Summary: The article discusses the China Association for Promoting Democracy's (CPPD) implementation of a campaign to establish and practice correct views on political performance, emphasizing that correct views prioritize serving the people while erroneous views lead to harmful projects. It highlights the need to study Xi Jinping's relevant important discourses and to engage in self-examination, rectification, and institutional improvements. The campaign aims to enhance the organization's role in supporting CPC leadership and contributing to China's modernization. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: President Xi Jinping, while presiding over the 9th collective study of the 20th CPC Central Committee Politburo, emphasized the need to build a scientific and complete theoretical system for the Chinese national community. The article argues that constructing this system must be rooted in Marxist guidance, Xi Jinping Thought, and China's long history, while also drawing on the Party's practical achievements in ethnic work. It advocates for an open comparative perspective that places the Chinese national community within global diversity and human societal development. The piece calls for developing key Chinese concepts—such as "diversity in unity"—to critique and transcend Western-centric nation-state theories. The author, a director at the Central Party School, stresses that accelerating this theoretical construction will provide Chinese wisdom for handling international ethnic issues.
Summary: The article emphasizes the Chinese Communist Party's commitment to its historical mission and strategic initiative, highlighting its long-term vision for the nation's development. It calls for adapting to changes in societal contradictions to set central tasks and formulate correct policies. The piece underscores the Party's determination to maintain leadership and control over national progress by aligning long-term and阶段性 goals. No specific officials, their statements, or accompanying figures are mentioned. There is no reference to the United States or U.S.-China relations.
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Summary: In the first half of 2026, new drivers such as high-end manufacturing, digital intelligence, and modern services contributed over 40% of China's economic growth, with high-tech manufacturing value-added rising 13.3% year-on-year. A June 2026 State Council meeting designated "new-generation intelligent manufacturing" as the main strategic direction, positioning it as the core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The article, by an academician from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, outlines five key features of this shift: production transforms from mass standardization to personalized customization; human-machine relations evolve from substitution to co-creation; efficiency gains shift from linear to exponential; industrial organization moves from chain-based competition to platform ecosystems; and social structures demand more composite skills. Realization depends on data as a production factor, targeted digital infrastructure, coordinated development and emission reduction, and a reconfiguration of global value chains. China aims to transition from a "world factory" to a global co-builder of smart manufacturing and a rule definer.
Summary: The article discusses China's push to develop a "sports event economy" as part of its 15th Five-Year Plan and ambition to become a sports powerhouse, citing the 2025 Marathon Blue Book's data on economic impacts. It identifies persistent challenges, including short-term concentration of economic effects, low venue utilization rates straining government finances, and underdeveloped event IP that limits sustained growth. The author, a professor at Beijing Sport University, recommends building a more systematic event system, innovating venue operations through technology and mixed-use models, and deepening IP development to convert temporary "event traffic" into lasting "economic retention." No U.S. or U.S.-China relations are mentioned.
Summary: The article analyzes how local people's congresses in China exercise their constitutional oversight power through law enforcement inspections, as mandated by the Supervision Law. It highlights President Xi Jinping's directive to use statutory supervision methods to ensure all state organs operate within legal frameworks. The piece notes that inspections disproportionately target government departments while undercovering courts, prosecutors, and supervisory commissions, and that many laws are never inspected. It recommends improving topic selection, inspection methods (e.g., random checks, third-party evaluations), and follow-up mechanisms like satisfaction ratings and public disclosure. The article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article discusses the "Fengqiao-style People's Tribunals" — grassroots court branches under the Supreme People's Court — highlighting that 100 such tribunals were named in May 2022 as models for integrating the Fengqiao experience into rural governance. These tribunals prioritize preventive dispute resolution, multi-agency coordination, and on-site adjudication to resolve conflicts at the grassroots level before they escalate. The report notes that their approach includes pre-litigation mediation, judicial recommendations, and digital platforms to improve access to justice while maintaining rule-of-law principles. It also identifies challenges such as unclear functional boundaries and inconsistent regulations across regions, calling for better institutional design, inter-agency collaboration, and professional training for tribunal staff. The overall goal is to enhance social governance and legal order in rural areas, aligning with central directives on rural revitalization.
Summary: The article examines the ancient Chinese legal concept of "息讼止争" (ceasing litigation and disputes), which prioritized social harmony by discouraging civil lawsuits through moral education, clear contracts, mediation, and procedural barriers. It traces this ideal to Confucian teachings and historical practices such as local officials promoting virtue, the use of binding contracts to prevent disputes, and a multi-tiered mediation system involving clan elders and magistrates. The piece notes that these mechanisms aimed to resolve conflicts before they reached court, particularly for minor civil matters, while maintaining strict treatment of serious crimes. This historical approach is presented as resonating with modern Chinese legal priorities of "catching problems early and treating them before they arise." No references to specific officials or U.S.-China relations appear in the text.
Summary: The article reports that Anhui's provincial tobacco monopoly bureau piloted a reform in Huangshan to consolidate and enhance disciplinary inspection and supervision forces, aiming to improve efficiency and oversight. In February 2025, the provincial bureau's discipline inspection group visited Huangshan and emphasized leveraging the vertical management system to establish a coordinated mechanism that breaks old structures and builds new ones. The Huangshan bureau's party secretary stated the reform involves "breaking" the old system and "establishing" new models and drivers. The reform created specialized teams, a three-tier supervision framework, and mechanisms for collaborative case handling and training, leading to better political oversight and daily supervision. The article notes that after over a year, the reform has improved the supervision system, enhanced team capabilities, and fostered a clearer political environment.
Summary: Shenmo Education announced in 2024-2025 the establishment of its "Shenmo Great Academy" system, comprising three core colleges focused on mental education, parent growth, and educator training. The Shenmo Zhou Academy prioritizes parents' mental development to alleviate educational anxiety, employing activities like salons and lectures to foster family stability. As of June 2026, over 230 branches had been established, reaching millions of parents through volunteer-driven, community-integrated programs. The initiative aligns with national policy on collaborative school-family-society education ("jiaolian ti"), positioning itself as a bridge connecting schools, families, and communities. The system aims to build a replicable, sustainable educational ecosystem that supports lifelong learning and cultural confidence in China.
Summary: The article recounts a visit to Tucheng, a historic town in Guizhou known for its role in the Red Army's Four Crossings of the Chishui River during the Long March. It highlights key leaders involved in the crossings—Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Wang Jiaxiang, and Zhang Wentian—who are depicted in a memorial sculpture. The town preserves numerous revolutionary sites, including the Four Crossings Memorial Museum and the Qinggangpo battlefield, where a thousand Red Army soldiers are buried. The narrative emphasizes the strategic importance of the campaign, framed as Mao's "most brilliant maneuver," and the enduring legacy of the Red Army's sacrifices. The article also notes the unique tribute to female Red Army soldiers at the dedicated museum and along a commemorative street.
Summary: The article discusses the theme song for the TV adaptation of the Mao Dun Literature Prize-winning novel *The Protagonist*, performed by Wang Fei, which has gained widespread acclaim for its poignant musical interpretation. It praises the song for eschewing flashy trends in Chinese-style music and instead grounding itself in the raw, resilient spirit of Qin Opera and ordinary people’s lives. The song redefines "protagonist" not as a celebrated star but as any person who perseveres through hardship, including artisans, laborers, and rural teachers, without external recognition. Musically, it integrates traditional Qin Opera elements like banhu and clappers with piano and strings, achieving a respectful yet modern synthesis that avoids superficial borrowing. The piece ultimately argues that genuine artistic creation must root itself in concrete human experience and local tradition to resonate authentically.
Summary: The author, a vice chair of the Jiangsu Writers Association, criticizes society's overreliance on reductive labels and viral catchphrases, arguing they flatten human complexity. She asserts that literature's core mission is to portray individuals in their full context, as exemplified by the "typical character in typical circumstances" cited from Engels. Her new novel *The Present Moment* features protagonist Ai Shengchun, a 50-year-old Nanjing woman whose unique life defies simplistic categorization. She acknowledges the tension between literary depth and marketing demands for "internet-friendly" tags and buzzwords. Ultimately, she maintains that both in fiction and reality, people should not be reduced to data points or labels.
Summary: The article analyzes China's "technology insurance" (科技保险) as a quasi-public good that mitigates risks in R&D, commercialization, and industrialization to support high-tech self-reliance. It traces the concept's evolution from a 2006 pilot to a 2024 regulatory framework, noting challenges such as insufficient pricing data, talent shortages, and low uptake. Proposed solutions include integrating insurance into national innovation strategy, expanding coverage to intangible risks, and fostering interdisciplinary talent. The piece does not reference U.S. relations.
Summary: In an address to the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to strengthen the national technology transfer system by establishing concept validation centers to bridge the gap between lab research and industrialization. The article warns that current efforts are hindered by a focus on hardware over effectiveness, quantity over quality, and the conflation of technical and commercial validation, leading to inefficiencies and bubble-like problems. It calls for a shift toward specialized, classification-based development with tailored evaluation metrics for different types of validation centers. Proposed solutions include national-level planning, resource sharing, professional talent cultivation, and dynamic evaluation mechanisms with淘汰机制. No mention was made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article argues that modern green slow-traffic systems (walking and cycling) are vital for China's urban renewal, green转型, and "dual carbon" goals, though they currently lack top-level design and balanced development. It notes that while China was once a "bicycle kingdom," slow traffic has been marginalized by motorized transport, but global trends—including UN and EU initiatives—are elevating its strategic importance. Key shortcomings include low strategic priority, inadequate infrastructure, and underdeveloped service functions. The author, a Ministry of Transport research institute head, recommends integrating slow traffic into national plans, reviving bicycle culture, building comprehensive networks, and fostering cross-sector innovation for the "15th Five-Year Plan" period. The piece does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and State Council issued a policy document calling for higher-level energy conservation and carbon reduction, explicitly promoting zero-carbon industrial parks and a "green-to-green" model where green energy is used to manufacture green products. The document emphasizes that this approach is critical for advancing China's energy and manufacturing强国 construction by boosting new energy utilization and upgrading manufacturing. It also highlights that the strategy will help China navigate global "green barriers" and carbon tariffs, fostering new opportunities for international green cooperation. The policy outlines differentiated implementation for emerging industry parks, traditional light industry parks, and high-energy-consumption parks. Finally, it calls for innovation in zero-carbon technologies and institutional reforms to strengthen China's position in global carbon-related rulemaking and green competition.
Summary: In an article for professional analysts, President Xi Jinping is reported as stating that building a scientific and complete theoretical system for the Chinese nation's community (中华民族共同体) is essential for forging a strong sense of community. The text, authored by a senior official from the Central Party School, elaborates that this system must be grounded in Marxism and China’s long history, while also drawing on the practical achievements of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in managing ethnic relations. It emphasizes that the theoretical framework should be developed with an open mindset, comparing China’s unique path to human societal diversity to offer Chinese wisdom for global ethnic issues. The author also stresses the need to refine key concepts like "pluralistic unity" to build a robust academic foundation that challenges Western-centric theories. The article does not directly address the United States or U.S.-China relations.
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By: 全国人大常委会副委员长、民进中央主席 蔡达峰
At present, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is carrying out an in-depth study and education on establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement throughout the entire Party, and supports various democratic parties and non-party figures in conducting the theme education of "participating in governance for the public, and working hard for the people." This is an inevitable requirement for upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China and consolidating the common ideological and political foundation for united struggle; it is an inevitable requirement for implementing the people-centered development thought and establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement; it is an inevitable requirement for serving a high-quality start to the 15th Five-Year Plan (十五五) and assisting in the construction of Chinese-style modernization; and it is an inevitable requirement for strengthening self-construction and leveraging the advantages of China's new type of party system. The China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD) (民进) must, based on China's new type of party system, engage in in-depth study and discussion to comprehensively raise ideological awareness.
General Secretary Xi Jinping's important discourse on establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement is broad, profound, and rich in content, profoundly clarifying the significance, value stance, inherent requirements, practical paths, and fundamental guarantees of correct views on political achievement. It is necessary to engage in in-depth study and discussion to accurately grasp the core essence and practical requirements of this important discourse.
Distinguish between correct and incorrect views on political achievement. The fundamental difference between correct and incorrect views on political achievement lies in whether they are "for the people"; bringing well-being to the people is the greatest political achievement. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: "The issue of views on political achievement is a fundamental one, concerning building the Party for the public and governing for the people," emphasizing that "correct views on political achievement require us to proceed from reality and act according to laws, to create achievements that withstand the test of practice and history, truly benefit the people, and are recognized by the masses through scientific decision-making and hard work. Incorrect views on political achievement, on the other hand, proceed from personal or small-group interests, being impetuous, seeking quick success, engaging in fraud, and acting blindly, engaging in 'image projects' and 'political achievement projects,' leaving behind burdens and hidden dangers, and arousing strong dissatisfaction among the people." Incorrect views on political achievement are concentratedly manifested as departmentalism, grandiosity, fraud, and shirking responsibility, ultimately harming the cause of the Party and the state.
Deeply grasp the connotation and essence of "participating in governance for the public, and working hard for the people." Understand the nature and role of the participating party, and deeply study the history and charter of the CAPD. "Persisting in building the party for the public" is one of the fine traditions of the CAPD; "participating in governance for the people" is the sacred mission of the CAPD; serving society is the conscious action of the CAPD. "For the public" means loving the country and the people, serving the country and the people, not for oneself or for private gain, restraining oneself and serving the public, advocating the spirit of dedication, service, and responsibility, promoting the work style of being pragmatic and seeking truth, always doing one's best and working hard, and reflecting one's role through actual results. The theme education of "participating in governance for the public, and working hard for the people" is an important measure for deeply studying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and strengthening ideological and political construction; it is an important starting point for carrying out study and education on establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement. It is necessary to earnestly study General Secretary Xi Jinping's important discourse on adhering to, developing, and improving China's new type of party system, with "learning thought, emphasizing overall situation, focusing on hard work, and producing actual results" as the general requirements, and promote the integration of study, investigation, and rectification. Adhere to the mutual combination of problem orientation and practice orientation, the two-way effort of ideological leadership and performance of functions, and the organic unity of highlighting key points and comprehensive advancement. Focus on the theme, keep it simple and practical, without batch processing, without phased divisions, without empty work, and seek practical results. Implement the five key tasks of in-depth study and discussion, earnestly identifying problems, effectively rectifying and reforming, focusing on establishing rules and regulations, and improving the ability to perform duties without compromise. Educate and guide the vast number of members to adhere to the original aspiration of cooperation, keep in mind the great affairs of the state (国之大者), cultivate a deep sense of serving the people, and establish and practice correct views on political achievement.
Highlight key points and innovate forms to promote the learning and education to be seen and effective. Comprehensively and systematically study the Excerpts of Xi Jinping's Discourses on Establishing and Practicing Correct Views on Political Achievement, deeply study General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speeches during the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, the Central Economic Work Conference, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the special study class for provincial and ministerial-level leading officials on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, and the relevant important speeches during this year's National Two Sessions. Study the spirit of the Notice on Carrying Out Study and Education on Establishing and Practicing Correct Views on Political Achievement Throughout the Party issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, strive to raise political standing, and truly achieve deep understanding and firm implementation. Promptly issue study materials, carry out special studies, incorporate the theme education into the study of the theoretical study center group, "first议题" study, and various educational activities such as training, lectures, and exchanges, combine it with the study of China's new type of party system, combine it with the evaluation and commendation of the "Four New, Three Good" (四新、三好), enrich the forms of study, and enhance the effect of study. Carry forward fine traditions, leverage the role of multi-party cooperation history and CAPD history in providing guidance and educating people, deeply explore stories of working together with one heart and one mind with the Communist Party of China, consciously carry forward the fine traditions of multi-party cooperation of "being of one mind with the Party, loving the country and serving the people, working sincerely in cooperation, and being dedicated and devoted," tell well the clean governance stories of former CAPD sages, publicize the advanced deeds of members around them in "participating in governance for the public, and working hard for the people," increase publicity efforts, guide the vast number of members to emulate the virtuous, and consciously correct deviations in views on political achievement.
Earnestly examine and rectify, effectively solve prominent problems. Examination and rectification are the basic requirements of theme education and also the effectiveness of theme education. It is necessary to grasp firmly and firmly implement the tasks of identifying problems, rectifying and reforming, and perfecting the system. Taking the correction of incorrect views on political achievement as the entry point, conduct a profound examination of one's own problems of understanding, manifestations, and work effectiveness issues. Comprehensively examine the erroneous phenomena and problem signs within leading bodies, organs, and members, strengthen the use of cases as warnings and promote governance through cases, adhere to the simultaneous management of work style and discipline, and strengthen mutual supervision.
Deeply identify problems, take real action in benchmarking and finding shortcomings. Problem identification should highlight key points, adhere to problem orientation, and identify problems existing in self-construction. Adhere to seeking truth from facts, truly examine problems, examine true problems, and avoid evading important issues for trivial ones, speaking in generalities, and being superficial. Problem identification should be comprehensive and systematic, compare with feedback from supervisory supervision, audit supervision, internal supervision, investigation and research, petition feedback, heart-to-heart talks, etc., and follow up on problems rectified in the theme education of "learn regulations, strengthen work style, establish image." Problem identification should openly solicit opinions, fully promote democracy, broaden identification channels, establish a problem list, promote leading bodies at all levels to conduct self-analysis and mutual criticism, make good use of the results of democratic life meetings, performance reports and democratic evaluation, and on the basis of fully soliciting opinions, hold special meetings to further verify problems and find the root causes.
Strictly grasp rectification and reform, take practical measures to tackle tough issues and solve problems. Rectification and reform should adhere to classified measures, target problems in political construction, performance of duties, work style discipline, and internal management, distinguish the nature of problems and priorities, coordinate long-term and short-term, principle and surface, commonality and individuality, explicit and implicit, formulate rectification plans by category, clarify responsibility division and rectification deadlines, and refine measures item by item. Rectification and reform should strengthen follow-up and effectiveness evaluation, highlight outcome orientation, implement list-style and ledger-style management, investigate and rectify while doing, rectify immediately, and check off the ledger. Carry forward the spirit of driving the nail (钉钉子), set timetables and roadmaps, persistently rectify those long-standing problems, and avoid "paper rectification" and "performance rectification." Rectification and reform should promote governance through cases, make good use of negative typical cases, focus on analyzing formalism, bureaucracy, and distorted views on political achievement, and strengthen warning education. Take the situation of rectification and reform as an important part of the democratic life meetings, performance reports, and democratic evaluations of leading bodies at all levels at the end of the year, make summary reports, accept internal supervision, and take member evaluation and practical effectiveness as important criteria for testing theme education, ensuring that rectification and reform are seen and effective.
Adhere to establishing rules and regulations, managing people and affairs with institutions. Establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement relies on both self-discipline and external discipline. It is necessary to leverage the role of institutions and achieve practical results in normalizing long-term mechanisms and perfecting institutions.
Improve institutional regulations. Enhance the systematic nature of institutions, do a good job in establishing, amending, abolishing, and interpreting institutions around strengthening self-construction and performing functions. The key is to be practical and effective, focus on solving problems such as outdated institutions, mutual conflicts, and ineffectiveness, and fill the institutional短板 (shortcomings).
Emphasize institutional incentives. Establish and improve performance evaluation and follow-up effectiveness evaluation mechanisms, take the transformation, adoption, and application of results as important criteria for measuring results, fully play the guiding and incentivizing role of institutions, stimulate the enthusiasm of members in performing their duties, and encourage members to take responsibility and contribute in both posts.
Strengthen institutional constraints. Adhere to managing people, materials, and affairs with institutions. In accordance with the situation of examination and rectification in theme education, combined with the situation of examination and rectification in discipline study and education, the theme education "learn regulations, strengthen work style, establish image," democratic life meetings, etc., standardize the operation of power, strictly abide by the principle of democratic centralism and the rules of deliberation and decision-making, strictly control the risk points of clean governance in personnel, financial, and material management, improve the working mechanism to effectively prevent and correct deviations in views on political achievement, strengthen the construction of internal supervision mechanisms, and enhance institutional execution and binding force to curb inaction and arbitrary action.
Enhance practical ability, earnestly and solidly promote various tasks. Carrying out study and education on establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement should highlight the practice orientation, and in accordance with the requirements of the "Four New, Three Good," practice correct views on political achievement in all work.
Manifest correct views on political achievement in the acts of performing duties and responsibilities, and produce actual results in serving the overall situation and凝聚人心 (gathering hearts and minds). Keep in mind the great affairs of the state (国之大者), observe the concerns of the people (民之关切), focus on the overall development of the 15th Five-Year Plan, conduct in-depth investigation and research, actively offer suggestions and advice, serve society with enthusiasm, adhere to two-way effort, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of duty performance, complete with high quality the work of party consultation, CPPCC consultation, the key investigation and research on "expand cultural consumption, build a strong domestic market" (扩大文化消费，建设强大国内市场), democratic supervision on ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin, political discussion and advice, reflecting social conditions and public opinion, and overseas friendship work. Identify the entry points, integration points, and focal points for serving the overall situation, and promote the transformation of results. Organically combine theme education with the construction of the social service theme year, adhere to serving as the purpose, carry forward the spirit of dedication, excellently complete the targeted assistance tasks, widely carry out public welfare activities, and better demonstrate the responsibility of CAPD and contribute the strength of CAPD in serving the country and the people.
Manifest correct views on political achievement in the acts of self-construction, and consciously improve the five abilities (五种能力). Face directly the problems of targeted and effective ideological and political guidance in CAPD's self-construction, the problem of representative personnel team construction, the problem of discipline construction and work style construction intensity, and the shortcomings in the ability to perform duties. In accordance with the requirements of "three strictness" (三个从严), comprehensively and strictly strengthen self-construction, strive to improve the ability to grasp politically, the ability to participate in political deliberation, the ability to organize and lead, the ability to cooperate and work together, and the ability to solve one's own problems. Further deepen political交接 (succession), take views on political achievement as an important criterion for cadre inspection, do a good job in the换届 (transition) work, and promote greater results in organizational construction, duty performance capacity construction, work style construction, institutional construction, and internal supervision work.
Effectively promote the theme education to be seen, effective, deepened, and solidified. Leading bodies at all levels should strengthen organizational leadership, compress responsibilities layer by layer, refine work arrangements, promptly implement and promote orderly, improve the mobilization and participation mechanism, form a working pattern of top-down connection and coordinated promotion. The CAPD Central Committee and local organizations at all levels should vigorously help grassroots organizations carry out theme education. Adhere to the top setting an example, play a demonstrative role, take leading body members, members holding public office, and representative figures as key targets, guide the vast number of members to practice correct views on political achievement, fully leverage the role of members, ensure the organizational coverage and member participation of theme education, and present a good atmosphere. Highlight the orientation of actual results, vigorously promote the style of pragmatism. Incorrect views on political achievement are the root of formalism. Resolutely oppose formalism and bureaucracy, prevent the simplification and superficialization of theme education, do not engage in window dressing, do not do empty work, do not escalate demands layer by layer, and do not increase the burden on grassroots. Strengthen propaganda guidance, create a good atmosphere, continuously strengthen the orientation of public opinion, display a good image, prevent public opinion risks, and avoid the phenomenon of "low-level red, high-level black" (低级红、高级黑).
Establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement is a political requirement for the participating parties. "Participating in governance for the public, and working hard for the people" is the value pursuit of the participating parties. The entire CAPD must unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, deeply carry out study and education on establishing and practicing correct views on political achievement, take this theme education as an important opportunity to comprehensively and strictly strengthen self-construction, exercise strict self-discipline, consciously take on responsibility, actively act as the CPC's good参谋, good assistant, and good colleague, and make new and greater contributions to comprehensively advancing the construction of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization.
Return to TopBy: 褚松燕
During the ninth collective study session of the 20th Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that “to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese nation community” . In recent years, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the disciplinary setup for the Chinese nation community has been continuously optimized, the research team has been steadily expanded, textbooks represented by An Introduction to the Chinese Nation Community have been widely used, the construction of a historical materials system for the Chinese nation community represented by A History of Intercourse, Exchange, and Integration among the Chinese Nation is being systematically advanced, and a series of foundational research achievements such as iconic concepts and theoretical interpretations based on the long history and great practice of the Chinese nation community are being published one after another, effectively driving the construction of a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese nation community. We must further consolidate the foundation, accelerate the pace, and construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese nation community with high quality, more effectively serve the overall work of the Party and the state, and provide Chinese wisdom for the international community in handling ethnic issues through principles, theories, and philosophies rooted in the Chinese land.
Adhere to the “two combines” (两个结合), base ourselves on the historical experience and cultural accumulation of the Chinese nation, and consolidate the foundational source of the theoretical system. Theory, as a presentation of the regular understanding of the objective world, cannot do without the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology. As a multiple theoretical organism composed of basic concepts, principles, historical materials, and methods through close internal logical connections, the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community reflects a series of regular understandings of the Chinese nation community as a long-term objective existence and developmental fact in human society. Naturally, it needs to be constructed under the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology, and that scientific worldview and methodology is Marxism. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism means using its scientific worldview and methodology to solve China’s problems, especially adhering to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, so that the construction of the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community possesses scientificity. Under the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology, the construction of a theoretical system requires the support of history formed by human social practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “To construct the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community, we must base ourselves on the long history of the Chinese nation.” As a multiple theoretical organism, the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community is built upon a whole set of history, experience, and knowledge precipitated by China’s million-year human history, ten-thousand-year cultural history, and over five-thousand-year civilization history. In other words, the construction of a theoretical system cannot be separated from sorting out the historical context. We must establish a correct view of Chinese nation history, sort out the formation and development of the Chinese nation community from the overall perspective of Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation, study the historical facts of how various ethnic groups have interacted, exchanged, and integrated with each other over the long river of history—intermingling flesh and blood, sharing the same convictions, connecting cultures, relying on each other economically, and being emotionally close—explore the endogenous driving forces that brought the Chinese nation from diversity to unity from a historical perspective, and reveal the evolutionary patterns of the pluralistic-integrated structure and civilization of the Chinese nation community. Based on a comprehensive, scientific, and in-depth narration of the historical evolution of the Chinese nation community, form China’s own historical narrative system of the Chinese nation community, and then abstract principles, theories, and philosophies from it, highlighting the completeness of the theoretical system on the basis of following the historical logic and theoretical logic of the development of the Chinese nation.
Adhere to the main line of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, base ourselves on the historic achievements made by the Party uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country, and consolidate the practical foundation of the theoretical system. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has always kept in mind the original aspiration and mission of “seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation” . In its continuous struggle, it has always been committed to safeguarding national unity and ethnic solidarity; in 守正创新 (shǒu zhèng chuàng xīn - “uphold righteousness and innovate,” to maintain fundamental principles while making innovations), it has always upheld the fundamental and overall interests of the Chinese nation, creatively forging a correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics for solving ethnic issues. On this path, the Party has united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country to achieve national independence and people’s liberation, pioneered a new situation of developing relations of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony among all ethnic groups, promoted unprecedented progress in the economic and social development of ethnic regions and the lives of minority compatriots, and brought about earth-shaking historic changes in the features of China’s ethnic minorities, ethnic regions, ethnic relations, and the Chinese nation as a whole. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to the “two combines” , kept in view the “two overall situations” (两个大局), deeply summarized the experiences and lessons of ethnic work at home and abroad, deeply observed the development trends of the Chinese nation community, taken forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party’s ethnic work and all work in ethnic regions in the new era, clearly defined the strategic goal and practical path of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization, and driven the Chinese nation to become a community with a shared future of higher recognition and stronger cohesion. To construct the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community, on the one hand, it is necessary to comprehensively and systematically study the Party’s ethnic work history over more than one hundred years; through an accurate grasp of the Party’s valuable experience in ethnic work, deepen the summary of the inherent laws of the Party uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country to take the correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics for solving ethnic issues. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen research on major practical issues concerning the Party’s leadership and promotion of the construction of the Chinese nation community in the new era, so as to understand and refine the innovative mechanisms of the Party’s ethnic theory. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has emphasized concepts such as the big family of the Chinese nation, the Chinese nation community, and forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation; clearly proposed taking forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party’s ethnic work in the new era and as the main line of all work in ethnic regions; from the height of consolidating and developing great solidarity among all ethnic groups, great solidarity among the people of the whole country, and great solidarity among all Chinese sons and daughters, it has made efforts to build the common spiritual home of the Chinese nation; from the height of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization, it has solidly promoted common prosperity for all ethnic groups; from the height of promoting Chinese-style modernization through great solidarity of the Chinese nation, it has actively promoted intercourse, exchange, and integration among all ethnic groups; from the height of modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity, it has managed ethnic affairs according to law, comprehensively advanced the cause of ethnic unity and progress, and driven historic achievements in the Party’s ethnic work. It is precisely because the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on its insight into the new situations, new problems, and new tasks facing the construction of the Chinese nation community in the new era, has formed Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on strengthening and improving ethnic work, and thus promoted high-quality development of ethnic work in discovering and solving major practical problems, forming a fit and mutual promotion between the Party’s innovative theory and great practice. The series of historic achievements in the Party’s ethnic work demonstrate the clear superiority of the correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics for solving ethnic issues, demonstrate the reliable guarantee of the Party’s leadership and the socialist system for the common development and progress of all ethnic groups in China, and the inherent practical logic, along with the Party’s political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal as the supreme political leadership force in China, provide fundamental political guarantees for the strong recognition and cohesion of the Chinese nation community. The facts of great achievements and the process of obtaining them are the rich practical nourishment and vivid arguments of the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community; extracting from them the theoretical starting point and methodology of the Party’s leadership in the construction of the Chinese nation community becomes the practical basis and necessary link for constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community.
Adhere to an open mindset, base ourselves on the diversity of human social development, and consolidate the inclusiveness foundation of the theoretical system. The Chinese nation community, formed through the infiltration of more than five thousand years of civilization history, is an important component of the community with a shared future for mankind. In every period of human history, it has contributed to the evolution of human civilization. To construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese nation community, we must place the formation and development of the Chinese nation community within the entire human perspective and long-term world history, study it within the diverse processes of human social development, explore the commonalities between the formation and development of the Chinese nation community and other human social communities through comparative research, discover the uniqueness of the formation and development of the Chinese nation community, affirm the correctness of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics for solving ethnic issues through comparison, and strengthen cultural confidence in learning from and absorbing all outstanding achievements of human civilization. The various ethnic groups in China jointly opened up the vast territory of the motherland, jointly created the unified multi-ethnic state, jointly wrote the brilliant history of China, jointly created the splendid Chinese culture, and jointly cultivated the great national spirit. These common experiences have enabled the various ethnic groups on this land of China to form the structural inward cohesion of the unified multi-ethnic state—where the territory cannot be divided, the state cannot be thrown into chaos, the nation cannot be scattered, and civilization cannot be broken—the centripetal force of 和而不同 (hé ér bù tóng - “harmony but not sameness,” harmony in diversity), and an open mindset that is good at learning, also highlighting the characteristics of Chinese civilization: continuity, innovation, unity, inclusiveness, and peace. The pluralistic-integrated evolutionary path of the Chinese nation community, supported by vast historical materials and infiltrated by long-established civilization, eloquently demonstrates that the development paths of human social communities are diverse; there is not only one path. Especially in the context of the new form of human civilization, the path of modernization for each country has open diversity rather than uniqueness. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Without Chinese civilization over five thousand years, where would there be any Chinese characteristics?” Accelerating the construction of the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community means providing strong support for the diversity of human social development through the formation and development logic of a community with Chinese characteristics, and providing vivid practical guidance for the harmonious coexistence and common development of multiple ethnic groups in human society through the fact that all ethnic groups in China work together in unity and strive together for common prosperity and development.
Adhere to starting from basic concepts, base ourselves on research on major foundational issues of the Chinese nation community, and consolidate the academic foundation of the theoretical system. Constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community cannot do without existing basic concepts such as ethnicity, community, and civilization, and even more so cannot do without iconic concepts refined from historical experience and contemporary practice on the land of China, such as “多元一体” (duō yuán yī tǐ - “diversity in unity,” pluralistic integration), Chinese nation community, and “大一统” (dà yī tǒng - “great unity,” grand unification). Therefore, as contemporary Chinese philosophy and social science workers, on the one hand, it is necessary to start from the basic concepts connecting China and the world, integrate the history and practice of China and the Chinese nation into existing basic concepts, and endow basic concepts such as ethnicity, community, and civilization with common values of all mankind and diversified historical and practical support. On the other hand, it is necessary to clearly define the connotation and extension of iconic concepts rich in Chinese characteristics, take iconic concepts as points, take the history and culture of the Chinese nation as lines, connect points and lines, and form the disciplinary system, academic system, discourse system, and academic discourse facets of the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community. For example, “多元一体” as an iconic concept directly connects the existing basic concept “ethnicity” with China’s specific history and reality. It uses the fact that China has been a unified multi-ethnic state since ancient times to explain the organic structure between the overall Chinese nation and its internal ethnic groups. It not only demonstrates the richness of the concept of ethnicity in human society and the diverse construction of ethnic-state relations through the fact of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, but also criticizes and transcends the Western-centrist nation-state theory through the historical and cultural origins of the great practice of building the Chinese nation community, providing Chinese wisdom for solving ethnic problems in multi-ethnic countries around the world.
As historical data and materials are continuously excavated, and as exchanges and interactions between human social civilizations continue to deepen, research on the origin, reality, and development of the objective world is also deepening; 推陈出新 (tuī chén chū xīn - “push out the old and bring forth the new,” to innovate by weeding through the old to bring forth the new) has become inevitable and necessary. The study of the Chinese nation community inevitably requires tracing the source and 正本清源 (zhèng běn qīng yuán - “rectify the root and clear the source,” to radically reform and thoroughly clarify) based on the land of China, and conducting in-depth research on different issues, especially foundational ones. Constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese nation community requires, on the basis of optimizing the disciplinary setup, strengthening discipline construction, deepening research on major foundational issues from major practical problems and challenges, continuously producing original theoretical achievements, and constructing a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese nation community with high quality, answering the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times.
[The author is director of the United Front Teaching and Research Department of the Central Party School (中央党校) (National Academy of Governance (国家行政学院)).]
Return to TopBravely bear the historical mission, always maintain strategic initiative. Our Party cherishes the lofty ideal of communism, is determined to achieve the eternal cause of the Chinese nation, firmly shoulders the heavy responsibility entrusted by history and the people, adheres to the unity of long-term goals and stage-by-stage goals, adapts to changes in the principal social contradiction to establish the central task, formulates and implements correct lines, principles, and policies, and ensures firmly grasping the strategic initiative in the development of the cause.
Return to TopBy: 史丹
The National Bureau of Statistics recently released data on China’s economic performance for the first half of 2026. Preliminary calculations show that in the first half of this year, the contribution rate of new growth drivers represented by high-end manufacturing, the digital-intelligent economy, and modern services to economic growth in the first half of the year exceeded 40%, and the characteristics of the economy moving toward the new and toward the superior are very distinct. In the first half of the year, the added value of high-tech manufacturing above designated size increased by 13.3% year-on-year, among which the added value of the aerospace vehicle and equipment manufacturing industry and the electronics and communication equipment manufacturing industry increased by 16.3% and 17% respectively, and industries related to artificial intelligence, such as integrated circuit manufacturing and intelligent vehicle equipment manufacturing, all maintained high growth of over 30%.
As a new production mode deeply integrating artificial intelligence and advanced manufacturing technology, the new generation of intelligent manufacturing represents the direction of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. It is the core strategic support for China’s transition from a large manufacturing country to a strong manufacturing country and the key engine for transformation and upgrading. As is well known, the steam engine initiated the first industrial revolution, electric power drove the second industrial revolution, computers led the third industrial revolution, and the new generation of intelligent manufacturing will be the fourth industrial revolution in human history. It has not only achieved a major breakthrough in production efficiency at the technical level but also triggered a profound structural reshaping in terms of production methods, human-machine relationships, industrial organization, and employment patterns. The breadth and depth of its impact far exceed any previous industrial revolution. In June 2026, the State Council executive meeting clarified that “development of the new generation of intelligent manufacturing should be taken as the main direction of attack.” This strategic deployment indicates that the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry has entered a new stage driven by artificial intelligence as the core technology. Against this background, a profound analysis of the differences and connections between the new generation of intelligent manufacturing and traditional manufacturing, a look ahead at the far-reaching impacts this transformation may bring, and a clarification of its implementation path and key factors have important practical significance for grasping the opportunities of industrial transformation and building new competitive advantages for the nation.
Main Characteristics of the New Generation of Intelligent Manufacturing
The reason the new generation of intelligent manufacturing is called the core symbol of the fourth industrial revolution stems from its significant differences from previous industrial revolutions, specifically manifested in the following aspects.
First, the revolution in production mode: from large-scale standardized pre-production to large-scale differentiated demand customization. The new generation of intelligent manufacturing, with artificial intelligence as its core, achieves deep integration of the physical world and the digital world, driving a fundamental change in the production system from “automation” to “intelligence.” In the first and second industrial revolutions, changes in the production mode all developed along the direction of “machines replacing physical strength” and production determining consumption. The basic background was that the level of social productive forces was relatively low, and social output efficiency was limited by technology, capital, and skilled workers. In the supply-demand relationship, production played a decisive role, meaning that whatever the factory produced, the market consumed. In the third industrial revolution, production systems, with the help of network information technology, moved toward digitalization and intelligence. New production equipment such as 3D printing technology brought manufacturing into the digital age. But overall, the production mode of the third industrial revolution was still dominated by “digital-assisted manufacturing.” The intervention of information technology was more about optimizing existing production processes, and it had not yet fundamentally changed the basic logic of “produce first, sell later.”
Intelligent manufacturing, by using new-generation artificial intelligence technologies such as big data intelligence, human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence, and swarm intelligence, reconstructs all links of the entire lifecycle of products, manufacturing, and services. Under this new model, users can select colors, interiors, and powertrain configurations through an APP. The system generates personalized orders in real time, and factories produce flexibly on demand, breaking the traditional factory’s original rigid, single, batch-based model. The intelligent manufacturing system can adjust process flows at any time according to market demand, flexibly reconfigure workstation layouts, and truly achieve multi-variety, personalized, large-scale flexible production.
In comparison, the production modes of the first three industrial revolutions respectively solved the problems of “whether rapid production is possible” (mechanization), “whether rapid mass production is possible” (electrification/assembly line), and “whether rapid, large-scale, precise production is possible” (informatization/digitalization). The new generation of intelligent manufacturing solves the problem of “whether production can be carried out according to each user’s personalized needs.” It shifts the industrial production model completely from “production determines sales” (以产定销) to “sales determine production” (以销定产), from “producer-led” to “consumer-led.” The new generation of intelligent manufacturing, based on the specific needs of consumers, further achieves supply-demand matching, reduces ineffective production and resource waste, better meets consumers’ personalized needs, and increases the stickiness of the enterprise market. The underlying foundation for realizing this transformation is the major breakthroughs and widespread application of new technologies such as big data and the industrial internet.
Second, the revolution in human-machine relationship: from substitution to collaboration to integration. The evolution of the human-machine relationship is an important dimension for understanding the essence of successive industrial revolutions. The first and second industrial revolutions involved machines replacing human physical labor. Productive power gradually evolved from natural force to mechanical force, specifically manifested in production tools moving from simple to complex, and humans and machines becoming more closely integrated: on the one hand, humans became operators of machines, enhancing workers’ labor capacity; on the other hand, the work rhythm of laborers moved with the machine, also making laborers part of the production line. In the third industrial revolution, although the widespread application of technologies such as programmable logic controllers (PLC) and computer-aided design (CAD) began the replacement of some human mental labor by machines, the human-machine relationship at this stage was still “humans write programs, machines execute according to preset instructions.”
The new generation of intelligent manufacturing reshapes the human-machine relationship. The emergence of embodied intelligence is not simply “machines replacing humans,” but “machines becoming human,” becoming digital employees of enterprises. Compared with traditional intelligent manufacturing, the core of the new generation of intelligent manufacturing lies in the deep integration of artificial intelligence and advanced manufacturing technology. It is no longer limited to the automation transformation of a single link, but rather the overall leap of the manufacturing system from traditional automation to autonomous and intelligent systems with perception, decision-making, and learning capabilities. Artificial intelligence not only takes over repetitive cognitive tasks but also, through real-time data analysis and prediction, provides decision-making assistance to human engineers, enabling humans to focus on more strategic and innovative work. This “human-machine integration” gives the manufacturing system self-adaptive and evolutionary capabilities similar to those of living organisms.
From the historical context, the industrial revolution has caused the human-machine relationship to go through the evolutionary path of “machines replacing physical strength — machines disciplining humans — humans commanding machines — human-machine collaborative integration.” In the first three industrial revolutions, machines were always “tools” and humans were “users”; but in the era of intelligent manufacturing, machines are becoming “partners,” forming a “human-machine hybrid enhanced intelligence” system with humans. The human-machine relationship has changed from “one-way instrumental use” to “two-way collaboration and symbiosis.” From the perspective of factor composition, this transformation further raises the organic composition of capital in manufacturing, while also further highlighting the role of humans in production. Humans are not simply physical and mental strength, but higher-skill thinking, judgment, and innovation capabilities.
Third, the revolution in production efficiency: from linear improvement to exponential leap. Every industrial revolution has brought about an increase in production efficiency, but the mechanisms and magnitudes of the increases are distinctly different. In the first industrial revolution, steam power freed factories from dependence on water and animal power, and production efficiency achieved a leap from manual labor to mechanization. According to records, the invention of the spinning jenny increased textile efficiency eightfold. The core mechanism of efficiency increase in this period was “power substitution,” using steam engines to provide a stable and powerful energy source, breaking through the physiological limits of human and animal power. In the second industrial revolution, the application of electricity improved the control precision and efficiency of machinery. The introduction of the assembly line operation model enabled a leap in labor productivity by orders of magnitude. The core mechanism of efficiency increase in this period was “process optimization” through assembly line division of labor and electric drive, achieving continuity and scale in production. In the third industrial revolution, the application of information technology, such as computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), greatly shortened product design cycles and significantly reduced enterprise production cycles. The core mechanism of efficiency increase in this period was “information optimization.” The efficiency increase of the production system stemmed not only from improvements in material technology and production processes but also from the maturity of auxiliary production technologies such as information flow and logistics.
The efficiency revolution brought by the new generation of intelligent manufacturing is fundamentally different from the above. Intelligent manufacturing achieves deep integration of the physical world and the digital world. The production system has autonomous learning and decision-making capabilities. The efficiency increase of the production system no longer depends solely on externally input optimization instructions; continuous learning and self-evolution of intelligent decision-making become the core mechanism of efficiency improvement. In comparison, the efficiency increase of the first three industrial revolutions was “linear growth,” while the efficiency increase brought by intelligent manufacturing is “exponential improvement,” and the efficiency increase presents a self-accelerating characteristic.
Fourth, the transformation of industrial organization: from chain competition to platform ecosystem. The evolution of industrial organization patterns is also an important marker of successive industrial revolutions. The first industrial revolution established the factory production model, promoting the separation of handicraft industry from agriculture. The production organization mode changed from family workshops to “vertically integrated factories.” Production links were concentrated and completed within a single factory, and enterprises became the basic units of market transactions. The formation of heavy assets in the second industrial revolution gave rise to corporate enterprises, forming a “chain structure” industrial organization of vertical integration and upstream-downstream integration. In the third industrial revolution, the internet became a key channel for trade and information exchange, and also constituted an important infrastructure for overall economic and social development. Information barriers between enterprises were broken, and supply chain management became a core competitive advantage. During this period, industrial organization began to evolve from “chain” to “network,” but in essence it remained an enterprise-dominated centralized structure.
The new generation of intelligent manufacturing, relying on the industrial internet platform, digitizes, standardizes, and modularizes elements such as equipment, technology, talent, and data, breaking enterprise boundaries to form a dynamically schedulable resource pool. The core of industrial organization transformation is moving from division of labor to integration, and industrial boundaries are broken. The logic of competition shifts from “zero-sum game” to “ecological symbiosis.”
Fifth, the transformation of social form: from single-skill demand to demand for compound workers. The industrial revolution inevitably brings profound social changes, but the nature and direction of each change are different. The first industrial revolution moved humanity from agricultural society to industrial society. A large number of rural people poured into cities, urbanization accelerated, and a new type of worker—the industrial proletariat—was formed. The second industrial revolution further accelerated urbanization and social division of labor. The deepening of division of labor, while improving efficiency, also formed a complex social structure. In the third industrial revolution, the internet profoundly changed people’s lifestyles and social interaction patterns. The rise of the knowledge economy and the democratization of information lowered the threshold for knowledge acquisition and increased social mobility, but the digital divide also emerged.
The new generation of intelligent manufacturing will trigger deeper and more comprehensive social changes, initiating a systematic reconstruction of human intelligence and experience. In terms of employment structure, the proportion of mental workers will rise significantly, creating opportunities for the overall upgrading of labor quality. The labor market is experiencing a structural contradiction of “surplus of low-skilled labor, shortage of high-skilled compound talent.” Intelligent manufacturing also spawns new employment forms such as flexible employment and project-based work, making working hours, places, and relationships more elastic. Under digital-intelligent scenarios, the requirements for workers have fundamentally changed, no longer simple operational skills but compound capabilities in “process engineering, data interpretation, and systems thinking.” Intelligent manufacturing is not only about enabling people to do things faster, stronger, and better, but about redefining “what is human work” and “what is machine work,” pushing human society from “industrial civilization” toward “intelligent civilization.”
While improving efficiency, intelligent manufacturing may also create a new “intelligence divide.” While vigorously developing the new generation of intelligent manufacturing, it is necessary to proactively carry out institutional design, educational reform, and social guidance. By establishing a future-oriented education system, improving the social security system, and strengthening global cooperation in AI governance, we should promote the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation toward a more fair, inclusive, and sustainable direction, truly realizing “technology for good.”
Implementation Path and Key Factors of the New Generation of Intelligent Manufacturing
First, data elements entering the production function. The composition of production factors and their status in economic activity are important yardsticks for distinguishing the nature of successive industrial revolutions. In the first industrial revolution, dominated by “tangible factors,” land, labor, and capital constituted the most basic production factors, and all followed the basic law of diminishing marginal returns. In the second industrial revolution, with the increase in production complexity and the investment in heavy capital, technology and management began to enter the production function as “implicit factors,” optimizing the combined efficiency of labor and capital. In the third industrial revolution, knowledge and information played an important role in improving production efficiency, but information itself had not yet become an independent variable in the production function; it existed only in the form of an “auxiliary tool.” Unlike the traditional production factors of the first three industrial revolutions, data factors follow the law of increasing marginal returns. Data has non-rivalry and positive externalities, with marginal cost approaching zero. The entry of data factors into the production function changes the combination mode between factors, greatly improving the efficiency of human capital and total factor productivity. Data factors are deeply embedded in enterprise R&D and innovation networks as well as production and manufacturing networks, and promote the integrated development of manufacturing and services.
Second, the accelerated deployment of new-type infrastructure. Each industrial revolution is accompanied by fundamental changes in infrastructure. The form of infrastructure determines the spatial layout and operational efficiency of production activities. The infrastructure of the industrial age, such as canals, railways, highways, and electricity and oil transportation networks, was essentially “physical connection,” solving the problem of spatial displacement of raw materials and products, with long construction periods, huge investments, and limited coverage. The infrastructure of the information age consists of the internet and communication networks. Although they are still connection tools, what flows is information, and the goal is to achieve the circulation of information. Intelligent manufacturing drives the expansion of infrastructure from physical infrastructure to digital information infrastructure. The new-type infrastructure system compatible with the new generation of intelligent manufacturing has at its core the industrial internet, 5G private networks, AI computing power, big data platforms, and the industrial internet identification resolution system. The digital-type infrastructure formed by organic integration with new-generation information technology achieves “comprehensive connection of people, machines, things, and systems,” a construction from “single function” to “systematized intelligence.” The integration of the industrial internet and artificial intelligence is driving the systematic intelligent leap of infrastructure. This means that new-type infrastructure is no longer large-scale “broad coverage,” but “precise deployment” for industrial production scenarios, customizing digital infrastructure for each factory and each production line.
Third, coordinated promotion of development and emission reduction. The relationship between the industrial revolution and environmental protection has always been one of the most profound contradictions in the development of human society. Intelligent manufacturing is fundamentally changing this relationship. Following the development law that industrial transformation and energy transition always go hand in hand, digitalization promotes green development. Intelligent manufacturing can significantly improve enterprises’ energy efficiency and green technology innovation capabilities, precisely regulate energy consumption in the production process, and thus effectively reduce enterprise carbon emission intensity. At the full lifecycle level, intelligent manufacturing, through whole-process data monitoring and optimization in the entire lifecycle from design, manufacturing, packaging, transportation, use to disposal, achieves minimal negative impact on the environment and extremely high resource utilization. The synergy of intelligentization and greening also promotes the transformation of the energy structure from being dominated by fossil energy to being dominated by green and low-carbon energy, and environmental governance methods shift from “end-of-pipe treatment” to “source prevention” and “system optimization.”
Fourth, value chain restructuring is taking shape. Whoever masters core technology, whoever occupies the industrial high ground, becomes the dominant force in the world economy. Every industrial revolution has reshaped the global economic landscape, and the fundamental reason is the change in the controllers of key technologies. The first industrial revolution made Britain’s steam engines and textile machinery far ahead; its industrial products were sold globally, making it the first “world factory.” Affected by this, the core feature of the global economic landscape presented a “center-periphery” structure: industrial countries produced manufactured goods, while colonies provided raw materials and markets. The second industrial revolution mainly stemmed from the widespread application of electricity and internal combustion engines. The United States and Germany rose as industrial powers, and heavy chemical industry became their economic pillars. The United States’ large-scale assembly line production model established its manufacturing supremacy. The core advantage of market competition was scale competition; competitive advantage came from “who can mass-produce.” In the third industrial revolution, Japan and the Asian “Four Little Dragons” achieved manufacturing rise with the help of information technology and refined management. The global value chain began to decompose, with R&D, design, production, and assembly distributed across different countries and regions. During this period, China, by virtue of its labor cost advantage and scale advantage, became a new “world factory.” The core feature of the global economic landscape during this period was “value chain division of labor,” with developed countries occupying high-value-added design and brand links, and developing countries engaged in low-value-added processing and assembly links.
The New Generation of Intelligent Manufacturing Reshapes the Global Economic Landscape
The impact of the new generation of intelligent manufacturing on the global economic landscape is profound, mainly reflected in the following three levels.
First, the logic of comparative advantage is reconstructed. Artificial intelligence and digital technology have significantly changed the importance of labor cost advantages in the global industrial landscape, increasing the comparative advantage of developed countries. This means that the development model of relying on low-cost labor to undertake industrial transfers in the past is facing severe challenges. The competitiveness of manufacturing no longer depends on the level of labor costs, but on the level of intelligentization. The old “world factory” logic based on low-cost labor and economies of scale is being replaced by a new “manufacturing powerhouse” logic based on technology-driven, platform-empowered, and rule-led development.
Second, the status division of labor in the global value chain changes. Intelligent manufacturing, through innovation-driven effects, integration and docking effects, and process empowerment effects, improves the position of enterprises in the global value chain. For Global South countries, the key significance of intelligent manufacturing lies in breaking free from the path dependence of being long-term at the low end of the value chain. China’s manufacturing is transforming from a “participant in the global value chain” to a “co-builder of global intelligent manufacturing.” “Dark factories” have moved from “single-point efficiency optimization” to the stage of “end-to-end value chain restructuring.”
Third, the rules of global competition are redefined. In the era of the new generation of intelligent manufacturing, global economic competition is not only about production capacity and cost, but also about standards, ecosystems, and discourse power. Major developed countries all regard intelligent manufacturing as a key lever. The focus of competition has shifted from traditional trade fields to the standards and control rights of new-generation information technologies represented by industrial robots, artificial intelligence, and industrial big data. For China, this is a crucial leap from a “large manufacturing country” to a “strong manufacturing country,” with the goal of transforming from a participant in the global value chain to a definer of rules.
(The author is a Member of the Academic Division of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and former Director of the Institute of Industrial Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.)
Return to TopBy: 李艳丽
As the 2026 World Cup and other international top-tier events unfold with great fervor, the global sports industry is ushering in a new wave of development. At present, the high-quality development of the event economy has become an important lever for China to achieve the goal of building a sports powerhouse. The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline clearly states: "encourage the development of the event economy." Since China incorporated sports events into the cultivation of new consumption growth points, the event economy has achieved notable results in expanding domestic demand. Data from the "2025 China Marathon Blue Book" show that the 284 Chinese Athletics Association (中国田径协会) Class A certified events nationwide in 2025 generated a direct economic impact of 18.51 billion yuan, produced a total pull effect of 45.4 billion yuan, of which the pull effect on the six elements of culture and tourism — "food, accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, shopping, and entertainment" — reached 20.11 billion yuan, and drove 183,000 jobs, fully reflecting the important role of sports events in expanding consumption, promoting employment, and driving regional economic development.
But it must also be noted that while the scale of the event economy continues to expand, problems still exist such as suboptimal market structure, insufficient and unbalanced supply and demand, and inadequate cultivation of new consumption scenarios for events, and the phenomenon of the event economy being 昙花一现 (tán huā yī xiàn - "epiphyllum blooms once," fleeting/transient) persists to a certain degree. First, events are cyclical, with their agglomeration effects being short-term. The event economy is time-sensitive; its pull effect is often concentrated during the preparation and competition phases and gradually weakens as the event ends. Although some events can extend their impact cycle through legacy planning, the concentrated burst of consumption during the event and the natural decline of post-event effects remain objective laws of the event economy. Second, venue utilization rates are not high, placing a heavier financial burden on the government. Specialized assets of sports venues account for a relatively large share, the types of fitness facilities meeting public needs are relatively singular, and there are fewer spaces integrated with natural ecology and living environments. Multiple factors lead to low venue utilization, which to some extent increases the government's fiscal burden, making it difficult for event investment to be converted into long-term economic returns, forming a dilemma of "prosperity during the event, silence after the event." Third, the development of event intellectual property is insufficient, and the economic pull effect is limited. Having an event does not necessarily mean having an economy. Some events have low visibility, with prominent problems of homogenization, niche focus, and singular formats, making it difficult to attract traffic, weakening the "sports+" or "+sports" industrial integration effect, and also have a relatively limited driving effect on tourism, catering, accommodation, etc., making it hard to convert "event traffic" into "economic retention."
The above phenomena are the result of multiple factors acting together. First, the event system construction is still not well-established, and the long-term cultivation mechanism needs improvement. From the current perspective, some localities still primarily adopt a phased, node-based approach to organizing sports events, have not yet established systematic, long-term event IP cultivation plans, and there is clear room for development in scaling and regionalizing events. Some events are held more to serve short-term work goals such as phased urban promotion and cultural/sports activities, lacking sustained planning in event positioning, annual衔接, and iterative development. Event funding guarantees, project approvals, and operational cooperation often adopt single-year, one-off arrangements, without forming a stable guarantee mechanism, making delays, adjustments, or even cancellations likely.
Second, the operation mode of sports venues is singular, and post-event utilization benefits need improvement. Currently, most sports venues in China belong to public institutions. Although they play an important role in ensuring basic public services for the masses, they are constrained by institutional and systemic limitations, resulting in insufficient marketization awareness and revenue-generation motivation among operating entities. State-owned capital accounts for a relatively high share of investment in venue construction, while social capital participation is insufficient. Additionally, sports venue revenue has long relied primarily on rental income, while high value-added business types such as event organization, intangible asset development, and commercial supporting services account for a relatively low share.
Finally, the vitality of event operation entities is insufficient, and differentiated supply needs to be expanded. "Feverish events, struggling enterprises" is precisely the growing pain of China's event industry transformation and also a challenge to the high-quality development of the event economy. Currently, China's event operation entities are still mainly small, medium, and micro enterprises, with a limited number of companies independently listed or listed on the New Third Board (新三板). Deeply cultivating event brand building requires diversified innovative event supply as well as corresponding financial investment support. However, at present, the marketization of most local events is still in its infancy; revenue structures are relatively singular, and the depth of development in areas such as event IP derivatives, cultural-sports consumption linkage, and diversified commercial cooperation is clearly insufficient, with relatively limited self-sustaining capacity. At the same time, as various localities' enthusiasm for hosting events runs high, the supply of similar types and categories of mass-participation events tends toward saturation, and the phenomenon of regional event homogenization is gradually emerging.
To avoid the event economy being 昙花一现 (tán huā yī xiàn - fleeting), it is necessary to make concerted efforts from multiple aspects. First, accelerate the construction of the sports event system and cultivate new drivers of urban development. Strive to enhance the synergy of the economic driving effects of competitive sports events, mass sports events, and professional sports events; promote the mutual reinforcement of building a sports event system with China's own intellectual property rights and introducing major international sports events. Using the development of the event economy as a guide, continuously innovate new scenarios for the sports event industry, enrich the new model of "events + hundreds of industries," and promote the deep integration of business, travel, culture, sports, health and other formats. For example, transform urban "golden corners and silver edges" areas into new spaces for event consumption, or build sports service complexes under integrated formats such as business, travel, culture, sports, and health.
Second, promote innovation in the operation mode of sports venues and improve post-event utilization efficiency. Promote the transformation of sports venues from single event-hosting spaces to composite sports consumption spaces, enhancing the efficiency of venue resource utilization through format integration and scenario innovation. With the development of new technologies such as blockchain, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, and the continuous consolidation of "new infrastructure" facilities, accelerate the cross-integration of elements such as sports services, leisure, entertainment, culture, dining, health, and commerce; actively explore the combination paths of artificial intelligence technology, wearable smart devices, etc., with science-based fitness guidance programs; use sports venue simulation systems and digital twin technologies to create virtual consumption scenarios. For instance, in an ice and snow sports technology experience center, VR technology can help experiencers break geographical limitations and challenge high-difficulty ice and snow tasks; sports consumption completed in virtual space can greatly expand the spatial boundaries of competitive sports and mass sports, achieving a transformation from "event-time utilization" to "year-round operation," and promoting the sustained release of economic value from event legacies.
Third, increase the development intensity of event intellectual property and deeply tap economic spillover effects. Sports events possess strong appeal and communication power; they are important carriers for the development of sports and important platforms for sports cultural exchange. Leverage the opportunity of hosting events to carry out related derivative activities, such as the development and sale of event peripheral products, ice and snow sports knowledge lectures, etc., thereby extending the event industry chain, broadening event revenue sources, and enhancing the social influence of events. Especially for cities that have hosted major sports events such as the Winter Olympics, Asian Games, and Universiade, they can continue to host event activities by utilizing post-competition venue legacies, fully demonstrating the inheritance of sports culture in the host cities of major sports events, and further leveraging the driving effect of the event economy. At the same time, optimize the structure of government investment and release the vitality of event operation entities. Through government procurement, financial subsidies, industrial funds, and financial support, cultivate a batch of specialized event operation entities, raise the level of event IP development, and promote the high-quality development of the event economy.
(The author is a professor at the School of Management, Beijing Sport University.)
Return to TopBy: 陈淑娟
The oversight power is an important power granted to the People’s Congress by the Constitution, and People’s Congress oversight is an important component of the Party and state oversight system. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “The People’s Congress must coordinate the use of statutory oversight methods, strengthen oversight over the implementation of laws and regulations, and ensure that all state organs perform their duties and carry out work within the scope of the Constitution and laws.” Law enforcement inspection is a statutory method for local People’s Congresses to exercise their oversight power. According to the requirements of the Supervision Law of the Standing Committees of the People’s Congresses at All Levels of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国各级人民代表大会常务委员会监督法) (hereinafter referred to as the Supervision Law), the subject that organizes and implements law enforcement inspections in local People’s Congresses is the standing committee of the local People’s Congress. This Law clearly stipulates that the standing committees of the people’s congresses at all levels each year select a number of major issues concerning the overall situation of reform, development, and stability, the vital interests of the masses, and of general social concern, and in a planned manner organize law enforcement inspections on the implementation of relevant laws, regulations, or related legal systems. Conducting inspections on the implementation of laws and regulations, i.e., law enforcement inspection, is one of the oversight forms of the standing committee of the People’s Congress stipulated in the Supervision Law, and is also an oversight method that local standing committees of the People’s Congress use relatively frequently, in a standardized manner, and effectively in practice. In recent years, local standing committees of the People’s Congress at all levels have carried out a great deal of exploration and practice around law enforcement inspection work, achieving significant progress and accumulating a good deal of experience, but compared with legal provisions and actual needs, there still exist some problems that need further study and improvement, so as to ensure the effective implementation of laws and regulations, and to ensure the correct exercise in accordance with the law of executive power, supervisory power, adjudicative power, and procuratorial power.
Find the right topics for law enforcement inspections, enhance the targetedness of supervision. Topic selection is the starting point of law enforcement inspection, often determining whether the direction of supervision is correct, whether supervisory energy is concentrated, and whether supervisory resources can be used efficiently. The Supervision Law requires that law enforcement inspections be carried out around “major issues concerning the overall situation of reform, development, and stability, the vital interests of the masses, and of general social concern,” which provides basic guidance for topic selection in local People’s Congress law enforcement inspections. In practice, translating these requirements into specific inspection topics requires focusing on strengthening the targetedness and plannedness of topic selection. On the one hand, when local People’s Congresses conduct law enforcement inspections, they must closely adhere to legal provisions and practical needs when selecting topics, ensuring that each inspection can hit the vital point. Persist in centering on the core, serving the overall situation, highlighting key points, focusing on the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, focusing on what the people think, hope for, and desire, and pay attention to selecting law enforcement inspection topics from issues that are relatively concentrated among the members of the standing committee of the local People’s Congress, issues centrally reflected in deputies’ suggestions and people’s letters and calls, and prominent issues discovered through People’s Congress research, so as to effectively promote the resolution of prominent contradictions and problems that constrain economic and social development. On the other hand, comprehensively consider the overall layout of local People’s Congress law enforcement inspection work, around laws and regulations at different levels and in different fields, reasonably arrange inspection projects so that they have both key coverage and long-term planning. For example, many local standing committees of the People’s Congress in our country adopt methods such as combining inspections of superior laws and the local municipality’s local regulations, comprehensive inspections of multiple regulations in the same field, and continuous inspections of key regulations. These all combine and consider relevant laws and regulations from the beginning of topic selection, reflecting the plannedness and forward-looking nature of topic selection.
At the same time, there is still room for expansion in the topic coverage of local People’s Congress law enforcement inspections. From the perspective of inspection targets, inspections aimed at the government and its relevant departments are relatively concentrated, while those involving the supervisory commission, the courts, and the procuratorate are fewer. From the perspective of distribution, the frequency with which different laws and regulations are listed as inspection targets varies greatly; some laws and regulations have been inspected multiple times over many years, while others have never been included in inspection plans. At present, the number of law enforcement inspections arranged annually by most provincial-level standing committees of the People’s Congress, relative to the total number of currently effective laws and regulations, still shows insufficient inspection coverage. In response to this, all state organs and laws and regulations in various fields should be comprehensively included in the inspection scope, and those that have not been inspected for a long time should be included in inspection plans according to actual circumstances.
Organize law enforcement inspections in a standardized and orderly manner, strive to discover real problems. Articles 34 and 35 of the Supervision Law make overall provisions on the methods and means of conducting law enforcement inspections. Local People’s Congresses should, within this framework, adhere to performing duties according to statutory responsibilities, remaining within the statutory scope, and following statutory procedures, focusing on discovering, researching, and analyzing prominent problems that affect the implementation of laws and regulations, constrain policy implementation, and harm the interests of enterprises and the masses, reflect the specific circumstances of the implementation of laws and regulations with detailed data and real cases, and put forward targeted and operable suggestions to promote the resolution of problems where laws and regulations are not implemented in place. First, strengthen pre-inspection research. The Supervision Law stipulates that before a law enforcement inspection, the relevant special committee of the People’s Congress at the same level or the relevant working body of the standing committee may conduct special investigation and research on key issues. By conducting special investigation and research before the inspection, discover in advance the main problems existing in the implementation of relevant laws and regulations, sort out the key points of the law enforcement inspection, ensure 有的放矢 (yǒu dì fàng shǐ - “shoot the arrow at the target,” to act with a clear objective), and lay a good foundation for better carrying out the law enforcement inspection. Second, enrich inspection methods and means. Combine law enforcement inspections with hearing and deliberating special work reports, conducting special inquiries, making resolutions and decisions, and satisfaction evaluation, while simultaneously adopting more diverse methods such as random spot checks, open observation and secret visits, reviewing case files, questionnaire surveys, and third-party evaluations to better discover problems. Third, improve the quality of law enforcement inspection reports. People’s Congress law enforcement inspections are not general work inspections, and law enforcement inspection reports are also different from general work reports or summaries; they should dare to face problems directly, be good at analyzing problems, and speak with specific cases and detailed data. Currently, some local standing committees of the People’s Congress have begun to explore improving report quality through a checklist-based method. For example, the Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People’s Congress promotes the “three lists” (三张清单) system: proposing a list of key inspection problems before the inspection, forming a list of discovered problems during the inspection, and proposing a rectification list after the inspection, making the law enforcement inspection opinions clear, comparable, trackable, and verifiable.
Solidly carry out follow-up supervision and implementation, do a good job of the “second half of the article” of law enforcement inspections. The Supervision Law makes systematic provisions on follow-up supervision and implementation after law enforcement inspections, including making resolutions on law enforcement inspection reports when necessary, relevant organs reporting on the implementation of resolutions within a specified time limit, the law enforcement inspection report and the research and handling situation of deliberation opinions being able to be submitted for deliberation, and organizing follow-up inspections when necessary. These institutional arrangements are aimed at forming a closed loop of work from discovering problems to promoting rectification and then to tracking implementation. However, from the perspective of local practice, subsequent follow-up supervision and implementation is still an obvious shortcoming in law enforcement inspection work, affecting the seriousness and effectiveness of oversight to a certain extent. Currently, various localities have made many explorations in strengthening follow-up supervision and implementation. Some localities incorporate the implementation situation of the deliberation opinions on law enforcement inspection reports into the agenda of the following year’s standing committee meeting. For example, Guizhou Province reviewed reports on the rectification and implementation situation of deliberation opinions from eight law enforcement inspections in 2025. Gansu Province, adopting forms such as follow-up supervision of deliberation opinions on law enforcement inspection reports and hearing and deliberating special reports, conducted follow-up supervision on food safety work for two consecutive years. Some localities, such as Sichuan and Fujian, have carried out satisfaction evaluations on law enforcement inspections. Sanming City, Fujian Province, even published the specific vote counts of the satisfaction evaluation in the media. On this basis, it is necessary to comprehensively apply multiple methods to strengthen follow-up supervision and implementation. Promote rectification and implementation through various means such as making resolutions on important law enforcement inspection reports, establishing law enforcement inspection follow-up supervision mechanisms, and entrusting local People’s Congress special committees or standing committee working bodies with continuous follow-up supervision. For situations such as refusal to implement or inadequate implementation, link with disciplinary inspection and supervision departments to initiate investigation and accountability mechanisms. For those with low satisfaction evaluation results, order re-rectification and re-reporting, further doing a good job of the “second half of the article” of law enforcement inspections.
Adhere to openness and transparency, safeguard the people’s right to oversight. Reporting law enforcement inspection reports and deliberation opinions, and reports on the research and handling situation of relevant departments or the implementation situation of resolutions to the deputies of the People’s Congress at the same level and making them public to society, is a statutory obligation of the local standing committee of the People’s Congress. Every link of law enforcement inspection — topic selection, organization, reporting, deliberation, rectification, and feedback — must, in accordance with the principle of openness and transparency, expand the participation of People’s Congress deputies and the masses through multiple means, and extensively listen to opinions from all sides. On the one hand, further give play to the role of People’s Congress deputies. According to legal provisions, the law enforcement inspection group should be organized according to the principles of competence and efficiency, and may invite deputies of the People’s Congress at the same level to participate. However, limited by the size of the group, there is still considerable room for expansion in the actual participation surface of deputies. The advantage of deputies coming from the people and being rooted in the people should be fully utilized. Law enforcement inspection should be made an important content for expanding deputies’ participation in the work of the local standing committee of the People’s Congress and for closely connecting with the masses, mobilizing People’s Congress deputies to listen to opinions and suggestions from enterprises, institutions, and the masses in their vicinity, around them, and along the way. For example, the Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People’s Congress, using the “Ten Thousand Representatives Go to the Grassroots” (万名代表走基层) mechanism, has in recent years organized deputies to listen to opinions on law enforcement inspections concerning the promotion of civilized behavior and food safety, and extensively solicited opinions from citizens through platform carriers such as deputies’ homes (代表之家) and deputies’ liaison stations (代表联络站), effectively expanding the participation surface and information sources of law enforcement inspections. On the other hand, broaden the public channels facing the masses. The determination of inspection topics should listen to the people’s voices through multiple means. During the inspection process, channels such as online public opinion solicitation, questionnaire surveys, and mini-programs can be used to expand mass participation. The problems discovered and suggestions put forward during the inspection should reflect the concerns and wisdom of the masses. The inspection reports and rectification situations should also be promptly disclosed to society and subjected to public scrutiny, effectively safeguarding the people’s right to oversight.
Return to TopBy: 曹建民
People's courts are the dispatched organs of basic people's courts, belonging to the most grassroots institutions of people's justice. They are close to the grassroots, integrated into the front line, and face the masses directly, giving them unique advantages for practicing the "Fengqiao Experience" (枫桥经验) in the new era. The "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in the Key Work of Comprehensively Promoting Rural Revitalization in 2022" explicitly requires the creation of a batch of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" (枫桥式人民法庭) to promote the construction of higher-level safe and law-based rural areas. In May of this year, the Supreme People's Court named the first batch of 100 "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" nationwide. This is both a concentrated demonstration of the achievements of people's courts in recent years in adhering to and developing the "Fengqiao Experience" in the new era and actively integrating into grassroots governance practices, and it has set a model benchmark for the high-quality development of people's court work in the new era.
The "Fengqiao-style People's Court" integrates the "Fengqiao Experience" of the new era into the work of the people's court, adhering to prevention first, mediation priority, governance according to law, and on-site dispute resolution. Through governance of the sources of litigation, diversified dispute resolution, convenient justice, and adjudication according to law, it promotes the resolution of conflicts and disputes at the grassroots level and their resolution in the bud. The "Fengqiao-style People's Court" has the following distinctive features. First, adhere to "prevention first." People's courts are at the forefront of the generation and evolution of conflicts and disputes. They can see both individual cases and discover categories of cases; they can both handle litigation cases and, by moving judicial functions forward, promote the prevention of disputes at the source. The "Fengqiao-style People's Court" is not satisfied with "handling cases when they come," but pays more attention to "prevention before litigation." Through methods such as conflict investigation, legal publicity, typical cases, judicial suggestions, and guiding mediation, it does its work before disputes form, before litigation occurs, and before conflicts intensify. Second, adhere to "diversified linkage." Grassroots conflicts and disputes often cannot be completely resolved by a single agency or a single procedure. Disputes such as those involving neighbors, family matters, land, property management, labor, and small and micro-enterprise operations often intertwine legal relationships, interest claims, and social emotions. The "Fengqiao-style People's Court" actively integrates into the grassroots governance system, coordinating efforts with townships and subdistricts, comprehensive governance centers, judicial offices, grassroots organizations, mediation organizations, and industry organizations to promote the layered progression, separation of complex and simple cases, and resolution according to law of conflicts and disputes. Third, adhere to "on-site dispute resolution." For many grassroots people, whether a dispute can be resolved at their doorstep, and whether the procedures are understandable and usable, directly affects their perception of fairness and justice. The "Fengqiao-style People's Court" uses methods such as circuit trials, litigation service stations, judge studios, online mediation, door-to-door services, and judicial confirmation to deliver judicial services to the fields, community grids, enterprise parks, and the people's side. The closer justice is to the grassroots, the more the people can feel the warmth of the rule of law; the more the court is rooted on the front line, the more likely conflicts can be properly resolved at an early stage. It should be noted that the "Fengqiao-style People's Court" always takes governance according to law as the bottom line. It does not simply pursue "fewer case filings" or "fewer lawsuits," nor does it use mediation to replace adjudication or use human feelings to dissolve rules. Cases where mediation fails or that should be adjudicated according to law should be filed, tried, and adjudicated according to law.
The significance of building "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" is multifaceted. For the people, by promoting the nearby, timely, and substantive resolution of disputes through methods such as pre-litigation mediation and circuit trials, they can obtain more perceptible fairness and justice at a lower cost. For the courts, through reasonable case triage and source prevention, it helps optimize the allocation of judicial resources. It can also identify governance shortcomings through category case analysis, and promote source governance through methods such as judicial suggestions, forming the effect of "handling one case, governing an area." For grassroots governance, people's courts are rooted at the grassroots. In handling individual cases, they distinguish right from wrong and clarify rules; in guiding mediation, they delineate legal boundaries; in circuit trials and explaining the law through cases, they guide the people to express claims, safeguard rights, and fulfill obligations according to law, helping to raise the level of law-based social governance.
At present, the construction of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" is still in the exploratory and promotional stage. In some places, there are still problems such as insufficient clarity and smoothness in terms of functional positioning, boundary of responsibilities, and operational mechanisms. Some people's courts do not accurately grasp their role in the diversified dispute resolution system and provide insufficient guidance for cases suitable for mediation. Some people's courts have inadequate linkage mechanisms with other grassroots governance entities, and information sharing is not timely, and so on. To further enhance the effectiveness of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts," it is necessary to systematically improve aspects such as functional positioning, institutional mechanisms, and collaborative linkage, as well as to continuously exert efforts in building team capabilities.
Raise the level of institutionalization and professionalization of "Fengqiao-style People's Court" construction. Currently, at the top-level design level, China's provisions on the governance objectives, governance subjects, governance functions, and operational mechanisms of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" are scattered across judicial documents formulated by the Supreme People's Court, and mostly in the form of opinions, orders, regulations, decisions, and notices, with the rank of the relevant documents being relatively low. Some local judicial documents, while relatively detailed in their provisions on the functions, mechanisms, layout, and funding of people's courts, lack unified standards and vary greatly, leading to a lack of unified normative basis for the creation of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts." However, comprehensiveness and flexibility, as the greatest characteristics of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts," also determine that laws and regulations should not regulate the relevant content too meticulously. Therefore, on the one hand, the top-level design should mainly provide principled provisions from the aspects of goal setting, functional positioning, scope of governance, methods and approaches, and communication and coordination mechanisms of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts," such as clarifying the specific responsibilities and work norms of the court in guiding mediation, legal publicity, judicial suggestions, etc.; improving the institutionalized procedures for the connection between litigation and mediation, standardizing the initiation, time limits, and procedural connection of pre-litigation mediation; establishing a scientific assessment and evaluation system, incorporating indicators such as the quality of mediation guidance and the implementation rate of judicial suggestions into the assessment system of people's court work. On the other hand, grassroots forms vary greatly in different regions. Building "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" cannot simply copy one model. In institutional construction, local differences must be fully considered, and local initiative and proactiveness should be brought into play, emphasizing both standardization and adaptation to local conditions.
Strengthen the synergistic force between people's courts and various grassroots governance entities. An important feature of the "Fengqiao-style People's Court" is diversified linkage. The core essence of the "Fengqiao Experience" lies in mobilizing and relying on the masses, achieving "small matters do not leave the village, major matters do not leave the town, conflicts are not handed upward." Integrating this experience into the construction of people's courts inevitably requires people's courts to coordinate efforts with townships and subdistricts, comprehensive governance centers, judicial offices, mediation organizations, industry organizations, etc., to promote the layered progression, separation of complex and simple cases, and resolution according to law of conflicts and disputes. The complexity of social governance requires complete and smooth communication and contact mechanisms among governance entities. Under the leadership of the Party committee, normalized linkage mechanisms between people's courts and grassroots governance entities such as judicial offices and comprehensive governance centers should be established, including dispute investigation and resolution mechanisms, information sharing mechanisms, joint meeting mechanisms, etc. By strengthening the daily investigation of conflicts and disputes, regularly sharing information, and researching and analyzing the dynamics of conflicts and disputes within the jurisdiction, both contact with various diversified governance entities can be achieved, and the rational use of judicial resources can be ensured. At the same time, promote the construction of digital information sharing platforms, deeply advance the construction of digital positions such as "Shared Courts" (共享法庭), extend the governance space, enhance the capabilities of information collection, feedback, early warning, and sharing, and form a digital communication and coordination mechanism.
Strengthen the capacity building of people's court personnel. People's courts are rooted in the local communities and close to the masses. Creating "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" requires that court staff not only handle cases inside the courtroom but also go out of the courtroom, go deep into rural communities and fields, and work on the front line of conflicts and disputes. This working method requires judges to be proficient in legal practice and able to adjudicate fairly according to law, to be familiar with social conditions and public opinion and good at mass work, and to understand local society and industry rules and be able to effectively guide mediation and resolve conflicts. At the same time, people's courts have the characteristics of small staff, scattered distribution, and long distances, making standardized and scientific management crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen team capacity building in conjunction with the needs of building "Fengqiao-style People's Courts." On the one hand, in light of the layout of people's courts, further optimize the allocation of adjudicative forces and strengthen grassroots forces. On the other hand, carry out targeted training focusing on mass work ability, mediation guidance ability, and social governance ability to improve the comprehensive quality of people's court staff. At the same time, research and formulate assessment mechanisms for people's court work that conform to local realities and the rules of grassroots justice, continuously stimulate the vitality of grassroots teams, and ensure that the various institutional designs and governance functions of "Fengqiao-style People's Courts" are truly implemented and take effect.
Return to TopBy: 刘建军
“息讼止争”作为中华法系中极具标识性的理念，意为平息纷争、减少诉讼，使社会归于和谐有序，是我国古代司法的重要价值取向之一，既诠释了以和为贵的价值追求，又体现了调纷止争的治理智慧，深刻影响了古代社会重和睦、讲礼让、尚德行的社会风尚。
“讼”字出现于西周簋以及匜等多处青铜重器所镌刻的铭文之中，其含义为“将当事人所争之事诉于公庭以求公断”。《周易》中“讼卦”认为“讼”是“中吉终凶”之象，即争讼虽可能一时得利，却终将带来损害，这是我国历史上对诉讼行为较早的价值判断。历代统治者以实现社会关系和谐为要务，并将“无讼”视为所追求的理想状态。《论语·颜渊》中记载，孔子曰：“听讼，吾犹人也，必也使无讼乎！”“息争止讼”并不是否定诉讼产生的客观性，或漠视合法维权的正当性，而是重在防患未然 (fáng huàn wèi rán – “prevent calamity before it arises,” to take preventive measures)、化解纠纷、修复关系、安民固本。且这一理念针对的主要是民间细故纠纷，如户婚田土、家庭关系、邻里之间的利益纠纷，而对严重刑事犯罪依然采取较为严厉的立场。基于“息争止讼”这一理念，我国古代形成了一套行之有效的制度安排。
以教化为先，从源头减少纠纷。法律只能惩戒于纠纷发生之后，道德礼教的熏陶才能从根本上减少诉讼产生的动机。《论语·为政》有言，“道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格”，强调以德和礼来感化引导，真正形成人们内在的自律。《汉书·贾谊传》进一步指出，“礼者禁于将然之前，而法者禁于已然之后”，即通过“礼”的教化使民众明辨是非、恪守本分，才能真正从源头减少纠纷、消弭矛盾。古代地方官吏兼司教化之责，定期宣讲忠孝仁义、谦和礼让、诚信友善等价值观念。如西周时设立“乡师”(乡师)、“乡老”(乡老)，负责在民间推行礼教，通过教化讲理，减少争端；唐代将“德主刑辅”(德主刑辅)作为立法指导思想，《唐律疏议》明确规定，“德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用”，通过德礼与刑罚的结合，实现“以礼止讼”(以礼止讼)；明清时期实行“圣谕宣讲”(圣谕宣讲)制度，安排专人在乡里巡游劝善。如康熙九年颁布的《圣谕十六条》中记载，“讲法律以儆愚顽，明礼让以厚风俗，务本业以定民志”。将教化融入日常治理的做法，使和谐礼让的观念逐渐内化为人们的行为习惯，为减少诉讼奠定了社会基础。
“结信止讼”(结信止讼)，以契约提前明确权利义务。“契之不明，讼之所以生也。”古人认为，契约不明是诉讼产生的根源之一，明确的契约是止讼的重要前提。契约在中国古代具有“立信”“结信”的功能，也常被视为一种预防诉讼的制度安排。《周礼》中即有“以质剂(质剂)结信而止讼”的记载，即通过订立契约使双方的信诺得以固定和明示，减少因约定不明而引发的纠纷。当事各方通过订立契约，明确权利义务关系，将交易的内容、条件、期限、违约责任等逐一载明，使各方权益边界清晰可辨，将可能产生的争议消弭于事前。在买卖、借贷、分家析产等经济活动中，契约的订立需要有“中人”(中人)参与见证。中人所具有的公开性、权威性，使契约的约束力进一步加强。不仅如此，古代契约制度还注重对契约内容的规范统一，要求契式明确、条款周详，避免因文字歧义而产生争议。这体现了古人防患未然的治理智慧，与其在纠纷发生后费力调处，不如在事前以契约明确权责，减少诉讼发生的可能。
以调解化解争端，避免轻易成讼。在矛盾纠纷初起之时，尽量通过调解加以化解，而非动辄诉至公堂，是“息争止讼”的重要方面。古代调解制度可以分为三种，即民间调解、官府调解和官批民调(官批民调)，力争将矛盾纠纷化解在萌芽状态。民间调解以“乡规民约”(乡规民约)为依据，由族长、乡绅负责调解邻里纠纷、家庭矛盾。清代康熙年间的六尺巷(六尺巷)典故就是这一调处机制的例证。官府调解则由地方官员负责，往往带有一定的强制性。明代《教民榜文》(教民榜文)规定“今出令昭示天下，民间户婚、田土、斗殴相争，一切小事，不许辄便告官，务要经由本管里甲(里甲)、老人(老人)理断。若不经由者，不问虚实，先将告人杖断六十，仍发回里甲、老人理断”，以刑罚手段确保调解先行。官批民调界于官府调解和民间调解之间，具有半官方性质，官府认为情节轻微，不值得传讯，或认为事关亲族关系，不便公开传讯的，有时即批令乡保(乡保)、族长等人予以调解，并将调解结果报告官府。
提高诉讼的程序门槛，限制诉讼行为。古代在诉讼程序设计上采取了多种具有引导功能的制度安排，通过提高诉讼的时间成本、经济成本和风险成本，引导民众在权衡利弊后主动放弃诉讼，转向调解、和解等更加经济便捷的纠纷解决方式，减少不必要的诉讼。例如，自西周时期起，诉讼当事人就须缴纳钧金束矢 (jūn jīn shù shǐ – “a specified amount of metal and a bundle of arrows,” litigation guarantee deposits)作为诉讼保证金。历代的诉讼经济成本都比较高昂，甚至有“然民间千金之家，一受讼累，鲜不破败”的说法。又如，通过实行“务限法”(务限法)来限制诉讼。《礼记·月令》记载，仲春之月，官府要“省囹圄，去桎梏，毋肆掠，止狱讼”，即在农忙时节停止诉讼。唐代《杂令》规定：“诸诉田宅、婚姻、债负，起十月一日，至三月三十日检校，以外不合。”《宋刑统》规定，“所有论竞田宅、婚姻、债负之类，取十月一日以后，许官司受理，至正月三十日住接词状，三月三十日以前断遣须毕”。再如，通过规定“放告日期”(放告日期)限制诉讼。明代中期地方官府实行“放告日”(放告日)制度，民事案件仅在特定日期才能起诉，清代各地方官府一般都规定“词讼日”(词讼日)或“放告日”。在无法起诉的等待期内，不少当事人因亲友劝解、冷静思考等打消起诉念头。通过这些程序的设置，客观上让当事人重新审视争端的性质与解决方式。
“息争止讼”的理念和实践，在历史上发挥了重要作用，避免了诉讼可能带来的矛盾激化，减少了社会关系的破裂。其背后蕴含的价值追求，与当前法治建设强调的“抓前端、治未病”(抓前端、治未病)等理念具有内在的相通性，对于缓解司法实践中“案多人少”(案多人少)的现实压力，完善矛盾纠纷多元化解机制、提升矛盾化解效能，仍有一定的启发意义。
Return to TopIn recent years, the Anhui Provincial Tobacco Monopoly Bureau (Company) (安徽省烟草专卖局（公司）) (hereinafter referred to as the Provincial Bureau (Company)) has, in accordance with the thinking of "optimizing institutions, integrating teams, improving mechanisms, and strengthening oversight," designated the Huangshan City Tobacco Monopoly Bureau (黄山市烟草专卖局) (hereinafter referred to as the Huangshan City Bureau) as a pilot unit to promote the integration and enhancement of disciplinary inspection and supervision forces in light of local conditions, and has taken this as an important way to implement the political responsibility of full and strict governance of the Party and to improve and perfect the oversight system.
Upholding truth and innovation, breaking and establishing simultaneously, "cracking the problem" with a problem orientation. Reform is produced by problems forcing action, and is deepened in the continuous solving of problems. Adhering to a problem orientation is a distinctive feature of Marxism and also an important ideological method and working method of our Party. In February 2025, the Party Group Discipline Inspection Group of the Provincial Bureau (Company), during an investigation in Huangshan, pointed out: "We must leverage the institutional advantages of the vertically managed system, clarify the relationship between breaking and establishing in institutional reform, establish a working mechanism that combines unified and decentralized approaches, links upper and lower levels, connects left and right, and is coordinated and efficient, effectively crack supervision difficulties, and continuously enhance the work effectiveness and overall synergy of the disciplinary inspection and supervision team." From then on, the prelude to the Anhui Tobacco disciplinary inspection and supervision force integration and enhancement reform pilot was opened.
Plan from a high vantage point, grasp the "steering wheel" of the reform pilot. The Party Group of the Huangshan City Bureau insisted on planning before acting, establishing a reform pilot work leading group with the Party Group Secretary as group leader, Party Group members as deputy group leaders, and heads of all grassroots units and organs as members, to comprehensively coordinate the reform pilot tasks. At a special Party Group meeting discussing the pilot reform work, the Party Group Secretary clearly stated: "'Breaking' means the old system and old state; we must pay attention to timing and grasp the degree; 'establishing' means the new model and new driving force; we must optimize the stock and carefully select the increment." The Party Group Discipline Inspection Group of the Huangshan City Bureau effectively promoted reform with innovative thinking, organized personnel to learn from advanced experience inside and outside the industry, strengthened internal communication and upper-lower linkage internally, drafted a reform implementation plan, and determined operational modalities, institutional setup, logistical support, and other contents, ensuring that the top-level design is scientific, the path is clear, and the plan is feasible.
Strengthen overall coordination, refine the "roadmap" of the reform pilot. Coordinate force integration: transfer seven full-time discipline inspection group leaders of directly subordinate units uniformly to the Huangshan City Bureau Discipline Inspection and Supervision Office, forming four specialized teams — comprehensive management, inspection and investigation, disciplinary enforcement and case review, and supervision and liaison; designate a member of the leadership team at each grassroots unit to concurrently serve as the discipline inspection group leader, building a three-level supervision structure of "City Bureau coordination — Team tackling key problems — Grassroots linkage." Following the principles of "proximate regions, complementary advantages, ease of coordination," divide the directly subordinate units into three zones, each zone set up with one supervision and liaison group, forming a work model of "zone responsibility, coordinated linkage, mutual competition and complementarity," effectively cracking the structural contradiction of dispersed supervision forces and insufficient coordination capability. Coordinate clue handling and team training: the City Bureau is fully responsible for the handling of problem clues at the city and county levels; following the principle of "what is lacking, supplement it," uniformly organize professional knowledge training on supervision and disciplinary enforcement, highlight case-handling capability and practical operation, recommend business backbone personnel to the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and local discipline inspection commissions for attachment training, and select personnel to participate in cross-city case handling across the province. Coordinate assessment and selection and use: implement the requirements of the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system of vertically managed units, adjust and improve the assessment content of grassroots unit discipline inspection groups, formulate assessment rules for the four specialized teams, and conduct the annual evaluation of the disciplinary inspection team as a separate sequence to ensure fairness and impartiality in assessment.
Emphasize long-term guarantee, reshape the "new paradigm" of the reform pilot. Clarify the responsibilities and tasks of the four specialized teams, adjust the work responsibilities of concurrently serving Party Group Discipline Inspection Group leaders and supervision offices in district and county bureaus, issue daily operational documents such as "one detailed rule, one plan, one checklist," and form a vertical supervision network of "leaders taking the lead in fulfilling responsibilities, specialized teams providing support, and grassroots implementing in coordination." Comprehensively sort out the content of disciplinary inspection and supervision work under the new situation, clearly define responsibility boundaries, refine and consolidate specific responsibilities, and maximize the overall synergy of work. "In the past, the county bureau disciplinary inspection team had insufficient strength, and the work content and focus were unclear. Now the supervision and liaison group has a weekly plan, monthly focus, and quarterly special topic, providing face-to-face guidance. The direction and methods of supervision are clearer, and I know how to do it," said the director of the Supervision and Regulation Office of Yi County Bureau (黟县局) with deep feeling.
System integration, coordinated exertion, "solving the problem" with a goal orientation. The integration and enhancement of the disciplinary inspection and supervision team is an inherent requirement for the standardized, law-based, and regularized construction of disciplinary inspection and supervision work. The main responsible person of the Provincial Bureau Discipline Inspection and Supervision Department pointed out: "Integrating forces, optimizing structure, doing a good job of integration, and cracking difficulties means that we must adhere to materialist dialectics and grasp the system's holism, dynamism, and structure."
Resolve the problem of "insufficient capability" through capacity enhancement. The Huangshan City Bureau focuses on shortcomings and weaknesses such as unclear policies, shallow study, and weak practical combat, and advances in a closed loop of "study, research, combat, review," focusing on key areas and critical links, thoroughly understanding business systems, accurately grasping supervision rules, and familiarizing with duty performance processes, ensuring confidence in carrying out work and basis in pointing out problems. Focusing on key areas such as bidding and procurement, personnel selection and appointment, supply placement, administrative licensing, and monopoly punishment, establish a mechanism of "assigning individuals to lead topics, cracking problems through practical combat, and solidifying outcomes into results," item by item sort out risk matters, refine supervision measures, carry out special practical combat and tackling exercises of "one person specializes in one domain," and temper responsible style, cultivate professional spirit, and accumulate practical experience in supervision and disciplinary enforcement. Establish a daily supervision regular meeting system, insist on reviewing each case after the fact and summarizing each battle, compile typical problems into a "mistake notebook," and include effective methods into an "experience library," promoting the transformation of individual problem-cracking true skills into the team's practical combat real moves.
Resolve the problem of "insufficient motivation" through management upgrading. Strengthen ideological guidance and coordination between groups, carry out regular heart-to-heart talks with team members, promptly grasp ideological dynamics, precisely unblock work bottlenecks, resolve misunderstandings, and guide work practice; strengthen internal coordination between groups and upper-lower coordination between city and county, clearly list coordination matters, hold regular consultations and research, promote information sharing, force complementarity, and unity of pace. Improve assessment incentives and result application: quantify assessment indicators for grassroots units and specialized teams, use monthly scheduling meetings to highlight results and point out problems, commend advanced units and spur on backward units; strengthen the implementation of assessment results, directly link them to personnel evaluations and awards, performance distribution, and grade promotion, establishing a clear orientation that working more or less, working well or poorly, are different. Clarify survival of the fittest and team entry and exit: establish a post dynamic adjustment mechanism, around position fit, actual performance, and capability and quality, accurately identify unsuitable and incompetent personnel, promoting a system where the team after reform can admit and expel members.
Resolve the problem of "insufficient effectiveness" through model optimization. Coordination and linkage between disciplinary inspection and business departments achieve internal supervision integration and connectivity, effectively utilize business platforms such as monopoly, marketing, finance, and procurement, explore and implement a penetrating supervision model, and reduce the burden on grassroots units. Supervision and liaison groups go down to directly subordinate units, adopt a rotating station-based office model, lock in 56 key risk points, comprehensively use five methods — attending meetings, reviewing materials, heart-to-heart talks, market visits, and special consultations — to effectively solve the problem of the "last mile" of grassroots supervision. "Through this kind of face-to-face, zero-distance communication, the distance between disciplinary inspection personnel and us has been shortened, turning cold supervision into warm participation, and the effect of supervision is actually more thorough and better," said an employee of She County Bureau (歙县局).
Address both symptoms and root causes, improve quality and efficiency, "answer the question" with a results orientation. The reform takes political supervision as the command, daily supervision as the foundation, and special supervision as deepening, effectively cracking the problem in industry supervision of "distant higher-level supervision, soft same-level supervision, and difficult lower-level supervision," promoting the leap of supervision from "tangible coverage" to "effective governance."
Make political supervision substantive. To achieve concrete, regular, and precise political supervision, the City Bureau formulates four responsibility lists — main responsibility, supervision responsibility, first responsible person responsibility, and "dual responsibilities for one post" — deepening and refining the "four responsibilities coordination" of full and strict governance of the Party. Closely centering on the major decisions and deployments of the Central Committee, focusing on key areas such as concentrated power, dense funds, and abundant resources, formulate seven categories and 37 items of political supervision lists, integrating political supervision into the scope of daily supervision. In response to higher-level decisions and deployments, successively carry out supervision around themes such as in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of the Central Eight-Point Regulation, study and practice of establishing and practicing a correct view of political performance, and cost reduction and efficiency enhancement, providing strong political supervision to provide a strong political guarantee for promoting high-quality enterprise development.
Deepen special supervision. The Huangshan City Bureau formulates special supervision work norms, following the plan of "one special topic per quarter," successively carry out special supervision around topics such as the monopoly administrative law enforcement field, cafeteria procurement management, and rectification of problems found in Provincial Bureau inspection feedback, cumulatively reviewing more than 2,000 case files, visiting more than 200 retail customers, discovering 82 problems, putting forward 17 improvement suggestions, issuing seven Supervision Proposal Letters, and proactively discovering two problem clues, completely reversing the previous reliance on complaints and reports. Solidly promote the rectification of problems found through supervision, newly formulate systems such as Detailed Rules for Cafeteria Procurement Management and Management Measures for Sporadic Procurement, ensuring the effect of rectifying one problem, perfecting one set of mechanisms, and governing one area.
Refine daily supervision. Resolutely fight the tough battle against unhealthy practices and corruption around the masses, focusing on key issues such as demanding bribes, favoring relatives and friends, and prominent issues such as "marketing check-in style service" and "monopoly check-in style supervision," carry out a city-wide system style-building large-scale visitation activity. Formulate five systems such as consultation supervision measures and daily supervision inspection standards, implement list-based management of problems discovered in daily supervision, and promote the standardization and normalization of daily supervision work. Build a large supervision work mechanism that vertically connects city and county levels and horizontally links core business, establish a "large supervision problem database" and a risk prevention and control intelligent application platform, achieving sharing of problems discovered in daily supervision. Formulate a Positive and Negative List of Behaviors Outside Working Hours, incorporate "outside working hours" into the scope of daily supervision of Party members and cadres, catch small problems early and nip them in the bud, continuously consolidate the strict tone, strict measures, and strict atmosphere.
After more than a year of exploration, through personnel integration, model innovation, mechanism optimization, and adjustment and improvement, the reform concept has been deeply implanted in people's minds, the supervision system has become increasingly perfected, supervision responsibilities have become integrated and coordinated, team capability has been effectively enhanced, and the political ecology has become more clean and clear. (Qin Wei, Li Fan)
Return to TopBy: 李绵军
Based on 28 years of deep cultivation in mind education, from 2024 to 2025 Shenmo Education systematically constructed the Shenmo Grand Academy education system. The Shenmo Grand Academy is not a simple copy of traditional academies, but takes mind education as its soul, cultural cultivation of people as its foundation, life growth as its goal, and collaborative education as its pathway. It is jointly constituted by three core academies: the Shenmo Continent Academy (神墨洲书院) oriented toward parents and families, the Hongyang Academy (泓央书院) oriented toward educational talents, and the Yuanxindao Academy (元心道书院) which returns to the original source of the mind-nature. The three academies each have their own emphasis and support each other, jointly constructing a complete educational ecology from children to adults, from classroom to family, from school to society, from skills to mind-nature, allowing mind education to truly take root and sprout. The core philosophy of Shenmo Grand Academy education is to let educators awaken first, parents grow first, families settle first, and society turn toward goodness first.
As the academy within the Shenmo Grand Academy education system closest to thousands of households, the Shenmo Continent Academy deeply perceives the laws of contemporary family education: parents are the first teachers of their children, and the inner state of parents determines the spiritual底色 of their children. Anxious parents cannot raise settled children; internally depleted parents cannot guide clear-minded children; lost parents cannot guard bright children. Precisely based on this, the Shenmo Continent Academy places parental mind growth in a priority, core, and foundational position, taking "parental mind dimension elevation resolves educational anxiety, and family-school mind synchronization builds the most stable child growth support system" as its core philosophy, committed to enabling parents to move from anxiety to stability, from confusion to clarity, from depletion to nourishment. The Shenmo Continent Academy does not aim to impart knowledge as its purpose, nor does it take disciplinary techniques as its core; instead, it focuses on parents' spiritual tranquility, mind dimension elevation, and life growth, enabling parents to first become people with inner stability, bright minds, upright words and deeds, and full of strength, and then, through their own life state, naturally awaken children, nourish families, and influence those around them, ultimately realizing the ideal vision of "parental mind dimension rises, children naturally bloom; family mind frequency aligns, education naturally runs smoothly."
The ground-level practice of the Shenmo Continent Academy relies on the "Shenmo Continent Grand Lecture Hall" (神墨洲大讲堂), providing a series of growth pathways for parent groups through educational public welfare activities such as parent salons, mind education lectures, parent reading groups, and Xiaoxi Flower Path (小溪花道). As of June 2026, more than 230 branches of the Shenmo Continent Academy have been established nationwide, with a cumulative total of over 100,000 parent wisdom salons held, more than 5,000 mind education public welfare lectures conducted, benefiting over one million parents and members of the public. The parent wisdom salons revolve around real topics such as emotional calming, parent-child communication, habit formation, and adolescent companionship, allowing parents to release pressure through peer listening, gain inspiration through sincere sharing, and find strength through mutual illumination. The mind education public welfare lectures systematically expound the core concepts of mind education, the laws of children's physical and mental development, and pathways for parental mind dimension elevation, helping parents first become clear in cognition and firm in direction. Diversified activities such as Xiaoxi Flower Path, the Three Circles Course (三圆课程), Life Pattern Communication (人生模式沟通), and online and offline reading groups allow parents to feel inner tranquility while quietly arranging flowers, see the essence of life while systematically examining career, family, and self, perceive hidden life patterns under professional guidance, and precipitate wisdom through shared reading of classics. These educational public welfare activities each have their own emphasis and complement each other, enabling mind education and mind growth to truly integrate into daily life, enter family life, and walk into households.
Particularly noteworthy is that the Shenmo Continent Academy has constructed a co-building and sharing mechanism with parent volunteers at its core. A large number of parents who are inwardly stable, love education, and are willing to dedicate themselves actively gather to become parent volunteers, through personal example and heart-to-heart transmission (以心传心), jointly participating in academy construction, promoting activity implementation, spreading mind concepts, and serving more families. Parent volunteers assume multiple roles such as activity organization, growth sharing, concept dissemination, and academy construction, upgrading the Shenmo Continent Academy from a one-way model of "the platform serves parents" to a two-way symbiotic ecology of "parents co-build the academy, the academy nourishes parents." In the process of serving others and dedicating to the academy, parents learn tolerance through giving, understanding through collaboration, empathy through companionship, responsibility through duty, and awaken great love through altruism. It is the gathering of the glimmers of millions of parent volunteers that lights up the myriad lights of the academy, allowing the warmth and power of mind education to enter more families and illuminate more souls.
The innovation of the Shenmo Continent Academy lies in that it does not do parent education in isolation, but uses the collaborative model of "academy + community + family" to integrate into the strategy of family-school-society collaborative education (家校社协同育人), participating in the construction of "education consortia" (教联体) as a social force. National policies emphasize building a collaborative education work mechanism with government coordination, departmental cooperation, school leadership, family responsibility, and social participation, promoting the linkage of multiple resources, concerted efforts in the same direction, and the formation of synergy. The Shenmo Grand Academy, precisely with its complete ecology, assumes an important role in connecting schools, serving families, and empowering communities. In practice, Shenmo Education's collaborative model is manifested in three mechanisms: first, the family-school synchronization mechanism; second, the school-community linkage mechanism; third, the teacher-student co-growth mechanism. This model breaks down the walls of education, so that education is no longer confined to one classroom or one lesson, but truly becomes a cause jointly participated in by families, campuses, and society.
Looking to the future, the vision of the Shenmo Grand Academy is "Shenmo's hundred-year dream, academies everywhere, starlight shining over the five continents." To establish the heart with a hundred years, to establish the system with academies, to establish people with starlight — this is not only Shenmo's educational ideal but also a heartfelt response to the mission of academy education in the new era. With the continuous advancement of the nationwide construction of "education consortia" and the deepening of nationwide reading and cultural confidence, academies, as important carriers connecting tradition and modernity, school and family, education and society, will surely usher in broader development space. The Shenmo Continent Academy will continue to use its branches nationwide as fulcrums, continuously enrich the system of public welfare courses and systematic curricula, and delve more deeply into key areas such as family education, parent-child relationships, and personal growth, committed to providing sustained, professional, and warm wisdom support for the real educational difficulties faced by the vast number of parents and families. At the same time, the Hongyang Academy will continue to cultivate educational talents for the new era, the Yuanxindao Academy will deeply cultivate research into the original source of the mind-nature, and the three academies will advance in coordination, jointly constructing a reproducible, scalable, and sustainable modern collaborative education ecology.
The Shenmo Grand Academy education takes each academy as a fulcrum, each family as a unit, and each educator and parent as a spark, building a spiritual home for families, children, and society. This is the mission and responsibility of Shenmo as an educational enterprise. The academies pass on the lamp, and the lamp never goes out; mind education nurtures people, and the light never ceases. Against the backdrop of the development of academy education in the new era, in the future more like-minded forces will take the academy as a boat and the mind-nature as an oar, and in the long river of education, sail toward a warmer and brighter future.
Return to TopBy: 周炳成
The leisurely Chishui River, the towering Qinggangpo Ridge—my grandfather took my hand and told me with deep emotion, 'The Red Army's Long March passed through here, and the blood of our forebears soaked the mountains and rivers...' Hearing this heartfelt song, the scene of visiting Tucheng five years ago came back to mind. Tucheng (土城) is located about 200 kilometers northwest of Zunyi City, on the midstream bank of the Chishui River, and has a history of more than 2,100 years. A couplet inscribed on the archway of the ancient town is quite evocative. The first line reads: "The Chi River (Chishui) like a string, plucks the ancient town's thousand-year tune," referring to the town's millennium-long history as an important dock on the Chishui River, a distribution center for Sichuan salt entering Guizhou, and a commercial port where the eighteen guilds including the salt guild, boat guild, and horse caravan guild converged. The second line reads: "The Red Army's four crossings blood-soaked the land, bringing spring to all of China," referring to the fact that the Battle of Tucheng lifted the curtain on the Red Army's Four Crossings of the Chishui River. The rich historical and cultural relics and the precious remains of the Red Army's Long March have made Tucheng what it is.
Tucheng is known as the "Museum Town." The Chishui River Salt Transport Culture Exhibition Hall and the Millennium Ancient Town Tucheng Museum, among others, showcase the ancient town's thousand-year history as well as the ancient customs and charm of the Chishui River's ancient salt roads, ancient docks, and ancient salt firms. The Memorial Hall of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River, the Memorial Hall of Chinese Female Red Army Soldiers, the Red Army Hospital Memorial Hall, the Exhibition Hall of the Ninth Red Army Corps, as well as the residences of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, Zhu De's residence, the former site of the Red Army General Headquarters, the former site of the Red Army General Staff, the former site of the Third Red Army Corps Headquarters, the Red Army garrison site on Tucheng Old Street, the Qinggangpo Battle Site, the Female Red Army Street, and the Tucheng Ferry Monument, all fully preserve the red imprint of the Red Army's passage through Tucheng during the Long March.
The Memorial Hall of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River is a national first-class museum, located on the former site of the Red Army's Third Corps Headquarters. The memorial hall houses 10,141 artifacts (sets). Following my companions into the preface hall, we were greeted by a group of life-size round sculptures of Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Wang Jiaxiang, and Zhang Wentian—the five key leaders who commanded the Red Army's Four Crossings of the Chishui River. Behind the sculptures is a giant bas-relief covering the entire wall, depicting the magnificent scene of the Red Army during the Four Crossings. At the upper left of the relief, Mao Zedong's words—"The Four Crossings of the Chishui River were the most brilliant strokes of my life"—glisten in gold. The memorial hall presents the Four Crossings of the Chishui River from all angles and dimensions. Every important battle the Red Army experienced during the campaign, every significant meeting and reorganization, and every major decision Mao Zedong made in the process are introduced in detail through operational telegrams from both the enemy and our side, documentary records, participants' recollections, artifacts, and on-site photographs. In addition to combat operations, the Red Army's intelligence work, propaganda and mobilization work, and mass work are also introduced in detail. The treasure of the hall is the national first-class cultural relic "Red Army Door Planks." The three plank doors with mottled paint in the display case were given by the people of Tucheng to the Red Army for building a pontoon bridge during the First Crossing of the Chishui River. Standing before these door planks, one can imagine that windy, high-wave sleepless night before the First Crossing, when the people of Tucheng delivered door planks and timber to the banks of the Chishui River, and the Red Army engineer soldiers and boatmen worked through the night to build the pontoon bridge. During the Four Crossings of the Chishui River, the Red Army galloped across the vast areas of the Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan borders, surrounded by wolves on all sides, fighting with blood every step of the way, repeatedly turning danger into safety and surviving desperate situations. This relied on Mao Zedong's brilliant military strategy, the Red Army's indomitable spirit of sacrifice, and the strong support of the masses for the Red Army. The people of Tucheng used these door planks to record the profound bond between the army and the people in the flames of war.
The Battle of Tucheng was the first major battle fought by the Central Red Army after the Zunyi Conference in January 1935. Although it was arduous and did not achieve the expected goal of annihilating the enemy, it directly prompted the Red Army to change its marching route and lifted the curtain on the Four Crossings of the Chishui River. The Battle of Tucheng took place at Qinggangpo (青杠坡), three kilometers east of Tucheng. We arrived at the Qinggangpo Battle Site. Climbing up the stone steps, we saw a granite monument 19.35 meters high standing tall halfway up the mountain. The ten vigorous characters—"Qinggangpo Red Army Martyrs Monument"—shone brightly in the sunlight. The inscription was written by General Zhang Zhen, who participated in the Battle of Qinggangpo and was wounded there. On the front of the monument's base is carved "Qinggangpo Battle Site," and on the other three sides is carved "Brief Introduction to the Battle of Qinggangpo." Standing on Qinggangpo, watching the sunlight spread across the valley and listening to the rustling of the green oak trees swaying in the breeze, my mind wandered. Vast forests, do you remember that at the most intense moment of the battle, Zhu De said to Mao Zedong when he asked to go to the front line to command: 'As long as the Red Army wins, what does it matter if it is just one Zhu De? The enemy's bullets cannot hit Zhu De!' Lofty mountains, do you remember the fierce battle scene during the counterattack of the Cadre Regiment, when 'every step forward came at the cost of blood' (as Song Renqiong said)? Regarding the Four Crossings of the Chishui River, in the perception of some comrades who lack a comprehensive understanding of the Red Army's Long March, it is full of 'mystery' and 'wonder,' but they know little of the 'alarm' and 'danger,' the 'crisis' and 'hardship.' Only by visiting the Memorial Hall of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River and then going to the Qinggangpo Battle Site can one gain a profound understanding. Mao Zedong's proudest stroke began with the emergency situation after the first battle he commanded after the Zunyi Conference ended in defeat and the Red Army fell into a passive position, and it ended with the skillful crossing of the Jinsha River and breaking out of the encirclement. The entire process of wielding the brush was carried out under the pressure of a strong enemy. In the early stages, it was even questioned by some comrades. Every page was written with extreme difficulty, and the content of every page was breathtakingly thrilling!
On the side of the monument lies the Red Army Martyrs Cemetery. Looking from the monument toward the cemetery, rows of granite tombstones lie peacefully in the green grass. The guide said that some of these tombstones bear the names of the fallen, while others are nameless. Of the more than 1,000 Red Army officers and soldiers who died in the Battle of Qinggangpo, most left no names behind. However, generations after generations have remembered their common name—the Red Army. Shortly after the guide's words faded, the "Poetry Recitation Emotional Teaching" of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River Training Institute, titled Motherland, As Long As You Need, rang in our ears: "I see this towering and majestic monument. Regretfully, your name is not left, nor your voice or face. But we will not forget that in this 2.5-kilometer-long Qinggang Valley, thousands of soldiers rest here, and thousands of heroes are remembered. You are the throat-tearing charges in the history of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River, you are the fluttering red flags of the Long March, you are the symbol of the national soul in the long scroll of the Republic's history. You faced death unflinchingly, proving to the world that this is the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army." The young instructors stood solemnly before the martyr monument, expressing with their deep and passionate recitation their will and determination to remember the martyrs' wishes, inherit the red genes, and dedicate everything to the needs of the motherland. Is this not the best consolation for the more than a thousand martyrs lying forever in the Qinggang Valley? Time flows like water; youth is fleeting. But the history that has never been buried continues forever, supported by monuments and martyrs' cemeteries, telling story after story of magnificent and dramatic events to generations to come, inspiring people to hack their way through thorns and bravely advance, just like the Red Army soldiers of that time.
Leaving Qinggangpo, we arrived at the Memorial Hall of Chinese Female Red Army Soldiers, the only memorial hall in China with female Red Army soldiers as its theme. When it first opened in 2009, the memorial hall only exhibited the deeds of 45 female Red Army soldiers during the Long March from 1934 to 1936. After expansion in 2017, the timeframe was extended from the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 to the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, systematically recording the names of 4,113 female Red Army soldiers on the Wall of Heroic Names, and selecting the heroic deeds and legendary experiences of 731 female Red Army soldiers. This covered female Red Army soldiers from various periods and aspects, making the memorial hall more worthy of its name.
Entering the courtyard of the memorial hall, several sculptures of female Red Army soldiers stood with radiant spirits—some carrying rifles and packs, others with medical kits on their backs. On the side, an elderly woman holding half a quilt in a gesture of gratitude depicted the famous red classic story of "Half a Quilt" from the Long March. Leaving the courtyard and stepping into the preface hall of the memorial hall, a giant illuminated sign in the center shone brightly, inscribed with "Eternal Female Red Army Soldiers: Heroic Iron Flow, Lofty Monument." On both sides of the sign stood two Walls of Heroic Names inscribed with the names of female Red Army soldiers. The five exhibition halls behind the preface hall, with more than 600 historical photographs and over 200 historical artifacts, introduced the development process of Chinese female Red Army soldiers and displayed the personal deeds of hundreds of them. Among these were the epic feats of a group of leading figures such as Kang Keqing, known as the "Female Red Army Commander," as well as the moving stories of many ordinary female Red Army soldiers who fought with guns, provided medical treatment, and conducted propaganda and agitation. In the "Red Classroom" hall, a sculpture of a female Red Army soldier set against a snowy mountain, wearing a red sweater, beating a clapper and singing, drew attention. This female Red Army soldier, whose name remains unknown to this day, was a young medical orderly. Because she was frail, the female comrades traveling with her gave her their only red sweater. When the Red Army climbed Jiajin Mountain, snow and wind raged. Suddenly, a song came through the wind and snow: "Jiajin Mountain is high and high, persevere a little and victory is near! After crossing the snow mountain, there will be clear skies. Hey! The sun is warm, and the soldiers smile." Everyone looked up, and on the slope a small red figure was jumping and singing, waving a clapper in hand. They affectionately called her the "Little Sun" on the snow mountain. Later, the "Little Sun" covered a wounded soldier who was nearly frozen to death with the red sweater. The soldier was saved, but the little girl permanently fell onto the snow. She was only 15 years old that year. Gazing at the sculpture and reading the introduction to the young Red Army soldier's deeds, no spectator could hold back tears. As written in the preface of the memorial hall's exhibition: "As an organic part of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, female Red Army soldiers shouldered the heavy burden of revolution and the great cause of the nation on their soft shoulders. They fought for their firm beliefs, transcending the unpredictability of war and the limits of physiology, and through hardships they were tempered into steel!"
The Red Plum and Lingxiao Flower Hall of the Female Red Army Memorial Hall is quite creative. Under the title "Red Plum and Lingxiao, the Heroic Essence," a multimedia photo wall displays the portraits of hundreds of female Red Army soldiers using video. In the middle of the photo wall is a touch screen. When visitors touch "View Details" on the screen, the experiences and deeds of each female Red Army soldier are displayed. The 254 "spirit pillars" scattered throughout the courtyard embody the exhibition positioning of "spirit standing forever, passed down from generation to generation." The names, native places, and birth dates of 731 female Red Army soldiers are inscribed on the spirit pillars. As visitors stroll among them, they can look up at the heroic names of the female Red Army soldiers one by one and comprehend the spirit of the female Red Army soldiers: the pursuit of independence, the longing for freedom, the fearlessness of sacrifice, the courage to advance, mutual help, united struggle, putting others before self, and selfless dedication. The guide said: "They carved their names into the snowy mountains, grasslands, and lotus ponds, and also into our hearts today."
In Tucheng, there is also a Female Red Army Street connected with the female Red Army soldiers. Of the 30 female Red Army soldiers who passed through Tucheng with the Central Red Army during the Long March in 1935, all except Kang Keqing lived on this street. An introduction board at the entrance reads: "They put away their foot bindings and silk dresses and devoted themselves to the Chinese revolution, making outstanding contributions to the cause of the Chinese revolution." Among them are familiar ones such as "Cai Chang's Residence," "Deng Yingchao's Residence," "He Zizhen's Residence," and "Liu Ying's Residence." At the end of Female Red Army Street is the bank of the Chishui River. After a few days of rest, the female Red Army soldiers set out again on the journey of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River. Dong Biwu once praised the female Red Army soldiers of the Long March with these lines of poetry: "Four Crossings of the Chishui River were as if nothing; the natural danger of Dadu River was faced with equanimity. The snow on Jiajin Mountain was strange; the vast grasslands were hardly an obstacle. The heroic female Red Army soldiers cherished their long-cherished aspirations; the wind swept across China, red and brilliant. The old views must be overturned; women dare to hold up half the sky." This is an accurate description and praise of the female Red Army soldiers!
After the visit, we strolled along the ancient town's bluestone streets in the twilight. Shops lined both sides of the street, interspersed with ancient salt firms, ancient wine cellars, and buildings of the eighteen guilds. More striking were the Red Army Long March sites and exhibitions: "Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai's Residence," "Zhu De's Residence," "Liu Bocheng's Residence during the First Crossing of the Chishui River," "Geng Biao Long March Exhibition Room"... And many buildings marked with stone tablets reading "Former Site of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River Campaign" came into view from time to time. Every red site and landmark carefully preserved by the people of Tucheng has been strung together like beads, dazzling and attracting people from all directions. I recalled a painting on a wall I had seen when first entering the ancient town. Above the wall was a huge world map; below the map was written in bold characters: "Tucheng—A Small Town That Changed the World." At first glance, I felt the people of Tucheng were too exaggerated. But after visiting the ancient town and thinking it over, I felt it was not unreasonable. "The Long March of China's heroes is not only an epic of the Chinese people but also an epic of the world's people. This epic was engraved on our planet by the Chinese people and the Chinese Communist Party with their own footsteps and blood. It is like a bright red ribbon hung on this planet, leaving an eternal memory for humanity and for future generations." The writer Wei Wei said this in the foreword of his novel The Red Ribbon of the Earth. Tucheng, as a brilliant ruby on this red ribbon, witnessed the beginning of the Four Crossings of the Chishui River. And the Four Crossings of the Chishui River was a life-or-death campaign in the Long March. To say it has global significance—is that not also reasonable?
Return to TopBy: 郭克俭
The theme song (lyrics by Lai Ting, music by Fan Wei) of the TV series adapted from the Mao Dun Literature Prize-winning novel Protagonist (by Chen Yan) has garnered extremely high attention and triggered extensive discussion. Faye Wong’s singing is neither sensational nor showy; with a nearly plain chant, it sets off the desolate and stark bone and spirit of the ancient art of Qin opera (秦腔). The reason this song can penetrate different circles is precisely because at a time when national-style music has fallen into “symbol splicing” and film and television soundtracks are indulging in “fantasy ancient style,” it stubbornly turns back to look at the native soil, at the joys and sorrows of ordinary people — this itself is an inspiration for literary and artistic creation.
“After the blooming season, only then are the fruits full and branches low, who lets brilliance be traces of the past...” The lyrics are written without elaborate embellishment, without deliberate sentimentality; with concrete and gentle imagery, they sketch out the eventful prime of life of the famous Qin opera performer Yi Qin’e. “I stand at the center of the stage, my shadow nailed to the wall...” This line has a very strong visual quality — the stage spotlight creates the focus of thousands of eyes, the wall fixes silent shadows, the two juxtaposed together. On stage, gongs and drums clamor day after day; off stage, years flow by and the artistic path is full of twists. This lyric precisely hits the core proposition of the series: the opera performer’s belief in guarding the art that “the play is greater than heaven.” This line is powerful also because it punctures an illusion. We always think that the light on stage is free, that the protagonist is born to stand there. But the truth is, behind every “protagonist” there is a wall, and on that wall are nailed those who didn’t make it through, those who left halfway, those whose talent was no less but whose luck was a bit worse. This song does not beautify this process; it simply places this fact calmly before the audience.
The scope of this song goes beyond writing about a Qin opera actor. What is truly remarkable about it is that it reinterprets the word “protagonist.” When we usually say protagonist, what do we think of? The one standing in the spotlight, the award winner, the one surrounded by applause. But this song tells you that protagonist does not mean that. “I stand in the center of mountains and rivers, my shadow without crown or robe...” As it reaches the climax, the singer’s gaze passes through the narrow frame of a small stage and re-reads the true connotation of “protagonist.” Faye Wong uses a 风轻云淡 (fēng qīng yún dàn — “wind light, clouds thin,” calm and effortless) voice to dissolve that utilitarian narrative of success — a momentary brilliance will eventually dissipate with the years, and the original aspiration and persistence that have settled through wind and rain are the most precious foundation of life. Intangible cultural heritage artisans who take root in native soil and silently persevere, ordinary workers who bustle in the marketplaces and earn a living diligently, professionals who calm their minds and settle in the ups and downs of their industries — they never need external applause to define their own value. Hold onto the love within, calmly cross the ditches and bumps of life, every ordinary person can become the “protagonist” in their own life journey. From the fate of one person, Yi Qin’e, to the fate of all ordinary people still persevering, the narrative horizon of this song broadens step by step, ultimately supporting a truly independent character that belongs to music.
In terms of arrangement, the composer also found their own measure between “upholding orthodoxy” and “innovation.” The beat of the bangzi (梆子) is the rhythmic soul skeleton of Qin opera; the running thread of the banhu (板胡) is the cultural blood and flesh marker of Qin opera; not a single one can be discarded. Piano and strings are embedded within, not stealing the show, making the accompaniment’s background space wider, deeper, and thicker. The opening sample of a northern Shaanxi nursery rhyme is very short, but it instantly pulls people onto the yellow earth. This is completely different from the approach of many current national-style songs. Those works paste traditional elements onto modern arrangements like stickers; this song uses traditional elements as its foundation — whatever is built on top follows from it. It neither copies the roars of certain Qin opera role types’ vocal styles to highlight characteristics, nor does it flatten its plain and fierce spiritual core to suit popular aesthetics. Instead, it extracts its aesthetic gene of “hidden endurance and tenacity” and completes the translation of the contemporary context using modern auditory grammar. This is a sober correction to the two extreme tendencies in current creation of either 孤芳自赏 (gū fāng zì shǎng — “solitary fragrance self-admire,” indulging in self-admiration) or 削足适履 (xuē zú shì lǚ — “cut feet to fit shoes,” forcing something into a mold). It clarifies an iron rule: true creative transformation is respecting the ancients without restoring antiquity; it is likeness in spirit rather than in form; it is spiritual continuation rather than surface-level mixing. When the banhu and electronic timbre resonate in the same frequency band, the relationship between tradition and modernity is no longer one of substitution, but of intertextuality and symbiosis.
This song has pulled the intangible cultural heritage Qin opera, which was nearly becoming a “museum exhibit,” back into the living scene of life. Everyone knows the current situation of Qin opera: those who can sing it are aging, young people find it rustic, it has long been confined to Guanzhong, and it is almost unheard outside. But Protagonist uses the sound of the banhu, the intonation of the Guanzhong dialect, and a slow, unhurried desolate melody to reactivate the memory of Qin opera. The new generation does not dislike tradition; tradition has not been presented to them in a way they can understand and enjoy. This song has achieved that. From the creation and dissemination of this song, several concrete experiences can be distilled. First, innovation must be done by people who “know the trade.” When Shaanxi local musicians do this work, versus when outside musicians come to “collect folk materials” to do it, the results are completely different — the former grows from the inside out, the latter looks from the outside in. Who does the innovation of intangible cultural heritage and who leads it determines whether the finished product is alive or dead. Second, the fusion of tradition and modernity must have a sense of measure. Too conservative, and young people won’t listen; too radical, and the soul of tradition is lost. This song’s approach is to use modern people’s emotional logic to understand the traditional spirit, but not to make big changes to the form. Third, and this is the most important: literary and artistic creation cannot float in midair. No matter the subject matter or form, it must ultimately land on people. A grand cultural narrative, if it lacks the joys and sorrows of specific individuals as its foundation, is just spinning its wheels. Conversely, as long as the lens is aimed at real people, real struggles, and real perseverance, even just a four-minute song can shoulder the fate of a genre of opera and illuminate the perseverance of countless ordinary people.
Excellent literary and artistic works should never stop at sensory pleasure; they must squarely face the land beneath their feet and the living beings before their eyes. The song Protagonist uses a melodious human voice to connect the stage with the world of everyday life, revealing a simple yet lasting truth: the magnificent narrative of the era is written by billions of ordinary strivers, and the true halo of the protagonist originates from long-term adherence to the original aspiration. When more literary and artistic creations abandon empty posturing and instead bend down to deeply cultivate the native soil, passionately praising struggle, China’s excellent traditional culture can flourish endlessly.
Late at night, in a small opera garden at the foot of the Xi’an city wall, an old Qin opera artist is still teaching a few young people to sing Three Drops of Blood. Only seven or eight people sit in the audience. No applause, no tips. After the performance, everyone nods and quietly disperses. The next night, at the same time, in the same place, he will come again. This picture tells not just the story of a Qin opera actor; it tells the story of all those who still persevere — couriers, barbers, construction craftsmen, village teachers, old masters who hold onto a craft and refuse to let go. They are all protagonists; only no one gives them lighting. Every life that lives earnestly will, on the stage of the times, live out a “protagonist” aura that is worthy of one’s heart.
(The author is the director of the Zhejiang Normal University Shi Guangnan Music and Culture Research Institute (浙江师范大学施光南音乐文化研究院).)
Return to TopBy: 鲁敏
Just like the categories of goods on supermarket shelves, how accustomed we have become to being pasted with labels of belonging. We lightly define the world and others, and casually engage in self-mockery and mutual jabs. Yes, procrastination, super introvert, obsessive-compulsive personality, gold digger, mama's boy, pseudo-expert, old geezer, terminally online fatty, argumentative troll, brainless fan, and so on — labels whose paint is still wet emerge one after another, tossed out to win a round of likes and shares. Naturally, the resolute golden quotes that follow are also extremely popular, and they give rise to unconscious yet geometric-multiplication repetition and spread. These labels stick to us ever more黏糊糊—even firmly. We are divided into grids and layers, assigned to different teams or groups. Perhaps, from the perspective of traffic data, these label classifications are convenient and effective, or perhaps in sociological analysis and research, similar angles are needed to facilitate discussion. But after all, being born as humans, we are not meant to serve or submit to traffic, nor can we become mere data or tables. We are each concrete beings of flesh and blood. We are complex, we are soft, and we are also changing, possessing various facets and countless possibilities. It is impossible to understand and comprehend a stranger, to enter a life or destiny surging with ups and downs, joys and sorrows, partings and reunions, through a single noun, a single sentence, or a 60-second clip.
Or perhaps it is precisely for this reason that the world still needs literature, needs long-form dramas, needs the stage, needs a quiet and slow bedtime story. Because we are so lonely, so eager for understanding and love, we need to form deep and enduring connections with others — reaching others is actually a pathway to oneself, and thus constructs the world of sentiment and righteousness in your own life.
Thinking that I have been writing for nearly 30 years, I still feel today that the most touching and fundamental aspect of literature lies in its solemn understanding of the various different destinies of humanity, in its deep tracking of the long river of individual and era, in its capture and recording of those uniquely meaningful samples of faces, just as Engels wrote in his 1888 letter to Harkness: "typical characters under typical circumstances." Behind this character, this face, lie the space and time in which they exist, the genes inherited from their ancestors, the influence of family and education, the constraints of economy or consumption, basic goodwill, natural instincts and desires, and moments of cowardice and selfishness... The mission of literature, one of the tasks of literature, is to respectfully write out such concrete and complex faces one by one.
Interestingly, or perhaps somewhat awkwardly, recently my new novel This Moment (此时此刻) came out, and bookstore events and recruitment of readers or online sharing require editors to rack their brains trying to give the promotion a bit of "internet sensibility," adding "labels" to the protagonist, and inevitably demanding some "golden quotes" and so on. Yes, new media streaming strategies. But on second thought, this is clearly a bit absurd. Hey, I have gone to great lengths to carve out my protagonist, stroke by stroke, axe-blow by axe-blow, from the simplified, label-heavy, high-speed traffic. This 50-year-old Ai Shengchun, this ordinary citizen Ms. Ai walking the streets of Nanjing, has traversed a long and abundant path with the rhythm of the times. She has her character and her small pride. She has arrived at this moment, encountered difficulties, and fallen into a low point. But you cannot and cannot possibly simply define or name her, simply prejudge or scrutinize her, because she has become who she is carrying all her past. She will use her own "Ai Shengchun" way to go all out, to pick herself up from the fall, to painstakingly rebuild her life, to discover her own unique strength and dignity.
So what is to be done? What about the labels? What about the traffic? What about the market? Just let things take their natural course. It is impossible after all for everyone and everything to be in the traffic stream — that would be far too crowded. In This Moment, Ai Shengchun is Ai Shengchun, a concrete person standing at the end of traffic and labels — and not only in fiction; in reality, we should be like this too.
(The author is vice chair of the Jiangsu Writers Association)
Return to TopBy: 魏丽
Technological innovation is the core element for developing new quality productive forces (新质生产力) and the driving engine for advancing Chinese-style modernization (中国式现代化). However, scientific and technological innovation activities are characterized by high investment, high risk, and long cycles; from basic research to the transformation of achievements to industrialization and promotion, each link faces complex and variable uncertainty risks. As a core tool for risk governance, the loss compensation and fund circulation functions of science and technology insurance (科技保险) both build a risk "firewall" for scientific and technological innovation activities and inject a "catalyst" for the development of the science and technology industry, becoming an indispensable "risk ballast stone" and "development booster" for preventing and resolving scientific and technological innovation risks and supporting high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology.
What is science and technology insurance
Although foreign countries already have insurance products covering all aspects of scientific and technological activities, such as R&D liability, R&D interruption, achievement transformation, and intellectual property, they have not formed an independent concept of "science and technology insurance." China first proposed this concept in 2006, and over the past 20 years, it has undergone multiple refinements and deepenings, with its connotation becoming increasingly clear.
The proposal and evolution of the concept can be examined from two perspectives: theoretical and policy. At the theoretical level, the early academic community mainly defined science and technology insurance from two angles: "risk protection needs for R&D project failure, suspension, or failure to meet expectations" and "scope of coverage." With the development of practice, some scholars realized that science and technology insurance is not a specific insurance type, but a category of insurance services, a collective term for a package of insurance products and services. At the policy level, in 2006, under the guidance of the Outline of the National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020), the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission (原保监会) jointly with the Ministry of Science and Technology (科技部) formulated the Notice on Strengthening and Improving Insurance Services for High-Tech Enterprises, which for the first time explicitly proposed the concept of "science and technology insurance" at the national level. In January 2024, the General Office of the National Financial Regulatory Administration (国家金融监督管理总局) issued the Statistical System for Science and Technology Insurance Business, which for the first time at the regulatory level clarified the connotation of science and technology insurance as: a collective term for economic acts such as providing risk protection and financial support for scientific and technological activities including R&D, achievement transformation, industrialization promotion, as well as for the subjects of scientific and technological activities, serving the national innovation-driven development strategy and supporting high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology.
This definition not only breaks through the limitations of traditional single insurance types, but also incorporates financial support, clarifying that science and technology insurance is a comprehensive system encompassing multiple types of products and various services. Its service targets are not limited to science and technology enterprises, but cover all subjects of scientific and technological activities, marking a new stage of standardized and normalized development for China's science and technology insurance.
In terms of attributes and dual-function positioning, science and technology insurance has quasi-public goods attributes due to its strong positive externalities. In addition, because science and technology risks have characteristics such as non-standardization, strong correlation, small samples, and high complexity, they determine that their loss distribution is unstable and losses are difficult to measure, leading to market failure risks. Relying solely on market mechanisms makes it difficult to achieve supply-demand balance, making it suitable to adopt a development model of "government guidance, market operation," leveraging commercial insurance resources through fiscal subsidies, tax incentives and other policy leverages, thereby forming a long-term mechanism for science and technology risk governance.
From the perspective of function and role, the "ballast stone" role of science and technology insurance is realized through risk diversification and loss compensation functions: when the subject of scientific and technological activities suffers losses within the scope of insurance liability, the insurance institution provides timely economic compensation to mitigate the risk shock, avoiding R&D interruption or enterprise bankruptcy, and ensuring the continuity of scientific and technological innovation activities. The "booster" role of science and technology insurance is realized through fund circulation and social governance functions: on the one hand, insurance funds, as long-term, stable patient capital, not only directly support the development of scientific and technological activity subjects through equity, debt, special and other investment plans, but also, through their credit enhancement role, leverage more financial resources such as bank credit and venture capital, forming a combined force of science and technology finance; on the other hand, insurance institutions provide risk reduction services to help scientific and technological activity subjects improve their risk governance capabilities, reducing the probability and degree of loss at the source.
The development course of China's science and technology insurance
The development of China's science and technology insurance has accompanied the gradual advancement of the national innovation-driven development strategy, going through three main stages: initial market exploration, partial pilot launch, and comprehensive promotion and deepening. From early scattered local attempts, it has gradually formed a distinctive development model of "government guidance, market operation."
In the 1990s, mainly led by local governments in conjunction with insurance institutions, scattered explorations were carried out, and the state had not yet issued a unified science and technology insurance policy. Constrained by factors such as the small scale of the technology industry at the time, insufficient market awareness, and weak risk management capabilities, the business promotion results were poor, and science and technology insurance once gradually faded from the market after early exploration. It was not until 2006 that science and technology insurance achieved milestone development. The Notice on Strengthening and Improving Insurance Services for High-Tech Enterprises was formulated, proposing the concept of "science and technology insurance" for the first time, determining the first batch of pilot insurance types such as high-tech enterprise product R&D liability insurance and key R&D equipment insurance, as well as a group of pilot cities including Beijing and Shenzhen. Through policy incentives such as fiscal subsidies and tax preferences, the awareness of science and technology activity subjects regarding science and technology insurance gradually increased, and the scope of underwriting was further expanded.
From 2010 onward, science and technology insurance shifted from local pilots to nationwide promotion, with continuous policy support, an increasingly rich product system, and a gradual establishment of industry coordination mechanisms. In 2015, the Ministry of Finance (财政部), the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工信部), and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission jointly issued the Notice on Carrying Out Pilot Work on the Insurance Compensation Mechanism for the First (Set) of Major Technical Equipment, which is a typical institutional design where a proactive government and an effective market work in synergy in the field of science and technology insurance. It is a policy-based science and technology insurance tool launched by China for the innovation and implementation of high-end equipment. Its core goal is to solve the structural problem of "high investment, low transformation, few applications, and difficult iteration" of domestic major technical equipment, providing risk protection for the first commercial application of major technical equipment through "fiscal subsidy incentives, commercial insurance operations." After the implementation of this policy, the efficiency of transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China has shown a continuous improvement trend, becoming a core tool for supporting the domestic substitution of high-end equipment and the autonomous controllability of the industrial chain, covering dozens of key fields such as energy, rail transit, machine tools, and aerospace. A large number of domestic substitution equipment has completed its first commercial implementation through this mechanism.
In January 2024, the Statistical System for Science and Technology Insurance Business was issued, for the first time at the regulatory level clarifying the definition, business scope, and statistical caliber of science and technology insurance, marking a new stage of standardized and normalized development for science and technology insurance. In March 2026, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Financial Regulatory Administration, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the National Intellectual Property Administration (国家知识产权局) jointly issued the Several Opinions on Accelerating the High-Quality Development of Science and Technology Insurance to Strongly Support High-Level Self-Reliance and Self-Strengthening in Science and Technology, proposing 20 measures in six aspects, marking that China's science and technology insurance has officially entered a new journey of high-quality development with accelerated construction of a science and technology insurance system and mechanism compatible with scientific and technological innovation.
Current situation and challenges of China's science and technology insurance development
After years of development, China's science and technology insurance has grown from initial local exploration to an important part of the national innovation system, with significantly enhanced protection capabilities and product richness. However, compared with the needs of scientific and technological innovation, there is still a large gap. Currently, science and technology insurance is in a critical period of transformation from "quantitative growth" to "qualitative improvement." It needs to face challenges head-on, further deepen integration with scientific and technological innovation, focus on key areas such as "bottleneck" technology breakthroughs and strategic emerging industries, improve product supply, and enhance risk control capabilities.
Insufficient pricing basis and risk control capabilities. Scientific and technological innovation often has pioneering and unique characteristics, with scarce similar risk cases. The science and technology risk profiles of different industries (such as integrated circuits, biomedicine, aerospace) vary greatly, are complex and diverse, and do not conform to the traditional insurance law of large numbers. The lack of historical data makes it difficult to scientifically quantify risks, resulting in difficulties in product pricing and limited coverage scope. At the same time, scientific and technological activities often have very high professional technical barriers, with key technical data dispersed. Insurance institutions' understanding of the corresponding technologies is limited by their capabilities, and their ability to identify science and technology risks, survey and assess losses is insufficient, leading to prominent problems of "dare not insure, do not know how to insure."
Insufficient professional talent and service capabilities. The insurance industry is extremely short of composite professional talents who are proficient in both insurance principles and cutting-edge science and technology knowledge. For a long time, insurance majors in universities have been classified within the humanities and social sciences (in fact, insurance is a typical interdisciplinary field of humanities, science, and engineering), which has greatly limited its professional foundation and made it unable to adapt to increasingly complex professional risk management needs. The professional threshold for underwriting and claims settlement in science and technology insurance is extremely high, and the determination of risk losses and liability is often disputed; most insurance institutions have not set up dedicated science and technology insurance departments, and the business is still integrated into the traditional property insurance line, resulting in insufficient service capacity.
Insufficient effective supply and effective demand. On the one hand, insurance institutions lack a professional service system for subjects of scientific and technological activities, leading to low insurance participation rates; on the other hand, most small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises are generally in the start-up phase, with tight capital, and insufficient awareness of science and technology insurance. Some enterprises have weak risk prevention awareness and a fluke mentality, concentrating limited funds on R&D while neglecting risk management. Once encountering various sudden risks, R&D will be hindered and damaged, falling into a vicious cycle.
Promoting high-quality development of science and technology insurance
To promote the high-quality development of science and technology insurance, fully leverage its risk protection and financial support functions, and better serve high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, comprehensive measures can be taken from the following aspects.
First, incorporate science and technology insurance into the top-level design of the strategy for building China's strength in science and technology, and construct a science and technology insurance system suitable for national conditions. Science and technology insurance has quasi-public goods attributes. Through departmental coordination, break down data barriers, build a risk database, and realize "co-construction, co-governance, and sharing" of the data platform. Provide fiscal and tax policy support for insurance taken out for key strategic science and technology research activities. Establish a "science and technology insurance risk compensation fund pool" (科技保险风险补偿基金池) to provide certain compensation for ultra-high claims when the claims exceed a certain proportion of premiums, solving the problem of low enthusiasm of insurance institutions due to few underwriting targets for science and technology insurance and difficulty in balancing business revenue and expenditure. Improve the supporting mechanism for SPV (special purpose vehicle) connecting with the capital market, and by designing and issuing securitization products for science and technology risks, diversify risks on a broader scale, gradually forming a complete multi-level risk diversification system to enhance the underwriting capacity of science and technology insurance.
Second, strengthen service supply and guide science and technology insurance to transform from simple risk compensation to full-process risk management services. Refine and detail risk reduction services, which can not only effectively compensate for bias losses caused by insufficient empirical data, but also reduce the risk control costs of the insured subject, making insurance the risk manager for scientific and technological innovation activities, truly achieving comprehensive escort for scientific and technological innovation. At the same time, guide insurance funds to support scientific and technological innovation, steer the product system towards expanding into intangible risks, pay attention to intangible risks such as intellectual property, data security, algorithmic liability, and biosafety. Products should be more segmented and personalized, providing exclusive insurance products and services for strategic emerging industries and cutting-edge scientific and technological innovation, and providing dual support for technological innovation and industrial upgrading through insurance and investment.
Third, accelerate the process of interdisciplinary talent cultivation and enhance the professional capacity building of science and technology insurance. Science and technology risks involve all aspects of the social sphere, with complex risk structures. Accelerate the inclusion of "risk science" (风险科学) as a first-level interdisciplinary discipline in the Ministry of Education's discipline catalog, systematically cultivate risk governance talents with knowledge of humanities, science, and engineering. Accelerate the digital transformation of the insurance industry, empower insurance products and service systems with digital and intelligent technologies, thoroughly solve the pain points of "dare not insure, do not know how to insure," and enhance the professional capabilities of science and technology insurance.
At present, China is steadily advancing towards becoming a strong nation in science and technology. We must establish a broad insurance concept based on national conditions and construct an insurance system with Chinese characteristics. Use science and technology insurance to consolidate the foundation of innovation-driven development, serve as the "ballast stone" and "booster" for scientific and technological innovation, and contribute Chinese solutions to Chinese-style modernization and global risk governance.
(The author is a professor at the School of Finance, Renmin University of China (中国人民大学财政金融学院), and director of the China Insurance Research Institute (中国保险研究所).)
By: 史平平 王文
General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, the Conference of Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the 11th National Congress of the China Association for Science and Technology that it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the national technology transfer system, plan and establish a number of concept validation centers (概念验证中心) and pilot-scale platforms, and break through the bottlenecks restricting the transformation of early-stage scientific and technological achievements. Concept validation is the "first kilometer" (最初一公里) of scientific and technological achievements moving from the laboratory to industrialization, and is the key bridge for crossing the "valley of death" (死亡之谷) of scientific and technological achievement transformation. The "15th Five-Year Plan" Outline clearly proposes to plan a number of national future industry research institutes and concept validation centers. This is an important strategic deployment made by the Party Central Committee based on the new development stage and the construction of a new development pattern, aimed at unblocking the blockages in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and cultivating new quality productive forces (新质生产力). In recent years, from the central to local levels, intensive policies have been issued to provide support, and construction enthusiasm has been high across various regions, with a number of concept validation centers being successively listed and put into operation. However, in the process of practice and promotion, due to insufficient understanding of the functional positioning and development laws of concept validation, some regions have shown tendencies of emphasizing hardware over practical effectiveness, emphasizing quantity over quality, and conflating technical verification and commercial validation. The setting of assessment indicators does not adapt to the laws of the concept validation stage. Only by accurately grasping the functional positioning and development laws of concept validation can the benign operation of concept validation be guaranteed, and truly build a bridge for scientific innovation transformation.
The functional positioning of concept validation.
Concept validation is positioned at the early stage of Technology Readiness Levels 2–4 (TRL2 is technology concept and proof of concept; TRL3 is laboratory critical function verification; TRL4 is component/subsystem prototype environmental testing, not yet entering the product trial production stage), and is the first key node for basic research results to move toward industrialization. It is not simple technical testing, nor is it advanced packaging for downstream industrialization; rather, through professional technical verification and commercial evaluation, it "verifies the true identity" of early-stage scientific and technological achievements — screening out good projects with potential while promptly terminating invalid investments. In this sense, identifying infeasible paths is equally important as discovering good projects.
Concept validation includes two interrelated but distinct in nature links: technical verification and commercial validation. Technical verification mainly answers "can it be built" and "does the performance meet standards", relies on testing equipment, technical standards and qualification capabilities, and the engineer team; the outputs are mainly testing reports, prototypes, process parameters, etc., and the completion mark is that technical indicators meet standards. Commercial validation mainly answers "is there demand" and "can it be profitable", relies on industry experience, patent analysis, market data, customer interviews, and investor networks; the outputs are mainly commercial due diligence reports, customer feedback, valuation judgments, and early cooperation intentions, and the completion mark is obtaining seed round investment or enterprise cooperation intentions. The two have different goals, different cycles, different capability foundations, and different output forms; they cannot be lumped together, let alone assessed with the same set of indicators.
The essence of concept validation is risk filtering and value discovery. On the one hand, through technical verification, it identifies infeasible technology pathways and substandard performance indicators, terminates invalid investments early, and avoids wasting social resources on projects destined for failure — this is "risk filtering". On the other hand, through commercial validation, it identifies real market demand, feasible business models, and valuable application scenarios, paving the way for subsequent financing and industrialization of high-quality projects — this is "value discovery". With the lowest cost of trial and error and the shortest verification cycle, allowing good projects to stand out and poor projects to stop losses in time — this is precisely the core that distinguishes concept validation from downstream industrialization.
Outstanding problems currently existing.
Through long-term investigation and research, it has been found that under policy support at all levels, the layout of domestic concept validation centers continues to accelerate, the number of carriers has grown steadily, creating favorable conditions for unblocking the "first kilometer" of achievement transformation. The degree of attention paid to this work by various regions is unprecedented, but in some regions, the understanding of the functional positioning and development laws of concept validation is not in place, leading to a series of problems worthy of vigilance during the construction process.
Emphasizing hardware over practical effectiveness, a form-oriented approach leads to resource misallocation and absence of efficiency. Some places take how much equipment has been purchased, how much space has been built, how many platforms have been listed, and how many exhibition halls have been made as the core achievements of concept validation center construction, leading to blind comparison between different regions and platforms, repeated procurement of large-scale instruments and equipment, enthusiasm for listing and layout and image display, and insufficient investment in equipment open-sharing mechanisms, professional engineering service capabilities, and verification organization capabilities for real projects. Concept validation centers are not equipment exhibition halls, nor are they achievement display windows; their core mission is to provide effective verification services. The orientation of emphasizing hardware over software and emphasizing form over substance has caused centers to degenerate into display platforms rather than transformation platforms, and the root cause lies in treating "whether it has been built" as "whether it has produced results."
Emphasizing quantity over quality, assessment indicators deviate from the laws of innovation, giving rise to problems of bubble-like development. Some places take the number of projects entered into the database, the number of verified projects, and the amount of facilitated transformation as the main assessment indicators, leading to projects with low technology readiness and unclear commercial paths being hastily entered into the database. Concept validation is at the front end of the achievement transformation chain; prematurely requiring productization and on-the-ground transformation not only fails to cross the "valley of death" but instead creates a new "valley of bubbles" (泡沫之谷), ultimately deviating from the original function of concept validation to reduce risk and identify value.
Unclear boundaries and insufficient coordination between technical verification and commercial validation cause ambiguous development positioning. Currently, many concept validation centers have adopted a "big and comprehensive" construction model, forcibly incorporating technical verification and commercial validation into the same assessment framework, resulting in technical verification being less thorough than that of professional inspection and testing institutions, and commercial validation lacking compound talents who truly understand the industry, technology, and market. This "validation conflation" (验证混同) makes concept validation centers have neither the substance of in-depth technical verification nor the capability of high-quality commercial validation, ultimately degenerating into platforms that "fall between two stools" (两头不靠).
Measures to promote concept validation to return to its original purpose.
To prevent concept validation centers from deforming and deviating (变形走样), the key lies in respecting the laws of scientific and technological innovation, building and assessing by category according to functional positioning, and avoiding using one yardstick to measure different types of verification activities. We should abandon the extensive construction approach of "big and comprehensive" and shift to a classified development model of "specialized and refined" (专而精), promoting concept validation to return to the original intention of its institutional design through systematic governance.
Strengthen overall planning and collaborative innovation, build a nationally unified concept validation ecosystem. Strengthen strategic guidance at the national level, formulate an overall plan for the construction of national concept validation centers, clarify functional positioning, layout principles, and construction standards, and avoid low-level redundant construction and homogeneous competition. Promote coordinated online and offline development, rely on digital technologies to build a nationally unified online service platform for concept validation, achieve precise matching of technological achievements, verification resources, and market demands, and enhance the standardization and intelligence level of verification services. Strengthen open cooperation between regions, break down administrative barriers and geographical restrictions, establish cross-regional resource sharing and collaborative verification mechanisms, and promote the flow and allocation of innovation factors over a larger scope. Innovate scientific and technological financial support methods, explore the establishment of mechanisms such as investment-loan linkage and risk compensation, guide angel investment, venture capital, and other social capital to participate in early-stage concept validation, and build a funding system with government guidance, market leadership, and diversified participation.
Implement classified construction and classified assessment, build a differentiated development pattern. The concept validation capability can be clearly divided into three categories, each led by different subjects, each taking its own responsibility and coordinating. First, "technical performance validation centers" (技术性能验证中心) led by inspection and testing institutions, focusing on hardcore technical verification such as material properties, environmental reliability, safety, and standard compliance; assessment indicators focus on the accuracy rate of validation reports, the number of new validation standards developed, the proportion of equipment open to external machine hours, and the interception rate of invalid projects. Second, "frontier principle validation centers" (前沿原理验证中心) led by university laboratories, focusing on the feasibility of new principles, laboratory prototypes, small-scale preparation processes, etc.; assessment indicators focus on the number and depth of substantial participation of graduate students and senior undergraduates in validation projects, the number of validation results supporting subsequent research project approvals, the proportion of non-confidential validation data incorporated into sharing platforms, and the proportion of service machine hours open to the outside of specialized large-scale instruments and equipment for validation. Third, "commercial validation centers" (商业验证中心) led by technology transfer institutions, focusing on market size and competitive landscape, patent barrier analysis, customer pain point validation, business model and pricing strategy, etc.; assessment indicators focus on the number of effective enterprise connections, the frequency with which commercial validation reports are adopted by enterprises or investment institutions, the proportion of validation projects that obtain seed round or angel round investment, and the number of projects for which technology managers (技术经理人) complete closed-loop validation each year. Practice shows that implementing classified assessment according to functional positioning can effectively avoid the deviation of the "one-size-fits-all" (一刀切) assessment orientation, allowing different types of validation centers to each display their strengths and each fulfill their responsibilities. At the same time, establish a scientific and standardized project evaluation system, avoid subjective judgment and empiricism, and improve the scientific nature of project selection and resource allocation. Optimize the structure of fund use, allocate resources closely around the functional positioning of concept validation, strictly control the procurement of general large-scale equipment, and direct funds to "soft inputs" such as verification services, project selection, commercial due diligence, and professional team performance.
Revitalize existing resources, improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Many places do not lack equipment and platforms; what they lack are open sharing mechanisms and sustained operational incentives. When promoting the construction of concept validation centers, local governments should first systematically ascertain the real foundations of existing local inspection and testing institutions, university laboratories, research platforms, and technology manager teams, and establish a unified resource sharing ledger. Through issuing "concept validation service vouchers" (概念验证服务券), implementing post-subsidy policies, establishing open validation project funds, and other methods, guide all types of concept validation centers to prioritize the use of existing stock resources. For scarce equipment and platforms that indeed need to be added, full demonstration must be conducted, and they must be coordinated and allocated at the municipal level and above, avoiding redundant construction between districts, counties, and parks. We must break down departmental barriers and unit boundaries, promote the open sharing of large-scale scientific research instruments, equipment, and experimental platforms to society, and let limited resources achieve maximum benefits.
Strengthen the construction of professional talent teams, fill the shortcomings of commercial validation. The effectiveness of concept validation ultimately depends on whether there is a group of professionals who can truly identify technological value, understand industrial needs, and organize market validation. Technology managers are not produced by short-term training and certificates; they are "polished" through real projects. We must change the practice of simply assessing the number of trainees and the number of certificates issued, establish a technology manager evaluation system oriented by actual performance, improve supporting systems such as professional title evaluation, salary incentives, and career development, and attract compound talents with industrial experience and investment experience to join the technology manager team. Support universities, research institutes, and enterprises to jointly establish technology manager training bases, and through project practice, on-the-job training, exchange and study, etc., enhance the professional ability and comprehensive quality of technology managers, build a professional technology manager team that understands technology, market, law, and finance, and provide solid talent support for concept validation work.
Establish a dynamic evaluation mechanism, form a closed loop of survival of the fittest. Concept validation centers cannot be built and left at that; a dynamic evaluation mechanism of "annual assessment, dynamic competition, and elimination of the last" (年度评估、动态赛马、末位淘汰) should be established. Centers with long-term idle equipment, idle projects, data inflation, and poor performance should be promptly rectified, merged, or delisted; centers that have truly formed professional capabilities, achieved obvious service effectiveness, and enjoy high recognition from business entities should be given sustained support. The evaluation system should significantly reduce trace management and material assessment, introduce more real feedback from enterprises, investment institutions, industry experts, and project teams, establish a performance evaluation system with market evaluation as the core, and prevent replacing actual results with reports and capability with packaging. The evaluation results should be linked to financial fund support, policy support, etc., forming a benign competitive pattern of "able to go up and down, able to enter and exit" (能上能下、能进能出).
In summary, the purpose of building concept validation centers is to "verify the true identity" of early-stage scientific and technological achievements at the lowest cost and in the shortest time, and to unblock the "first kilometer" of scientific and technological achievement transformation. Only by respecting the objective laws of scientific and technological innovation, adhering to classified measures and targeted efforts, can concept validation truly return to its original purpose, allow more scientific and technological achievements to smoothly move from the "bookshelf" to the "shelf," and inject tangible momentum into cultivating new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development.
(The authors are respectively the Deputy Director of the Future Industry Concept Validation Center of Central South University (中南大学未来产业概念验证中心), and the Director of the National Technology Transfer Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University (西安交通大学国家技术转移中心主任).)
Return to TopBy: 陈济丁
Slow traffic systems are an important component of the modern comprehensive transport system. They not only bear on basic public welfare but also serve as a key lever for advancing urban renewal and achieving the "dual carbon" goals. The 15th Five-Year Plan period is a critical period for implementing the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments on urban renewal, green transition, and so on. It is necessary, from the height of fully, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development philosophy, to continuously elevate the strategic positioning of slow traffic systems, coordinate and advance the simultaneous发力 of systems, road networks, services, industries, governance, and so forth, and accelerate the construction of a modern green slow traffic system that meets the requirements of development in the new era.
The significance of accelerating the construction of a modern green slow traffic system
Our country was once known as the "Kingdom of Bicycles." Before the large-scale popularization of automobiles, bicycles, with their advantages of economy and convenience, were always the main means of transport for urban and rural people in production and daily life. With the rapid development of the social economy and the automotive industry, motor vehicles represented by automobiles and urban public transport have gradually become the main mode of urban transport, while slow traffic including walking and cycling has become a supplementary and auxiliary means of transport.
From a global trend perspective, the strategic value of slow traffic systems is receiving unprecedented attention. In 2018, the United Nations established World Bicycle Day. In 2021, more than 50 Pan-European countries jointly reviewed and approved the Pan-European Master Plan for the Promotion of Bicycle Transport Development, emphasizing the importance of bicycles in the transport system. In 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on mainstreaming bicycle riding into the public transport system to promote sustainable development. In 2024, the European Union issued the European Declaration on Cycling, stating that cycling is the most sustainable, inclusive, low-cost, and healthy mode of transport and leisure, and is crucial to Europe's social, economic, and climate goals. Slow traffic represented by bicycles is upgrading from an ordinary mode of travel to a strategic choice for the global response to climate change and promotion of green transition, and it has become a symbol of sustainable development in the new era with a new modern model.
The modern green slow traffic system takes cycling and walking as its main body, takes physical and mental health, green and low-carbon, livable and workable as its core goals, deeply integrates with the public passenger transport system, and concurrently fulfills functions such as daily commuting, leisure and recreation, fitness and exercise, and tourism and sightseeing. It is not only transport infrastructure but also a public activity space, and even more so a scenario platform that empowers consumption upgrading. It is a comprehensive service system covering the multi-dimensional values of public welfare, ecology, economy, culture, and sports, and plays an important supporting role in high-quality economic and social development.
First, it supports people-centered integrated urban-rural development. On the one hand, it can promote urban transport shifting from "vehicle-oriented" to "people-oriented," effectively supporting and serving the urban 15-minute convenient living circle. On the other hand, extending slow traffic services to counties and villages can make up for the shortcomings of rural transport facilities and narrow the gap in travel quality between urban and rural areas. At the same time, by guaranteeing continuous and safe right-of-way for slow traffic, it can effectively safeguard the travel rights and interests of special groups such as the elderly, children, and disabled persons, improve the quality of urban and rural living environments, and promote social inclusion and equity.
Second, it supports the green and low-carbon transition of the economy and society. By optimizing the slow traffic travel environment and guiding the public to actively choose green travel, it can promote the concept of green development to take root in people's hearts and become their conscious action. Relying on the integrated "slow traffic + public transport" transfer model to build an efficient green travel chain can effectively reduce high-carbon travel such as private cars, empowering the green and low-carbon transition of the economy and society.
Third, it supports the deep integrated development of transport, culture, tourism, and sports. The slow traffic network can expand fitness and leisure space, meeting the public's daily fitness needs, and at the same time connect urban and rural ecological, cultural, tourism, and historical resources, building a "fast entry, slow travel" tourism transport system, promoting the deep integration of transport, culture, sports, and tourism, and assisting in building a transport powerhouse, a sports powerhouse, and a tourism powerhouse.
Slow traffic is an important component of the modern comprehensive transport system. It not only concerns the basic public welfare of convenient travel but is also an important carrier for advancing urban renewal, promoting national fitness, and fostering the deep integration of transport, culture, tourism, and sports. It is also an inevitable requirement for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and promoting the comprehensive green transition of economic and social development.
Shortcomings in the construction of the green slow traffic system
In recent years, standards and norms for urban pedestrian and bicycle transport, greenways, and slow traffic systems in our country have been successively issued. Various localities have, according to their actual conditions, issued some special plans, which have effectively promoted the construction of slow traffic systems. However, compared with the people's growing demand for better travel, there are still some shortcomings and weaknesses.
First, there is a lack of top-level design and low strategic positioning. There is a lack of relevant development plans and strategic policies at the national level. The functional positioning of slow traffic is not sufficiently clear, and there is a lack of institutional guarantees in terms of right-of-way allocation, capital investment, standard formulation, etc. It is difficult to form a balanced development pattern with motorized transport.
Second, development is not sufficiently balanced, and the urban-rural gap is obvious. Slow traffic construction is mostly concentrated in economically developed cities. In economically underdeveloped areas, especially remote villages, the coverage of slow traffic facilities is incomplete and quality is low, which does not match the development requirements of urban-rural integration, rural revitalization, and common prosperity.
Third, service facilities are lacking, and the travel experience is poor. The urban non-motor vehicle road network has been basically established, but the supply of parking facilities is insufficient. The problem of "having roads to ride but no place to park" is relatively common.
Fourth, service scenarios are single, and function development is insufficient. At present, the service functions of slow traffic in our country are mainly urban commuting and greenway leisure. Development of other service functions and related industries is insufficient, making it impossible to adapt to the people's growing demand for hiking, bicycle touring, as well as leisure and sports. The potential of service consumption has not been fully and effectively released.
Paths to accelerate the construction of a modern green slow traffic system
The 15th Five-Year Plan period is a critical period for laying a solid foundation and exerting full force in basically realizing socialist modernization, and it is also a key stage for accelerating the construction of a transport powerhouse. It is recommended to accelerate the construction of a modern green slow traffic system from four aspects, comprehensively advancing the construction of a slow-traffic-friendly society.
First, strengthen overall planning and improve the institutional guarantee system. Strengthen the connection with national, industry, and local plans at various levels, incorporate slow traffic into key special plans such as urban renewal, green travel, and transport-tourism integration, strengthen financial support, and coordinately advance the construction of slow traffic road networks, non-motor vehicle parking, and convenient repair facilities. Improve the departmental coordination mechanism, strengthen information sharing and work coordination among transport, housing and construction, development and reform, culture and tourism, sports and other departments, and form a work pattern with clear division of labor and joint efforts. Improve slow traffic regulations and standards, clarify standards and norms for right-of-way, facilities, equipment, etc., and institutionalize and standardize the healthy development of slow traffic.
Second, reclaim the "Kingdom of Bicycles" culture and forge a national green business card. Fully tap the historical and cultural heritage of our country's "Kingdom of Bicycles," transforming it into a unique cultural resource for shaping the national image in the new era. Build a normalized international exchange and cooperation platform. Through hosting activities such as international bicycle culture festivals and slow traffic high-level forums, promote the "going out" of Chinese bicycle culture and slow traffic construction experience, export Chinese solutions, and enhance our country's discourse power and influence in the global green transport field.
Third, improve the whole-region slow traffic network and cultivate diverse integrated industries. Accelerate the construction of slow traffic systems such as footpaths and bicycle lanes, integrate resources such as national trails, ecological corridors, urban greenways, and tourist highways, and build a whole-region slow traffic network that connects urban and rural areas, landscapes, and cultural heritage. Deepen the deep integration of transport with culture, sports, and tourism, enrich formats such as cycling, hiking, and outdoor study tours, build a full-chain slow traffic industry, and promote the realization of sustainable development.
Fourth, build collaborative innovation platforms and promote sustainable development of the industry. Promote the formation of a slow traffic development alliance, gather resources from government, universities, research institutes, and enterprises, and promote collaborative development of the industry. Carry out scientific research on key areas such as system planning, facility construction, scenario creation, and standard building. Research and build a big-data smart platform for slow traffic, strengthen digital operation and maintenance, intelligent monitoring and evaluation, and elevate the level of digital intelligence in the industry's development.
(The author is President of the China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Ministry of Transport, and a National High-end Think Tank Expert at the Sustainable Transport Innovation Center.)
Return to TopBy: 田智宇
The "Opinions on Doing a Better Job of Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction at a Higher Level and Higher Quality" issued by the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council clearly states that we should advance the construction of zero-carbon industrial parks (零碳园区) and develop the "green to green" (以绿制绿) model of using green energy to manufacture green products. Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent impacts of global climate change, intertwined and turbulent international situation, and increasingly complex and fierce competition in science, technology, and industry, China has continuously strengthened its energy conservation and carbon reduction policy efforts, actively explored innovative models for the integrated development of green energy and modern manufacturing. This is conducive to spawning new technologies, creating new supply, stimulating new demand, and is of great significance for forging new competitive advantages in industries, strengthening new drivers of green development, and contributing to global sustainable development.
Developing the "green to green" model concerns the overall situation of building a strong energy country and a strong manufacturing country.
It is conducive to promoting high-quality utilization of new energy. Currently, China is at a critical stage in building a strong energy country. Energy development is expected to gradually move from the development stage where "coal is dominant," skip over the development stage where "oil and gas are dominant," and accelerate toward a new development stage where "non-fossil energy is dominant." At present, although the scale of new energy supply in China is growing rapidly, there are still many difficulties and bottlenecks in consumption and utilization. In 2025, the average utilization rates of wind power and photovoltaic power nationwide decreased by 1.9% and 1.8% respectively compared with the previous year. Accelerating the development of the "green to green" model, further stimulating the potential and vitality of new energy utilization from the demand side, is the inevitable path to deepening the integrated transformation of energy supply and demand, steadily achieving the replacement of primary energy sources, and consolidating the foundation for building a strong energy country.
It is conducive to accelerating the high-end upgrade of the manufacturing industry. The overall scale of China's manufacturing industry has maintained the world's first for many years. The advantages of "large scale" and "complete categories" are constantly demonstrated, and the level of green development of the industry has achieved an overall leap. But from a deeper perspective, the problems of China's industrial structure being heavy and the energy consumption structure relying on coal remain prominent. The carbon emissions per unit of industrial added value are about 3 times the average level of developed countries. The relatively low level of low-carbon development has become a prominent shortcoming in building a strong manufacturing country. Accelerating the development of the "green to green" model, promoting the deep integration of new energy resource and technology advantages with the scale advantages of the manufacturing industry, and continuously increasing the "green content" of industrial development, is an important path to achieving the "dual carbon" (双碳) goals and building a strong manufacturing country.
It is conducive to leading high-level international green cooperation. In recent years, the turbulence in the international energy market has intensified, "green barriers" such as carbon tariffs have become increasingly severe, and the security risks facing transportation channels, industrial chains, and supply chains have risen, bringing serious negative impacts on the global green transformation process. As a major trading country, on the one hand, China actively assists other countries in green transformation and ensuring energy security by exporting "new three items" (新三样) such as new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products; on the other hand, by developing the "green to green" model, it is conducive to further enriching and expanding the global supply of green products and services, creating new opportunities for international green investment and trade cooperation, and injecting new momentum and vitality into accelerating the global green transformation.
Differentiated exploration of the "green to green" development model.
Accelerate the "green to green" development of emerging industry parks. The electricity demand of emerging industries such as wind power and photovoltaic, battery manufacturing, new energy vehicles, and computing power centers in China is growing rapidly, and they are facing increasingly severe pressure from "green barriers." They are the focus of exploring "green to green" development. At the same time, the energy consumption of emerging industries is generally dominated by electricity. There is great potential for promoting collaborative green transformation of upstream and downstream industrial chains, and the conditions and foundation for integrated development with new energy are relatively good. In the western region where new energy resources are relatively abundant, the focus is on improving the level of multi-variety complementary development of new energy, undertaking emerging industry transfer projects with high standards, and achieving mutual promotion and common progress between "western electricity used in the west" and "green to green." In the central and eastern regions where new energy resources are relatively limited, the focus is on developing new business forms such as direct green electricity connection and smart microgrids, achieving precise matching of new energy supply and demand, and improving the level of "high-quality use for high-quality purposes."
Promote the "green to green" development of traditional light industry industrial parks according to local conditions. China's industries such as food, textiles, papermaking, and pharmaceuticals have large scales, wide and extensive coal consumption, and face increasingly severe situations in accelerating green transformation and development. With the continuous progress of technologies such as heat pumps and energy storage, deepening electrification transformation and expanding new energy consumption and utilization in traditional light industries can not only bring effects of improving quality and reducing costs, but also bring synergistic benefits such as pollution reduction and carbon reduction. For traditional light industry industrial parks, the focus is on regions with abundant new energy resources and regions with great pressure on air pollution prevention and control, using stricter requirements for energy conservation, carbon reduction, and pollution reduction as the "yardstick," promoting the deep integration of green electricity, zero-carbon/low-carbon thermal power with green design, production process transformation and upgrading, etc., relying on "green to green" to maximize comprehensive economic, social, and environmental benefits.
Steadily promote the "green to green" development of high-energy-consumption industrial parks. China's "two high" (两高) industries such as steel, cement, and petrochemicals are the main sources of energy consumption, pollutants, and carbon emissions, and face greater pressure for deep pollution reduction and carbon reduction. For high-energy-consumption industrial parks, increments and stocks should be distinguished, cost affordability and technical process feasibility should be fully considered, and the transformation from high-carbon to low-carbon and zero-carbon development should be steadily promoted. For high-energy-consumption industrial parks, the focus is to put strengthening energy conservation and efficiency improvement first, continuously improve the level of new energy consumption and utilization, and accelerate the orderly replacement of incremental and stock fossil energy by green energy. On this basis, combined with new energy resource endowments and industrial foundations, accelerate the demonstration and development of zero-carbon industrial process reengineering, green hydrogen coupling, carbon dioxide resource high-value utilization, etc., and steadily promote "green to green" development from point to line and from point to area.
Strengthen innovation targeting international and domestic frontier areas.
Targeting international leading levels, strengthen zero-carbon technology integration and innovation. China's green and low-carbon new technologies and new business forms are actively innovating. The technological level in some fields such as renewable energy, energy conservation and efficiency improvement has reached world advanced levels. Coupled with numerous application scenarios in various regions and industries, favorable conditions have been created for developing the "green to green" model. However, compared with the requirements of the "dual carbon" goals, there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses in China's low-carbon and zero-carbon frontier technologies. Research by the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that by 2050, nearly half of the emission reductions will come from technologies that are currently still at the demonstration or prototype stage. Taking the "green to green" model as a breakthrough, accelerate the demonstration and application of frontier and disruptive technologies such as deep energy conservation and carbon reduction, high-proportion electrification, fuel and raw material substitution technologies, and promote the deep integration of greening with digital intelligence and high-end development.
Targeting the unified national market, strengthen institutional mechanism reform and innovation. Building zero-carbon industrial parks is a long-term strategic task that runs through the entire process of China's carbon peak and carbon neutrality. It must be persistently grasped and sustained efforts made — 久久为功 (jiǔ jiǔ wéi gōng - "persist for long to achieve success,"). Developing the "green to green" model also has no ready-made experience to copy. It must be combined with the characteristics of different stages and different regions to continuously carry out exploration and innovation. Based on China's national conditions and current development stage, the "green to green" model should not only actively carry out "pilot first and trial first" in innovating low-carbon and zero-carbon technologies; more importantly, it should have the courage to play the role of a "vanguard" in promoting deep-level institutional mechanism reforms. Guided by the unified national market, focusing on the reform of market mechanisms such as energy, electricity, and carbon emissions, and synergistically promoting the reform of factor allocation such as land and finance, to drive continuous improvement in the allocation efficiency and benefit level of resource and environmental factors across the whole society.
Targeting participation in global competition and cooperation games, strengthen innovation in carbon-related institutional rules. The global green and low-carbon development situation is complex, with trends of rule refinement and interest differentiation evident, presenting both challenges and opportunities for China. We must take the development of the "green to green" model as a starting point to accelerate the exploration and improvement of governance systems with Chinese characteristics for carbon pricing, carbon footprint, carbon standards, carbon management, etc. By actively promoting relevant countries to recognize and adopt China's standards, we can grasp the initiative in the game of international carbon-related institutional rules and convert green compliance pressure into new advantages in the international market. At the same time, strengthen exchanges and dialogues, unblock the free flow of green and low-carbon technologies and products, promote the connection and mutual recognition of green and low-carbon standards, and help the traditional energy regions of various countries accelerate transformation. By jointly promoting a green and just transformation, we can make greater contributions to world green development and addressing climate change.
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General Secretary Xi Jinping, when presiding over the ninth group study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee, pointed out that "to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, it is necessary to construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese national community." In recent years, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, the disciplinary configuration for the Chinese national community has been continuously optimized, the research team has been continuously expanded, textbooks represented by An Introduction to the Chinese National Community have been widely used, the construction of a historical materials system for the Chinese national community represented by A History of Interchanges, Interactions, and Integration of the Chinese Nation is being systematically advanced, and a series of foundational research achievements such as iconic concepts and theoretical interpretations based on the long history and great practice of the Chinese national community have been published one after another, powerfully promoting the construction of a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese national community. We must further consolidate the foundation, accelerate the pace, construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese national community with high quality, more forcefully serve the overall work of the Party and the state, and provide Chinese wisdom for the international community to handle ethnic issues by means of principles, theories, and philosophies rooted in the Chinese land.
Adhere to the "two integrations," base ourselves on the historical experience and cultural accumulation of the Chinese nation, and consolidate the foundational source of the theoretical system. Theory, as a presentation of regular understanding of the objective world, cannot be separated from the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology. The theoretical system of the Chinese national community, as a multi-theoretical organism composed of basic concepts, principles, historical materials, and methods through close internal logical connections, reflects a series of regular understandings of the Chinese national community as a long-term objective existence and developmental fact in human society, and certainly needs to be constructed under the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology, and the scientific worldview and methodology is Marxism. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism means using its scientific worldview and methodology to solve China's problems, especially adhering to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. In this way, constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese national community will possess scientificity. Under the guidance of a scientific worldview and methodology, the construction of a theoretical system needs the support of history formed by human social practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "To construct a theoretical system of the Chinese national community, we must base ourselves on the long history of the Chinese nation." The theoretical system of the Chinese national community, as a multi-theoretical organism, is built upon a complete set of history, experience, and knowledge deposited by China's million-year human history, ten-thousand-year cultural history, and over five-thousand-year civilization history. In other words, the construction of a theoretical system cannot be separated from the combing of historical threads. We must establish a correct view of Chinese national history, comb through the formation and development of the Chinese national community from the overall perspective of Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation, study the historical facts of interchanges, interactions, and integration among various ethnic groups over the long course of history—their blood being fused, beliefs being the same, cultures being connected, economies being interdependent, and affections being close—explore from a historical perspective the endogenous driving force for the Chinese nation to converge from diversity into unity, and reveal the evolution law of the diversity-in-unity structure and civilization of the Chinese national community. Based on a comprehensive, scientific, and in-depth narration of the historical evolution of the Chinese national community, form China's independent historical narrative system of the Chinese national community, and then abstract from it principles, theories, and philosophies, highlighting the completeness of the theoretical system on the basis of following the historical logic and theoretical logic of the development of the Chinese nation.
Adhere to the main line of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, base ourselves on the historic achievements made by the Party uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country, and consolidate the practical foundation of the theoretical system. Since its birth, the Communist Party of China has always kept in mind the original aspiration and mission of "seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation," has always been committed to defending national unity and ethnic solidarity in continuous struggle, has always safeguarded the fundamental and overall interests of the Chinese nation in upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, and has creatively blazed a correct path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics. On this path, the Party has united and led the people of all ethnic groups across the country to achieve national independence and people's liberation, created a new situation of developing equal, united, mutual-assistance, and harmonious ethnic relations, promoted unprecedented progress in the economic and social development of ethnic areas and the lives of ethnic minority people, and earth-shaking historic changes have taken place in the appearance of China's ethnic minorities, the appearance of ethnic areas, the appearance of ethnic relations, and the appearance of the Chinese nation. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Party, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to the "two integrations," focused on the "two overall situations," deeply summarized the experience and lessons of ethnic work at home and abroad, deeply discerned the development trend of the Chinese national community, taken forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party's ethnic work in the new era and all work in ethnic areas, clearly defined the strategic goal and practical path of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization, and promoted the Chinese nation to become a community with a shared future with higher recognition and stronger cohesion. To construct the theoretical system of the Chinese national community, on the one hand, it is necessary to comprehensively and systematically study the history of the Party's ethnic work over more than one hundred years, deepen the summary of the internal laws of the Party uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country to blaze the correct path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics through an accurate grasp of the Party's valuable experience in ethnic work; on the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen research on major practical issues concerning the Party's leadership and promotion of the construction of the Chinese national community in the new era in order to understand and refine the innovation mechanism of the Party's ethnic theory. Since the 18th National Congress of the Party, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has emphasized concepts such as the big family of the Chinese nation, the Chinese national community, and forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, clearly proposed taking forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party's ethnic work in the new era and as the main line of all work in ethnic areas, strived to build a common spiritual home for the Chinese nation from the height of consolidating and developing the great unity of all ethnic groups, the great unity of the people of the whole country, and the great unity of all Chinese sons and daughters, solidly advanced common prosperity for all ethnic groups from the height of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization, actively promoted interchanges, interactions, and integration among all ethnic groups from the height of promoting Chinese-style modernization through the great unity of the Chinese nation, governed ethnic affairs according to law from the height of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, comprehensively advanced the cause of ethnic unity and progress, and propelled the Party's ethnic work to achieve historic achievements. It is precisely based on the insight into the new situations, new problems, and new tasks faced by the construction of the Chinese national community in the new era that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has formed Xi Jinping's important thought on strengthening and improving ethnic work, and then advanced the high-quality development of ethnic work in discovering and solving major practical problems, forming a fit and mutual promotion between the Party's innovative theory and great practice. A series of historic achievements in the Party's ethnic work manifest the clear superiority of the correct path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics, manifest the reliable guarantee of the Party's leadership and the socialist system for the common development and progress of all ethnic groups in China, and the inherent practical logic and the Party's political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organizing power, and social appeal as China's highest political leadership force provide fundamental political guarantees for the strong recognition and cohesion of the Chinese national community. The facts of great achievements and the process of achieving them are the rich practical nourishment and vivid and lively arguments of the theoretical system of the Chinese national community. Extracting from them the theoretical origin and methodology of the Party's leadership in constructing the Chinese national community becomes the practical foundation and necessary link for constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese national community.
Adhere to an open mindset, base ourselves on the diversity of human social development, and consolidate the inclusiveness foundation of the theoretical system. The Chinese national community, shaped by over five thousand years of civilization history, is an important component of the community with a shared future for mankind, and in every period of human history, it has contributed to the evolution of human civilization. To construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese national community, it is necessary to place the formation and development of the Chinese national community within the perspective of all humanity and long-term world history, study it within the diverse processes of human social development, explore the commonalities between the formation and development of the Chinese national community and other communities of human society in comparative studies, discover the uniqueness of the formation and development of the Chinese national community, confirm the correctness of the path of solving ethnic problems with Chinese characteristics in comparison, and strengthen cultural confidence in learning from and absorbing all outstanding achievements of human civilization. The various ethnic groups in China jointly opened up the vast territory of the motherland, jointly created the unified multi-ethnic country, jointly wrote the brilliant Chinese history, jointly created the splendid Chinese culture, and jointly cultivated the great national spirit. These common experiences have enabled the various ethnic groups on this land of China to form the inward coalescing structure, the centripetal nature of 和而不同 (hé ér bù tóng - "harmony in diversity," to seek harmony while respecting differences) and the open mindset of being good at learning, which characterize the unified multi-ethnic country where the territory cannot be divided, the country cannot be disordered, the nation cannot be scattered, and civilization cannot be severed. They also highlight the characteristics of Chinese civilization: continuity, innovation, unity, inclusiveness, and peace. The diversity-in-unity evolutionary path of the Chinese national community, supported by vast historical materials and steeped in long civilization, eloquently demonstrates that the development paths of human social communities are diverse, not singular. Especially in the context of the new form of human civilization, the paths for each country to achieve modernization have openness and diversity rather than uniqueness. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Without the five thousand years of Chinese civilization, where would Chinese characteristics come from?" Accelerating the construction of the theoretical system of the Chinese national community is to provide strong support for the diversity of human social development with the logic of community formation and development with Chinese characteristics, and to provide vivid practical guidance for the harmonious coexistence and common development of multiple ethnic groups in human society with the fact that all ethnic groups in China work together in unity and struggle, and together prosper and develop.
Adhere to starting from basic concepts, base ourselves on research on major foundational issues of the Chinese national community, and consolidate the academic foundation of the theoretical system. Constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese national community cannot be separated from existing basic concepts such as ethnicity, community, and civilization, and even more so cannot be separated from iconic concepts refined from historical experience and contemporary practice based on the Chinese land, such as diversity in unity, the Chinese national community, and great unity. Therefore, as contemporary Chinese philosophy and social science workers, on the one hand, it is necessary to start from basic concepts connecting China and the world, integrate China's and the Chinese nation's history and practice into existing basic concepts, and endow basic concepts such as ethnicity, community, and civilization with common values of all humanity and diverse historical and practical support; on the other hand, it is necessary to clearly define the connotation and extension of iconic concepts with Chinese characteristics, take iconic concepts as points, take the history and culture of the Chinese nation as lines, connect points and lines to form various aspects of the disciplinary system, academic system, discourse system, and academic discourse of the theoretical system of the Chinese national community. For example, "diversity in unity," as an iconic concept, directly connects the existing basic concept of "ethnicity" with China's specific history and reality. It uses the fact that China has been a unified multi-ethnic country since ancient times to explain the organic structure between the overall Chinese nation and the various ethnic groups within it. It both demonstrates the richness of the concept of ethnicity in human society and the diverse structure of ethnic-state relations through the facts of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, and criticizes and transcends the Western-centric theory of nation-states through the historical and cultural origins of the great practice of constructing the Chinese national community, providing Chinese wisdom for solving ethnic problems in multi-ethnic countries in the world today.
With the continuous excavation of historical materials and the deepening of exchanges, interactions, and integration among human social civilizations, research on the origin, reality, and development of the objective world is also deepening. Bringing forth the new through the old is already inevitable and necessary. Research on the Chinese national community must inevitably be based on tracing origins and roots on Chinese land, correcting the source and clarifying the fundamentals, and carrying out in-depth research on different issues, especially foundational ones. To construct the theoretical system of the Chinese national community, it is necessary to optimize disciplinary configurations, strengthen discipline construction, deepen research on major foundational issues from major practical problems and challenges, continuously produce original theoretical results, construct a scientific and complete theoretical system of the Chinese national community with high quality, and answer the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times.
[The author is Director of the United Front Work Teaching and Research Department of the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance).]
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