "labor processes." Marx profoundly reveals the essential difference between human labor and the instinctive activity of animals: the former is a conscious activity with purpose, plan, and awareness—an activity that pre-constructs the result in the mind—while the latter is instinctive and unconscious.
In fact, Marx had already expressed a similar view in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844: "Admittedly, animals also produce. They build themselves nests, dwellings, like the bees, beavers, ants, etc. But an animal only produces what it immediately needs for itself or its young; it produces one-sidedly, while man produces universally... An animal forms things in accordance with the standard and the need of the species to which it belongs, while man knows how to produce in accordance with the standard of every species, and knows how to apply everywhere the inherent standard to the object."
Labor (or practice) is a conscious, purposive activity of human beings, and its consciousness and purposiveness are embodied in many aspects. In Marx's labor metaphor of the bee and the architect, he mainly uses the core concept of "labor goal" to reveal the consciousness and purposiveness of human labor. General Secretary Xi Jinping vividly summarized this as the "plan of the house." Before laboring, people must first determine the labor goal (or plan, blueprint, program, and other expressions), and then plan their actions and unfold their labor process according to the requirements of the labor goal. The labor goal is something of an ideal form; it is a "conceptual model" that exists in people's minds before the labor activity begins. Even if it is presented through words, images, data, structural diagrams, etc., its essence as an ideal form does not change. That is what Marx meant when he said that the worst architect has already built the honeycomb in his mind from the very beginning. The labor goal epitomizes the initiative, activity, and creativity of human thinking. The labor goal is not a simple reflection or copy of existing things, but an advance reflection, based on a correct reflection of reality, of the future results of labor. Simply put, it is an advance reflection of the objects or results that will appear after labor has transformed them. The consciousness and purposiveness of labor are not only manifested in people's ability to foresee the future development trend of things and reflect in advance the future development form of things, but also in people's use of the labor goal to guide, regulate, and even correct the labor process that will unfold in practice.
The leap between labor goals, conceptual construction, and practice
The labor goal is not only a "conceptual construction" of external things based on objectivity, but also a product of people's subjective needs, reflecting people's purposes, needs, will, etc. Marx discussed the issue of the laborer's purpose: "He not only effects a change of form in the material on which he works, but he also realizes his own purpose in that material. This is a purpose he is conscious of, it determines the mode of his activity with the rigidity of a law, and he must subordinate his will to it." If the laborer's purpose and needs differ, the labor goal will also differ. For example, although the same building is constructed, different needs lead to different architectural designs, determining different building goals such as teaching buildings, residential buildings, office buildings, etc. The object of labor is the objective scale of the labor goal, while human needs are the subjective scale of the labor goal.
Furthermore, it must be emphasized that although the labor goal is people's "conceptual construction" and reflects subjective needs, fully demonstrating the subjectivity, consciousness, and creativity of human labor, it is itself constructed on the basis of scientific understanding and is a reflection of external objective things and their laws. Marx held: "The ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought."
By distinguishing between the two labor processes of the bee and the architect, Marx demonstrates that human labor is a conscious, purposive activity. Through a concrete analysis of conceptual construction, labor goals, labor processes, etc., Marx actually reveals the great significance and key role of practical goals in the leap from rational knowledge to practice. Rational knowledge is a reflection of objective things and their general laws, while people's practical activities and their objects are always concrete, complex, and changeable. Therefore, the results of rational knowledge cannot be directly applied to concrete practical activities. To realize the great leap from rational knowledge to practice, it is necessary to concretize rational knowledge in light of specific practical activities and practical needs, and to establish and form specific practical goals and practical concepts. Practical goals and practical concepts, as conceptual models or ideal blueprints for practice, are the precursors and prerequisites for people's practical transformation of the objective world. People's practical activities are carried out according to the requirements of practical goals and practical concepts, and are regulated by practical goals and practical concepts. In fact, people's practical activities begin as early as when the practical goals are constructed and the practical concepts are formed. Of course, the construction of practical goals and the formation of practical concepts are only "practical activities in ideal form"; their purpose has not yet been truly realized. Practice must still continue, that is, transform from ideal practice to objective practice, from ideological construction to action implementation.
Leading cadres must be good at designing "plans"
Man has the plan of the house in his mind before he builds it. Comrade Xi Jinping said in Zhijiang New Language: "This process of designing the 'plan' is also the process of conducting 'theoretical deliberation' (务虚). It can be seen that theoretical deliberation, as a methodology, is as crucial to any leading cadre as practical work (务实)." What we ordinarily call practical work means, when engaged in a task, being able to proceed from reality in all matters, speak truth, do practical things, come up with effective measures, and seek practical results. Theoretical deliberation, on the other hand, often refers to studying, thinking, researching, and discussing a task from theoretical, ideological, political, and policy perspectives before it is actually carried out, in order to unify thinking, build consensus, boost confidence, and inspire morale. Theoretical deliberation is the process of designing the "plan" before the actual work begins. If practical work is the practice of "deciding victory a thousand miles away" (决胜千里之外), then theoretical deliberation is the planning of 运筹帷幄 (yùn chóu wéi wò - "maneuvering within the command tent," strategic planning). Leading cadres must be good at both practical work and theoretical deliberation; they must be good at designing "plans," good at grasping the essence of things, the laws of development, the key points of work, and the measure of policies, thereby enhancing the scientific, predictive, proactive, and creative nature of their work.
Hold fast to the direction of work and avoid deviations from the core goal. The architect builds the house in his mind; the leading cadre designs the "work plan" — both are about forming a clear target blueprint and thorough planning of ideas and approaches. In the actual work process, leading cadres must both "pull the cart with head down" (埋头拉车) and "raise the head to look at the road" (抬头看路), adhere unswervingly to the established goals, and constantly calibrate direction in practice. In daily work, especially at the grassroots level, all kinds of trivial affairs and temporary tasks emerge in an endless stream. If leading cadres lack theoretical deliberation and the planning of a "work plan," they will easily fall into "trivialism" (事务主义), sinking into a quagmire of a thousand threads and countless details from which it is difficult to extricate themselves. Leading cadres must avoid blind and reckless action, frequent shifts in work direction, the absence of a core goal to guide them, drifting with the tide, and confusing the primary with the secondary.
Use traction-based thinking to drive work. Assertions such as "man has the plan of the house in his mind before he builds it" and "the result at the end of the labor process already existed ideally at the beginning" characterize the transcendent nature and the traction function of thinking. Using the "house plan" to guide the actual construction of the house embodies traction-based thinking and traction-based working methods. Traction-based thinking is a way of thinking that uses the future to guide the present, uses long-term vision to determine current goals, and uses goals to direct work. Traction-based thinking is a kind of goal-driven, goal-unfolding thinking. Determine the goal, and then decide each step of action in the work process based on that goal. Goals are continuously unfolding; the completion of the original goal is the starting point for guiding toward higher-level goals. The hierarchy and levels of goals should be gradually expanded, pushing practice further and the cause forward. Traction-based thinking is a kind of top-level design thinking: it focuses on the long term, the overall situation, and the future to conduct macro-level planning and essential planning, fully reflecting forward-looking, holistic, prospective, and strategic thinking. Traction-based thinking is also an innovative thinking that constantly breaks the status quo through what ought to be and promotes reform through the future. In summary, traction-based thinking epitomizes the initiative, activity, and creativity of human practical activity. Leading cadres must always pay attention to direction, vision, intent, and value, use goals to guide work, and continuously innovate and create.
Unify thinking, build consensus, and form joint force in work. Leading cadres often face cross-unit, cross-department, and cross-field collaborative work. Without a centralized theoretical deliberation and discussion session, without a unified work plan, problems such as each acting on their own, mismatched work, and uncoordinated pace can arise. In such situations, leading cadres need to engage in theoretical deliberation: first study, think, research, and discuss from theoretical, ideological, political, and policy perspectives, to form a single "work plan" recognized by all parties, thereby unifying thinking and building consensus, so that personnel in various departments exert force toward the same goal, and assemble the overall joint force of coordinated action.
Enhance the predictability and forward-looking nature of work, and in particular, pre-judge and guard against various risks. The bee builds its nest through instinctive activity and is unable to pre-judge external risks such as extreme weather. But when human architects design the house plan, they consider in advance various external factors such as geological conditions and climatic environment, reserve risk response plans, and avoid safety hazards in production and use at the source. The subjective initiative of human practice is vividly manifested in abilities such as predictive decision-making, forward-looking planning, and preemptive defense. "Preparedness ensures success, unpreparedness leads to failure" (凡事预则立，不预则废). Leading cadres must have the awareness that "it is better to have something prepared and not use it than to be unprepared when it is needed." Design a "work plan" beforehand, assess various risks, and prepare supporting risk response plans. In the work process, always adhere to bottom-line thinking, strengthen awareness of potential dangers, give prominence to risk prevention, predict where risks lie, grasp the direction of risks, be good at integrating forces from all sides to dissolve risks, and maintain social stability and unity.
Return to TopBy: 戴纪
Administrative law enforcement is linked on one side to government public trust and on the other to the hearts of the people; it is a key link in ensuring that the construction of a law-based government achieves tangible results. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: "Emphasize strict law enforcement so that those who break the law respect and fear the law, but this by no means means violent enforcement or excessive enforcement; law enforcement must have both intensity and warmth." This important论断 profoundly reveals the dialectical unity between the rigidity of the rule of law and the warmth of serving the people in administrative law enforcement, pointing the direction and providing the fundamental guidance for administrative law enforcement work in the new era.
The vitality of law lies in its implementation, and the authority of law also lies in its implementation. Administrative law enforcement is an important way for administrative organs to fulfill government functions; it is broad in scope and large in volume, most closely connected with the grassroots and the people, directly reflects the level of governance, and directly bears on the masses' trust in the Party and the government and their confidence in the rule of law. Strict law enforcement is the lifeline of the rule of law, requiring that once a law is enacted, it must be strictly implemented, without discount or modification. All are equal before the law, and no place, person, or sentiment outside the law is permitted. Only by holding this bottom line can the law grow teeth and law enforcement stand tall. The rigidity of the rule of law is first embodied in the resolute investigation and punishment of illegal acts. For issues involving the masses, it is necessary to accurately grasp social mentality and mass emotions, and fully consider the personal feelings of the enforcement target. However, no matter what is done, illegal acts must always be dealt with strictly in accordance with the law. Strict enforcement makes lawbreakers respect and fear the law. This "strictness" is reverence for the law, responsibility to the people, and also the maintenance of market order. The rigidity of the rule of law is also embodied in the strict restraint of enforcement conduct itself. Strict law enforcement focuses on solving the stance issue of "whether to enforce or not," while standardized enforcement focuses on solving the method issue of "how to enforce." For a long time, some law enforcement personnel have held the erroneous understanding of "valuing substance over procedure," believing that as long as the punishment result is reasonable, simplifying procedures and altering processes are insignificant. In fact, procedural justice is not only a guarantee of substantive justice but also has independent value. If there are major procedural defects, even if the substantive conclusion is correct, the legality of the enforcement decision must be questioned. The procedural norms such as case filing, investigation, and hearing set by the Administrative Punishment Law are institutional designs to constrain power and protect rights, by no means 繁文缛节 (fán wén rù jié - "numerous formalities and ceremonies," excessive red tape). Standardized enforcement requires that systems such as displaying credentials during enforcement, full-process recording, legal review, and discretion benchmarks truly take root, so that every enforcement link can withstand scrutiny and procedural justice becomes an insurmountable bottom line for law enforcement activities. Strictness and standardization are two sides of the same coin in administrative law enforcement. The former focuses on attitude and intensity, the latter on method and procedure. If strictness lacks standardization, it easily slides into rough enforcement; if standardization lacks strictness, it easily degenerates into formalistic enforcement. The core of strict and standardized enforcement is to implement the principle that "what the law does not authorize must not be done, and what the law mandates must be done," managing and managing well the matters that should be managed within the framework of the law, and eliminating omissions in performance of duty and overstepping of power.
Law enforcement for the people is the fundamental tenet of administrative law enforcement work. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the broadest and deepest foundation of comprehensively governing the country according to law is the people, and we must persist in being for the people and relying on the people. We must implement the embodiment of the people's interests, the reflection of the people's wishes, the protection of the people's rights and interests, and the enhancement of the people's well-being throughout all fields and processes of comprehensively governing the country according to law. Always firmly stand on the people-centered political stance, and resolutely eliminate problems such as selective enforcement and profit-driven enforcement. Law enforcement must have warmth; law enforcement activities are not just the application of legal provisions, but also a bridge and bond linking the Party and government with the masses. We must be good at putting ourselves in others' shoes, often consider issues from the perspective of the parties involved, and on the premise of acting according to law, fully consider the actual difficulties and reasonable demands of the enforcement targets, achieving 将心比心 (jiāng xīn bǐ xīn - "compare heart with heart," to empathize and put oneself in another's place). The majesty of the law relies on fair enforcement to uphold, not on the tough posture of the enforcer. Enforcement methods that are simple, rough, cold, hard, rude, and pushy not only fail to establish legal authority but easily intensify contradictions, trigger opposition, and reduce the credibility of law enforcement. Civilized enforcement is an embodiment of the warmth of law enforcement, requiring respect for the personal dignity of the parties involved and standardized enforcement language and conduct. We should be adept at using flexible methods such as persuasion and education, persuasion and demonstration, and legal explanation and reasoning to clarify to the parties the illegal facts, legal basis, penalty standards, and channels for rights relief, so that the masses both revere the rigidity of the law and feel the human warmth of enforcement. Only by not being ambiguous on matters of principle and not being rigid in methods and approaches can we win the heartfelt recognition of the masses and create a social atmosphere where the whole society respects, studies, abides by, and applies the law.
In enforcement practice, we must holistically grasp the dialectical relationship between intensity and warmth. Administrative law enforcement must holistically grasp the dialectical relationship between enforcement intensity and service warmth, enforcement efficiency and enforcement fairness, and build a scientific, standardized, coordinated, and efficient law enforcement work system and operational mechanism. Law enforcement must maintain due intensity, resolutely investigate and punish all kinds of illegal acts, maintain normal market order and social order, and never tolerate or condone illegal problems. Grasp the balance point between intensity and warmth, hold the bottom line to manifest the rigidity of the rule of law, optimize enforcement methods to convey warmth for the people, and make law enforcement 刚柔并济 (gāng róu bìng jì - "combine hardness and softness," using both toughness and gentleness). Enforcement work must balance efficiency and fairness. Enforcement organs must not only promptly investigate and rectify illegal acts, preventing the accumulation and spread of risks and hazards, but also adhere to the principle of fairness and justice, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of various business entities and the masses. By improving institutional mechanisms to achieve a dynamic balance between efficiency and fairness, implement "fast handling of simple cases" for minor and straightforward cases, improving enforcement efficiency through optimized processes and rapid closure; implement "meticulous handling of complex cases" for major and complex cases, maintaining the fairness bottom line through strict review and multi-level checks. Currently, problems still exist in the enforcement field, such as substituting "speed" for "accuracy," treating "quantity" as "effectiveness," and procedural emptiness; the essence is that the enforcement institutional mechanisms are not smooth enough and the coordination system is not complete enough. In response to these problems, we must continuously optimize the enforcement operational mechanism: vertically deepen the downward shift of enforcement focus and the sinking of enforcement power, so that the grassroots have both power and responsibility, with power and responsibility matching; horizontally promote cross-departmental coordinated enforcement, deepen the implementation of "comprehensive inspection once," reducing duplicate inspections and multi-headed enforcement; cross-regionally establish mechanisms for clue notification, case assistance, and result mutual recognition, eliminating enforcement vacuums and regulatory blind spots, and effectively improving the precision of law enforcement.
The organic integration of reason, emotion, and law is the key path to achieving the dialectical unity of intensity and warmth. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that strict, standardized, fair, and civilized law enforcement is a whole; it must be accurately grasped and comprehensively implemented, and must not be 畸轻畸重 (jī qīng jī zhòng - "sometimes light, sometimes heavy," unbalanced and lopsided) or 顾此失彼 (gù cǐ shī bǐ - "attend to this and lose that," neglecting one aspect while attending another). Among them, strictness is the bottom line of law enforcement, requiring rigid implementation of legal provisions without discount or modification. Standardization is the foundation of law enforcement, requiring the exercise of duties strictly within legal authority and legal procedures, so that every enforcement link can withstand scrutiny. Fairness is the core value, requiring unified discretion standards, achieving the same punishment for the same case, and avoiding improper punishment. Civilization is the code of conduct, requiring, while enforcing the law strictly, civilized language and appropriate methods, eliminating simplistic and rough enforcement. These four requirements complement each other and form an organic unity, constituting a complete standard for administrative law enforcement work. The integration of reason, emotion, and law is the wisdom of China's traditional legal culture. Administrative law enforcement in the new era must adhere to the organic integration of reason, emotion, and law, balancing the rigidity of the rule of law and the human touch. Legal provisions are serious, but enforcement work cannot be mechanical, dogmatic, or 生搬硬套 (shēng bān yìng tào - "mechanically copy and rigidly apply," applying mechanically without adaptation). Enforcers must not only act strictly according to law but also take into account actual circumstances and balance reason and emotion, embodying humanistic care within the legal framework, and holistically achieving the unity of political, legal, and social effects. In practice, some enforcement cases, while conforming to legal provisions, have outcomes that deviate from the masses' simple perception of fairness; the main reason is that social effects are neglected and actual circumstances are disregarded. The key to enforcement that integrates reason, emotion, and law lies in finding the fitting point. Within the legal framework and the scope of discretion, fully consider factors such as the specific circumstances of the case, the subjective fault of the parties, the harmful consequences, and the rectification situation, achieving strictness when strictness is needed, leniency when leniency is needed, 宽严相济 (kuān yán xiāng jì - "combine leniency and strictness," striking a balance between leniency and severity), and punishment fitting the fault, truly implementing the people-centered development philosophy in the actual work of law enforcement.
Administrative law enforcement must both uphold the bottom line of the rule of law and convey warmth for the people. Only by grasping the dialectical unity of intensity and warmth on the track of the rule of law, achieving proper procedures, reasonable discretion, and fair results, can we make the people feel fairness and justice in every enforcement decision, and create a stable, fair, transparent, and predictable legal environment for economic and social development.
(The author is the Party Committee Secretary and Director of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Justice (浙江省司法厅), and Director of the Provincial Comprehensive Law Enforcement Office (省综合执法办).)
Return to TopBy: 周俊明
Valuing theoretical study is a fine tradition that our Party has 一以贯之 (yī yǐ guàn zhī - "to thread through consistently," consistently maintained). As early as the Yan'an period, Mao Zedong pointed out, "For Marxist theory, one must be able to master it and apply it." In March 2019, at the opening ceremony of the training course for young and middle-aged cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) (中央党校（国家行政学院）), General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In theoretical study, cadres must be willing to expend energy, study comprehensively and systematically, study by keeping timely pace, study through deep reflection, and study by linking with practice." This important discourse, whose core lies in the two characters "舍得" (shě dé - "willing to give up and obtain," to spare no effort) and which lands on the four aspects of "study," has pointed the direction and provided the method for Party members and cadres to strengthen theoretical study.
Theoretical clarity is the prerequisite for political firmness. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: "Political firmness and Party spirit firmness are both inseparable from theoretical firmness." If a cadre's theoretical foundation is not solid, they are apt to lose direction when facing complex situations and to waver and retreat when encountering difficulties and challenges. Our Party governs in a large country with a population of over 1.4 billion, shouldering a heavy governance mission; if it lacks theoretical thinking, it will be difficult to overcome various risks and difficulties. At present, China's development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risk challenges coexist and uncertain and unpredictable factors increase, and deep-seated contradictions and problems cannot be avoided or circumvented. If Party members and cadres are not willing to expend energy on theoretical study, they will find it difficult to keep pace with the times and to be competent for the responsibilities they shoulder. Therefore, theoretical study must be regarded as a political responsibility and a spiritual pursuit, and one must be willing to invest time and energy.
The two characters "舍得" (shě dé) — the key lies in what is "given up" (舍) and what is "gained" (得). "Give up" means temporarily setting aside busy routines and actively making time for study. In reality, many cadres slacken their study on the excuse of "being too busy with work"; some turn self-study into non-study, and some study in a fragmented and casual manner. Behind these phenomena, at bottom, is an insufficient understanding of the importance of theoretical study. General Secretary Xi Jinping advocates making study a way of life, demanding that leading cadres squeeze out half an hour each day, even if it is only to read a few pages of a book — as long as they persist, they will surely 积少成多 (jī shǎo chéng duō - "accumulate little to become much," small gains add up) and 积沙成塔 (jī shā chéng tǎ - "grains of sand piled up make a tower," many a little makes a mickle). Being willing to expend energy does not lie in how much one studies at one time, but in 持之以恒 (chí zhī yǐ héng - "persevere with constant effort," to persist) and 日积月累 (rì jī yuè lěi - "accumulate day by day and month by month," to build up over time) — being willing to set aside time spent scrolling on phones or chatting at social engagements to read and think, and being willing to calm down after completing daily work to chew through a few major tomes. "Gain" means, through daily accumulation, to strengthen faith, enhance ability, and grasp patterns. Theoretical study can consolidate the foundation of faith, replenish the calcium of the spirit, and steady the rudder of thought; it can help cadres leap out of the limitations of empiricism, master the "microscope" for analyzing problems and the "telescope" for assessing situations, and enhance the scientific nature, foresight, and initiative of their work. It can be said that what is given up is the time spent on scrolling phones, socializing and chatting, and reading fast-food articles; what is gained is the real skill of not panicking when encountering complex problems, having one's own opinions, and being able to break through difficulties. Between this giving up and this gaining, what is tested is the strategic vision and political consciousness of Party members and cadres.
Being willing to expend energy does not mean expending it blindly or aimlessly, but rather expending energy where it counts. The "study comprehensively and systematically, study by keeping timely pace, study through deep reflection, and study by linking with practice" put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping are precisely the four focal points for expending energy. Studying comprehensively and systematically (全面系统学) requires reading original works, studying original texts, grasping the principles, deeply understanding the epochal significance, core essence, and practical requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era — studying systematically rather than fragmentarily, comprehensively rather than one-sidedly, truly grasping the essence of the theory. Studying by keeping timely pace (及时跟进学) requires that the Party Central Committee's new decisions and deployments and newly issued documents be studied and comprehended at the first opportunity, always maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in thought, politics, and action, ensuring that all work does not deviate or fall behind. Studying through deep reflection (深入思考学) requires combining study with thinking, engaging in intensive reading and careful study through excerpts, annotations, writing reflections, and other methods, internalizing book knowledge into one's own theoretical attainment, and through deep study and careful understanding, truly achieving the integration of learning, thinking, and application, and the unity of knowledge, faith, and action. Studying by linking with practice (联系实际学) requires placing oneself into the study, placing one's responsibilities into it, and placing one's work into it — learning from books and even more from practice, being good at finding ways to solve difficult problems from the Party's innovative theory, and transforming the results of study into ideas for planning development and measures for solving problems, truly making theory the "golden key" that drives work. The four aspects each have their own focus, yet they progress layer by layer — comprehensive and systematic study solves the problem of "what to study," keeping timely pace solves the problem of "keeping up," deep reflection solves the problem of "studying deeply," and linking with practice solves the problem of "how to apply" — together they form a complete closed loop of study.
Theoretical study cannot be accomplished overnight (不可能一蹴而就); it requires putting in a hard effort of "衣带渐宽终不悔" (yī dài jiàn kuān zhōng bù huǐ - "my belt grows gradually loose and I regret not," meaning to grow thinner for the pursuit without regret). Some cadres feel that after studying for a few days it is enough, and others feel that after reading a few articles it is sufficient — these are not true "willingness to give up and obtain." True willingness to give up and obtain is to integrate study into daily life, to grasp it consistently, to study every day, to realize insights regularly, and to apply it in ordinary practice. Only by being willing to give up time and energy, constantly improving theoretical attainment through daily accumulation, and continuously enhancing work capability through deep study and thorough understanding, can one maintain composure in the face of complex situations and calmly deal with arduous tasks.
Building a modern socialist country in all respects places higher demands on the ability and quality of Party members and cadres. Facing various challenges on the new road of the examination, only by truly being willing to expend energy on theoretical study, and supporting practice with a solid theoretical foundation and scientific theoretical armament, can one better shoulder the missions and tasks entrusted by the times.
(The author is the Secretary of the Xiangcheng District Committee of Hubei Province (湖北省襄城区委书记).)
Return to TopIn the height of summer, Beijing’s sky is high and the clouds are vast, the city lush with greenery. On June 26, on the occasion of the Communist Party of China’s 105th anniversary, the 2026 High-End Think Tank Forum on Governance of Developing Countries was held in Beijing. The main theme of the forum was The Historical Mission and Action Value of Political Parties, and three parallel sub-forums were set up, focusing respectively on the three major themes of Political Parties and Global Development, Political Parties and Social Governance, and Political Parties and Global Governance. More than a hundred experts and scholars from over 20 countries and international organizations, including Malaysia, Brazil, Nigeria, and Kazakhstan, gathered together to conduct in-depth discussions and exchanges around the leading role of political parties in the modernization process, their core functions in social governance, and their responsibility in the reform of the global governance system, broadly building consensus and contributing wisdom and strength to the exploration of a path of governance modernization for Global South countries.
Leading the Direction of Modernization, Building Consensus on Global South Cooperation
Modernization is a goal pursued by all countries, and political parties are the core force leading modernization. Focusing on the two topics of Political Parties and Modernization and Political Parties and Global South Cooperation, experts and scholars from China, Malaysia, Brazil, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, and other countries agreed that Global South countries should strengthen unity and cooperation, join hands to advance the cause of modernization, and jointly explore development paths that suit their own national conditions.
Lead modernization and anchor the development direction. Modernization is a historical process that promotes social progress, and political parties play a key role in goal setting, resource integration, institutional construction, and social mobilization. Academician of the Malaysian Academy of Sciences, Vice-Chancellor of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, You Fangda (尤芳达), analyzed the advantages and opportunities of ASEAN’s scientific and technological innovation, especially favorable conditions such as demographic dividends, geographic advantages, and policy support. He pointed out that fields such as the digital economy, green technology, artificial intelligence, and biomedicine have broad development prospects, and that ASEAN-China cooperation in scientific and technological innovation, talent training, and industrial development should be deepened relying on the Belt and Road (一带一路). Director of the Institute of International Strategic Studies at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) (中央党校（国家行政学院）), Wu Zhicheng (吴志成), put forward three understandings around the interactive relationship between political parties and modernization: realizing modernization is the core task of modern political parties in governing the country; modern political parties are the leaders and promoters of modernization, anchoring direction with forward-looking guidance, providing impetus with efficient organizational mobilization, and ensuring orderly development with strong interest coordination; upholding and strengthening the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of China is the fundamental guarantee of Chinese-style modernization (中国式现代化), demonstrating the political leadership of a mission-oriented party, the ideological guidance of theoretical innovation, the mass organizational capacity of whole-process people’s democracy, and the social appeal of self-reform. Brazilian Professor of Macau Polytechnic University, Evandro Carvalho, pointed out that Global South countries face challenges such as political polarization, lack of policy continuity, and external intervention. China adheres to peaceful development and mutually beneficial cooperation, does not ask other countries to take sides, and plays a constructive role in promoting common development. Global South countries should strengthen unity and collaboration to jointly explore modernization development paths that suit their own national conditions. Deputy Director of the Research Institute of Chinese-style Modernization of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xu Xiujun (徐秀军), pointed out that political parties undertake important functions such as goal setting, social mobilization, interest integration, and national governance in the modernization process. The Communist Party of China, through mechanisms such as medium- and long-term strategic planning, the party managing cadres system, pilot promotion and task decomposition, provides strong political guarantees and organizational support for Chinese-style modernization, and also provides useful reference for developing countries exploring development paths suited to their own national conditions.
Unite Southern countries and embark on the road of development together. The Global South is an important force driving world modernization, and strengthening unity and cooperation is the only way to achieve common development. Education Secretary of the Nigerian Anti-Corruption Academy, Gali Sheriff, pointed out that the Communist Party of China has long supported anti-colonial struggles in African countries, providing important assistance to African national liberation and party building through cadre training, theoretical exchange, and talent cultivation. In the new era, China-Africa cooperation has achieved fruitful results driven by mechanisms such as the joint building of the Belt and Road and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. The Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative, Global Civilization Initiative, and Global Governance Initiative meet Africa’s development needs, calling for enhancing Africa’s representation and voice in international affairs and promoting stronger unity and cooperation among Global South countries. President of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, Wang Xuekun (王雪坤), pointed out that high-level opening up should empower common development. By integrating into the global economy, joining the WTO, and continuously expanding opening up, China has achieved economic takeoff and comprehensive poverty alleviation, fully proving that opening up promotes development and cooperation achieves win-win results. At the same time, China firmly supports the multilateral trading system, releases institutional dividends through the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and high-standard free trade agreements, and builds a solid foundation for the common development of Global South countries with a new paradigm of South-South cooperation. Director of the Aktobe Branch of the Academy of Public Administration under the President of Kazakhstan, Aselkhan Magauiya, introduced the remarkable results of China-Kazakhstan economic and trade cooperation in trade, investment, transportation logistics, and high-tech industries, proposing that future cooperation should deepen digital governance cooperation, strengthen education and talent cultivation, expand scientific and technological innovation cooperation, and improve transportation and logistics connectivity. Director General of the Senate of Cambodia, Sok Leakhana, shared the practice of the Cambodian People’s Party in leading the country to achieve peace reconstruction, poverty reduction and development, proposing that Global South country cooperation should be based on national conditions, adhere to independence and mutual learning among civilizations, strengthen institutional reform and governance capacity building, and called on political parties of Global South countries to adhere to equality, mutual trust, pragmatic cooperation, and experience sharing, jointly building a new, fairer and more inclusive pattern of international cooperation.
Consolidate the Foundation of Governance, Innovate Governance Pathways
Social governance is an important component of national governance, and political parties are the main entities for social governance in countries around the world. Focusing on the topic Political Parties and Social Governance, multiple experts and scholars from China, Nigeria, Algeria, and other countries, as well as from domestic universities and think tanks, conducted in-depth discussions on party building, grassroots governance, social governance innovation, and science and technology governance. Participating experts agreed that in the process of promoting social governance modernization, developing countries should both base themselves on their own national conditions, uphold their own political system and political party system advantages, and actively learn from and draw on useful international experience; they should both give full play to the core leading role of political parties in social governance, and widely mobilize social forces to participate in governance; they should both actively use modern scientific and technological means to enhance governance efficiency, and pay attention to the coordination and unity of institutional construction and value guidance.
Adhere to the leadership of the Party and consolidate the foundation of governance. Political parties play an irreplaceable core role in the national governance system and are the fundamental political guarantee for the modernization of social governance. Professor of the School of CPC History and Party Building at Renmin University of China, Chen Rongzhuo (陈荣卓), pointed out that the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to create the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. From the First Five-Year Plan to the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan, Party leadership runs through all aspects and the entire process of economic and social development. During the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan period, Party leadership must be comprehensively covered and carried through to the end, ensuring grassroots governance always advances in the correct direction by improving the tight organizational system, perfecting systematic institutional arrangements, and efficient operational mechanisms. Researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhu Tao (朱涛), proposed that through Party building leading the construction of a social governance community, we should give full play to the role of mechanisms such as Party-building coordination councils, widely mobilize Party members to participate in grassroots governance, and transform the Party’s political advantages into social governance efficiency. Professor at the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies of Nigeria, Mojisola Adeyanju, pointed out from an African perspective that a sound institutional framework is the cornerstone of democratic stability. Without strong political parties and credible elections, democracy lacks legitimacy. African countries need to establish institutionalized frameworks; only through scientific decision-making and transparent accountability can sustainable development be promoted.
Innovate grassroots Party building and activate governance efficiency. Grassroots Party organizations are the Party’s ruling backbone and combat bastions at the grassroots level. Innovation in grassroots Party building is an important lever for solving governance problems and improving governance efficiency. Professor of the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance), Xiang Chunling (向春玲), took Zhoushan’s Sailing Party Branch as an example to introduce practical innovations in marine Party building leading grassroots governance. Facing the governance characteristics of mobility and dispersion at sea, the Sailing Party Branch achieved peace and stability at the frontline maritime areas by innovating organizational coverage models, improving the maritime Party building work mechanism, and coordinating and integrating marine-related industry resources, constructing a new paradigm of Party building governance in mobile fields. Deputy Director of the Department of Social and Ecological Civilization Teaching and Research at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance), Wang Daoyong (王道勇), focused on Party building work for new employment groups, proposing a practical pathway of gathering people – gathering hearts – gathering strength, pointing out that by finding Party members and gathering the masses, social reconnection can be achieved, giving full play to the occupational advantages of new employment groups in participating in grassroots governance, allowing delivery workers, ride-hailing drivers, etc., to serve as grid workers and peace volunteers. Chen Rongzhuo proposed upholding the unity of political leadership, organizational leadership, directional leadership, and goal leadership, focusing on the three points of core, strengthening the bones, and shoring up weaknesses, forging combat bastions for Party building leading grassroots governance, ensuring that governance leaves no gaps and services are not absent.
Gather multiple subjects and play a symphony of coordination. Modern social governance is not a one-man show by the government, but a concerto with the participation of multiple subjects. Zhu Tao proposed that the construction of a social governance community should adhere to a pattern of pluralistic co-governance with government leadership, market participation, and social force coordination, improve democratic consultation mechanisms, promote the integration of political party consultation and grassroots consultation, strengthen legal guarantees and technological support, while being alert to the risks of the digital divide and AI divide. Wang Daoyong demonstrated specific practices of pluralistic collaborative governance, proposing to build service positions such as Party-mass service centers and trade union stations for new employment groups, implement a 10+N service model, and bring services such as medical care, legal aid, and employment guidance to workers in new employment forms. Currently, the number of registered volunteers nationwide has exceeded 238 million, with 1.35 million volunteer teams of various types, and the vitality of multi-subject participation in governance is continuously released. From the perspective of universities participating in social governance, Deputy Dean of the School of Peace and Development at Renmin University of China, Guo Bowei (郭伯威), pointed out that the most important way for universities is to cultivate talents who understand governance, serve governance, and improve governance. By having students go to the frontlines of border areas and heroes and role models enter university classrooms, national governance education is integrated into the entire process of talent cultivation.
Learn from China’s experience and explore new governance paths. As the world’s largest developing country, China has accumulated rich experience in national governance, providing important references for the vast number of developing countries to explore governance paths suited to their own national conditions. Distinguished Scholar at the Guangdong Institute of International Strategies of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Li Xing (李形), systematically expounded the unique advantages of the China model, proposing that the China model is a hybrid system integrating Party – State – Market – Society as a four-in-one entity, featuring strong policy continuity and accountability, flexible policy error correction mechanisms, etc., accumulating local governance experience through a long-term merit-based cadre selection system, and achieving bottom-up legitimacy consolidation through deliberative democracy mechanisms. Professor at Liaoning University, Tariq Malik, approached from the perspective of technology governance, proposing the conceptual framework of Narrative Alignment Governance (NAT), pointing out that in the era of artificial intelligence, answers become cheap, while meaningful questions, narrative alignment, trust, and governance become new areas of competition. China’s development philosophy emphasizes inclusiveness and shared future, balance and harmony, and internal and external consistency, providing important insights for developing countries to achieve balanced development amid the technological wave.
Embrace the intelligent era and meet opportunities and challenges. The new round of technological revolution, especially the rapid development of artificial intelligence, is profoundly changing the methods and patterns of social governance. Zhu Tao analyzed multiple new situations facing social governance in the intelligent era, including the advent of intelligent society, accelerated aging transformation, rapid development of emerging fields, expansion of the middle-income group, and changes in social interaction patterns, emphasizing that the relationship between technology and society is mutually constitutive. While seeing the positive shaping effect of technology on society, we must also be alert to negative effects such as algorithmic domination and production inequality. Tariq Malik, using detailed data, demonstrated the imbalance in the pattern of global artificial intelligence development: OECD countries account for only 17% of the global population but produce 62% of AI papers; developing countries have 83% of the population but their AI papers account for only 38%. He quoted Confucius’s famous saying, Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous (学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆), emphasizing that in the era of artificial intelligence, a balanced governance of questions and answers is needed, and technological development must be coordinated with social systems and cultural narratives.
Break Governance Deficits, Contribute Chinese Solutions
The world today is undergoing major transformations unseen in a century, with geopolitical conflicts erupting one after another, unilateralism and protectionism on the rise, and global challenges such as climate change, food security, and artificial intelligence governance becoming increasingly severe. Against this backdrop, what role should political parties assume? Focusing on the topic Political Parties and Global Governance, experts and scholars from China, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Pakistan, and other countries conducted in-depth discussions on the international recognition of the Communist Party of China’s governance concepts, the dilemmas and challenges facing global governance, the role and function of political parties in developing countries, and the contribution of Chinese solutions to global governance.
Demonstrate governance effectiveness and gain broad recognition. The global significance and practical effectiveness of Xi Jinping’s thought on Party building drew high attention from participating guests. Vice President of the China International Communications Group, Yu Yunquan (于运全), pointed out that Xi Jinping’s thought on Party building has three distinct characteristics: progressiveness, people-centeredness, and revolutionary nature. It provides vivid examples for exchanges and mutual learning among political parties in different countries and also offers important references for political parties to play a positive role in global governance. The International Public Opinion Survey Report on China’s Party Governance and Modernization Development released by the Academy of Contemporary China and World Studies showed that more than 14,000 respondents from 38 countries highly affirmed the concepts and practices of the Communist Party of China’s governance, and the sense of gain, happiness, and security of the Chinese people is more fully felt. Senior Researcher at the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xie Maosong (谢茂松), believes that the Communist Party of China, as a civilization-oriented political party, takes serving the people as its core concept, constructing a universal moral political system. Its success stems from the practical wisdom accumulated over the Party’s century-long history, strong organizational mobilization capacity, and strategic thinking. Deputy Dean of the Academy of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era at Renmin University of China, Wang Yiwei (王义桅), stated that the Communist Party of China is a civilization-oriented political party born from Chinese civilization, adhering to seeking happiness for the people, rejuvenation for the nation, progress for humanity, and common good for the world, actively advocating the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. German Sinologist, philosopher, and Professor at Hunan Normal University, Ole Döring, believes that the Communist Party of China has constructed governance capacity centered on serving the people and coordinating public interests. Although its global governance model cannot be simply replicated, it is worth in-depth discussion and reference.
Face multiple deficits and solve governance problems. In today’s world, the peace deficit, development deficit, security deficit, and governance deficit have increased rather than decreased. Vice President of China Foreign Affairs University, Sun Jisheng (孙吉胜), believes that current global governance faces four dilemmas: functional, conceptual, normative, and social, manifested as insufficient governance effectiveness, severe lack of international consensus, declining effectiveness of global governance institutions, and intensified political and cultural confrontation among countries. Fellow of the British Academy of Social Sciences and Professor at Beijing Normal University, Robert Walker, using the policy adjustments of the UK Labour government as an example, pointed out that in some countries, political party game-playing has led to a lack of international responsibility, exacerbating the global governance dilemma to a certain extent. Italian economist and Professor at the Belt and Road School of Beijing Normal University, Pompeo Della Posta, stated that the current rules-based order is essentially a vague concept set up to maintain the vested interests of developed countries. Global South countries face insufficient voice and neglected interests in the global governance system. Ole Döring also pointed out that in the era of globalization, political parties should shoulder the dual mission of maintaining domestic unity and fulfilling international responsibilities, but currently, the performance of some political parties in this regard is unsatisfactory, further increasing the difficulty of global governance.
Shoulder the mission of the times and contribute the wisdom of the Global South. In the process of reforming the global governance system, political parties in developing countries play a crucial role. Yu Yunquan emphasized that political parties in developing countries should become the direction leaders of common modernization, breaking the myth that modernization equals Westernization; become advocates of cooperation to break governance deficits, responding to urgent global issues with practical actions; become reform promoters of the global governance system, jointly contributing the collective wisdom of developing countries. Pompeo Della Posta stated that in the process of Global South countries promoting the joint construction of a fair and reasonable global governance system, political parties should simultaneously play the dual role of representing social demands and leading long-term strategic consensus. Xie Maosong advocated that global governance should promote sovereign equality, development priority, and mutual learning among civilizations. Global South countries should explore modernization paths suited to themselves based on their own historical and cultural characteristics and conditions. Brazilian advisor on China affairs at the Lula Institute, Caroline Cicarello, believes that China’s training system for Party and government cadres and public officials deeply integrates excellent traditional Chinese culture with the socialist cause, possessing both historical depth and the mission of the times. Cooperation between China and Brazil in exchanging governance experience is continuously deepening, contributing positive strength to the development of global governance. Director of the International Development and Cooperation Department of the Institute of New Structural Economics at Peking University, Yu Jia (于佳), stated that the core of modernization in Global South countries is to realize the comprehensive development of human beings. In the future, China-Africa cooperation can focus on green transformation and digital empowerment, using a development model of adapting measures to local conditions and benefiting the people with technology to contribute a Southern solution to overcoming common difficulties in global governance.
Propose Chinese solutions and lead governance reform. As an important participant, contributor, and leader in global governance, China has proposed a series of global governance solutions with Chinese characteristics. Wang Yiwei pointed out that the four major global initiatives proposed by China advocate following the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, emphasizing the coordinated advancement of development, security, capacity, and trust, promoting common and sustainable development and security, transcending the exclusive Western governance model, fully demonstrating the civilizational essence of seeking truth from facts and benefiting all under heaven. Professor at the Institute of International Relations of Tsinghua University, Shi Zhiqin (史志钦), believes that important initiatives such as the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, the Belt and Road Initiative, the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Governance Initiative have a coherent logic. He suggested using the Chinese-style Global Initiatives System as an overarching expression to fully present the systematic and holistic nature of China’s global governance solutions. Researcher at the Institute of World Economics and Politics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Su Qingyi (苏庆义), stated that building a people-centered global trade governance system should be based on trade liberalization, strengthening the two pillars of development orientation and social security. China promotes inclusive globalization through paths such as deepening South-South cooperation, lowering investment barriers, and establishing trade adjustment assistance coordination mechanisms. Pakistan researcher at Tsinghua University, Jin Mingzhu (金明竺), believes that the Belt and Road Initiative and a series of global initiatives proposed by China have broken away from Western dependency development logic, opening a completely new modernization path for Global South countries.
With the Responsibility of Political Parties, Jointly Paint a New Chapter of Governance
The three parallel sub-forums had a warm discussion atmosphere and yielded fruitful results, forming broad consensus. Participating experts and scholars agreed that at a critical moment of profound transformation in the global governance system, political parties should play a more active role, work hand in hand, and jointly promote the development of the global governance system in a more just, reasonable, democratic, and effective direction.
Looking to the future, political parties of all countries should further strengthen exchanges and cooperation, share experiences in governing the country, and jointly address global challenges. Political parties should deeply grasp and conform to the trends of the times, lead the country to advance in the logic of historical progress, and develop in the currents of the times; adhere to taking development as the top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country, continuously focus on and solve development problems, so that the fruits of development benefit all people more and more fairly; become inheritors and innovators of civilizational development, shoulder the historical responsibility of maintaining peace and perfecting governance, and hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win outcomes.
The Communist Party of China is willing to work together with political parties of all countries, especially those of Global South countries, to deeply grasp and conform to the trends of the times, and jointly shoulder the historical mission of political parties in the new era. With the political responsibility of leading modernization, provide reference for Global South countries to explore development paths suited to their own national conditions; with the practical wisdom of innovating social governance, contribute solutions for enhancing national governance capacity and improving people’s welfare; with the positive attitude of participating in global governance, inject the strength of political parties into promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and building a better world. Standing at a new historical starting point, the Communist Party of China will continue to interpret value with action and write the future with responsibility, continuously contributing the wisdom and strength of political parties to building a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness and inclusiveness, and clean and beautiful.
[Department of Scientific Research, Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) (中央党校（国家行政学院）科研部)]
Return to TopBy: 袁艺
Up to now, ethical and legal constraints on war crimes have either targeted the human subjects of war, holding war criminals accountable after the fact, or targeted weapons as means of warfare, explicitly restricting their conditions, methods, and scale of use before the fact. Entering the age of intelligentization, unmanned intelligent weapons with a certain degree of "subjective initiative" are gradually becoming widespread in application, blurring the boundary of responsibility between humans and weapons in war, and giving rise to a series of ethical and legal issues completely different from those of traditional non-intelligent weapons.
In essence, unmanned intelligent weapons are also weapons, tools of combat rather than tools of production. The killing and injury caused under correct and normal use conditions are as acceptable as those caused by other non-intelligent weapons, and no accountability will be pursued. However, once obvious humanitarian problems such as indiscriminate killing, mistaken killing, or excessive killing occur, they must also face moral condemnation and legal liability for relevant personnel. At this point, at least four questions must be clearly answered, clarifying the nature of the accident, the responsible subject, and the extent of responsibility, etc., to eliminate the "gray zone" and confine the operational use of unmanned intelligent weapons within the "cage" of morality and law.
First, whether it was intentional human action or a mistake by the unmanned intelligent weapon. From a legal perspective, accountability for any negligent fatal act, whether in the civil or military domain, can only be achieved with a clear chain of responsibility. When traditional non-intelligent weapons such as weapons of mass destruction, landmines, and laser weapons cause humanitarian disasters such as indiscriminate killing, mistaken killing, or excessive killing during use, the vast majority are caused by human action, not by the weapon's own malfunction. No matter how the user defends themselves, they cannot escape blame; therefore, the user as the responsible subject is primarily held accountable. Because unmanned intelligent weapons possess a certain capacity for autonomous decision-making and action, and their internal operating mechanisms are very complex, exceeding the expectations of designers and users, the probability of various problems arising is greatly increased. The new generation of artificial intelligence represented by deep learning has a "black box effect," making it highly likely for unmanned intelligent weapons to become out of control due to algorithm malfunctions, data contamination, cyber-electromagnetic interference, or even "acting on their own," leading to failure to distinguish friend from foe, negligent killing, and other loss-of-control phenomena. This requires thoroughly clarifying the internal mechanisms and external manifestations of unmanned intelligent weapon loss of control from the ground up, in order to discern whether their erroneous actions were instigated by humans or done "by themselves," thereby identifying the "true culprit behind the scenes." If the accident was done by a person commanding and controlling the unmanned intelligent weapon, the primary responsible person is naturally the user; if it was done by the unmanned intelligent weapon "itself," since it is not a legal subject of action, all personnel involved need to be held accountable. The responsible subject is likely not the operator of the unmanned intelligent weapon at the time of the accident, but other relevant personnel who are far from the scene in both time and space, because problems in any link such as the development of the unmanned intelligent weapon, formulation of combat rules, combat mission planning, or weapon system debugging may cause an accident. This requires moving the focus of ethical and legal accountability forward; from operators and commanders to producers and designers of unmanned intelligent weapons, all may face accountability, and even multiple parties may need to be held responsible at the same time. In the past, provisions of the laws of war typically had a single responsible subject, holding only the weapon user accountable, and not holding non-combatant personnel such as weapon designers and producers accountable. In the age of intelligentization, it is necessary to specifically expand the relevant provisions of the laws of war in response to the reality of unmanned intelligent weapons extensively entering the battlefield. In each link such as the development, production, debugging, deployment, and use of unmanned intelligent weapons, if innocent casualties are caused due to human factors, the personnel involved cannot be exempted and should bear corresponding legal responsibility.
Second, whether the risks of unmanned intelligent weapons have been fully assessed. The United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons stipulates that when studying, developing, acquiring or adopting new weapons, means or methods of warfare, states have an obligation to determine, in accordance with international law, whether the use of such new weapons, means or methods of warfare would be prohibited under international law; risk assessment and risk mitigation measures should become an important part of the design, development, testing and deployment cycle of any weapon system. The operational risk of unmanned intelligent weapons is far greater than that of traditional non-intelligent weapons, and accidents caused by insufficient risk assessment of them should be considered one of the important items for accountability. Based on the concept of "responsible artificial intelligence," a risk assessment mechanism and specialized forces for unmanned intelligent weapons should be established. During the development, production, and use of unmanned intelligent weapons, comprehensive assessments of their legality, stability, reliability, and transparency should be strengthened to reduce the probability of accidents and the resulting accidental injuries and collateral damage. In 2007, the British military discovered that the "Brimstone" intelligent missile deployed in the Afghan theater might mistake students in a school bus for insurgents riding in a truck, and had to urgently recall it and improve its missile seeker and guidance software. Risk assessment measures for unmanned intelligent weapons include but are not limited to the following. First, algorithmic and data security assessment. Develop automated testing technologies, tools, and sample sets, simulate enemy attack methods such as data contamination and algorithm deception to attack one's own unmanned intelligent weapons, and assess their algorithmic reliability, data security, and various possible loss-of-control scenarios. Second, virtual environment assessment. Simulate complex battlefield environments, create digital test environments, conduct large-sample traversal tests of unmanned intelligent weapons in various virtual combat scenarios, and assess their ethical and legal risks through war pre-practice. Third, actual environment assessment. Repeatedly test unmanned intelligent weapons in routine military drills and combat experiments, and fully assess their ethical and legal risks in actual combat use.
Third, whether necessary technical protective measures have been pre-set. As long as people generally recognize that unmanned intelligent weapons themselves have significant unreliability, necessary technical preventive measures should be taken to 防患于未然 (fáng huàn yú wèi rán - "prevent disaster before it happens," take preventive measures). As designers of unmanned intelligent weapons, they have the responsibility to simultaneously develop various technical means to prevent loss of control of unmanned intelligent weapons, as an important part of solving their ethical and legal issues. These technical preventive measures include but are not limited to the following: First, add ethical and legal control programs into the control software of unmanned intelligent weapons to restrict their behavior. For example, equip unmanned intelligent weapons with a "moral adaptor" program, giving them "emotions" similar to human regret, compassion, guilt, etc., to consciously match the intensity of fire with the minimum requirement for target incapacitation, striving to conform to the principle of proportionality in the laws of war. Second, additionally implant an independent self-destruct module outside the control software of unmanned intelligent weapons, as a fallback measure to prevent loss of control. Before the official activation of unmanned intelligent weapons, set up this "backdoor" type self-destruct module. Once they lose control, operators can immediately initiate self-destruct without being affected by the external environment or prevented by the unmanned intelligent weapon itself, causing them to completely and irreversibly shut down or detonate. Third, equip unmanned intelligent weapons with evidence-gathering tools such as cameras and audio recorders. By recording the entire process of the unmanned intelligent weapon's behavior during combat, especially the specific details of the moment of opening fire, and storing it in its own database or transmitting it back to the rear. Once an accident occurs, the method of "video playback" can be used to provide direct evidence for accountability.
Fourth, whether reasonable ethical and legal constraint rules have been formulated. American science fiction writer Asimov, to ensure that robot behavior does not cause harm to humans, formulated a set of behavioral norms and moral principles called the "Three Laws of Robotics." Unmanned intelligent weapons are combat robots, not civilian robots used for production and daily life; the "Three Laws of Robotics" are clearly not applicable to them, and it is necessary to specifically formulate corresponding ethical and moral principles and humanitarian protection standards. Modern laws of war mainly include the principle of necessity, the principle of humanity, the principle of distinction, the principle of limitation, the principle of proportionality, and the principle of good faith. For example, the principle of distinction requires that attacks be limited to military objectives and that civilians must not be made the object of attack. The principle of proportionality emphasizes the proportionality and moderation of means of warfare. Figuratively speaking, it means that you cannot burn someone's house down just because they stole a chicken from your home. For unmanned intelligent weapons to conform to the above six basic principles of the laws of war, they should at least achieve three points: obey humans, the programs attached to humans must not be altered, "all actions obey command," and must not commit atrocities beyond the user's constraints; respect humans, strictly distinguish humans from other objects, and must not destroy everything indiscriminately; protect humans, be able to timely suspend and limit the use of violence, and must not 不分青红皂白 (bù fēn qīng hóng zào bái - "not distinguish between blue, red, black, and white," indiscriminately) kill people. Among these, carefully granting the right to open fire is the key to avoiding unmanned intelligent weapons "slipping up and causing trouble." This requires correctly delineating the operational areas, timing of use, and conditions for opening fire of unmanned intelligent weapons, forming a series of specific operational rules. It is necessary both to leverage the speed advantage of unmanned intelligent weapons in observation and judgment faster than humans, avoiding missing the opportunity to strike due to slower firing than the opponent, and to prevent them from making erroneous decisions that lead to "reckless" actions with serious consequences. These rules include but are not limited to the following. First, differentiate the complexity of the environment and grant authority flexibly. In combat areas where friend, foe, and civilian targets are mixed, and unmanned intelligent weapons find it difficult to identify friend from foe and determine the nature of targets, the "human-in-the-loop" command and control mode should be adopted, with humans deciding whether to open fire; in combat areas with a relatively clean environmental background where it is certain there are no friendly or civilian targets, the "human-out-of-the-loop" command and control mode can be adopted, allowing the unmanned intelligent weapon to decide autonomously and choose the most advantageous moment to open fire. Second, when the intention and threat level of the target object cannot be judged, a warning must be given before opening fire. For example, for an unmanned sentry robot performing guard duty on a border line, when facing unauthorized entry by unidentified personnel, it should give at least three warnings to give them an opportunity to leave before formally opening fire. Third, try to equip unmanned intelligent weapons with non-lethal munitions. These non-lethal munitions are not used to physically eliminate the enemy, but to temporarily incapacitate the enemy, and try not to cause permanent injury. Fourth, precisely select the target strike point. When unmanned intelligent weapons attack manned equipment, they should try to aim at vulnerable parts of the enemy's manned equipment that are not likely to cause casualties to its crew, thereby both eliminating the enemy threat and reducing unnecessary personnel casualties.
Return to TopBy: 孙太原
In the modern land warfare system, self-propelled artillery undertakes core missions such as long-range fire suppression, positional assault, fire interdiction, battlefield support, and anti-armor operations. It is an important symbolic piece of equipment for measuring the level of mechanization, informatization, and intelligentization of an army in joint operations.
Having undergone a century of development, self-propelled artillery is an integrated armored firepower piece of equipment that deeply integrates artillery weapons, vehicular chassis, power systems, protective devices, and informationized command-and-control units. Unlike traditional towed artillery, which requires external towing, positional construction, and manual aiming and sighting, self-propelled artillery can rapidly complete the entire operational cycle of position shifting, fire strike, and withdrawal and transfer, meeting the tactical demands of mechanized warfare.
In the late period of World War I, as armored chassis technology initially matured, various countries began attempting to combine artillery with mobile chassis, giving birth to prototype equipment for self-propelled artillery, though these were structurally simple, poorly protected, and lacked fire accuracy. World War II was a key stage in the large-scale development of self-propelled artillery, gradually forming an equipment system with clear functions, widely applied in operational scenarios such as positional offense and defense, armored assault, and deep fire support. During the Cold War era, with advances in fire control technology and armored protection technology, self-propelled artillery entered a period of rapid iteration, achieving an all-around leap in the three core performances of firepower, protection, and mobility. Automated aiming and sighting, enclosed turrets, and composite protective structures became mainstream designs, gradually moving away from simple modification models and evolving into specialized main battle equipment.
Entering the 21st century, the informationized warfare form accelerated its普及. Self-propelled artillery bid farewell to the singular positioning of fire strike and integrated into the battlefield information system, realizing a transformation from a "mechanical fire platform" to an "informationized fire terminal," possessing diverse capabilities such as situational awareness, information sharing, coordinated strike, and rapid response, adapting to the requirements of all-domain, three-dimensional, and systematic modern land warfare.
Divided by mobility chassis, there are mainly two categories: tracked and wheeled. Divided by operational function, they can be classified into self-propelled howitzers, self-propelled gun-howitzers, self-propelled anti-tank guns, self-propelled mortars, and other types. Among them, the self-propelled gun-howitzer combines the advantages of a howitzer's curved-fire coverage and a cannon's direct-fire assault, adapting to diverse battlefield strike missions. It is currently the main model with the largest equipment scale and the strongest versatility. The self-propelled mortar focuses on close-range, concealed fire support, adapting to complex scenarios such as mountainous terrain and urban street fighting. The self-propelled anti-tank gun specializes in precision direct-fire anti-armor operations and serves as an important supplementary force for ground anti-armor capabilities.
Core technology supports mobile operations. Modern self-propelled artillery has formed a complete configuration system of mechanization, informatization, and integration, with the core technology equipment consisting of four major systems.
The first is the fire strike system, which uses large-caliber rifled artillery as its core, paired with a modular ammunition system. It can launch multiple types of ammunition, including high-explosive fragmentation projectiles, extended-range base-bleed projectiles, precision-guided projectiles, sensor-fuzed munitions, and special-purpose projectiles, balancing area suppression, point precision strike, special operations, and other diverse needs, with continuously improving range, accuracy, and damage effectiveness. The second is the mobility and carrying system, which uses a high-strength specialized chassis and adjustable suspension structures, balancing carrying capacity and cross-country performance. The power system has ample power, adapting to rapid battlefield maneuvering and complex terrain passage. Wheeled models can also adapt to rapid maneuvering on highways and plains, meeting all-domain deployment requirements. The third is the automatic aiming and loading system, integrating hydraulic gun laying, automatic ammunition supply and loading, and ballistic calculation equipment, achieving full automation of gun laying, loading, firing, and resetting, greatly increasing rate of fire and strike accuracy while reducing the intensity of manual operations. The fourth is the informationized command-and-control system, equipped with satellite navigation, inertial positioning, fire control computers, and other devices. It can connect to the joint operations information network in real time, automatically receive target parameters, correct ballistic errors, and synchronize battlefield situational awareness, freeing traditional artillery from its reliance on forward observation and manual calculation.
Relying on the above technical equipment, compared to traditional towed artillery, the core advantages of self-propelled artillery are concentrated in four dimensions: mobility, survivability, responsiveness, and adaptability, meeting the core requirements of modern mobile operations.
First, strategic and tactical mobility is outstanding. Relying on an integrated vehicular chassis, no external towing support is needed; it can autonomously complete battlefield maneuvering and position shifts. Tracked models adapt to complex field terrain; wheeled models can achieve rapid all-domain mobility, greatly reducing position deployment and withdrawal time, effectively evading enemy counter-fire strikes, and enabling "hit-and-run" guerrilla-style fire operations. Second, battlefield survivability is significantly enhanced. The enclosed armored hull can effectively resist small-arms fire, shell fragments, and blast shock waves, providing reliable protection for operators and onboard equipment. Third, operational response is efficient and precise. Modern self-propelled artillery integrates automated aiming, rapid loading, and fire control calculation systems, discarding the cumbersome processes of traditional manual calculation and manual loading, greatly shortening fire preparation time, and enabling rapid target locking, parameter correction, and fire strike. Fourth, system adaptability is extremely strong. It can accompany armored clusters and mechanized infantry in synchronized advances, providing real-time accompanying fire support to fill fire gaps during troop advances. At the same time, it can be integrated into the joint operations system, receiving target information from satellites, drones, and forward reconnaissance units to achieve coordinated precision strikes.
Continually demonstrating practical combat value. Modern warfare is accelerating its evolution toward intelligentization, all-domain operations, and systematization. The pace of battlefield confrontation is faster, the strike accuracy is higher, and the system integration is deeper, placing higher demands on the rapid response, precision strike, all-domain adaptability, and system coordination capabilities of army firepower equipment. As core land warfare firepower equipment, self-propelled artillery is breaking free from the development limitations of traditional mechanical equipment, continuously iterating in the directions of precision, lightweight, intelligentization, modularization, and unmanned operation, fully adapting to future joint operations requirements.
Precision and extended range are the foundational directions for core capability upgrades. Modern battlefields have continuously increasing requirements for the accuracy and coverage of fire strikes. Traditional area-suppression models can no longer adapt to high-intensity system confrontation. In the future, self-propelled artillery will continuously optimize barrel technology and ballistic algorithms, upgrade precision-guided munition systems, greatly enhance long-range precision strike capabilities, achieve point-to-point precision destruction of key targets such as command posts, armored clusters, air defense positions, and deep fortifications, and reduce collateral damage. At the same time, by optimizing ammunition configurations and adopting range-extending technologies, it will continuously expand the effective strike range, extend the depth of army fire coverage, and achieve all-domain deep fire suppression.
Lightweight and high mobility are inevitable requirements for all-domain operations. To adapt to the needs of rapid reaction, emergency maneuvering, and three-dimensional offense and defense operations, future self-propelled artillery will extensively adopt new lightweight composite materials and integrated design. Under the premise of ensuring firepower and protection performance, it will effectively reduce equipment self-weight, enhancing strategic projection capability and tactical mobility. Heavy equipment will further optimize terrain adaptability to improve passage efficiency in complex battlefields. Light wheeled equipment will upgrade toward high mobility, rapid deployment, and easy projection directions, enabling rapid strategic projection via transport aircraft and helicopters, adapting to all-domain rapid deployment and emergency fire support missions.
Intelligentization and systematization are the core main lines of equipment iteration. In the future, self-propelled artillery will deeply integrate into the army's intelligentized combat system, upgrading intelligent fire control, autonomous perception, and coordinated combat modules, possessing capabilities such as automatic target recognition, intelligent ballistic planning, autonomous fire coordination, and autonomous damage effect assessment. Relying on information support from drones, satellites, and forward reconnaissance terminals, it will achieve a closed-loop combat chain of "reconnaissance-control-strike-assessment," breaking free from the limitations of single-platform operations and realizing multi-gun coordination, cross-domain linkage, and system-of-systems strikes. At the same time, it will simplify operational procedures, optimize human-machine interface design, reduce reliance on human personnel, and enhance autonomous combat capabilities in complex battlefield environments.
Modularization and unmanned operation are important trends for future development. Modular design can enable rapid replacement and upgrade iteration of weapon stations, protective devices, informationized equipment, and power systems, flexibly configuring equipment combinations according to different operational scenarios, balancing the needs of assault, suppression, special support, and other diverse missions, greatly enhancing equipment commonality and multi-purpose capabilities. As unmanned self-propelled artillery technology continues to mature, unmanned fire platforms can adapt to high-risk battlefield environments, replacing personnel in tasks such as forward fire strikes, close-in suppression, and position警戒, effectively reducing battlefield casualties and becoming an important supplementary force in the future land warfare fire system.
Return to TopBy: 张治峰
In the exhibition area of the China Aviation Museum, two warplanes that have weathered the years are parked: one is the heavy-fuselaged C-46 transport aircraft, and the other is the sharply-lined Mosquito bomber. On their mottled skins, there are not only traces left by the flames of war, but also engraved a glory that will forever be recorded in history — on October 1, 1949, these two types of aircraft, as an important component of the aerial review formation at the Grand Founding Ceremony (开国大典), flew over Tiananmen Square, accepting the review of the Party and the people. This historic moment was not only the first public appearance of the People's Air Force, but also a highlight of the Northeast Old Aviation School (东北老航校)'s 白手起家 (bái shǒu qǐ jiā - "start from scratch with bare hands," building up an enterprise from nothing) and arduous pioneering, manifesting the spiritual foundation of the Old Aviation School people of "opening new paths and daring to sacrifice."
The C-46 transport aircraft and the Mosquito bomber, two aircraft models born during World War II, had completely different design positions and battlefield records, yet because of the sacred mission of the Grand Founding Ceremony, they formed an 不解之缘 (bù jiě zhī yuán - "indissoluble bond," a destiny that cannot be broken) with the Northeast Old Aviation School. The C-46 transport aircraft was developed by the American Curtiss-Wright Company, first flew in 1940, and was one of the main transport aircraft of the US military during World War II. This aircraft adopted a twin-engine low-wing, all-metal semi-monocoque structure, equipped with two Pratt & Whitney R-2800 piston engines, with a takeoff power of 1490 kilowatts each, a maximum level flight speed of 438 km/h, a service ceiling of 8410 meters, and a range of up to 3680 kilometers. It could carry over 40 soldiers or 4.5 tons of supplies. With the advantages of large payload and long range, it became an excellent transport aircraft at the time.
The Mosquito bomber was developed by the British de Havilland company, first flew in 1940, adopted a wooden fuselage, twin-engine mid-wing structure, equipped with two Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engines, with a takeoff power of 895 kilowatts each, a maximum level flight speed of 612 km/h, a service ceiling of 11,000 meters, and a range of 2,574 kilometers. It could carry bombs, machine guns and other weapons, combining multiple functions such as bombing, reconnaissance, and interception. Because of its high speed and strong concealment, it was hailed as the "Wooden Miracle."
That these two types of warplanes could soar in the blue sky of the Grand Founding Ceremony was inseparable from the hard work and solid support of the Northeast Old Aviation School. On March 1, 1946, the Aviation School of the Northeast Democratic Allied Army (东北民主联军航空学校) was formally established in Tonghua, Jilin (吉林通化). As the first aviation school of our Party and our military, from the day of its birth, the Old Aviation School shouldered the mission of training backbone forces for the People's Air Force and laying the foundation for the aviation enterprise. With the advancement of the War of Liberation, a batch of C-46 and Mosquito aircraft were captured by our side or flown in by defecting personnel, becoming important equipment replenishment for the Old Aviation School, and also laying the groundwork for the aerial review at the Grand Founding Ceremony.
In June 1949, the Preparatory Meeting of the new Political Consultative Conference decided to hold a grand military parade at the Grand Founding Ceremony. The Aviation Bureau of the Military Commission was ordered to organize aircraft formations to participate in the aerial flyby and accept the review of the Party and state leaders. This task historically fell on the shoulders of the aviation backbone trained by the Northeast Old Aviation School — among the pilots who participated in the review at that time, a large number of backbone elements such as Lin Hu (林虎), Meng Jin (孟琎), and Yao Jun (姚峻) were all the first batch of pilots meticulously trained by the Northeast Old Aviation School; and the C-46 and Mosquito aircraft in the review were entirely responsible for overhaul and debugging by the Old Aviation School's maintenance personnel, ensuring the warplanes successfully took off. At that time, the review task was urgent, and the review aircraft were of various types and mostly old, making maintenance and support extremely difficult.
To ensure that the review was 万无一失 (wàn wú yī shī - "ten thousand without a single error," absolutely foolproof), the maintenance personnel of the Northeast Old Aviation School 迎难而上 (yíng nán ér shàng - "face difficulties and go forward," bravely take on challenges) and 精益求精 (jīng yì qiú jīng - "perfection demands even perfection," constantly strive for excellence). In response to the difficulties of the C-46 transport aircraft's complex structure and lack of maintenance documentation, Ma Longzhang (马龙章), an instructor of the Old Aviation School's American Equipment Class, and others took the initiative. Without complete physical objects and teaching materials, they made five models such as landing gear and rudder, adopted the "Little Teacher" (小先生) mutual teaching system, and quickly trained a group of C-46 maintenance personnel, laying the foundation for the support of the review aircraft.
The Mosquito bomber's wooden fuselage was easily damaged, and engine failures occurred frequently. The maintenance personnel then braved the scorching sun and the intense heat, manually repaired the fuselage skin, used simple tools to troubleshoot engine failures, and even worked around the clock to debug the warplanes. Every screw and every wire was repeatedly checked to ensure the warplanes were in optimal condition. The pilots of the Old Aviation School trained even more arduously. Most of them had no experience in review flying, and the review formation was a mixed aircraft type formation, requiring extremely high precision in formation keeping and flight path accuracy. They had to repeatedly conduct separate practice and joint practice, simulating the scene of flying over Tiananmen Square. They also had to overcome many difficulties such as differences in aircraft types and weather changes, all for the sake of displaying the spiritual outlook of the People's Air Force at the Grand Founding Ceremony.
At 4:35 p.m. on October 1, 1949, with the issuance of the order, 17 review aircraft took off in sequence from Beiping's Nanyuan Airport, formed up in formation over Shuangqiao, Tong County (通县), and then flew toward Tiananmen Square. Among them, two Mosquito bombers formed the 4th detachment, soaring in the blue sky in a single-line (一) formation, led by Deng Zhongqing (邓仲卿); three C-46 transport aircraft formed the 5th detachment, following closely in a triangle (品) formation, led by Liu Shanben (刘善本). The two types of warplanes roared over Tiananmen Square, accepting the review of Party and state leaders including Mao Zedong and Zhu De.
Particularly worth remembering is that 4 aircraft, including some Mosquito and P-51 fighters, participated in the review with live ammunition, shouldering the dual tasks of review and air defense combat. This was 前所未有 (qián suǒ wèi yǒu - "never before had," unprecedented) in the history of world military parades, manifesting the responsibility and courage of the aviation heroes trained by the Old Aviation School. When the warplane formation swept over Tiananmen Square, the ground crowds cheered and leaped with joy. The roar of the warplanes and the cheers of the crowd intertwined, becoming the most stirring symphony at the beginning of the birth of New China. Because the formation was skillfully connected, 9 P-51 fighters turned back after passing over Tiananmen and took part in the review again, leading the crowds to mistakenly believe that 26 aircraft had taken part in the review, becoming a well-known tale that has been passed down to this day.
Return to TopBy: 王春迎
In traditional conceptions, the library is often imagined as that silent, soundless knowledge paradise described by Borges — apart from the rustling of paper pages, it seems naturally insulated from the city's noise. Yet, strolling through the streets of Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, one discovers that this UNESCO-certified "City of Music" is redefining the spatial form and social function of public libraries in a completely different way. The transmission of knowledge is no longer confined to the visual reception of paper texts; hearing and rhythm are becoming the core media for connecting citizens and reshaping communities. Taking the 2026 "New Zealand Music Month" as an opportunity, a cultural initiative called The Sounds of Tāmaki Makaurau (塔马基·马考劳的声音) weaves the libraries under the Auckland City Council and various community spaces into a three-dimensional public cultural interaction space, enabling the multiculturalism, historical memories, and daily interactions of various ethnic groups to connect with each other within community spaces.
Let the city's memory be heard
In Auckland, the city's memory is not only hidden in grand historical narratives but is also interwoven in the jazz of the 1940s, the punk performances of the 1980s, and the sold-out concerts of the early 21st century. The music of different eras chronicles the history of the city's cultural transformation. The Auckland Council library system has launched the Kura Heritage Online Platform (古拉遗产线上平台). This database, named after the Māori word for "treasure" (kura), digitally collects and indexes family and local history, so that the folk songs once circulating in communities, the public singing in halls, the self-made recordings and videos of ordinary citizens, and the stories of participants, organizers, and audiences are formally incorporated into the city's historical and cultural memory, allowing the rhythms of the past to be permanently preserved and accessed at any time.
If the digital platform is the skeleton of memory, then offline exhibitions give memory the warmth of flesh and blood. In the Heritage Exhibition Area of the Central City Library, the two exhibitions Encore! (安可！) and I Was There! (我当时就在现场！) are a vivid practice of making the city's cultural memory "come alive." The exhibitions use audiovisual recreation to create a comprehensive immersive experience. Visitors can listen to selected original soundtracks that were performed at these venues while viewing physical collections of iconic places such as the Auckland Town Hall, the Crystal Palace, bars, and the outdoor stages of Western Springs Stadium, Auckland Park, and Albert Park — including various music recording materials, documents, manuscripts, and printed matter. They can even mark their own musical memories on an interactive map, read in-depth interviews between music journalists and five local artists, and continue listening to related podcasts at home to learn about the producers and promoters who shaped Auckland's dance music scene. Urban culture leaps from the page into sound waves, completing a magnificent transformation into a real soundscape. When classic melodies ring out in the exhibition hall, the cheers, crowds, and physical collisions of past live events seem to rush forward. Today's readers, looking at old posters, listening to old records, and reading fans' diaries, feel as if they are returning to those unforgettable nights and stepping into the music scenes of the past. Through this audiovisual recreation, the library brings people of the past and present together 不期而遇 (bù qī ér yù - "not expect but meet," to meet by chance) in the same melody, so that the city's cultural memory is not only seen but truly heard and continued.
Let art return to ordinary people
A city's cultural soft power lies not only in landmark grand theaters but also in whether public resources can provide soil for the creativity of ordinary people. Yet, in the usual performance market, audiences need to pay hefty ticket prices, follow strict viewing etiquette, and sit 正襟危坐 (zhèng jīn wēi zuò - "adjust the lapel and sit upright," to sit properly and respectfully) in fixed seats — this sense of ritual precisely isolates many people from art. Auckland's public library system is trying to break down this invisible wall.
The first step in achieving this transformation is lowering the threshold for participation. During Music Month, the Stand Up, Stand Out (站起来，脱颖而出) project initiated by the City Council provides an important pathway for the growth of the younger generation. In community spaces such as the Tupu Youth Library (图普青年图书馆) and street-corner parks, performances by emerging artists have no expensive ticket prices and no entry barriers. Citizens can hear authentic local music in community spaces during their daily commutes. During lunch breaks, librarians at the Central City Library also pick up equipment, take over the sound system, and play classic vinyl records, awakening the sleeping notes and stories in the archived collections.
The second step is to reshape the space and atmosphere of performances, bringing them closer to the audience. The Looking Back, Looking Forward Live (回望过去，展望未来现场演出) series launched by the Central City Library draws on the famous "Tiny Desk Concert" micro-concert model. Over 13 performances across three years, well-known bands played folk, hip-hop, jazz, and other types of music among the bookshelves. Unplugged performances create a warm, intimate atmosphere, with the audience free to stand, lean, or even sit on the floor to enjoy the music. The relaxed conversations between musicians and songwriters also strip away the spectacle packaging of commercial concerts, returning art to communication itself. This strategy of "rooting downward" quality resources turns libraries and community spaces into a network of cultural nodes 星罗棋布 (xīng luó qí bù - "scattered like stars and spread like chess pieces," spread all over). As the nerve endings of cultural supply, they keenly respond to the most genuine cultural needs of the community, continuously channeling artistic nourishment into the city.
Let strangers meet through music
Modern urban life is increasingly "atomized." People endure high pressure from life, especially youth groups and special groups such as those with autism, who are more likely to fall into identity confusion and social alienation. How to rebuild connections through cultural activities? Auckland's public libraries attempt to promote community co-creation through low-threshold artistic participation, using music to create reasons for encounter. This concept aligns closely with Collins's "interaction ritual chain" theory — co-presence of bodies, shared focus of attention, and emotional connection ultimately produce group emotional energy.
Opening the activity schedules of branch libraries, highly interactive music experiences dominate. At the Mount Albert Library (蒙特艾伯特图书馆), the monthly "Ukulele Jam" provides free instruments and basic chord instruction; even if you have never played, you can sit down and play a tune with strangers. The Warkworth Library (沃克沃斯图书馆) and Takapuna Library (塔卡普纳图书馆) "Community Choir" activities declare: no audition, no experience required, welcome to any resident who likes music. The Blockhouse Bay Library (布洛克豪斯湾图书馆) invites citizens to make their own tambourines and maracas, encouraging residents to play the instruments they made during the activity. The Avondale Library (埃文代尔图书馆) invited a well-known local family band to use relaxed live interaction to encourage other families to enjoy music together.
These activities do not pursue extreme professional artistic standards; instead, they treat music as a medium for socializing, embedding cultural interaction into the daily life of community activities. Neighbors who are strangers to each other intersect because of singing a song together; weary urbanites heal their hearts through music sharing. Through this participatory experience, community identity and cohesion accumulate invisibly, carving out a spiritual haven free from loneliness for modern urbanites.
Let different cultures pay tribute to each other
Auckland is one of the most culturally diverse cities in the world, with Pacific Islander, Māori, Asian, and European ethnic groups converging here, where ancient and modern cultures intertwine. How to move different cultures from "coexistence" to "resonance"? Auckland's public libraries use music as a medium, allowing diverse cultures to see and hear each other in shared community spaces.
At the Central City Library, Māori artists interweave traditional Māori instruments with modern electronic psychedelic rhythms, presenting a highly avant-garde performance. This is not only a cross-border auditory experiment but also an instance of indigenous artists 破旧立新 (pò jiù lì xīn - "break the old and establish the new," to discard the old and create the new) for traditional culture in a modern urban space. The ancient tribal echoes and modern notes converge here, triggering deep resonance across ethnic groups.
An equally equal cultural dialogue also occurs deep within the communities. At the Glen Innes Library (格伦因尼斯图书馆) Samoan Language, Music and Cooking Workshop, the melodious sounds of island tribes accompany traditional cuisine; participants communicate easily in a multi-sensory immersive experience, naturally completing a deep acceptance of a foreign culture. Meanwhile, at the Kōmanawa Theatre (科马纳瓦剧院) in Henderson, an artist-led music project directly uses global instruments as a medium, dedicated to amplifying the diverse voices and cultural soundscapes of Auckland's immigrant and indigenous communities. Here, the cultural soundtracks of different ethnic groups are no longer parallel lines that never intersect; ancient and modern cultures are not opposed — they pay tribute to each other from an equal footing, ultimately converging into the unique multicultural symphony of this city.
From the historical echoes transmitted by the Kura Heritage Online Platform to the beats of family music interactions in community libraries, Auckland's public libraries have long transcended the traditional function of document lending. The abundance of online resources has not weakened the appeal of offline spaces; on the contrary, it has endowed physical spaces with deeper cultural substance in the interplay of virtual and real.
(The author is a lecturer in the Department of Library Science at Zhengzhou University.)
Return to TopBy: 邹广文
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his speech at the celebration of the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China that, “Today, the Party leading the people in advancing Chinese-style modernization has created a new form of human civilization and expanded the pathways for developing countries to achieve modernization.” Chinese-style modernization, as a new form of human civilization, is both a major achievement of our Party’s century-long struggle and a major theoretical innovation of the new era. From a scholarly perspective, the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization prominently manifests the distinct qualities of originality, subjectivity, and systematicity. These three mutually support, interpenetrate, and are intrinsically unified, together constituting the core characteristics of the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization. This is not only a scientific summary of the practice of Chinese-style modernization but also a key support for constructing an independent knowledge system for China and enhancing the international academic discourse power, providing a solid scholarly foundation for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization. Rooted in the new era and new journey, profoundly grasping the threefold qualities of the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization holds great and far-reaching significance for us in deepening theoretical research, strengthening discourse confidence, promoting theoretical innovation, and serving the construction of a strong country.
Break Western paradigms with originality to reshape the theoretical landscape of human societal modernization
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is the vitality of its academic expression, marking our departure from following the West in the field of modernization theory and achieving independent innovation. Its fundamental significance lies in breaking the theoretical shackles of Western-centrism, leaping out of the fixed mindset that “modernization equals Westernization,” and, based on Chinese practice, proposing original concepts, connotations, and paradigms, thereby achieving a paradigm shift in modernization theory.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in a fundamental breakthrough from the cognitive framework of Western modernization. Western modernization takes capital as its center, individualism as its value core, and external expansion as its historical path, packaging its own model as a universal standard with strong exclusivity and ideological attributes. Chinese-style modernization transcends this framework from both practical and theoretical levels, making clear that modernization is not the exclusive preserve of the West but a historical process with diverse pathways and diversified forms. With over 1.4 billion people entering modernization as a whole, a scale exceeding the total population of existing developed countries, China has rewritten the historical map of human modernization through an ultra-large-scale modernization practice, proving with facts that there is no one-size-fits-all model for modernization and providing new options for developing countries to explore their own modernization paths independently.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in systematic innovation in theoretical connotations and signature concepts. The 20th National Congress of the Party provided a comprehensive and systematic exposition of Chinese-style modernization, proposing five aspects of Chinese characteristics and nine essential requirements, both of which are original theoretical achievements rooted in Chinese practice and oriented to the problems of the times. Modernization with a huge population, common prosperity for all, coordination of material and cultural-ethical advancement, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful development form a complete theoretical expression distinct from Western modernization from the dimensions of basic national conditions, value goals, development modes, ecological concepts, and international pathways. The nine essential requirements, from the aspects of leadership force, path direction, practice pathway, and world contribution, construct a logically rigorous and connotatively clear original theoretical system, achieving transcendence and development over Western modernization theory.
The originality of Chinese-style modernization is rooted in 波澜壮阔 (bō lán zhuàng kuò - “surging waves, vast expanse,” magnificent and large-scale) practical innovation. Since the new era, China has won the largest-scale battle against poverty in human history, achieved the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieved historic leaps in economic strength, promoted the continuous development of whole-process people’s democracy, made significant progress in ecological civilization construction, and continuously raised the level of modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. These unprecedented practical achievements have provided a solid foundation and vivid material for theoretical originality, making Chinese-style modernization a scientific theory that comes from practice, guides practice, and stands the test of practice. Its originality has a deep practical foundation and powerful truth force.
Adhere to the Chinese position with subjectivity to consolidate the theoretical foundation of Chinese-style modernization
Subjectivity is the fundamental stance of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, manifesting the theoretical self-awareness of taking oneself as the principal, basing on China, serving the people, and continuing civilization. It insists on taking China’s actual conditions as the starting point of research, adheres to the people’s standpoint, the Chinese path, and the roots of civilization, ensuring that the theory has a distinct Chinese position, Chinese values, and Chinese style.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in people-centered value subjectivity. Western modernization takes capital accumulation as its core goal, inevitably leading to deep contradictions such as polarization between rich and poor, class antagonism, and social fragmentation. Chinese-style modernization always adheres to putting the people first, taking the realization of the people’s aspiration for a better life as the starting point and落脚点 (goal) of modernization, insisting on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, with achieving common prosperity for all as an important goal, manifesting the people’s status as the subject of modernization. This value subjectivity fundamentally distinguishes it from Western modernization and determines the socialist nature and people-centered foundation of Chinese-style modernization.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the practice subjectivity of adhering to the Chinese path. Chinese-style modernization is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. The Party’s leadership directly concerns the fundamental direction, future destiny, and ultimate success or failure of Chinese-style modernization. The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only correct path to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It both adheres to the basic principles of scientific socialism and is based on China’s specific national conditions, conforming to the requirements of the times; it neither takes the old closed and rigid path nor takes the evil path of changing the flag and altering the course. China always independently explores development paths, formulates development strategies according to its own reality, advances modernization in independence and self-reliance, and with historical initiative has walked out a modernization path of its own, reflecting a high degree of practice subjectivity.
The subjectivity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the cultural subjectivity rooted in Chinese civilization. Chinese-style modernization is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of China’s over 5,000 years of civilization; it is a modernization that continues the ancient civilization, not a modernization that abandons tradition; it is the result of civilization renewal, not the product of civilization rupture. The essence of fine traditional Chinese culture, such as 天人合一 (tiān rén hé yī - “heaven and man as one,” harmony between nature and humanity), 天下为公 (tiān xià wéi gōng - “the world is for the common good”), 自强不息 (zì qiáng bù xī - “self-strengthening without ceasing”), and 和而不同 (hé ér bù tóng - “harmony but not uniformity”), provides deep cultural nourishment and spiritual support for Chinese-style modernization. By adhering to the combination of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the finest traditional Chinese culture, nourishing theoretical innovation with the roots of civilization and promoting the transformation of traditional civilization with modern spirit, Chinese-style modernization possesses a distinct civilizational foundation and spiritual independence, consolidating the cultural subjectivity foundation of the theory.
Construct rigorous logic with systematicity to perfect the theoretical form of modernization
Systematicity is the mature marker of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, referring to the completeness of theoretical connotation, rigorous logic, and clear structure, achieving the organic unity of essential stipulations, distinctive features, strategic layout, and internal logic, forming a systematized, scientific, and standardized scholarly form.
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the clarity and definiteness of its essential stipulations. The nine essential requirements constitute the core of the theoretical system, progressive in layers and logically interconnected: upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China is the fundamental guarantee, providing strong leadership for modernization; adhering to socialism with Chinese characteristics is the path direction, clarifying the institutional attributes of modernization; realizing high-quality development, developing whole-process people’s democracy, enriching the spiritual world of the people, achieving common prosperity for all, and promoting harmony between humanity and nature are the practice pathways covering the fields of economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization; promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind and creating a new form of human civilization are the world responsibility and civilizational contribution of Chinese-style modernization. The essential stipulations fundamentally answer the major questions of “what Chinese-style modernization is, toward what goals it advances, and how it proceeds.”
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the systemic completeness of its characteristic connotations. The five aspects of Chinese characteristics constitute the main skeleton of the theoretical system. The huge population is the basic national condition, determining the arduousness and complexity of China’s realization of modernization; common prosperity for all is the essential feature, manifesting socialist value pursuits; coordination of material and cultural-ethical advancement is the development requirement, pursuing the comprehensive development of the people; harmony between humanity and nature is the ecological foundation, ensuring sustainable development; taking the path of peaceful development is the international positioning, displaying the responsibility and duty of a major country. The five aspects of Chinese characteristics are interconnected and organically unified, fully revealing the unique attributes and practice requirements of Chinese-style modernization, forming a complete theoretical explanatory framework.
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the scientific completeness of its strategic layout. Chinese-style modernization defines a “two-step” strategic arrangement, clearly planning a timetable and roadmap: basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035, and building a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century. In practice, it promotes the “five-sphere” integrated overall arrangement, coordinates the “four-pronged” comprehensive strategy, and adheres to five major principles, forming a complete practice chain from top-level design to concrete implementation, from long-term goals to immediate tasks, ensuring that modernization construction advances in an orderly and steady manner and goes a steady and long way (行稳致远).
The systematicity of Chinese-style modernization is embodied in the rigorous self-consistency of its internal logic. Chinese-style modernization takes Party leadership as the logical starting point, taking the people as the center as the logical main thread, the “five-sphere” construction as the logical unfolding, and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and creating a new form of human civilization as the logical destination. It connects history, reality, and the future, links theory and practice, domestic and international dimensions, forming a closed-loop and interconnected theoretical logic, becoming a scientific theoretical system that systematically answers China’s questions, the world’s questions, the people’s questions, and the questions of the times.
The dialectical unity of originality, subjectivity, and systematicity and their significance for the times
Originality, subjectivity, and systematicity are not isolated from each other but are a mutually supporting, organically unified whole. Originality takes subjectivity as its foundation; “originality” divorced from the Chinese position and the people’s needs can only be empty fantasy detached from reality. Subjectivity takes originality as its support; subjectivity without theoretical innovation finds it difficult to form an independent discourse with persuasiveness and influence. Systematicity takes originality and subjectivity as its core, solidifying theoretical innovation and adherence to stance into a mature and standardized academic form, making the theory more scholarly, systematic, and instructive. The three are unified in the great practice of Chinese-style modernization and in the historical process of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
From a theoretical perspective, the academic expression centered on originality, subjectivity, and systematicity provides core support and paradigm guidance for building an independent knowledge system for China, breaks the long-term monopoly of Western modernization theory, enhances the international discourse power of Chinese academia, and promotes the maturity and perfection of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. From a practical perspective, this theoretical system provides fundamental guidance and action guidelines for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, helping us correctly grasp the laws of Chinese-style modernization construction, properly cope with risks and challenges, and ensure that Chinese-style modernization advances steadily along the correct direction. From a world perspective, Chinese-style modernization, with its unique theory and practice, breaks the myth that “modernization equals Westernization,” provides new pathways for developing countries to achieve modernization, contributes Chinese wisdom to solving the common problems facing humanity, and injects new impetus into promoting the progress of human civilization.
Comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization is a pioneering undertaking 前无古人 (qián wú gǔ rén - “no predecessors,” unprecedented). Standing at a new historical starting point, we must firmly grasp the originality, subjectivity, and systematicity of the academic expression of Chinese-style modernization, adhere to upholding fundamentals and innovating (守正创新), strengthen theoretical self-awareness, enhance discourse capacity, continuously enrich and develop the theoretical system of Chinese-style modernization, and accelerate the construction of an independent knowledge system for China. Rooted in Chinese practice, responding to the topics of the times, we must transform theoretical advantages into practical advantages, discourse advantages, and development advantages, and with high theoretical confidence and academic self-awareness, provide more solid scholarly support for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Tsinghua University.)
Return to TopBy: 孔祥安
"If a man has no trust, I do not know how he can get by." This is from the "Wei Zheng" chapter of the Analects. "The Master said: 'If a man has no trust, I do not know how he can get by. Just as a large cart has no crossbar for the yoke, or a small cart has no collar for the horse—how can it move forward?'" The meaning is that if a person has no credibility, one does not know how he can establish himself in society. It is like an ox-cart (large cart) lacking the 輗 (ní) that connects the shaft and the horizontal beam, or a horse-drawn cart (small cart) lacking the 軏 (yuè) that fixes the shaft to the horse's yoke; without these two critical connecting pins, the cart and horse cannot move forward. Confucius, by using the vivid metaphor of "a large cart without a crossbar, a small cart without a collar," not only 言近旨远 (yán jìn zhǐ yuǎn - "words are near, meaning is far," speaking in simple terms but with profound implications) explains the importance of a person valuing promises and keeping trust, but also makes it the basic norm and fundamental principle for a person's conduct in the world and establishment in life.
"If a man has no trust, I do not know how he can get by" was Confucius's cry in the face of the 礼崩乐坏 (lǐ bēng yuè huài - "rites collapsed, music ruined," a time of moral decay and disorder) of the chaotic Spring and Autumn period. During this time, the various feudal states, in order to pursue their own interests, 背信弃义 (bèi xìn qì yì - "turn one's back on trust and abandon righteousness," to act faithlessly and violate one's word) and attacked one another, leading to social turmoil, the scattering of people's hearts, and the severe destruction of trust between people. As the "Preface of the Grand Historian" in the Records of the Grand Historian says: "In the Spring and Autumn Annals, there are thirty-six instances of regicide, fifty-two states were destroyed, and the number of feudal lords who fled and could not preserve their altars of soil and grain is beyond count." To change the disordered reality of society, Confucius founded private schools, taught his disciples to "hold loyalty and trust as primary," and required those in government to "be reverent in their duties and trustworthy," hoping to construct an ideal society where "friends are trusted." In Confucius's view, "trust" is first of all an essential quality for a person to cultivate himself and become a junzi (gentleman). He advocated that "the junzi takes righteousness as the substance, practices it with ritual, expresses it with humility, and completes it with trust," regarding "trust" as the key to achieving the personality of a junzi. Secondly, "trust" is the basic norm for friendship and harmonious interpersonal relations. Only when people keep faith with each other can they establish a harmonious social order of "friends having trust." Finally, "trust" is the foundation for governing the state and bringing peace. He believed that "if those above love trust, then the people will dare not be insincere." Only if officials and rulers take the lead in speaking of trust will the common people speak of trust and keep trust. For example, when Zigong asked Confucius about the way of governance, he placed "people's trust" in a position more important than food and military. On the contrary, if officials and rulers 言而无信 (yán ér wú xìn - "words without trust," to break one's word) and 朝令夕改 (zhāo lìng xī gǎi - "orders in the morning, changed in the evening," changing policies frequently and capriciously), they will lose the people's trust and lose the people's hearts, and the state will suffer the tragic outcome that "if the people have no trust, the state cannot stand." "Trust" is not a lofty, empty, abstract moral sermon, but the moral bottom line for an individual to establish himself in life, the inner support for the normal and orderly operation of society, and the very foundation for the long-term stability and security of the state.
"Trust" is the inner spiritual need for the perfection of personality, and the logical starting point of the Confucian life value pursuit of "修齐治平 (xiū qí zhì píng - 'cultivate oneself, regulate the family, govern the state, pacify the world,' the program of personal and social cultivation)." Its core meaning lies in keeping promises and being honest and not deceiving. Only if a person's words and deeds are consistent can he win the respect of others and social recognition; conversely, if he loses trust in others, he will eventually lose his personal dignity, fall into an isolated and helpless predicament, and even if he possesses talent and learning, it will be difficult for him to achieve great deeds. The "Biography of Sima Guang" in the History of the Song records that Sima Guang always regarded trust as the primary criterion for self-cultivation. Whether holding a high position or retiring to the forest, his words and deeds were consistent and his outside and inside were as one (表里如一 - biǎo lǐ rú yī, 'outside and inside as one,' sincere and consistent). After retiring to Luoyang for fourteen years, he devoted himself to compiling the Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government) and completed this great historical work with a solid attitude. But in his "Memorial Presenting the Book" to Emperor Shenzong of Song, he did not exaggerate his achievements nor conceal difficulties, but honestly described the compilation process in earnest writing, fully showing his true character of "not deceiving his own heart and not deceiving others." He promised to take care of the orphaned widow and children of his benefactor Pang Ji, and for decades he treated their children as his own, supporting them in their studies and marriages, and never broke his word.
"Trust" is the foundation and guarantee for the normal and orderly operation of society. "Trust" is like the "lubricant" and "adhesive" of social operation; it can harmonize relations, resolve conflicts, unite people's hearts, and promote interpersonal harmony, neighborly amity, and social order. Conversely, if trust is lost and becomes the trend, people will suspect and distrust each other, leading to mutual deception and scattered hearts, and social order will inevitably fall into chaos, with harms beyond description. The "Strategies of Wei, First" in the Intrigues of the Warring States records that Marquis Wen of Wei kept his promises all his life, and the "Zhou Annals" of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government also cites this matter. He was faithful in his words to his ministers, the common people, and lower-level officials, using his own integrity to lead social customs. On one occasion, he made an appointment with the Yu official (虞人, keeper of the mountains and forests) to go hunting, but on that day a heavy rain fell. His attendants repeatedly advised him not to go, but he insisted on going in the rain to keep the appointment, apologized to the Yu official, and canceled the agreement. This act of integrity caused a strong response throughout the state of Wei, promoted the formation of a culture of keeping promises and valuing trust in Wei, united the ministers and brought the people's hearts to him, and because of this, Wei became the foremost of the three Jin states. The "Biography of Dong Xuan" in the Book of the Later Han records that when Dong Xuan served as the magistrate of Luoyang, faced with powerful nobles running rampant and common people being bullied, he promised the people to rectify official governance and severely punish lawlessness. Facing Zhang Shuo, the younger brother of the eunuch Zhang Rang, who relied on his power to kill people and then hid to evade punishment, Dong Xuan disregarded the influence of the powerful, personally arrested him, brought him to justice, and convicted him according to law. Even when questioned by Emperor Guangwu of Han, he always adhered to his promise and spoke frankly without reservation, ultimately earning the title of "the Unyielding Magistrate (强项令)." This action shook Luoyang; the powerful nobles restrained their evil deeds, and for a time social order took on a completely new look.
Officials and rulers who value trust and keep promises will gain the trust of the people and realize a virtuous cycle of state governance. Conversely, if they break their word and change orders frequently, the people will be at a loss as to what to do. History has repeatedly proved that "no calamity is greater than lack of trust." The "Biography of Huang Ba (黄霸)" in the Book of Han records that Huang Ba governed the state with integrity and settled the people through concrete action, and Ban Gu praised him, saying: "Since the rise of Han, when speaking of officials who governed the people, Ba is considered the foremost." When he served as the Grand Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery, faced with the situation of powerful families dominating and the people suffering, he promised to promote education, attach importance to agriculture and sericulture, severely punish the powerful, and guide the people to speak of trust and keep trust. As a result, Yingchuan saw the scene where "plowmen yield the boundaries, and no one picks up lost items on the road." The "Biography of Zhao Xin Chen (召信臣)" in the Book of Han records that Zhao Xin Chen used trust to settle the people and stabilize the state's foundation, and the people honored him as "Father Zhao (召父)." When he served as the Grand Administrator of Nanyang Commandery, faced with the difficulties of backward water conservancy, frequent droughts, and displaced people, he promised to build water conservancy projects and develop agriculture to free the people from hardship. After personally surveying water sources, he organized the people to construct ditches, channels, ponds, and weirs, solving the problem of agricultural irrigation. By encouraging farming and teaching cultivation, advocating frugality, and severely punishing the powerful, he made the people prosperous and society stable. He used concrete action to win the people's trust, fulfilled all his promises to the people, and confirmed the fundamental principle of governing the state with trust.
Return to TopEducation is a major plan for the country and a major plan for the Party, and it is also the fundamental solution for blocking the intergenerational transmission of poverty. On the map of China's liquor industry, Kweichow Moutai, with bottle after bottle of mellow fine liquor, wafts its fragrance across the world; while in the galaxy of public welfare, Kweichow Moutai, with persistent adherence unbroken for 14 years, has lit the path of study for more than 260,000 students.
Since the launch of the "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" (中国茅台·国之栋梁) Project Hope Dream-Chasing Action in 2012, Kweichow Moutai has worked together with the China Youth Development Foundation (中国青少年发展基金会), cumulatively donating over 1.4 billion yuan, with the scope of assistance covering 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (新疆生产建设兵团), helping more than 260,000 students from financially disadvantaged families realize their college dreams. This public welfare project has become, since the implementation of Project Hope, the public welfare project with the largest cumulative corporate donation, the widest coverage, and the broadest beneficiary base, and has received the highest government award in China's public charity field, the China Charity Award (中华慈善奖).
From "home gate" to "school gate" — a warm lift
Why persist in supporting students? The answer may lie in the land where Kweichow Moutai grows. Moutai Town, on the banks of the Chishui River, surrounded by mountains on all sides. The fine liquor produced here breaks through the mountains and goes to the world; Kweichow Moutai also hopes to help the children in the mountains walk out of the mountains and write a brilliant life. It is precisely for this reason that, while adhering to high-quality development, Kweichow Moutai has always bravely shouldered heavy burdens, lifting more children to pursue their dreams.
In 2012, Kweichow Moutai donated 100 million yuan and joined hands with the China Youth Development Foundation to launch the "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" Project Hope Dream-Chasing Action. Over the past 14 years, this project has never been interrupted. The "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" Project Hope Dream-Chasing Action has always adhered to the mission of "supporting students and educating people," focusing on college freshmen from financially disadvantaged families, helping them solve urgent needs such as travel expenses and living expenses from "home gate" to "school gate." As of the end of 2025, 215,000 aided students have completed their studies and are active in various fields of society, forming a virtuous cycle of "receiving aid — becoming talent — giving back."
From "receiving aid" to "helping others"
With the help of Kweichow Moutai, more and more disadvantaged students have grown up and become talents, and have continued to pass on goodwill.
In 2012, Xiao Zheng, a student from Hainan, became one of the first batch of aided students of "China Moutai · Pillar of the State." This grant allowed him to leave the island and enter university. During his studies, he actively participated in public welfare activities whenever he had free time. After graduating from university, Xiao Zheng chose to return to Hainan to strive for the development of his hometown. In 2019, he proposed emulating Project Hope and established a village-level scholarship to help more students successfully complete their studies.
Also practicing "receiving kindness and passing on kindness" is Xiao Liu from Yanhe (沿河), Guizhou. In 2014, he received funding from "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" and realized his college dream. In 2020, he returned to his hometown to serve as a grassroots cadre, leading the masses to adjust the industrial structure, introducing agricultural projects to help increase income; regularly visiting the elderly living alone, supporting financially disadvantaged students, and coordinating resources to build roads, provide water, and supply electricity, sowing seeds of kindness with practical actions.
These stories of becoming pillars and passing on goodwill are continuing on the generations of students funded by Moutai.
Creating a "1+4" new public welfare model
In 2024, Kweichow Moutai and the China Youth Development Foundation comprehensively optimized and upgraded the "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" Project Hope Dream-Chasing Action, innovatively constructing a "1+4" project matrix, that is, one scholarship project and four sub-projects: "One Lesson for Students," "Public Welfare Trip for Students," "Homecoming Trip for Students," and "Excellent Talent Plan." This effectively extends the education chain, comprehensively enhancing the effectiveness of ideological education, practical education, cultural education, and organizational education, allowing public welfare student support to shift from "blood transfusion" to "blood creation," and from "short-term assistance" to "long-term education."
In terms of the scholarship, the scope of recipients has been further expanded, appropriately covering families with special difficulties, as well as first-year college students from families that have become financially disadvantaged due to sudden circumstances such as natural disasters, accidents, or major illnesses. In terms of education, leading figures from various fields such as technological innovation, culture and sports, and ecological environmental protection are invited to open "one lesson" for students, sharing inspirational stories of growing into talents and dedicating to the country; students are organized to participate in public welfare practices and social practices, with funding and reward mechanisms established; the "Homecoming Trip for Students" is launched to let students experience the charm of fine traditional Chinese culture up close; the "Excellent Talent Plan" is added to encourage academic innovation and reward scientific research talents.
A series of innovative measures have been implemented and produced results, enabling many students to achieve a growth leap from "receiving aid" to "self-help" and ultimately "helping others."
Gathering the power of goodness with a public welfare brand matrix
Student support is only part of Kweichow Moutai's public welfare landscape. Moutai takes "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" as its overall public welfare IP, building a public welfare brand matrix.
Various brands under the Moutai sauce-flavor series liquor have successively established multiple public welfare brands such as "Guizhou Daqu · Drops of Love" (贵州大曲·点滴有爱), "Han Sauce · Ingenuity Inheritance" (汉酱·匠心传承), and "Moutai 1935 · Great Doctor of the Nation" (茅台1935·国之大医). In 2023, the Guizhou Moutai Charity Foundation (贵州茅台公益基金会) was officially established, centering on four major areas: ecological protection, livelihood education, cultural heritage, and industry and industrial sectors, continuously enriching the public welfare brand matrix, and actively guiding upstream and downstream stakeholders to engage in charitable causes.
A person without virtue cannot stand; an enterprise without virtue cannot prosper. From protecting the ecology of the Chishui River to preserving cultural relics and extending the cultural lineage, from deepening education assistance to empowering comprehensive rural revitalization... Kweichow Moutai continuously enriches the connotation and extension of its public welfare practices, giving back the fruits of development to society. In 2025, the company's public welfare investment reached 121 million yuan, and it received multiple honors such as "2025 Most Socially Responsible Listed Liquor Company."
The journey of ten thousand miles is with a strong wind; the heavy responsibility of a thousand jun sets out again. Standing at a new starting point, Kweichow Moutai will continuously enrich the "China Moutai · Pillar of the State" public welfare matrix, persistently engage in comprehensive rural revitalization, technological innovation, cultural heritage, environmental protection and other causes, vigorously support talent cultivation in fields such as scientific research, education, medical care, sports, and culture, help cultivate more great country craftsmen and pillars of the state, and contribute more Moutai strength to building a strong country and national rejuvenation.
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