Summary: The article argues that high-level research universities must become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies, as required by the recent *Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Higher Education Institutions by Category*. It emphasizes that this role is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-level self-reliance in science and technology, advancing independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talent, and running world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. The piece outlines inherent characteristics of such universities, including a greater emphasis on competency-oriented talent cultivation, mission-driven discipline construction, and basic research. It then proposes practical pathways, such as improving the education system, optimizing discipline layout, gathering strength for scientific research tackling, and improving systems and mechanisms. The author is identified as the Secretary of the Party Committee of Northwestern Polytechnical University.
Summary: The article discusses the importance of grassroots Party organizations as the "last kilometer" for implementing Party Central Committee decisions, highlighting Xi Jinping's work in Fuzhou on the "Fortress Project." It emphasizes ideological Party building, strengthening Party organizations across rural, urban, and enterprise fields, and treating Party member contingent building as basic work. The piece also stresses improving Party work style, enhancing ties with the masses, and exploring institutional building for grassroots Party building. It concludes by outlining requirements for the new journey, including using the Party's innovative theories to unite hearts and forge souls. The author is a specially invited researcher of the Fujian Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.
Summary: The article emphasizes General Secretary Xi Jinping's call to uphold full and rigorous self-governance of the Party as a long-term strategy, persisting in a rigorous tone, measures, and atmosphere to carry the Party's self-revolution through to the end. It highlights that "rigor" is the Party's innate quality and key to governance, citing historical foundations and achievements since the new era, including the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy and the Eight-Point Regulation. The piece stresses that problems of political, ideological, organizational, and work-style impurity remain unresolved, requiring sustained problem-oriented efforts without relaxation or deviation. Leading cadres must shoulder political responsibility for Party governance, strictly manage themselves and their jurisdictions, and avoid unprincipled harmony to foster a clean political ecology. The article concludes that persisting in rigor will ensure the Party wins the people's hearts and the future on the new journey.
Summary: The article emphasizes that implementing Party Central Committee decisions is fundamental to upholding its authority and centralized, unified leadership, and reflects historical experience in advancing the Party's cause. It states that the Communist Party of China was born for its ideals and fights for its mission, with generations of Communists facing hardships without fear under strong Party leadership. This perseverance has led the Chinese people from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society to stand up, become prosperous, and grow strong, opening up the righteous path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Summary: The article discusses the recent issuance of the "Opinions on Developing New Quality Productive Forces" by the Central Committee and State Council, emphasizing the need for finance to better serve this development. It outlines four demand characteristics of new quality productive forces on the financial system, including pooling patient capital, identifying intangible assets, innovating financial service models, and setting up risk-sharing mechanisms. The piece proposes measures such as improving the multi-level investment and financing system, optimizing valuation systems for sci-tech innovation enterprises, developing the digital renminbi, and establishing dynamic risk monitoring. The author is identified as the Party Secretary of the Institute of Finance and Banking, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Summary: The article discusses promoting the standardized and healthy development of the platform economy, citing the 15th Five-Year Plan outline and a July Political Bureau meeting. It notes China's online retail growth and 84 million workers in new employment forms, while highlighting challenges like "involution-style" competition and governance gaps. The piece calls for improving routine supervision, guiding platforms to empower the real economy, coordinating development with security management, and building a symbiotic ecosystem. It emphasizes mechanisms such as pre-hearing systems for algorithm adjustments affecting workers' rights and collective consultation to ensure fair benefit distribution. The overall goal is a fair, orderly, and vibrant platform economy that supports high-quality development.
Summary: The article argues that high-level research universities must become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies, as required by the recent *Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Higher Education Institutions by Category*. It emphasizes that this role is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-level self-reliance in science and technology, advancing independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talent, and running world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. The piece outlines inherent characteristics of such universities, including a greater emphasis on competency-oriented talent cultivation, mission-driven discipline construction, and basic research. It then proposes practical pathways, such as improving the education system, optimizing discipline layout, gathering strength for scientific research tackling, and improving systems and mechanisms. The author is identified as the Secretary of the Party Committee of Northwestern Polytechnical University.
Summary: The Central Social Work Department and the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Office recently issued the Work Plan for Revising and Formulating Village Rules and Civil Agreements (Resident Agreements) to provide guidance for advancing grassroots democracy. The Plan emphasizes that the formulation and revision of these rules should follow standardized democratic procedures, including soliciting public opinion, drafting proposals, and conducting deliberation and voting through village (resident) assemblies. To enhance effectiveness, the article suggests that rules should be pragmatic, avoid merely copying legal provisions, and focus on local needs such as regulating social customs and moral standards. Furthermore, the document encourages refining governance units—such as natural villages or villagers' groups—and strengthening supervision through village (resident) affairs supervision committees and mass evaluation. Ultimately, these efforts aim to leverage village rules and civil agreements as essential tools for self-governance, maintaining rural order, and promoting the transformation of rural customs and habits.
Summary: The article discusses the continuous improvement of the punitive damages system for intellectual property to increase the cost of intentional and serious infringement. It notes that the State Council's "15th Five-Year Plan" for Intellectual Property Protection and Utilization and the "Opinions on Developing New Quality Productive Forces" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council both emphasize improving this system. To enhance the effectiveness of rights relief, the article suggests clarifying applicable conditions, improving methods for ascertaining the compensation base, and standardizing the determination of multiples in adjudication. Furthermore, it calls for improved litigation procedures to safeguard the exercise of rights while preventing the abuse of litigation or infringement notices.
Summary: The article discusses the implementation of the *Provisions on the Explicit Disclosure of Comprehensive Financing Costs in Personal Loan Business*, effective August 1, which aim to standardize and make transparent interest and fee information in personal loans. It highlights problems such as hidden fees, vague labeling, and complex installment models that infringe on borrowers' rights and may circumvent interest rate caps. The *Provisions* define comprehensive financing cost, require itemized disclosure, and mandate a centralized disclosure form with differentiated requirements for on-site, online, and installment scenarios. The article also stresses balancing disclosure with lenders' legitimate interests, ensuring disclosed information is lawful, and improving liability mechanisms, including administrative supervision and civil remedies for borrowers. Borrowers are encouraged to make prudent borrowing decisions based on full understanding of costs.
Summary: The article marks the 105th anniversary of the Communist Party of China, the 90th anniversary of the Long March victory, and the 70th anniversary of China's aerospace industry, with CASIC as the backbone force in missile weapon systems. The Party Leadership Group of CASIC, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, promotes the aerospace spirit to fulfill its mission of obeying the Party's command and forging swords for the nation. The aerospace spirit, distilled from achievements like the "two bombs, one satellite" and manned spaceflight, encompasses love for family and country, hard struggle, innovation, rigorous work style, and systematic collaboration. CASIC aims to enhance the spirit's appeal, penetrating power, inspirational power, and influence by deepening it into hearts, integrating it into the bloodline, and keeping it fresh through practice. The corporation strives to build a world-class aerospace defense enterprise with political loyalty, reliable equipment, technological leadership, modern governance, and integrity and honesty, contributing to national rejuvenation and a community with a shared future for mankind.
Summary: The Party committee of Huadian New Energy Group Co., Ltd., a state-controlled listed company under China Huadian, stresses that full and rigorous self-governance of the Party is essential for ensuring the company's correct direction and high-quality development amid its dual political and market attributes. The article argues that the extension of governance chains and intertwined operational, integrity, and capital market risks require tight supervision and full-process control over power. It emphasizes that full and rigorous self-governance forms a dialectical unity with central business work, aligning market-oriented operations with national strategy and correcting deviations in political achievement views. The committee outlines building five systems—organizational, educational, supervisory, institutional, and responsibility—to integrate Party governance throughout corporate governance, including coordination with board audit committees, independent directors, and capital market external supervision. The piece concludes by detailing mechanisms such as the "four responsibilities in coordination" and "four synchronizations" to compactly implement Party governance responsibilities.
Summary: The article, authored by Sanming University's Party Committee Secretary, details how the university integrates the red culture of the Central Soviet Area into its ideological and political work. It describes measures such as building themed exhibition halls, compiling red school-based textbooks, and establishing a Research Alliance for the Revitalization and Development of Old Revolutionary Base Areas with Renmin University of China. The piece highlights innovative teaching methods, including immersive museum classrooms, inquiry-based research on old base areas, and project-based practices like retracing the Red Army's route. It also reports on the university's cultural communication efforts, such as red operas and joint activities with Shanghai universities, and notes student achievements including nearly 50 national-level ideological and political awards. The author concludes that universities should leverage regional red resources to guide students in inheriting the red gene and undertaking national rejuvenation.
Summary: The article examines Mao Zedong's eight Long March poems as both artistic masterpieces and expressions of the Long March spirit, emphasizing their portrayal of the Red Army's collective heroism rather than personal history. It traces the emotional arc of the poems from oppression to brightness, noting Mao's own annotations about his depressed mood during critical moments. The piece discusses Mao's creative process, citing his remarks to Soviet interpreter N. Fedorenko about writing poems at moments of life and death, and highlights Yao Xueyin's analysis of Mao's unconventional, light-hearted treatment of immense hardship. It also addresses the poems' artistic techniques, such as using natural landscapes to symbolize the Red Army's strength, and their expression of Communist ideals, including the reference to Chiang Kai-shek as the "gray dragon." The article concludes that the Long March spirit continues to inspire China's current path toward national rejuvenation through Chinese modernization.
Summary: The article profiles the former residence of Wang Ganchang, a renowned nuclear physicist and recipient of the "two bombs, one satellite" Meritorious Service Medal, located in Zhitang Town, Changshu, Jiangsu Province. It details his early life, education at Tsinghua University and the University of Berlin, and his return to China to teach and conduct research. In 1961, he concealed his identity as "Wang Jing" to lead key work on China's atomic and hydrogen bomb development, declaring "I am willing to dedicate my life to the service of the nation." The piece also highlights his later role in co-submitting the 1986 proposal that led to the "863" Program, with Deng Xiaoping's instruction to act promptly. It concludes by emphasizing his lifelong commitment to the nation as a spiritual legacy for new-era scientific researchers.
Summary: The article describes *The Knick-Knack Peddler*, a Southern Song painting by Li Song, the "old painter of three reigns," depicting a peddler as a "mobile convenience store" serving rural villages. It explains Li Song's background as a former carpenter's apprentice, which informed his realistic, detailed portrayal of common people's life. The painting, now in the Palace Museum, was once collected by the Qing imperial household and later recovered after being scattered by Puyi. The article highlights its artistic significance and notes that China Post issued a special stamp of it in June 2023.
Summary: The article argues that a precise and unified lunar surface standard time system is urgently needed, as Earth's UTC is inadequate due to relativistic effects and signal delays. It details how lunar time runs faster than Earth time, causing significant navigation errors, and outlines international efforts, including a U.S. directive for NASA to develop "Coordinated Lunar Time" (LTC) and European Space Agency initiatives. The piece identifies challenges such as the lack of a unified lunar geodetic reference system and technical difficulties. It concludes by urging China to actively participate in rule-making and contribute its technological expertise to the global lunar time standard.
Summary: The article argues that "AI for good" is the essential requirement of Chinese modernization and a value model for global intelligent governance, reflecting the dialectical unity of new quality productive forces and new relations of production. It outlines basic requirements including adherence to value guidance, a people-centered approach, ethical bottom lines, and global co-governance, with General Secretary Xi Jinping's emphasis on promoting global AI development "in a direction that is upward and good" as the fundamental guideline. The piece calls for multi-party coordination, with the government strengthening institutional supply, enterprises practicing responsible development, and society participating in supervision. It advocates for global co-governance through open cooperation, opposing AI hegemony and computing-power blockade, and promoting Chinese solutions such as the Global AI Governance Initiative. The author is identified as the Dean of the School of Applied Economics at Renmin University of China.
Summary: The article argues that global warming is driving more frequent glacier disasters, such as glacial lake outburst floods and ice-rock avalanches, in high-cold regions, posing serious threats to downstream infrastructure and lives. It notes that existing national surveys lack special coverage of cryosphere disasters, leaving an unclear baseline and insufficient support for compound chain-disaster prevention. The text highlights that impacts can be cross-border, citing repeated damage to Gyirong Port in Tibet in 2025 and 2026, which interrupted roads, communications, and power. Proposed measures include building an integrated "air-space-ground-deep" monitoring and early warning system, strengthening systematic risk assessment, and enhancing cross-border information sharing and grassroots emergency response. The author is identified as the Director of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources.
Summary: The article discusses strengthening protection of ancient and notable trees during urban renewal, as set forth in the "15th Five-Year Plan" for Urban Renewal. It emphasizes General Secretary Xi Jinping's instruction that "ancient and notable trees must be protected well, and the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation must be passed on well." The piece outlines five key measures: understanding the trees' importance, conducting advance resource surveys, strictly implementing laws and regulations such as the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient and Notable Trees, promoting new technologies and materials like underground utility tunnels, and establishing clear collaborative management mechanisms. It cites Beijing's example of intervening early in the pipeline renovation at the Hall of Great Height in the Forbidden City to protect ancient trees. The article stresses that urban renewal projects must avoid damaging ancient trees, warning that past failures have wasted resources and undermined government credibility.
Summary: The article discusses the importance of grassroots Party organizations as the "last kilometer" for implementing Party Central Committee decisions, highlighting Xi Jinping's work in Fuzhou on the "Fortress Project." It emphasizes ideological Party building, strengthening Party organizations across rural, urban, and enterprise fields, and treating Party member contingent building as basic work. The piece also stresses improving Party work style, enhancing ties with the masses, and exploring institutional building for grassroots Party building. It concludes by outlining requirements for the new journey, including using the Party's innovative theories to unite hearts and forge souls. The author is a specially invited researcher of the Fujian Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.
By: 张云明
Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The General Office of the Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Higher Education Institutions by Category, which clearly proposes building a supporting force that serves the nation's major strategies. As the convergence point of education, science and technology, and talent, high-level research universities are the vanguard of higher education and bear the important mission of enhancing the overall efficacy of the national innovation system and supporting the building of a strong nation. Anchored in this mission, high-level research universities should firmly grasp the political, people-centered, and strategic attributes of education, deeply understand the important significance of becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies, accurately grasp the inherent characteristics, actively explore practical pathways, and answer well the question of the times: "In building a strong nation, what should universities do?"
Deeply Understanding the Important Significance of Becoming a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
The construction and development of high-level research universities embody the far-reaching political considerations of the Party Central Committee, reflect firm national will, and carry ardent national expectations. Their educational process has always resonated with national strategic goals and strategic tasks. Becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies is an objective necessity for building a strong education nation, a strong science and technology nation, and a strong talent nation.
An inevitable requirement for achieving high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Scientific and technological innovation is an inexhaustible driving force for the progress of human civilization. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is profoundly changing the way humanity produces and lives and the pattern of world development, and scientific and technological strength and innovation capability are increasingly becoming the core competitiveness of a country." For China to become strong and rejuvenated, it must vigorously develop science and technology. Practice has repeatedly told us that key and core technologies cannot be obtained by asking, buying, or begging. Only by mastering key and core technologies in our own hands can we fundamentally safeguard national economic security, national defense security, and other security. High-level research universities, with their complete scientific research platforms, concentrated high-end talent, and prominent advantages in comprehensive disciplines, are the main force of basic research and the birthplace of major scientific and technological breakthroughs. They are an important component of the national strategic scientific and technological strength and the national innovation system. The quality and efficacy of their scientific and technological innovation bear on the independent, secure, and controllable nature of key and core technologies, on the driving force for the development of major national equipment, and on the nation's initiative in development, the dominance in strategic games, and the winning power in future competition.
An inherent requirement for advancing the independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talent. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Cultivating talent is a major plan for the long-term development of the country and the nation. In today's world, competition for talent is first and foremost competition in talent cultivation." China is a large country, and its demand for the quantity, quality, and structure of talent is all-encompassing. Meeting such a huge talent demand must rely mainly on self-cultivation and improving the ability to independently and controllably supply talent. The Outline of the Plan for Building a Strong Education Nation (2024–2035) clearly sets "comprehensively improving the quality of independent talent cultivation and continuously producing top-notch innovative talent" as an important phased goal of building a strong education nation. The 15th Five-Year Plan clearly sets "collaboratively advancing the cultivation of innovative talent" as a key task, continuously enhancing China's talent competitiveness and consolidating the foundation of national strategic talent strength. High-level research universities, with their integrated undergraduate-master's-doctoral cultivation systems, well-structured faculty teams, and rich resources for integrating science and education, are the main front for cultivating top-notch innovative talent and the talent reservoir for serving the nation's major strategies. They bear important responsibility in comprehensively improving the efficacy of cultivating top-notch innovative talent and accelerating the building of a world important talent center and innovation highland.
The inevitable path to running world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Throughout history, at home and abroad, every country cultivates people according to its own political requirements, and world-class universities have all grown up in the course of serving their own country's development." The "Double First-Class" initiative is a major strategic decision made by the Party and the state from the height of serving the "two overall situations." From the top-level design, it clearly takes serving national strategic needs as the key evaluation orientation, promoting universities to integrate their educational mission and tasks into the great practice of building a strong nation. The key to building world-class universities rooted in Chinese soil lies in adhering to mission-driven development and serving national development. High-level research universities are the first echelon of higher education and an important force in building a strong education nation. They carry the important mission of cultivating first-class talent, producing first-class achievements, and serving national development. The degree of alignment between their development path and national strategic needs directly affects the effectiveness of building world-class universities with Chinese characteristics.
Accurately Grasping the Inherent Characteristics of a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
Becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies is a systematic leap in the core competitiveness of high-level research universities. Benchmarking against what national strategies require, where scientific and technological competition is heading, and where higher education development is oriented, high-level research universities present more distinctive characteristics in the three dimensions of scientific and technological innovation, talent cultivation, and discipline construction.
Talent cultivation places greater emphasis on competency orientation. Driven by multiple factors such as the accelerated iteration of knowledge and the development of artificial intelligence, the threshold for accessing knowledge has been greatly lowered, and the ways of accessing it have become more diverse, placing higher demands on the cultivation of top-notch innovative talent. In terms of cultivation philosophy, emphasis is placed on "learning-centered" education, requiring not only the learning of professional knowledge but also the learning of methodologies for acquiring knowledge, cultivating critical thinking and innovative exploration abilities, promoting the organic unity of the learning process, depth of understanding, and practical application ability, and laying a solid foundation for lifelong learning and future development. In terms of cultivation methods, artificial intelligence has broken the traditional "teacher-student" binary teaching structure, giving rise to a "teacher-machine-student" ternary collaborative education paradigm, reshaping cultivation methods and the form of education and teaching. The logic of education has deeply transformed from one-way knowledge indoctrination to the cultivation of innovation capability, activating students' higher-order thinking and innovative potential for autonomous knowledge construction. In terms of cultivation scenarios, emphasis is placed on the integration of science and education and the integration of industry and education. Key laboratories, major scientific and technological facilities, and model development sites have become important arenas for practical education. Real technical problems are deeply integrated into cultivation content, shifting from "emphasizing learning over doing" to "learning while doing." "Using in cultivation, cultivating in use" has become a new path for cultivating top-notch innovative talent.
Discipline construction places greater emphasis on serving the national mission. The traction role of national strategies is increasingly prominent, and the discipline construction of high-level research universities must resonate with national development. In terms of discipline setting, the concept of "goal traction, demand traction, and problem traction" is established, no longer focusing on whether disciplines exist in the catalog, shifting from focusing on the development of disciplines themselves to serving national strategies and development needs. In terms of discipline construction models, the transformation from scale expansion to quality improvement is evident. The homogeneous development path of "large and comprehensive" is gradually fading, and the development orientation of "specialized and refined" is more prominent. There is no longer a pursuit of the size of categories and breadth of coverage, and the allocation of discipline resources is more concentrated on advantageous directions and fields urgently needed by national strategies. In terms of discipline organizational forms, the prominent feature is "cross-disciplinary integration." This is not only due to the inherent laws of the evolution of knowledge production paradigms and the iteration of scientific and technological innovation, but also stems from the traction of national strategic needs and the empowerment and support of policy systems. Discipline barriers are constantly being broken, and growth points for emerging cross-disciplinary disciplines are constantly emerging, cultivating new disciplinary momentum for original innovation breakthroughs and tackling key core technologies.
Scientific and technological innovation places greater emphasis on basic research. Basic research is the original source of scientific and technological innovation. Relying on basic research to carry out scientific and technological tackling is a distinctive feature of high-level research universities becoming a major national strategic supporting force. In terms of research orientation, basic research has transcended the traditional stage of pure theoretical exploration and transformed into a "two-way drive" and "two-way promotion" of free exploration and demand traction. The orientation of condensing major scientific and technological problems based on national strategic needs is increasingly prominent, and the fit between scientific and technological tackling and national strategies is continuously improving. In terms of organizational models, the characteristics of cross-disciplinarity, large-scale collaboration, and systematic integration in basic research are increasingly distinct. The traditional model of fighting battles alone is difficult to solve complex scientific problems, requiring the continuous improvement of scientific research collaboration mechanisms and the continuous optimization of resource allocation methods supporting cross-disciplinary research. In terms of intelligent empowerment, artificial intelligence is profoundly changing the value creation concepts and knowledge production methods of basic research, accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological innovation paradigms, and promoting the leap of scientific research from traditional empirical trial-and-error to intelligent-driven precise exploration, opening up entirely new paths for solving major scientific problems and catalyzing disruptive innovation.
Actively Exploring Practical Pathways for Building a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
High-level research universities should strengthen their "national team" awareness, bravely shoulder the "national team" mission, look at education beyond education, look at education from the overall situation, and look at education with a long-term perspective. They should closely follow the needs of building a strong nation and a strong military, seek truth from facts and be pragmatic, work hard and do solid work, solidly promote the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent, strive to cultivate first-class talent, create first-class achievements, and make first-class contributions, and become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies.
Improve the education system and enhance the quality and efficacy of talent cultivation. Implement the new era project of fostering virtue and cultivating people, coordinate the promotion of reforms in education methods, management models, and guarantee mechanisms, and accelerate the improvement of the level and quality of independent talent cultivation. Unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to forge souls and educate people, strengthen patriotic education in the new era, inherit the red gene and continue the red bloodline, strengthen ideological guidance, growth services, and practical tempering, guide students to be grateful to the Party, listen to the Party, and follow the Party, to set great aspirations, step onto the big stage, enter the main battlefield, and undertake great undertakings, and strive to write a new answer sheet of education in which talent emerges in abundance and serves the country with achievements. Continuously optimize and improve the talent cultivation model, design cultivation systems oriented toward national strategic needs, construct cultivation plans with clear orientation that break down professional barriers and adopt a cross-disciplinary system, deepen the reform of integrated undergraduate-master's-doctoral cultivation, strengthen special talent cultivation zones such as top-notch and characteristic classes, deepen the empowerment of education and teaching by artificial intelligence, create curriculum resources such as high-quality courses and high-quality textbooks, and continuously enhance the ability to cultivate top-notch innovative talent. Focus on strengthening the cultivation of outstanding engineers, deeply advance the construction of outstanding engineer academies, continuously deepen the reform of cultivating engineering master's and doctoral students, improve the organizational model of industry-education integration, build a strong community for cultivating outstanding engineers based on "dual-qualified teachers + project-driven" approaches, construct a dual evaluation driving mechanism of "high-quality degree theses + high-quality practical achievements," guide students to tackle key problems on the front lines of major projects, major tasks, and major models, and produce landmark scientific and technological achievements on major national equipment.
Optimize the discipline layout and build a first-class discipline ecosystem. Focus on the frontiers of science and technology and major national strategic needs, continuously optimize structure, strengthen cross-disciplinarity, and build peaks. Based on national strategies, make forward-looking arrangements for disciplines urgently needed by strategic emerging industries and future industries, systematically arrange for disciplines urgently needed by the nation such as unmanned countermeasures, quantum technology, brain-computer interfaces, embodied intelligence, and industrial intelligent software, increase the incubation of emerging and cross-disciplinary disciplines, increase support for basic disciplines in the action to cultivate first-class disciplines, and improve the match with national strategic needs and scientific and technological development. Based on the university's historical foundation, resource endowment, and regional positioning, focus on frontier scientific and technological innovation, integrate high-quality resources, build a number of distinctive discipline clusters with high recognition, strong competitiveness, and precise services, and shape the core advantages of distinctive disciplines. Promote the iterative updating of discipline connotations, adhere to both inheritance and innovation, promote the advancement and upgrading of traditional disciplines with the times, and continuously consolidate the core competitiveness of disciplines. Continuously improve the discipline adjustment mechanism with rapid response, effective adaptation, and forward-looking layout, scientifically formulate evaluation standards for discipline "merger, adjustment, and cancellation," regularly adjust disciplines with low fit to national strategic needs and slow development, and promote the continuous optimization of the discipline structure.
Gather strength for scientific research tackling and enhance the supply of scientific and technological innovation. Adhere to the strategic orientation of the "four orientations," coordinate and strengthen tackling of key core technologies, enhance scientific and technological strength and innovation capability, and promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Strengthen basic research, starting from the nation's urgent needs and long-term needs, focus on laying out frontier basic research directions in strategic fields such as deep space, deep sea, and deep earth, focus on laying out frontier basic directions closely related to mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, etc., strengthen the layout of frontier cross-disciplinary research directions in the integrated development of artificial intelligence with materials manufacturing, electronic information, network security, etc., and promote original innovation and tackling of key core technologies in an integrated manner. Deeply carry out research on basic scientific problems of major projects "from 1 to 0," focus on condensing scientific propositions from bottlenecks in major equipment and extracting theoretical problems from major national defense models, and cultivate applied basic research achievements that lead the industry. Focus on the most frontier, most cutting-edge, and most urgently needed fields, strengthen the integrated construction of projects, platforms, and teams, use major projects as traction, link with research institutes and leading industry enterprises to form joint tackling consortia, integrate innovation resources, gather tackling strength, and overcome "bottleneck" technical problems. Accelerate the empowerment of artificial intelligence, upgrade basic research platforms and scientific and technological infrastructure, strengthen the supply of innovation factors such as data and tools, promote the deep application of artificial intelligence in scientific discovery, mechanism revelation, experiment optimization, and engineering verification, and enhance the originality of scientific research and strategic contribution. Adhere to the traction of industrial demand, explore the model of "government support, university-local co-construction, industry-university-research linkage," promote the construction of university science parks, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements from the one-way "self-rotation" of universities to the collaborative "co-rotation" of industry, university, and research. Continuously deepen the "three reforms," smooth the chain of scientific and technological achievement transformation, strive to transform the "key variables" in the laboratory into the "maximum increment" on the industrial front line, improve the efficacy of scientific and technological achievement transformation, help develop new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness, and serve the promotion of a new type of industrialization.
Improve systems and mechanisms and enhance support and guarantee capabilities. Adhere to systematic thinking to coordinate and improve systems and mechanisms, take evaluation reform as the traction, resource allocation as the starting point, and institutional supply as the guarantee, and stimulate the endogenous motivation to serve national strategies. Classify and improve the evaluation system, firmly establish the value orientation of serving national strategies, adhere to innovation value, capability, and contribution as the yardstick, break the tendency of "only papers, only titles, only degrees, only awards," let all educational vitality compete to emerge, and let all sources of creation compete to flow. Optimize resource allocation, coordinate various scientific and educational resources of universities, research institutes, and industry enterprises, dynamically adjust resource investment directions and allocation methods, promote the tilt of resources toward the cultivation of top-notch innovative talent, original innovation breakthroughs, tackling of major tasks, and the construction of advantageous disciplines, and gather the overall synergy of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. Strengthen policy linkage, coordinate the institutional construction of discipline construction, talent cultivation, scientific research innovation, assessment and evaluation, and resource allocation, form an interconnected and coordinated institutional system, continuously release institutional efficacy, and provide solid guarantees for high-level research universities to become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies.
(The author is the Secretary of the Party Committee of Northwestern Polytechnical University)
Return to TopBy: 赖扬恩
Grassroots Party organizations are the "last kilometer" in implementing the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee. Enhancing the mass-organizing capacity of grassroots Party organizations bears on the Party's governing foundation and the effectiveness of mass work, and provides important support for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. During his work in Fuzhou, Comrade Xi Jinping always made the building of grassroots Party organizations a priority in Party building work, paying particular attention to rural and urban community Party building, comprehensively implementing the "Fortress Project" plan, and ensuring that the Party's line, principles, and policies were implemented at the grassroots level. In March 2021, when General Secretary Xi Jinping inspected Fujian, he pointed out: "Party organizations at all levels in all fields must be built into strong fighting fortresses." Inheriting and carrying forward the important concepts and major practices of Comrade Xi Jinping's promotion and implementation of the "Fortress Project" during his work in Fuzhou is of major and far-reaching significance for us to deeply understand the theoretical origins, development trajectory, and the positions, viewpoints, and methods running through Xi Jinping's thought on Party building, and to uphold the Party's leadership, strengthen Party building, and exercise full and rigorous self-governance of the Party under new historical conditions.
Strive to consolidate the ideological foundation of the Party's leadership
Ideological Party building is a distinctive feature and glorious tradition of the Communist Party of China. During his work in Fuzhou, Comrade Xi Jinping always made strengthening the Party's ideological building the primary task of the "Fortress Project," arming the whole Party with the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and striving to consolidate the ideological foundation of the Party's leadership.
Highlight strengthening the ideological and work-style building of leading bodies. In response to problems such as weak and lax leading bodies of grassroots Party organizations, confused thinking among Party members, and lax organizational management, it was emphasized that ideological and work-style building is the key to the building of leading bodies, and with the focus on improving quality, firming up ideals and convictions, keeping in mind the Party's purpose, and being honest and upright, Party committees at all levels were to be built into strong fighting command headquarters that are politically firm, ideologically unified, work-style rigorous, diligent and honest, and united and enterprising, providing a strong guarantee for advancing the cause of socialist modernization.
Emphasize the systematization of Marxist theory study. It was emphasized that improving the Marxist theoretical quality of leading cadres at all levels is a very urgent strategic task. It was required to systematically carry out education in the basic theories of Marxism and improve the theoretical quality and ideological awareness of all Party members. It was required that the three levels of Party committees at the city, county, and township levels make overall plans, conduct regular research, organize cadre rotation training, and list study and training situations as important content in cadre assessment.
Emphasize promoting the routinization of Party spirit cultivation and ideals and convictions education for leading cadres. It was insisted that ideological Party building be placed first, and the daily Party spirit cultivation and world outlook transformation of leading cadres be advocated. Through the use of forms such as central study groups, leading cadres were organized to study and truly understand Marxism through learning, master the Party's basic line, ideological line, and mass line, continuously strengthen Party spirit cultivation, and reinforce the political awareness and mission responsibility of leading cadres.
Centering on the actual thinking of Party members, cadres, and the masses, ideological and political work was carried through the entire process and all aspects of reform and opening up and economic construction. It was emphasized that ideological and political work must be targeted, that the ideological conditions of Party members must be understood at a deep level, and that education must be carried out acting with a clear purpose (有的放矢, you de fang shi - "have a target, shoot an arrow"). In response to new situations arising in reform and opening up and economic construction, the consciousness of Party building work should be raised, especially by giving scientific explanations according to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, effectively responding to the actual thinking of Party members and cadres, and earnestly achieving "grasping both hands, and both hands must be firm."
On the new journey, we must persist in using the Party's innovative theories to unite hearts and forge souls, persist in tempering strong Party spirit, and ensure that the whole Party always maintains unified thinking, firm will, coordinated action, and strong combat effectiveness. Strengthen the arming of the Party's innovative theories, achieving the integration of learning, thinking, and application and the unity of knowledge, belief, and action; always uphold the Two Integrations (两个结合), and be good at using the Party's innovative theories to study new situations and solve new problems; strengthen ideals and convictions education, and consolidate the ideological foundation for maintaining the Party's unity and solidarity.
Build Party organizations at all levels into strong political cores and fighting fortresses
The Party's grassroots organizations are the fighting fortresses of the Party in social grassroots organizations. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," following the work approach of "strengthening the foundation, enhancing functions, highlighting key points, and comprehensively improving," it was emphasized to seize weak links and strengthen classified guidance, building Party organizations at all levels into strong political cores and fighting fortresses.
Take the lead in deploying and implementing the "Fortress Project" in rural areas, strengthening village-level organizational building with Party branches as the core. In April 1991, Fuzhou City held an experience exchange meeting on village-level organizational building, officially launching the implementation of the Party's "Fortress Project" building. Through vigorously grasping village-level organizational building, a new pattern of rural work was established with the village Party branch as the core, the village committee and economic cooperative organizations as the support, the Communist Youth League as the assistant, and women's, militia, and other organizations closely coordinating. Emphasis was placed on equipping and strengthening village Party branch teams, promoting the establishment of a system in which Party committee leaders at all levels link up with grassroots levels to grasp Party building work, and emphasizing the transformation of backward Party branches as a prominent task in village-level organizational building.
Emphasize solving the problem of insufficient Party organization coverage in neighborhood committees, and strengthen urban grassroots Party organization building with sub-districts as the core. It was proposed that grassroots Party organization building in sub-districts and neighborhoods should actively create conditions and gradually realize one Party branch per neighborhood. Emphasis was placed on optimizing the external conditions for sub-district and neighborhood work, holding that sub-district and neighborhood work is essentially social work, and requiring sub-district and neighborhood Party organizations to build a strong contingent of sub-district and neighborhood cadres, so that every cadre becomes a "expert on the district," an "expert on the alley," and a "close confidant" of residents.
Emphasize enhancing the political core function of enterprise Party organizations, and vigorously strengthen Party building in foreign-invested enterprises. Emphasis was placed on organically combining Party building work with economic work, grasping Party building around the economy, promoting the economy through good Party building, and grasping the focal point of "Fortress Project" building in the overall development situation. Expanding the Party organization coverage of foreign-funded enterprises was treated as basic work to be grasped regularly, in detail, and over the long term, achieving "wherever new economic organizations appear, Party organizations are established there."
On the new journey, we must persist in taking the Party's political building as the guide, improve the organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and strong in execution, and build grassroots Party organizations into strong fighting fortresses that effectively realize the Party's leadership. Firmly establish the awareness of one chessboard, and enhance the political function and organizational function of Party organizations; adhere to the clear orientation of vigorously grasping the grassroots level, and further consolidate the basic guarantees at the grassroots level; strengthen the leadership of Party building in grassroots governance, and continuously enhance the Party's appeal, cohesion, and influence in emerging fields.
Treat the building of the Party member contingent as basic work
Party members are the cells of the Party's body, and the Party's governing mission must be accomplished through the outstanding work of the vast number of Party members. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," emphasis was placed on treating the building of the Party member contingent as the basic work of the "Fortress Project," and a series of forward-looking practical explorations were carried out around improving the quality of Party members, giving play to the vanguard and exemplary role, and optimizing the structure of the contingent.
Solidly grasp Party member education and management, and raise the quality of the Party member contingent to a new level. The "Fortress Project" ran through the main line of strengthening Party spirit, setting a theme each year and carrying out education by level and by category, ensuring that Party members' annual education time is no less than 5 days and the education rate reaches over 90%. Strengthen the building of grassroots Party schools, improve the three-level audio-visual education network system at the county, township, and village levels, and realize the diversification and full coverage of Party member education; establish a mechanism of follow-up education and correction within a time limit for unqualified and basically unqualified Party members, ensuring the advanced nature of the Party member contingent.
Deepen practical activities of serving the people, and explore new ways for Party members to play their role. Emphasis was placed on closely linking with the reality of all walks of life, using the activity of "doing practical things for the people, adding glory to the Party" as the carrier, and emphasizing giving play to the role of Party members based on their own posts. In rural areas, the system of "Party member contact households" was improved; in enterprises, the activity of "Party member responsibility zones" was carried out; in government organs, the activity of "learning from Jiao Yulu, being a good public servant of the people" was carried out, etc., promoting the transformation of Party members' advanced nature from abstract requirements into concrete actions, and further strengthening the relationship between the Party and the masses and between cadres and the masses.
Emphasize the combination of striving for excellence and target management, and encourage Party members to play a vanguard and exemplary role. Through deepening the series of activities of "striving for excellence," the activity of "reaching the standard and upgrading" was carried out among Party members throughout the city, promoting Party members to clarify responsibility targets in connection with their posts and strive to be "outstanding Communist Party members." Emphasis was placed on combining target management of Party members with the system of democratic appraisal of Party members, taking the results of year-end assessment as an important basis for democratic appraisal of Party members, forming a closed loop of "target setting—process management—year-end assessment—incentive and constraint." Through commending a number of outstanding Communist Party members and advanced grassroots Party organizations each year, the demonstration and leading role of advanced models was brought into play.
Strictly control the quality threshold for developing Party members, and continuously optimize the structure of the Party member contingent. Emphasis was placed on improving the overall quality of the Party member contingent from the source and doing a good job in developing Party members. In response to problems such as too few Party members on the production front line and the aging of rural Party members, it was required that within 3 years, the proportion of Party members developed on the front line of enterprise and rural production reach 80%, and the proportion of enterprises with Party member work teams rise from 50.3% to 70%. Vigorously improve the system of organization officers, eliminate violations of discipline and regulations in the work of developing Party members, and both optimize the structure of the Party member contingent and hold the bottom line of the quality of Party member development.
On the new journey, we must treat the building of the Party member contingent as the basic project of Party building and promote the overall improvement of the combat effectiveness of Party organizations. Strictly and practically grasp the building of the Party member contingent, and forge a high-quality cadre contingent capable of shouldering the heavy task of national rejuvenation; adhere to the principles of the Party managing cadres and the Party managing talent, and continuously gather outstanding talent; vigorously improve the carriers for Party members to play their role, and guide the vast number of Party members and cadres to take the lead and set an example in Chinese modernization.
Enhance the Party's cohesion and combat effectiveness with excellent work style
The Party's work style is a barometer for observing the relationship between the Party and the masses and between cadres and the masses, and the support or opposition of the people. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," great importance was attached to the Party's work-style building, emphasizing the enhancement of the Party's cohesion and combat effectiveness with excellent work style, and ensuring the implementation of major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and higher levels.
Emphasize that the issue of the Party's work style bears on the survival or demise of the Party, and earnestly grasp Party style education. It was recognized that the issue of the Party's work style not only bears on the image of government organs, but also affects whether the Party's line, principles, and policies can be implemented. Changing the work style and vigorously grasping implementation is not only a matter of working methods, but also an important guiding ideology that involves the overall situation. Through the deployment and implementation of the "Fortress Project," efforts were made to grasp Party style education, effectively solving the problems of detachment from reality and detachment from the masses that existed in Party and government organs.
Emphasize strengthening the unity of leading bodies and strictly implementing democratic centralism. Emphasis was placed on ensuring the unity of leading bodies through the implementation of democratic centralism, emphasizing the strict implementation of democratic centralism, insisting on collective discussion and decision on major issues, and extensively soliciting opinions from all sides. Emphasis was placed on grasping the unity of leading bodies as an issue of overriding importance, emphasizing the strict implementation of the system of democratic life meetings for leading cadres, the system of heart-to-heart talks within leading bodies, etc., and striving to enhance the cohesion of leading bodies.
Earnestly improve the work style of leadership, and attach importance to going down to the grassroots level to solve practical problems. In response to problems such as formalism and bureaucratism, emphasis was placed on strengthening the work-style building of Party organizations in government organs, and "ten oppositions and ten advocacies" was proposed. Vigorously advocate the work style of "do it immediately, work hard and do solid work," require improving work efficiency, do things as soon as they are decided and do them well, emphasize that leaders at all levels going down to the grassroots level is the key to earnestly improving the work style of leadership, and effectively promote the normalization, institutionalization, and scientization of leading cadres going down to the grassroots level to solve difficult problems.
Deepen the "four ten-thousand households" activity and strengthen the Party's ties with the masses. Emphasis was placed on treating the strengthening of ties with the masses as the fundamental task of the ideological and work-style building of leading bodies. Promote the development of the activity of "entering the doors of ten thousand households, knowing the conditions of ten thousand households, resolving the worries of ten thousand households, and handling the affairs of ten thousand households," and improve a series of systems for leading cadres to go down to the grassroots level, handle official business on site, conduct investigation and research, and participate in collective productive labor. Organize leading cadres to go down to the grassroots level to the homes of ordinary people, resolve conflicts and disputes, and eliminate unstable factors in the bud.
On the new journey, we must persist in unswervingly rectifying work style and enforcing discipline, and strive to create a clean and upright political ecology. Highlight grasping the exemplary role of leading cadres, and promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work-style building; unswervingly implement the spirit of the Central Eight-Point Regulation, and continuously deepen the rectification of the "Four Malfeasances"; closely adhere to the key of maintaining the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the masses, and ensure that the Party always breathes the same breath, shares the same fate, and is heart-to-heart with the people.
Strive to explore new paths for the institutional building of grassroots Party building work
The building of institutions within the Party is fundamental, overall, stable, and long-term in nature. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," emphasis was placed on enriching and improving various institutions within the Party, strengthening the building of integrity and diligence and the fight against corruption, and striving to explore new paths for the institutional building of grassroots Party building work.
Emphasize promoting the standardization of various institutions within the Party. Strengthening the institutional building of grassroots Party organizations is an important guarantee for doing grassroots Party building work well. Institutional building should be continuously enriched and improved on the original basis, proceed from reality, adhere to seeking truth from facts, and make various rules and regulations both conform to the spirit of the Party Constitution and norms and be practical and feasible. Promote the improvement of six institutions at the city and county levels, the implementation of eight institutions by grassroots Party committees, and the standardization of twelve institutions by grassroots Party branches, so that grassroots Party building work takes solid steps in institutionalization and standardization.
Emphasize improving the systematic thinking method of the guarantee mechanism for Party building work. Improve the Party building work mechanism with a problem-oriented approach, and attach importance to using Party building to comprehensively solve the practical problems existing in various fields at that time. Emphasize organic connection, linkage integration, and coordination and collaboration, first deploying and implementing in the rural field, then expanding to sub-districts, enterprises, government organs, schools, and other fields. Integrate the Party's ideological building, organizational building, work-style building, anti-corruption and integrity building, and institutional building into one, truly enabling Party building work to establish a set of effective guarantee and supervision institutions.
Emphasize improving the supervision mechanism. Attach importance to strengthening the restriction and supervision of power, organically combining the supervision of Party organizations, the supervision of state power organs, the supervision of the CPPCC, the supervision of the masses, and the supervision by public opinion, forming a strong supervision system. Incorporate mass supervision into the "Fortress Project," promote the implementation of the "two openness and one supervision" system, establish the system of joint reception days for city and county leaders with the masses, the mechanism for complaints about government organ efficiency, etc., and promptly investigate and promptly provide feedback on problems reported by the masses such as cadres' inaction, arbitrary action, and lack of integrity. Include the integrity building of leading bodies and the integrity performance of cadres in the important content of assessment, and promote the formation of a responsibility system for integrity building in which one level grasps one level and implementation is grasped at every level.
On the new journey, we must persist in using strict discipline to govern the whole Party and manage the whole Party, persist in promoting in an integrated manner the deterrence of corruption, the prevention of corruption, and the elimination of the desire for corruption, and continuously improve the level of institutionalization, standardization, and scientization of Party building. Persist in placing institutional building in an important position in Party building, and deeply advance the reform of the Party building system; comprehensively strengthen the Party's discipline building, and improve the supervision system under the unified leadership of the Party, with full coverage and authority and efficiency; strengthen the building of a culture of integrity in the new era, and resolutely fight the tough, protracted, and overall battle against corruption.
(The author is a specially invited researcher of the Fujian Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)
Return to TopBy: 本报评论员 哲思
To govern the country, one must first govern the Party, and to govern the Party, one must be rigorous. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that we must, from the height of matters concerning the Party's long-term governance, the country's enduring peace and stability, and the people's happiness and well-being, treat full and rigorous self-governance of the Party as the Party's long-term strategy and eternal subject, always adhere to a problem-oriented approach, maintain strategic resolve, carry forward the spirit of thorough self-revolution, always sound the charge, and persist for the long term in the rigorous tone, rigorous measures, and rigorous atmosphere, carrying the Party's great self-revolution through to the end. This profoundly elucidates the long-term nature, complexity, and arduousness of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party. Persisting for the long term in the rigorous tone, rigorous measures, and rigorous atmosphere is both a profound summary of the experience in managing and governing the Party since the new era and an inevitable requirement for the Party to forever maintain its vitality and to walk well the new road of catching up with the examination.
"Rigor" is the innate quality with which the Party was born, and the key to full and rigorous self-governance of the Party lies in "rigor." The Party was born amid the violent and terrifying circumstances (血雨腥风, xue yu xing feng - "blood, rain, pungent, wind") of the White Terror, and from the very beginning established strict standards for Party membership and procedures for joining the Party. Important documents such as the Party's first program adopted at the First National Congress and the first Party Constitution adopted at the Second National Congress stipulated requirements concerning political discipline and organizational discipline, laying the distinctive foundation of the Party's long-standing strict discipline and strict management. Since the new era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has incorporated full and rigorous self-governance of the Party into the strategic layout of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy (四个全面), beginning with the formulation and implementation of the Eight-Point Regulation (八项规定) of the Central Committee as the breakthrough, leading the whole Party to enforce rigor in ideology, rigor in supervision, rigor in discipline, rigor in managing officials, rigor in work style, and rigor in anti-corruption, adhering to true management and true rigor, daring management and daring rigor, and sustained management and sustained rigor, curbing some unhealthy tendencies that had long gone unchecked, correcting some deep-seated problems or chronic issues (顽瘴痼疾, wan zhang gu ji - "stubborn, miasma, deep-seated, ailment") that had persisted for many years, achieving historic and pioneering achievements, and producing all-round and deep-reaching effects. Practice has proven that only by insisting on putting rigor first and carrying the requirements of rigor through all aspects and the entire process of Party building can we continuously enhance the Party's ability to purify itself, improve itself, reform itself, and elevate itself.
"Rigor" is the inherent requirement for advancing the great new project of Party building in the new era. As the conditions of the world, the country, and the Party continue to change, the factors affecting rigorous governance of the Party have become more complex, and full and rigorous self-governance of the Party faces many new situations and new problems. At the same time, prominent problems within the Party such as political impurity, ideological impurity, organizational impurity, and work-style impurity have not yet been fundamentally resolved, some already-resolved problems may rebound, and new problems continue to emerge. The "four major tests" and "four dangers" remain complex and severe, and the Party's self-revolution carries a heavy responsibility on a long journey — there must be no thought of stopping or resting. There are also some leading cadres whose understanding of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party is not in place, whose thinking does not adapt, whose actions are not conscious, and who have problems such as weak awareness, lax thinking, feeble execution, and hollowed-out responsibility. Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party cannot be achieving success in a single step (一蹴而就, yi cu er jiu - "one, kick, and, achieve"), still less solving a problem once and for all (一劳永逸, yi lao yong yi - "one, toil, forever, ease"). We must adhere to a problem-oriented approach, keep a close eye on key areas, key links, and prominent problems strongly reflected by the masses, resolutely abandon the thinking of a makeshift or temporary expedient (权宜之计, quan yi zhi ji - "expedient, of, plan, scheme") and one-time measures, resolutely overcome the mood of relaxing, resting, fatigue, and war-weariness, resolutely prevent the erroneous expectation of changing direction, lowering the tone, and altering the tune, make precise and sustained efforts, and never allow unhealthy tendencies to rebound and resurface.
Implementing the political responsibility for managing and governing the Party is the "ox nose" that must be firmly grasped in full and rigorous self-governance of the Party. Leading cadres must resolutely shoulder the responsibility for managing and governing the Party, do a good job of all work on full and rigorous self-governance of the Party with higher standards and more concrete measures, be strict with oneself (严于律己, yan yu lv ji - "strict, towards, self-discipline"), strictly bear their own responsibilities, strictly manage what is under their jurisdiction, transmit pressure layer by layer, grasp Party building work firmly, finely, and thoroughly, and effectively create a rigorous atmosphere and establish a correct ethos. The higher the position and the greater the power of a leading cadre, the more they must have a sense of reverence, firmly establish the concept that "rigor comes first in all matters," manage themselves well, manage their family members and relatives well, manage the people around them and the affairs around them well, consciously inspect and promptly correct problems existing in the exercise of power, integrity, and diligent governance, be a clear-minded and honest person politically, know what to do and what to stop, obey orders and prohibitions, and match words with deeds. Know responsibility in the heart, bear responsibility on the shoulders, and fulfill responsibility in action, always calibrating the concept of power with a sense of responsibility, so as to be responsible for the territory under one's charge and be effective in guarding it. Leading cadres must not only strictly manage themselves, but also strictly manage what is under their jurisdiction, strictly implementing the primary responsibility, supervisory responsibility, responsibility of the first responsible person, and the "one post with dual responsibilities" for managing and governing the Party. They must not act as "Mr. Goody-goody," must not engage in unprincipled unprincipled or superficial harmony (一团和气, yi tuan he qi - "one, mass, harmonious, air"), carry the requirements of rigor through the entire process of cadre education, management, and supervision, manage well the ethos of the fields under their direct and affiliated supervision, and take the lead and fulfill their responsibilities in creating a clean and upright political ecology, forming refreshing comradely relations and well-regulated superior-subordinate relations, adhering to a close and clean government-business relationship, and fostering an upward and good social environment.
Rigor is the requirement, rigor is the norm, rigor is the foundation. From "rigorous governance of the Party" to "full and rigorous self-governance of the Party," and then to "persisting unswervingly in advancing full and rigorous self-governance of the Party," the sobriety and resolve of the Chinese Communists are demonstrated. On the new journey, leading cadres must correct ideological deviations, overcome negative emotions, and discard erroneous understandings, ensuring that the orientation of rigor never deviates, the intensity never diminishes, and the standard never lowers. Persisting for the long term in the rigorous tone, rigorous measures, and rigorous atmosphere, and leading social customs and public mores with a fine Party conduct, we will surely be unafraid of high mountains and long roads, and win the people's hearts, win the initiative, and win the future.
Return to TopImplementing and carrying out the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee is a fundamental requirement for upholding the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership, and is also an important historical experience in the continuous development and progress of the cause of the Party and the people. The Communist Party of China was born for its ideals and fights for its mission. It is precisely under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee that generations of Communists, facing hardships without fear (不畏艰难, bu wei jian nan - "not fear, difficult, hard"), have continued to strive, successfully leading the Chinese people step by step from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society to stand up, become prosperous, and grow strong, opening up the righteous path of socialism with Chinese characteristics on earth.
Return to TopBy: 原磊
Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Developing New Quality Productive Forces," establishing a unified ideological and action benchmark for developing new quality productive forces. Among them, it specifically proposes "increasing the supply of financial innovation products," emphasizing that finance should better serve the development of new quality productive forces. Finance is the lifeblood of the real economy, and serving the real economy is finance's bounden duty. Finance plays a crucial role in developing new quality productive forces. From scientific and technological innovation, incubation of emerging industries, to the layout of future industries, and then to the conversion of old and new growth drivers, all are inseparable from financial support and empowerment. To better leverage the important role of finance in serving new quality productive forces, it is necessary to accurately grasp the new demands that new quality productive forces place on the financial system and to promote the transformation and development of the financial system in a targeted manner.
Demand Characteristics of Developing New Quality Productive Forces for the Financial System
New quality productive forces are an advanced state of productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role, spawned by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, which will bring about the continuous emergence of new industries, new business formats, and new models. For finance, the key to serving new quality productive forces lies in strengthening all-round support for innovation activities and promoting the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Specifically, the financial demands of new quality productive forces exhibit four characteristics.
First, pooling patient capital with long cycles and high risk tolerance to match the characteristics of long-cycle research and development and early-stage losses in scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation has typical "J-curve" characteristics, often requiring sustained high-intensity R&D investment for many years in the early stage, experiencing a long loss period, and only after technology matures and is commercialized can concentrated returns be realized. According to research, the cycle from basic research to large-scale commercial application of a frontier technology is often more than 10 years. To support the development of sci-tech innovation enterprises, there must be large-scale, diversified patient capital that does not take the pursuit of short-term returns as its primary goal, but rather focuses on the long-term development potential and technological innovation of enterprises, and tolerates higher investment risks. By type, patient capital can be roughly divided into equity-type and debt-type. Equity-type patient capital is mainly composed of government guidance funds and industrial strategic investment, suitable for early-stage R&D of sci-tech innovation enterprises; debt-type is mainly composed of policy-based long-term loans and long-term sci-tech innovation bonds, supporting industrialization and implementation. In addition, fund-vehicle-type, through fund-of-funds and industrial funds pooling various long-term funds, can also achieve professional operation.
Second, identifying intangible assets and technological value, and incentivizing enterprises to continuously strengthen long-cycle technological research. The core assets of sci-tech innovation enterprises are intangible assets such as patents, data, algorithms, and talent teams, and their common characteristics are light assets and lack of collateral. Viewed by traditional financial indicators, such enterprises often exhibit "high R&D, high losses, high uncertainty" characteristics, and it is difficult for them to obtain financial support matching their true value under existing credit models. To incentivize enterprises to continuously strengthen long-cycle technological research, it is necessary to conduct reasonable valuation of sci-tech innovation enterprises and form price signals that can reflect patent quality, technological barriers, R&D investment, and technology commercialization potential. Allow enterprises that are not profitable in the short term but continue to iterate technology to still obtain relatively reasonable valuations, guiding capital to make long-term innovation investments. It is necessary to generate a multi-level price information system for the entire life cycle; there cannot be only one yardstick of secondary market stock prices; price information from primary market valuations, public equity markets, and bonds needs to complement each other to form a complete price spectrum.
Third, adapting to the rapid development and widespread application of intelligent technology, and continuously innovating financial service models. Intelligent technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain are profoundly changing the supply methods and reach capabilities of finance. Building user profiles based on big data, strengthening intelligent analysis and decision-making capabilities with artificial intelligence, and using blockchain to build a foundation for multi-party trusted collaboration can expand the boundaries of financial capabilities and promote the precise flow of financial resources to key areas of new quality productive forces. At the same time, the development of new quality productive forces also places urgent demands on the digitalization and intelligence level of finance. Traditional financial systems are mostly built in a decentralized manner, with prominent data silos, insufficient computing power, and slow business iteration, making it difficult to support new financial services such as big data risk control, intelligent business, and blockchain-based trusted collaboration. To better adapt to the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to reconstruct the underlying technology foundation, promote the construction of cloud-native and distributed architectures, open up internal and external data links, consolidate computing power, storage, and security infrastructure, iteratively upgrade core business systems, and embed intelligence into the entire process of credit, payment, risk control, and asset management.
Fourth, scientifically setting up risk-sharing mechanisms and improving governance models that conform to risk laws. Different financial systems achieve risk sharing in different ways. The banking system mainly engages in intertemporal risk sharing, achieving intertemporal smoothing through long-term financing and internal absorption of risks, which is more suitable for large enterprises and mature economies, while the market-led system mainly engages in cross-sectional risk sharing, dispersing risks to a large number of investors through tools such as securitization and derivatives, which is more suitable for innovation-driven economies. In developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary to fully recognize the high-risk nature of innovation activities, scientifically set up risk-sharing mechanisms, and avoid risk mismatch. High risks in the technology R&D and pilot testing stages should mainly be borne by equity-type institutions, reducing the excessive transfer of technology failure risks to commercial banks, while commercial banks should focus on serving sci-tech innovation enterprises that have completed industrialization. At the same time, it is necessary to vigorously develop long-term sci-tech innovation bonds and long-term equity instruments to reduce the maturity mismatch caused by short-term credit matching long-cycle R&D projects.
Taking multiple measures simultaneously (多措并举, duo cuo bing ju - "many, measures, together, lift") to Increase the Supply of Financial Innovation Products
The key to improving the quality and efficiency of finance in serving new quality productive forces is to grasp the demand characteristics that developing new quality productive forces places on the financial system, better leverage finance's functions in fund intermediation, resource allocation, payment and settlement, and risk management, and increase the supply of financial innovation products.
Improve the multi-level investment and financing system and cultivate and strengthen patient capital. In response to the prominent contradiction of early-stage capital shortage for sci-tech innovation enterprises, cultivate patient capital starting from institutional supply. First, optimize the operating mechanism of government guidance funds, implement long-cycle assessment and classified assessment, appropriately increase the tolerance ratio for errors and losses, allow higher risk loss tolerance for individual projects, and avoid situations such as "short-termized behavior" and "disguised equity as debt." Second, cultivate diversified venture capital operating entities, encourage long-term funds such as insurance funds, social security funds, and enterprise annuities to participate in venture capital investment in a compliant manner, and enrich the fundraising sources of venture capital funds. In 2024, the total scale of China's pension funds was approximately 15.7 trillion yuan, still somewhat behind developed countries. With the rapid development of China's pension finance, pension funds can become an important source of patient capital. Third, smooth exit channels, improve the transfer mechanism of the multi-level capital market, enrich diversified exit methods such as M&A exits and S funds, and form a virtuous cycle of "fundraising, investment, management, and exit." Fourth, regulate the development of "investment-loan linkage" and "investment-bond linkage," allowing qualified bank-affiliated investment subsidiaries to form a risk-return sharing mechanism with credit and underwriting businesses.
Optimize the valuation system for sci-tech innovation enterprises, shifting from traditional financial indicators to multi-dimensional dynamic assessment that integrates technology, industry, and life cycle. Valuation of sci-tech innovation enterprises needs to consider multi-dimensional factors, including the enterprise's own competitiveness and its role in the national development overall situation; not only current development performance but also future development potential. From the technology dimension, the focus should be on the quantity and quality of patents, the advancement of technology routes, and the irreplaceability of core technologies. From the dimension of industrial implementation and commercialization, the focus should be on the industrialization of technological achievements, product implementation, downstream customer verification, as well as operating revenue and cash flow. From the dimension of strategic security and industrial chain value, the focus should be on the actual contribution to supporting national strategy, serving self-reliance and strength in science and technology, driving upstream and downstream industrial chains, as well as the actual effectiveness in solving "bottleneck" problems. From the dimension of innovation governance, the focus should be on the enterprise's R&D mechanism, intellectual property management, sustainability of scientific research investment, effectiveness of industry-university-research collaboration, as well as the quality and capability of the R&D and management team. From the risk dimension, the focus should be on identifying technology iteration risks, technology route failure risks, as well as industry competition and market substitutes.
Develop the digital renminbi and build a payment, clearing, and settlement platform compatible with new quality productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces places systematic reconstruction requirements on the payment and clearing system. In terms of scenarios, it requires adapting to the trading of intangible new-type factors such as data, computing power, and intellectual property; in terms of entities, it requires meeting the multi-level account and sub-accounting needs of asset-light sci-tech innovation enterprises and industrial clusters; in terms of timeliness, it requires achieving 7×24-hour, high-concurrency processing and second-level settlement; in terms of control, it requires embedding payment into industrial processes, supporting smart contracts, and achieving verifiable and traceable use of funds; in terms of cross-border, it requires autonomous and controllable local currency clearing. As a legal digital currency, the digital renminbi can achieve real-time clearing and all-weather operation, possesses programmability and smart contract capabilities, and also has autonomous and controllable underlying infrastructure, which can ensure the payment security of industrial and supply chains, and therefore can become an important platform for serving new quality productive forces. As the digital renminbi enters the 2.0 era, new measurement frameworks, management systems, operating mechanisms, and ecosystem are formally implemented, and the integration of deposits, payment, and settlement is further strengthened, effectively enhancing the ability to serve new quality productive forces. To this end, it is necessary to reduce application conversion costs, strengthen the standardization of smart contracts, expand application scenarios, strengthen the construction of the multi-central bank digital currency bridge, and improve legal and regulatory systems, creating better conditions for the widespread application of the digital renminbi.
Establish a dynamic risk monitoring system and strengthen full-cycle risk management. Innovation activities themselves are inherently high-risk; the failure of one technology route may trigger a chain reaction of valuation collapse and credit default, and relying solely on traditional ex-post risk disposal and collateral liquidation is difficult to be effective, and may even intensify the self-reinforcement of risk during market panic. To this end, it is necessary to establish a dynamic risk monitoring system covering leading indicators such as enterprise R&D progress, test results, and order changes, embed risk management into the entire life cycle of projects, and achieve early identification, early warning, early exposure, and early disposal. Develop mechanisms such as investment-loan linkage, bank-insurance cooperation, and risk-sharing funds, and smooth the impact of single project failures on the financial system through asset portfolio diversification and risk sharing. Implement differentiated risk management strategies for enterprises and projects at different stages of technological maturity, preventing both harming high-quality enterprises in critical R&D stages due to excessive tightening, and preventing blind following trends and rushing headlong into action that forms new overcapacity and asset bubbles.
(The author is the Party Secretary of the Institute of Finance and Banking, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 王钺
The platform economy is a highly dynamic economic form in the digital era. The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan explicitly states the need to "promote the innovative and healthy development of the platform economy, strengthen the regulation of platform enterprises' data, algorithms, traffic, and rules, and promote win-win development among platform enterprises, operators on the platforms, and workers." In July this year, a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee emphasized the need to promote the standardized and healthy development of the platform economy. This series of top-level designs and strategic arrangements has charted the course for elevating the development capacity of the platform economy and improving the platform governance system.
In recent years, the platform economy has shown a trend of rapid development. Data show that China has remained the world's largest online retail market for 13 consecutive years, with online retail sales of physical goods nationwide growing by 5.2% in 2025, contributing 36.2% to the growth of total retail sales of consumer goods. The number of workers in new forms of employment has reached 84 million, accounting for 21% of the total workforce, and this number continues to grow. Relying on network effects and scale advantages, the platform economy has played an important role in expanding consumption space, reducing transaction costs, absorbing flexible employment, and empowering small and medium-sized business entities.
However, it is worth noting that while the platform economy demonstrates enormous development potential, it also faces a series of new challenges in terms of governance standards and platform ecosystems. As the traffic dividend gradually narrows, the market has shifted from incremental expansion to stock competition, and the platform economy has consequently shown problems such as "involution" in competition and a governance system lagging behind the development of new business forms. For example, some platform enterprises rely excessively on "involution-style" means such as subsidies and concessions to compete for existing users, rather than creating incremental value through technological innovation. Under such competitive conditions, merchants are forced into a sustained low-price game, making it difficult for them to attend to product upgrades and quality improvement. Moreover, this "involution-style" competition can also transmit upstream and downstream along the industrial chain, causing a decline in the overall willingness of the industry to innovate, distorting resource allocation, and dampening the confidence of all platform entities in development. In addition, the benefit distribution mechanism within the platform ecosystem is not yet sound, and small and medium-sized operators and workers in new forms of employment lack sufficient voice within the ecosystem. At the same time, some platforms focus their development efforts on competing for existing users and fail to collaborate with ecosystem partners to create incremental value together, which to a certain extent weakens the endogenous driving force of the platform economy in empowering the real economy.
Facing the new situation and new challenges, to accelerate the promotion of the standardized and healthy development of the platform economy, it is necessary to grasp the dynamic balance between standardized governance and quality-enhancing development, coordinate efforts from multiple dimensions, guide the development focus of the platform economy toward value co-creation, and build a new pattern of platform economic development that is fair, orderly, and full of vitality.
Improve the routine supervision system for platforms and maintain a fair and orderly market order. On the one hand, build a sensitive and efficient pre-risk prevention and control system. Targeting prominent risks such as monopoly and unfair competition, establish routine risk assessment and evaluation models, conduct dynamic monitoring and early warning of platform business activities, data flows, and market competition dynamics, and enhance the targeted and forward-looking nature of supervision. Continue to improve the legal system in the platform economy field, clearly define the primary responsibility of platform enterprises in areas such as market competition, data management, and rights protection, and strengthen compliance review of key links including market access, data collection, and algorithm application. Strengthen the professional standardization support for the platform economy, accelerate the filling of gaps in standard supply in areas such as platform compliance, service safety, and product quality, guide platforms to establish internal compliance control systems, smooth the channels for consumers and workers to file rights-protection complaints, and build a governance pattern in which "the government clarifies rules, platforms fulfill their primary responsibility, and society participates in supervision through multiple channels." On the other hand, advance the construction of penetrating supervision supported by digital technology. Use digital tools such as big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain to build a supervision system that spans departments, levels, and regions. Relying on in-depth analysis of multi-source data such as transaction records, user behavior, and algorithm operation, accurately identify hidden violations such as abnormal transactions, improper data use, and unfair algorithms. For new business forms of intelligent applications, actively explore new supervision models such as "trigger-based supervision" and "sandbox supervision," enhance risk identification capabilities through digital supervision means, and achieve the goal of inclusive and prudent supervision through smart supervision.
Guide platforms to empower the real economy and consolidate the foundation for cultivating new quality productive forces. First, promote the sinking and release of platforms' digital capabilities to the industrial end. Relying on digital technologies such as large models and artificial intelligence, enhance platforms' ability to deliver digital services to real industries such as manufacturing and services, provide computing power call services on demand, and develop platform algorithm solutions adapted to industrial scenarios. Second, guide platforms to adjust the direction of resource investment, reduce competition for existing consumer-side traffic, invest more resources in digital transformation of industries, and transform platforms' digital advantages into momentum for industrial upgrading. Third, open up the linkage channel between the consumer internet and the industrial internet. Support platforms in building digital service systems for industrial scenarios, promote the shift of platforms from traffic operation to industrial value creation, cultivate new business forms of digital-real integration, and in this process, provide supporting incentive mechanisms, stabilize platforms' long-term operational expectations, guide platforms and real enterprises to grow together, and rely on digital-real integration to support high-quality development.
Coordinate platform development with security management and build a solid bottom line for security protection in the digital field. On the one hand, improve the full-chain data security control system for platforms. Consolidate platforms' primary responsibility for data security, standardize the management of each link of data collection, storage, and flow, improve internal risk prevention and control systems, strengthen the assessment of algorithm security and reliability, effectively hedge against the systemic security risks brought by the concentration of massive data and intelligent algorithms, and strictly prevent security incidents such as data leakage and data tampering. On the other hand, build a digital risk early warning and dynamic response system. Improve the routine supervision and assessment mechanism for new platform business forms, continuously track and assess potential network and data risks derived from new business forms such as AI agents and digital human livestreaming, clarify the security bottom line and boundaries between business innovation exploration and digital security control, ensure that innovation has boundaries and security has red lines, and guarantee the sustained and stable operation of the platform economy on a safe and controllable track.
Build a benign symbiotic ecosystem for platforms and promote win-win collaboration among multiple entities. Promote the formation of a benign business ecosystem in which platforms and operators are advancing together through mutual promotion (互促共进, hu chu gong jin - "mutually promote, together advance"). Guide platforms to build lightweight business empowerment systems for merchants on their platforms, provide operational support for small and medium-sized merchants, help merchants reduce online operating costs, support merchants in deepening product quality, and create differentiated supply. Encourage platforms to build communication and collaboration channels for merchants, promote the sharing of operational experience, support small and medium-sized operators in stable operation and sustained growth, and consolidate the industrial foundation of the platform ecosystem. Improve the mechanisms for workers' consultation, co-governance, and rights protection within the ecosystem. Establish a pre-hearing system for major algorithm adjustments affecting workers' rights, whereby any algorithm iteration involving labor intensity, rest guarantees, or compensation rules must undergo hearing and assessment organized jointly with trade unions and worker representatives, and may only be implemented and launched after the assessment is passed. Embed the results of collective consultation into platforms' employment rules, grant trade unions and worker representatives the authority to verify key parameters of employment algorithms, prevent platforms from unilaterally and arbitrarily adjusting them, build a solid protective barrier for workers' rights, and create a sound ecosystem in which "platforms make money, merchants profit, and workers win," providing ecological support for the standardized and healthy development of the platform economy.
Return to TopBy: 张云明
Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The General Office of the Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Higher Education Institutions by Category, which clearly proposes building a supporting force that serves the nation's major strategies. As the convergence point of education, science and technology, and talent, high-level research universities are the vanguard of higher education and bear the important mission of enhancing the overall efficacy of the national innovation system and supporting the building of a strong nation. Anchored in this mission, high-level research universities should firmly grasp the political, people-centered, and strategic attributes of education, deeply understand the important significance of becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies, accurately grasp the inherent characteristics, actively explore practical pathways, and answer well the question of the times: "In building a strong nation, what should universities do?"
Deeply Understanding the Important Significance of Becoming a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
The construction and development of high-level research universities embody the far-reaching political considerations of the Party Central Committee, reflect firm national will, and carry ardent national expectations. Their educational process has always resonated with national strategic goals and strategic tasks. Becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies is an objective necessity for building a strong education nation, a strong science and technology nation, and a strong talent nation.
An inevitable requirement for achieving high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Scientific and technological innovation is an inexhaustible driving force for the progress of human civilization. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is profoundly changing the way humanity produces and lives and the pattern of world development, and scientific and technological strength and innovation capability are increasingly becoming the core competitiveness of a country." For China to become strong and rejuvenated, it must vigorously develop science and technology. Practice has repeatedly told us that key and core technologies cannot be obtained by asking, buying, or begging. Only by mastering key and core technologies in our own hands can we fundamentally safeguard national economic security, national defense security, and other security. High-level research universities, with their complete scientific research platforms, concentrated high-end talent, and prominent advantages in comprehensive disciplines, are the main force of basic research and the birthplace of major scientific and technological breakthroughs. They are an important component of the national strategic scientific and technological strength and the national innovation system. The quality and efficacy of their scientific and technological innovation bear on the independent, secure, and controllable nature of key and core technologies, on the driving force for the development of major national equipment, and on the nation's initiative in development, the dominance in strategic games, and the winning power in future competition.
An inherent requirement for advancing the independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talent. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Cultivating talent is a major plan for the long-term development of the country and the nation. In today's world, competition for talent is first and foremost competition in talent cultivation." China is a large country, and its demand for the quantity, quality, and structure of talent is all-encompassing. Meeting such a huge talent demand must rely mainly on self-cultivation and improving the ability to independently and controllably supply talent. The Outline of the Plan for Building a Strong Education Nation (2024–2035) clearly sets "comprehensively improving the quality of independent talent cultivation and continuously producing top-notch innovative talent" as an important phased goal of building a strong education nation. The 15th Five-Year Plan clearly sets "collaboratively advancing the cultivation of innovative talent" as a key task, continuously enhancing China's talent competitiveness and consolidating the foundation of national strategic talent strength. High-level research universities, with their integrated undergraduate-master's-doctoral cultivation systems, well-structured faculty teams, and rich resources for integrating science and education, are the main front for cultivating top-notch innovative talent and the talent reservoir for serving the nation's major strategies. They bear important responsibility in comprehensively improving the efficacy of cultivating top-notch innovative talent and accelerating the building of a world important talent center and innovation highland.
The inevitable path to running world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Throughout history, at home and abroad, every country cultivates people according to its own political requirements, and world-class universities have all grown up in the course of serving their own country's development." The "Double First-Class" initiative is a major strategic decision made by the Party and the state from the height of serving the "two overall situations." From the top-level design, it clearly takes serving national strategic needs as the key evaluation orientation, promoting universities to integrate their educational mission and tasks into the great practice of building a strong nation. The key to building world-class universities rooted in Chinese soil lies in adhering to mission-driven development and serving national development. High-level research universities are the first echelon of higher education and an important force in building a strong education nation. They carry the important mission of cultivating first-class talent, producing first-class achievements, and serving national development. The degree of alignment between their development path and national strategic needs directly affects the effectiveness of building world-class universities with Chinese characteristics.
Accurately Grasping the Inherent Characteristics of a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
Becoming a supporting force for the nation's major strategies is a systematic leap in the core competitiveness of high-level research universities. Benchmarking against what national strategies require, where scientific and technological competition is heading, and where higher education development is oriented, high-level research universities present more distinctive characteristics in the three dimensions of scientific and technological innovation, talent cultivation, and discipline construction.
Talent cultivation places greater emphasis on competency orientation. Driven by multiple factors such as the accelerated iteration of knowledge and the development of artificial intelligence, the threshold for accessing knowledge has been greatly lowered, and the ways of accessing it have become more diverse, placing higher demands on the cultivation of top-notch innovative talent. In terms of cultivation philosophy, emphasis is placed on "learning-centered" education, requiring not only the learning of professional knowledge but also the learning of methodologies for acquiring knowledge, cultivating critical thinking and innovative exploration abilities, promoting the organic unity of the learning process, depth of understanding, and practical application ability, and laying a solid foundation for lifelong learning and future development. In terms of cultivation methods, artificial intelligence has broken the traditional "teacher-student" binary teaching structure, giving rise to a "teacher-machine-student" ternary collaborative education paradigm, reshaping cultivation methods and the form of education and teaching. The logic of education has deeply transformed from one-way knowledge indoctrination to the cultivation of innovation capability, activating students' higher-order thinking and innovative potential for autonomous knowledge construction. In terms of cultivation scenarios, emphasis is placed on the integration of science and education and the integration of industry and education. Key laboratories, major scientific and technological facilities, and model development sites have become important arenas for practical education. Real technical problems are deeply integrated into cultivation content, shifting from "emphasizing learning over doing" to "learning while doing." "Using in cultivation, cultivating in use" has become a new path for cultivating top-notch innovative talent.
Discipline construction places greater emphasis on serving the national mission. The traction role of national strategies is increasingly prominent, and the discipline construction of high-level research universities must resonate with national development. In terms of discipline setting, the concept of "goal traction, demand traction, and problem traction" is established, no longer focusing on whether disciplines exist in the catalog, shifting from focusing on the development of disciplines themselves to serving national strategies and development needs. In terms of discipline construction models, the transformation from scale expansion to quality improvement is evident. The homogeneous development path of "large and comprehensive" is gradually fading, and the development orientation of "specialized and refined" is more prominent. There is no longer a pursuit of the size of categories and breadth of coverage, and the allocation of discipline resources is more concentrated on advantageous directions and fields urgently needed by national strategies. In terms of discipline organizational forms, the prominent feature is "cross-disciplinary integration." This is not only due to the inherent laws of the evolution of knowledge production paradigms and the iteration of scientific and technological innovation, but also stems from the traction of national strategic needs and the empowerment and support of policy systems. Discipline barriers are constantly being broken, and growth points for emerging cross-disciplinary disciplines are constantly emerging, cultivating new disciplinary momentum for original innovation breakthroughs and tackling key core technologies.
Scientific and technological innovation places greater emphasis on basic research. Basic research is the original source of scientific and technological innovation. Relying on basic research to carry out scientific and technological tackling is a distinctive feature of high-level research universities becoming a major national strategic supporting force. In terms of research orientation, basic research has transcended the traditional stage of pure theoretical exploration and transformed into a "two-way drive" and "two-way promotion" of free exploration and demand traction. The orientation of condensing major scientific and technological problems based on national strategic needs is increasingly prominent, and the fit between scientific and technological tackling and national strategies is continuously improving. In terms of organizational models, the characteristics of cross-disciplinarity, large-scale collaboration, and systematic integration in basic research are increasingly distinct. The traditional model of fighting battles alone is difficult to solve complex scientific problems, requiring the continuous improvement of scientific research collaboration mechanisms and the continuous optimization of resource allocation methods supporting cross-disciplinary research. In terms of intelligent empowerment, artificial intelligence is profoundly changing the value creation concepts and knowledge production methods of basic research, accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological innovation paradigms, and promoting the leap of scientific research from traditional empirical trial-and-error to intelligent-driven precise exploration, opening up entirely new paths for solving major scientific problems and catalyzing disruptive innovation.
Actively Exploring Practical Pathways for Building a Supporting Force for the Nation's Major Strategies
High-level research universities should strengthen their "national team" awareness, bravely shoulder the "national team" mission, look at education beyond education, look at education from the overall situation, and look at education with a long-term perspective. They should closely follow the needs of building a strong nation and a strong military, seek truth from facts and be pragmatic, work hard and do solid work, solidly promote the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent, strive to cultivate first-class talent, create first-class achievements, and make first-class contributions, and become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies.
Improve the education system and enhance the quality and efficacy of talent cultivation. Implement the new era project of fostering virtue and cultivating people, coordinate the promotion of reforms in education methods, management models, and guarantee mechanisms, and accelerate the improvement of the level and quality of independent talent cultivation. Unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to forge souls and educate people, strengthen patriotic education in the new era, inherit the red gene and continue the red bloodline, strengthen ideological guidance, growth services, and practical tempering, guide students to be grateful to the Party, listen to the Party, and follow the Party, to set great aspirations, step onto the big stage, enter the main battlefield, and undertake great undertakings, and strive to write a new answer sheet of education in which talent emerges in abundance and serves the country with achievements. Continuously optimize and improve the talent cultivation model, design cultivation systems oriented toward national strategic needs, construct cultivation plans with clear orientation that break down professional barriers and adopt a cross-disciplinary system, deepen the reform of integrated undergraduate-master's-doctoral cultivation, strengthen special talent cultivation zones such as top-notch and characteristic classes, deepen the empowerment of education and teaching by artificial intelligence, create curriculum resources such as high-quality courses and high-quality textbooks, and continuously enhance the ability to cultivate top-notch innovative talent. Focus on strengthening the cultivation of outstanding engineers, deeply advance the construction of outstanding engineer academies, continuously deepen the reform of cultivating engineering master's and doctoral students, improve the organizational model of industry-education integration, build a strong community for cultivating outstanding engineers based on "dual-qualified teachers + project-driven" approaches, construct a dual evaluation driving mechanism of "high-quality degree theses + high-quality practical achievements," guide students to tackle key problems on the front lines of major projects, major tasks, and major models, and produce landmark scientific and technological achievements on major national equipment.
Optimize the discipline layout and build a first-class discipline ecosystem. Focus on the frontiers of science and technology and major national strategic needs, continuously optimize structure, strengthen cross-disciplinarity, and build peaks. Based on national strategies, make forward-looking arrangements for disciplines urgently needed by strategic emerging industries and future industries, systematically arrange for disciplines urgently needed by the nation such as unmanned countermeasures, quantum technology, brain-computer interfaces, embodied intelligence, and industrial intelligent software, increase the incubation of emerging and cross-disciplinary disciplines, increase support for basic disciplines in the action to cultivate first-class disciplines, and improve the match with national strategic needs and scientific and technological development. Based on the university's historical foundation, resource endowment, and regional positioning, focus on frontier scientific and technological innovation, integrate high-quality resources, build a number of distinctive discipline clusters with high recognition, strong competitiveness, and precise services, and shape the core advantages of distinctive disciplines. Promote the iterative updating of discipline connotations, adhere to both inheritance and innovation, promote the advancement and upgrading of traditional disciplines with the times, and continuously consolidate the core competitiveness of disciplines. Continuously improve the discipline adjustment mechanism with rapid response, effective adaptation, and forward-looking layout, scientifically formulate evaluation standards for discipline "merger, adjustment, and cancellation," regularly adjust disciplines with low fit to national strategic needs and slow development, and promote the continuous optimization of the discipline structure.
Gather strength for scientific research tackling and enhance the supply of scientific and technological innovation. Adhere to the strategic orientation of the "four orientations," coordinate and strengthen tackling of key core technologies, enhance scientific and technological strength and innovation capability, and promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Strengthen basic research, starting from the nation's urgent needs and long-term needs, focus on laying out frontier basic research directions in strategic fields such as deep space, deep sea, and deep earth, focus on laying out frontier basic directions closely related to mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, etc., strengthen the layout of frontier cross-disciplinary research directions in the integrated development of artificial intelligence with materials manufacturing, electronic information, network security, etc., and promote original innovation and tackling of key core technologies in an integrated manner. Deeply carry out research on basic scientific problems of major projects "from 1 to 0," focus on condensing scientific propositions from bottlenecks in major equipment and extracting theoretical problems from major national defense models, and cultivate applied basic research achievements that lead the industry. Focus on the most frontier, most cutting-edge, and most urgently needed fields, strengthen the integrated construction of projects, platforms, and teams, use major projects as traction, link with research institutes and leading industry enterprises to form joint tackling consortia, integrate innovation resources, gather tackling strength, and overcome "bottleneck" technical problems. Accelerate the empowerment of artificial intelligence, upgrade basic research platforms and scientific and technological infrastructure, strengthen the supply of innovation factors such as data and tools, promote the deep application of artificial intelligence in scientific discovery, mechanism revelation, experiment optimization, and engineering verification, and enhance the originality of scientific research and strategic contribution. Adhere to the traction of industrial demand, explore the model of "government support, university-local co-construction, industry-university-research linkage," promote the construction of university science parks, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements from the one-way "self-rotation" of universities to the collaborative "co-rotation" of industry, university, and research. Continuously deepen the "three reforms," smooth the chain of scientific and technological achievement transformation, strive to transform the "key variables" in the laboratory into the "maximum increment" on the industrial front line, improve the efficacy of scientific and technological achievement transformation, help develop new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness, and serve the promotion of a new type of industrialization.
Improve systems and mechanisms and enhance support and guarantee capabilities. Adhere to systematic thinking to coordinate and improve systems and mechanisms, take evaluation reform as the traction, resource allocation as the starting point, and institutional supply as the guarantee, and stimulate the endogenous motivation to serve national strategies. Classify and improve the evaluation system, firmly establish the value orientation of serving national strategies, adhere to innovation value, capability, and contribution as the yardstick, break the tendency of "only papers, only titles, only degrees, only awards," let all educational vitality compete to emerge, and let all sources of creation compete to flow. Optimize resource allocation, coordinate various scientific and educational resources of universities, research institutes, and industry enterprises, dynamically adjust resource investment directions and allocation methods, promote the tilt of resources toward the cultivation of top-notch innovative talent, original innovation breakthroughs, tackling of major tasks, and the construction of advantageous disciplines, and gather the overall synergy of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. Strengthen policy linkage, coordinate the institutional construction of discipline construction, talent cultivation, scientific research innovation, assessment and evaluation, and resource allocation, form an interconnected and coordinated institutional system, continuously release institutional efficacy, and provide solid guarantees for high-level research universities to become a supporting force for the nation's major strategies.
(The author is the Secretary of the Party Committee of Northwestern Polytechnical University)
Return to TopBy: 黄晗
In the rich exploration of grassroots democracy in our country, village rules and civil agreements (村规民约) are a representative practice with tradition, distinctive features, and proven effectiveness. As the institutionalized embodiment of villagers' self-governance, village rules and civil agreements originate from the actual needs of villagers, take root in the daily life of the countryside, and have played an important role in regulating village customs and folkways and maintaining rural order. Recently, the Central Social Work Department and the Central Spiritual Civilization Development Office jointly issued the "Work Plan for Revising and Formulating Village Rules and Civil Agreements (Resident Agreements)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), making systematic arrangements for revising and formulating village rules and civil agreements and providing clear guidance for localities to advance the building of village rules and civil agreements.
Village rules and civil agreements are codes of conduct formulated by villagers through democratic consultation procedures for self-management, self-service, self-education, and self-supervision, and are an important practical vehicle for grassroots democracy. First, the process of formulating and revising village rules and civil agreements is a practical process of grassroots democracy. The formulation or revision of village rules and civil agreements should generally go through steps such as soliciting public opinion, drafting a proposal, submitting for review, deliberation and voting, and filing for the record, among which the steps of soliciting public opinion, drafting a proposal, and deliberation and voting all require organizing the masses to engage in extensive consultation and full discussion. This process embodies the direct participation characteristic of grassroots democracy, as villagers fully exercise their democratic rights and gradually develop recognition of the rules. Second, the content of village rules and civil agreements is broad, covering aspects such as regulating daily behavior, maintaining public order, safeguarding the rights and interests of the masses, mediating disputes among the masses, and guiding folk customs and social mores, expressed in language familiar to villagers, focusing on problems that urgently need to be solved locally, and closely related to the vital interests of villagers, which can effectively stimulate villagers' enthusiasm and initiative to participate in grassroots democracy. Third, the implementation of village rules and civil agreements provides a concrete handle for grassroots democratic supervision. Village rules and civil agreements often contain binding provisions on the management of public affairs, the performance of duties by village cadres, and mutual supervision among villagers. Villagers can supervise the implementation of public affairs and the performance of duties by village cadres in accordance with the rules, and can also remind and urge each other in accordance with the rules, promoting the implementation of the rules' content.
In recent years, our country has further increased its emphasis on the institutionalized building of village rules and civil agreements. From top-level design to local practice, the standardization and effectiveness-oriented building of village rules and civil agreements has clearly accelerated, and their value in the building of grassroots democracy has become increasingly evident. The No. 1 Central Document of 2025 requires advancing the transformation of rural customs and habits, emphasizing the improvement of binding norms and advocacy-oriented standards. The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan proposes giving play to the role of resident agreements, village rules and civil agreements, and other mechanisms to advance the transformation of customs and habits. This Plan emphasizes adhering to the village (resident) assembly as the main body of the revision and formulation work, strictly implementing the work requirements of each step such as soliciting public opinion, drafting a proposal, submitting for review, deliberation and voting, and filing for the record, and maximizing the concentration of the masses' opinions and the reflection of the masses' will. At the same time, localities have actively explored in the practice of formulating and implementing village rules and civil agreements, and many innovative practices have emerged. For example, some localities, focusing on the observance and implementation of village rules and civil agreements, have quantified villagers' daily behavior into specific indicators and mobilized the masses' enthusiasm for participation through point-based incentives and other means; some localities have written the requirements for transforming customs and habits into village rules and civil agreements, and simultaneously established supporting systems such as the routine operation of red-and-white affair councils and the commitment and fulfillment of pledges by Party members and cadres, enhancing the operational effectiveness of village rules and civil agreements, and making their achievements in safeguarding villagers' democratic rights, cultivating habits of democratic participation, and improving the effectiveness of grassroots governance more prominent.
Practice shows that for village rules and civil agreements to play their role, it depends both on the quality of the rules themselves and on the institutional environment and work foundation in which they operate. To further stimulate the function of this institution in grassroots democracy, sustained efforts need to be made in the following aspects.
Standardize the rule-making procedures and consolidate the foundation for participation in grassroots democracy.
Only rules formulated with the full participation of villagers can gain genuine recognition and willingness to comply. In this sense, the degree of procedural standardization directly affects the implementation effect of village rules and civil agreements. According to the "Guiding Opinions on Doing a Good Job in Village Rules and Civil Agreements and Resident Agreements," when formulating or revising village rules and civil agreements, the step of soliciting public opinion requires extensively soliciting the opinions of the masses and identifying the content that needs to be regulated and the problems that need to be solved; the step of drafting a proposal requires organizing the masses to engage in extensive consultation on the identified problems and matters, and drafting the village rules and civil agreements proposal based on the opinions of the masses; the step of deliberation and voting requires submitting the deliberation draft to the villagers' assembly for deliberation and discussion, and after revising and improving it based on the discussion opinions, submitting it to the assembly for voting and approval. On this basis, the Plan further emphasizes giving full play to the leadership role of village (community) Party organizations and actively guiding grassroots masses to participate in the revision and formulation work in accordance with the law and in an orderly manner. At present, in some localities, problems of non-standard procedures and insufficient villager participation still exist in the formulation of village rules and civil agreements, and the mass foundation of the rules still needs to be further consolidated. To implement the requirements of the Plan, it is necessary to build a more complete democratic procedure, extensively listen to the opinions of the masses at each step, sort out the problems that the masses strongly reflect and frequently encounter in daily life, and truly let the masses "propose, discuss, revise, and decide for themselves," ensuring that the rules truly reflect the will of village members. At the same time, legal review should be strengthened, and in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations such as the Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees of the People's Republic of China, prevent village rules and civil agreements from containing content that infringes upon villagers' personal rights, democratic rights, and lawful property rights.
Focus on being pragmatic and effective, and enhance the pertinence of village rules and civil agreements.
Village rules and civil agreements are formed in long-term common life, can promptly reflect local realities, play a regulatory role in areas where laws and regulations are inconvenient to intervene or do not cover, and have the advantage of being flexible and controllable. Their content should originate from the actual needs of villagers and serve the daily governance of the village. At present, the content of village rules and civil agreements in some localities suffers from homogenization, and the phenomenon of copying legal provisions or policy documents is still relatively common, lacking local characteristics and pertinence. The Plan proposes that "through solidly carrying out the revision and formulation work, form village rules and civil agreements (resident agreements) with clear orientation, new content, flexible forms, and practical utility, and give full play to their important role in regulating the words and deeds of the masses, promoting public order and good customs, and advocating a new civilized atmosphere." To implement this requirement, village rules and civil agreements should focus on fields such as social customs and moral standards, especially refining requirements such as practicing the core socialist values, establishing correct views on marriage, childbearing, and family, and actively participating in volunteer services into specific and operable binding and incentive measures. In terms of content, provisions that are pragmatic and operable should be formulated based on the need to truly solve the actual problems of the village, avoiding the copying of legal provisions or policy documents. At the same time, a routine revision mechanism should be established, channels for villagers to propose amendments should be kept open, and the content of the rules should be adjusted regularly to ensure that village rules and civil agreements always reflect the most realistic and urgent problems of the village.
Refine governance units and expand the scope of action of village rules and civil agreements.
At present, with the acceleration of rural population mobility, carrying out villagers' self-governance with administrative villages as the unit faces some new situations and problems. For village rules and civil agreements to truly play their role, it is necessary to combine with the actual conditions of the village and promote implementation within the scope close to the production and life of the masses. Specifically, progress can be made at three levels. First, in terms of unit setting, according to actual needs, natural villages, villagers' groups, courtyard areas, or functional units formed around a specific public affair can be taken as the scope, and distinctive rules applicable to that scope can be formulated. Second, in terms of the form of the rules, a "1+N" model can be explored, that is, while formulating general rules covering the whole village, several special rules can be formulated for specific problems or specific areas, so that the rule system has both unity and pertinence. Third, in terms of the operational mechanism, relying on the advantage of close ties among villagers within units such as natural villages and villagers' groups, a routine mechanism for deliberation and consultation should be established, allowing villagers to directly participate in the discussion and decision-making of public affairs around them, enhancing their awareness of democratic participation in concrete and perceptible public affairs, and gradually forming a good atmosphere of jointly observing village rules and civil agreements and mutually urging implementation.
Strengthen supervision and evaluation, and promote the implementation of village rules and civil agreements.
Villagers supervising the implementation of village rules and civil agreements through channels such as village affairs supervision committees is both a concrete manifestation of exercising democratic rights and helpful in promoting the true implementation of the rules' content. The Plan requires promoting county-level Party committees and governments to take the revision and formulation of village rules and civil agreements as an important measure for strengthening Party building-led grassroots governance, guiding townships (subdistricts) to strictly fulfill responsibilities such as filing for the record and supervision and inspection, and promoting village (resident) affairs supervision committees to strengthen supervision over the observance and implementation of the rules. To implement this requirement, measures such as list-based management of consultation matters, clarification of responsible subjects and completion deadlines, supporting follow-up supervision and handling, and mass evaluation need to be established. Among these, mass evaluation is an important way for villagers to participate in supervision. Villagers evaluate the implementation of the rules and offer opinions on places where implementation is not in place, which can promote the continuous improvement of village rules and civil agreements in the course of implementation. Through routine supervision and evaluation, villagers continuously enhance their awareness of democratic supervision through participation, and village rules and civil agreements can truly become codes of conduct that villagers jointly observe, jointly maintain, and find effective and useful.
By: 杨天娲
The punitive damages system for intellectual property refers to a system in which, for conduct that intentionally infringes upon the intellectual property rights lawfully enjoyed by others and is of serious circumstances, the amount of damages is determined at a statutory multiple on the basis of the compensation calculation base determined in accordance with law. In July this year, the State Council issued the "15th Five-Year Plan" for Intellectual Property Protection and Utilization, proposing to "continuously improve the punitive damages system for intellectual property infringement and punish conduct that seriously infringes intellectual property rights in accordance with law"; in October this year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Developing New Quality Productive Forces," which, in arranging the improvement of the market regulation system, clearly states "establish an efficient comprehensive intellectual property management system and improve the punitive damages system." Compared with compensatory damages, whose main purpose is to fill losses, punitive damages not only restore the rights and interests of victims but also raise the cost of illegal conduct for intentional and serious infringement, making infringers pay a heavier price and highlighting the law's functions of punishment and deterrence. Applying and continuously improving this system in accordance with law helps enhance the effectiveness of rights relief, ensures that innovation achievements receive due protection, and effectively safeguards the fair competitive market order.
The institutional value of punitive damages can be grasped from the following two aspects. On the one hand, traditional civil compensation takes filling damages as its principle, aiming to restore the property status of the right holder to the state before the infringement occurred. However, intellectual property is intangible, infringement conduct is highly concealed, spreads quickly, and losses are difficult to prove, and right holders must also invest considerable costs in enforcing their rights; relying entirely on compensatory damages often makes it difficult to achieve full relief, and there objectively exists an imbalance of interests in which "the cost of infringement is low while the cost of rights enforcement is high." Punitive damages legally aggravate liability on top of filling damages, correcting the "inverted" relationship between infringement gains and infringement liability, which helps achieve substantive fairness. On the other hand, by significantly raising the expected cost of infringement, punitive damages make it making no profit from an action (无利可图, wu li ke tu - "no, profit, can, obtain") for those actors who attempt to replace prior licensing with ex post compensation, guiding business entities to obtain technology, brands, and content resources through legitimate means such as licensing negotiations and cooperative R&D, and promoting the efficient allocation of innovation factors through market transactions on the track of the rule of law.
In China's intellectual property field, the earliest establishment of the punitive damages system was the 2013 Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Trademark Law"), whose Article 63 stipulates: "For malicious infringement of the exclusive right to use a trademark, where the circumstances are serious, the amount of compensation may be determined at one to three times the amount determined according to the methods above." The 2019 amendment to the Trademark Law raised the calculation multiple for compensation for malicious infringement of the exclusive right to use a trademark from one to three times to one to five times. In addition, the Patent Law of the People's Republic of China, the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law of the People's Republic of China were amended to respectively make specific provisions on punitive damages in the fields of patent rights, copyright, and trade secrets, and the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China also formally established the basis for applying punitive damages to conduct infringing intellectual property rights, with a rule system covering the main types of intellectual property basically taking shape. In judicial practice, the applicable rules for punitive damages for intellectual property have been continuously refined, and the effectiveness of the system's implementation has gradually become apparent. Data published by the Supreme People's Court show that in 2025, courts nationwide applied punitive damages in 505 intellectual property cases, with damages awarded amounting to 1.8 billion yuan, effectively curbing and combating serious intellectual property infringement and effectively safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of right holders. In April this year, the Supreme People's Court issued the "Interpretation on the Application of Punitive Damages in the Trial of Civil Dispute Cases Involving Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights," further providing a basis for the accurate application of punitive damages in accordance with law. Going forward, efforts should be coordinated on the applicable conditions, the compensation base, the discretion over multiples, and litigation procedures to further enhance the standardization of adjudication and the operability of the system, and to promote the effective implementation of the punitive damages system for intellectual property in judicial practice.
Clarify the applicable conditions and standardize factual determination. Punitive damages are a liability for compensation legally aggravated on the basis of filling losses, and must simultaneously satisfy the two conditions of intentional infringement and serious circumstances. Only by strictly grasping these two conditions can the expansion of liability be prevented and the risk that normal market competition conduct also faces high compensation be avoided. The current judicial interpretation has already separately stipulated the factors to be considered in determining intent and serious circumstances and enumerated the relevant specific situations. On this basis, guiding cases should be used to further clarify the applicable conditions for punitive damages, specify how relevant facts are to be examined and how counter-evidence is to be assessed, both summarizing typical situations in which punitive damages apply and explaining how to handle cases where evidence is insufficient. For facts such as effective notice and the commission of the act again after cessation of infringement, comprehensive judgment should be made in light of specific evidence to reduce discrepancies in the applicable conditions among similar cases, so that the application of the punitive damages system is both strict and uniform.
Ascertain the compensation base and improve the use of evidence. Whether the compensation base can be verified directly affects whether punitive damages can play their role. When determining the compensation base, people's courts should make the amount of compensation commensurate with the severity of the infringement, the actual losses of the right holder, and the gains of the infringer, avoiding excessive punishment or insufficient compensation. On the one hand, improve the calculation methods for the compensation base. The determination of the amount of compensation should reflect differences among different intellectual property types in the degree of innovation and market value; for example, in the copyright field, the intensity of protection of a work should be commensurate with its degree of originality; in the patent field, the determination of the base should match the degree of innovation and market value of the technology or design involved. On the other hand, overcome the difficulty of proof in establishing the base. Refine the procedures for submission and verification of relevant account books and sales records, lawfully use measures such as evidence preservation and investigation and evidence collection to reduce the difficulty of proof caused by key business data being in the hands of the infringer; for professional issues such as profit margins, industry materials and the actual circumstances of the case may be combined, and appropriately draw on professional forces such as auditing and appraisal, so that the determination of the base is established on sufficient and reliable evidentiary foundations.
Standardize the determination of multiples and strengthen reasoning in adjudication. In the application of the punitive damages system, the determination of the multiple directly determines the intensity of compensation and is also the link where judicial discretion is relatively concentrated. The current judicial interpretation has already stipulated the factors to be considered in determining the multiple and the relevant rules, delineating a basic framework for the determination of the multiple. However, in practice, what multiple to determine still depends on the judge's judgment based on the facts of the case, and the reasons for the discretion must be explained in the adjudicative document. In specific cases, judges should make findings on the various facts affecting the multiple, explain in the adjudicative document how the degree of the infringer's subjective fault and the severity of the circumstances of the infringement respectively affect the multiple, and which factors point toward heavier punishment and which factors point toward lighter treatment; where the multiple is adjusted because punishment has already been imposed for the same infringing act, the circumstances considered should also be explained, so that the parties clearly understand the process and reasons for determining the multiple, ensuring that the reasons for discretion are sufficient and the liability for compensation is appropriate.
Improve litigation procedures and safeguard the exercise of rights. Punitive damages must be actively requested by the parties themselves, and whether the procedural requirements can be understood and followed by right holders directly affects whether relief can be realized. Litigation guidance, lists of requested items, and points for burden of proof should be used to explain the timing, content, and basic requirements for making requests, with particular emphasis on providing clear and easy-to-use guidance for small and medium-sized enterprises and individual right holders, guiding parties to fully present facts and evidence related to compensation in burden of proof, cross-examination, and court hearings. People's courts should lawfully and promptly fulfill their obligation of clarification, ensuring that both parties fully present evidence, cross-examine, and express opinions on the applicable conditions, the compensation base, and the multiple. At the same time, the exercise of rights should also follow the principle of good faith. For conduct that maliciously initiates intellectual property litigation or abuses rights to harm the lawful rights and interests of others, liability should be pursued in accordance with law; in the context of the internet platform economy, particular attention should be paid to identifying conduct such as malicious complaints to platforms and the abusive issuance of infringement notices, regulating it in accordance with law, and maintaining normal business order.
Return to TopBy: 薛前强
"Buy now, pay later" and "installment payment" are becoming increasingly common modes of consumption, and personal loans have become deeply embedded in people's daily lives, playing a positive role in promoting personal consumption, production and operation, and boosting the steady and healthy development of the economy. At the same time, as loan channels become increasingly diverse, some non-standardized and opaque problems have also emerged in the disclosure of interest and fee information in the personal loan business. This is especially true in scenarios where borrowers access loans through third-party channels such as internet platforms, loan facilitation agencies, and loan intermediaries, where interest and fee information is prone to distortion, omission, or deliberate obfuscation across multiple transmission links. For example, some borrowers who apply for loans through facilitation platforms find upon receipt of funds that "membership fees" or "service fees" have been deducted; some lending institutions or their partner institutions vaguely label "credit enhancement fees" or "guarantee fees" in contracts, with unclear fee-collecting entities and purposes; and others, through installment platforms, become trapped in complex models such as "renting phones to extract cash," mistaking them for ordinary rentals while in fact bearing high-value loans. These non-standardized and opaque practices not only infringe upon borrowers' right to know and right to independent choice, misleading them into blind borrowing and increasing their repayment burden, but may also circumvent interest rate regulatory caps in disguised form, breeding hidden high-interest problems, exacerbating personal debt risks, disrupting the fair order of the credit market, and constraining the healthy development of the personal credit industry.
Disclosure of interest and fee information in the personal loan business is an important cornerstone of the standardized development of the personal loan industry and a key measure for safeguarding borrowers' right to know and right to choose. From the perspective of legal relations, a personal loan contract is an agreement reached between the borrower and the lender regarding the transfer of the right to use funds. The true expression of intent of the parties is the basis of contract validity, and the premise of true expression of intent is that both contracting parties possess a basically symmetrical possession of information regarding core elements such as the subject matter of the transaction and the price. The total cost actually borne by a borrower in taking out a loan is called the "comprehensive financing cost." If the borrower cannot know these costs at the time of contracting, independent choice is out of the question. Effective August 1 this year, the Provisions on the Explicit Disclosure of Comprehensive Financing Costs in Personal Loan Business (hereinafter referred to as the Provisions) were officially implemented, refining the coverage scope, operational methods, and links of interest and fee information disclosure in the personal loan business, giving personal loan interest and fee disclosure a rigid constraint with clear operational standards, helping to safeguard borrowers' right to independent choice and right to fair dealing, guiding rational borrowing, and preventing high-interest lending and financial chaos at the source.
Scientifically define the content scope of interest and fee information disclosure. When a borrower applies for a loan, in addition to interest, they often must bear various other expenses such as installment fees, credit enhancement service fees, and insurance premiums, but these fees have various names and types and inconsistent standards, making it difficult for borrowers to compare the true costs of different loan products. For a long time, the concept of "comprehensive financing cost" has lacked a unified definition at the legal level, leaving room for selective disclosure practices. The Provisions define the comprehensive financing cost as all interest and fees related to the loan borne by the borrower, including normal performance costs and contingent costs of default, require the disclosure form to itemize each interest and fee item and its collection method, collection standard, and collecting entity, and comprehensively calculate the annualized comprehensive financing cost. On this basis, lending institutions should, in accordance with the above statutory standards, adjust and improve their own product design and contract texts, uniformly disclose every fee falling within the scope of comprehensive financing cost, and may not replace item-by-item explanations of specific items with vague general designations, nor may they exclude items that should be included in the comprehensive financing cost from the disclosure scope under the guise of collection on behalf of others or third-party charges.
Strictly regulate the methods and scenarios of interest and fee information disclosure. The Measures for the Administration of Consumer Rights and Interests Protection of Banking and Insurance Institutions require comprehensive disclosure of key information such as interest rates, fees, risks, and liability for breach in a conspicuous manner and in plain language. However, some lending institutions still deliberately place the above information deep in contracts, in small fonts, and with obscure wording, making it difficult for borrowers to form a complete and accurate judgment of borrowing costs amid scattered clauses. In response to this problem, the Provisions create a "comprehensive financing cost disclosure form," requiring the originally scattered interest and fee information to be presented in a centralized manner, and stipulating differentiated disclosure requirements for different business scenarios. On this basis, financial institutions should make the disclosure form a mandatory step in the signing of loan contracts, ensuring that borrowers have read and understood its contents before making a legally binding commitment. Specifically, since the conditions for receiving information differ across scenarios, the disclosure methods should also differ accordingly. When conducting business on-site, the borrower's signature confirmation should be completed independently before the signing of the contract and should not be merged with the contract signing process. When conducting business online, the disclosure form should be clearly displayed through a pop-up window with a reasonable mandatory reading time set, and skip options should not be provided, nor should default checking replace the borrower's active confirmation. In consumer installment scenarios, the cost display on the payment page should be independent of product information and distinguished from ordinary consumer pages. At the same time, the disclosure form should not be placed on secondary pages requiring multiple clicks to reach, nor should the display effect of key information be weakened through font reduction, color fading, or similar means.
Accurately grasp the reasonable boundaries of interest and fee information disclosure. Requiring lending institutions to disclose all information indiscriminately is neither necessary nor feasible. Borrowers cannot absorb all information unrelated to borrowing decisions, and lending institutions' trade secrets, internal risk control rules, and operational information are also protected by law. Information disclosure should seek a balance between safeguarding borrowers' right to know and protecting lenders' legitimate commercial interests, and the scope should be limited to core content affecting borrowing decisions. For details that are clearly redundant and do not affect rational judgment, borrowers have no right to demand disclosure; for lending institutions' trade secrets, internal management information, and internal processes unrelated to specific borrowing, borrowers likewise have no right to know. At the same time, the content of the disclosed information itself must be lawful. Information disclosure only addresses the question of "whether it can be seen" and does not change the nature of the fee collection standards themselves. If the interest and fee standards themselves break through the statutory interest rate ceiling, such as where the cost of using funds is raised in disguised form through hidden interest, service fees, upfront interest deductions, or excessive late payment penalties, then the matter should be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the relevant regulations on interest rate supervision, and the illegal liability cannot be exempted on the grounds that "the borrower has been informed."
Improve the liability mechanism and enforcement safeguards for interest and fee information disclosure. The effective operation of the personal loan business interest and fee information disclosure system depends not only on the self-discipline of lending institutions but also requires sound external constraint mechanisms. At the level of administrative supervision, financial regulatory authorities should incorporate the explicit disclosure of comprehensive financing costs into the scope of routine supervision and inspection, and take corresponding regulatory measures in accordance with the law against those who fail to disclose as required or deliberately conceal fee composition. At the same time, for business chains involving partner institutions, the lender, as the borrower's contractual counterparty, bears the responsibility of managing partner institutions and ensuring compliance in information disclosure across the entire chain, and cannot shirk its obligation to protect the borrower on the grounds of cooperative operation. Lenders should strengthen the management of partner institutions and promptly take corrective measures against their violations of rules or breach of contract. At the level of civil liability, where a lender's failure to fulfill the disclosure obligation causes a borrower to sign a contract without knowing the true financing cost, the borrower has the right to assert claims in accordance with relevant legal provisions. If the lender deliberately conceals the fee composition or falsely discloses the financing cost, causing the borrower to conclude the contract against their true intention, the borrower may request the people's court to adjust the relevant contract terms. When the lender deliberately conceals or commits fraudulent misrepresentation, the borrower may also exercise the right of rescission under Article 148 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, requesting the people's court or an arbitration institution to rescind the loan contract between the two parties. During contract performance, where the lender additionally collects fees beyond those listed in the disclosure form, the borrower has the right to refuse payment and to protect their own rights and interests through complaints, litigation, and other channels. Borrowers themselves should also proactively cultivate a rational consumption mindset, and after fully understanding all interest and fee information, make prudent decisions in light of their own income levels and debt-bearing capacity, making good use of consumer credit and borrowing in moderation.
Return to TopBy: 中国航天科工集团有限公司党组书记、董事长陈锡明
The year 2026 marks the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, the 90th anniversary of the victory of the Long March of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and the 70th anniversary of the founding of China's aerospace industry. China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (hereinafter referred to as CASIC), as the unit responsible for the research, development, and production of China's full range of missile weapon systems, is the backbone force of China's aerospace industry and the main force in the construction of national defense weapons and equipment, bearing the important responsibility of safeguarding national peace and security and serving the national economy and people's livelihood. The Party Leadership Group of CASIC adheres to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, vigorously inherits and promotes the aerospace spirit, and, with strong spiritual strength, better shoulders the sacred mission of obeying the Party's command and forging swords for the nation.
Deeply understand the important significance of the aerospace spirit, and further enhance the sense of mission and responsibility for inheriting and promoting the aerospace spirit. Great undertakings give birth to great spirits, and great spirits lead great undertakings. The 70-year history of innovative development of China's aerospace industry is also a history of the gestation and formation of the aerospace spirit.
Looking back on the 70-year journey of struggle, the aerospace spirit is the driving force behind the continuous breakthroughs and leaps of the aerospace industry. In 1956, the Party Central Committee resolutely made the great strategic decision to develop cutting-edge weapons. The older generation of aerospace workers created the brilliant achievements of the "two bombs, one satellite," distilled the traditional aerospace spirit of "self-reliance, hard struggle, vigorous coordination, unselfish dedication, rigorous and pragmatic work, and daring to scale new heights," and forged the "two bombs, one satellite" spirit of "loving the motherland, unselfish dedication, self-reliance, hard struggle, vigorous coordination, and daring to scale new heights."
Since the reform and opening up, aerospace workers have realized the Chinese nation's thousand-year dream of flying into space, creating the manned spaceflight spirit of "especially capable of enduring hardship, especially capable of fighting, especially capable of tackling key problems, and especially capable of dedication."
Entering the new era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has clearly put forward that "exploring the vast universe, developing the aerospace industry, and building a space power are our unremitting aerospace dream." China's aerospace industry has achieved a series of landmark results, and has also formed the lunar exploration spirit of "chasing dreams, daring to explore, coordinating to tackle difficulties, and win-win cooperation" and the new era Beidou spirit of "independent innovation, open integration, working with one heart and mind, and pursuing excellence."
Several generations of aerospace workers have spent their lives practicing the aerospace spirit, and the aerospace spirit has also led the continuous development of the aerospace industry. For 70 years, forging swords for the nation, series of major national equipment such as Dongfeng, Julang, Hongqi, Yingji, and Changjian have been continuously iterated and upgraded, building a modern national defense equipment system covering strategic deterrence, air defense and anti-missile, precision strike, and all-domain defense.
Standing at a new starting point of continuous struggle, inheriting and promoting the aerospace spirit is an inevitable requirement for CASIC to fulfill its primary responsibility of strengthening the military and promote high-quality development. A strong country must have a strong military, and only a strong military can ensure national security. At present, changes unseen in a century are accelerating, and a new round of scientific and technological revolution and military revolution is accelerating. The historical period and era in which we find ourselves are even more special. Standing at the critical juncture of beginning the 15th Five-Year Plan and sprinting toward the centenary goal of building the people's military, CASIC must further enhance its sense of crisis and urgency, and more deeply understand that the aerospace spirit is the spiritual foundation supporting the stable and long-term development of the aerospace industry, and is also the source of power for promoting the high-quality development of CASIC. The more urgent the situation and the more arduous the task, the more necessary it is to support the innovative development of equipment "hard power" with spiritual "soft power."
Deeply understand the characteristics and connotations of the aerospace spirit, and strive to enhance the "four forces" of the aerospace spirit. After 70 years of gestation and development, the aerospace spirit has rich connotations and is becoming more vibrant with time, centrally embodying the excellent qualities of several generations of aerospace workers.
The aerospace spirit contains a sincere and profound love for family and country. Loyalty and patriotism are the distinctive background of aerospace workers. Several generations of aerospace workers have closely linked personal ideals with the fate of the motherland, and closely linked personal aspirations with national rejuvenation, creating the leap of aerospace defense equipment from nothing to something, from weak to strong, and from breakthroughs in single models to systematic development. To inherit and promote the aerospace spirit, CASIC must forever maintain a sincere and profound love for family and country, and fulfill its primary responsibility of strengthening the military and forge the nation's sharp sword with absolute loyalty to the Party and boundless love for the motherland.
The aerospace spirit contains the practical nature of hard struggle. On the weak foundation of starting from scratch with nothing, aerospace predecessors carried out striving with utmost hardship. Several generations of aerospace workers have worked hard over a long period of time to tackle key problems, doing earth-shaking deeds while remaining unknown, firmly building a security barrier for the motherland and the people. To inherit and promote the aerospace spirit, CASIC must maintain the practical nature of hard struggle, diligently hone internal skills, do deep and quiet work, and create new achievements that live up to the expectations of aerospace predecessors and are worthy of the trust of the Party and the people.
The aerospace spirit contains the innovative gene of pursuing excellence. Over the past 70 years, China's aerospace industry has long faced strict foreign technological blockade, but this has instead further stimulated the determination and motivation of aerospace workers for independent innovation, creating for our military a series of national defense equipment that filled gaps, pioneered new paths, and met urgent needs. To inherit and promote the aerospace spirit, CASIC must continue the innovative gene of pursuing excellence, cultivate the fertile soil of basic research, accumulate technological leadership advantages, and accelerate the building of new-domain and new-quality combat forces.
The aerospace spirit contains the rigorous and meticulous work style. The quality of national defense equipment concerns national defense security and is related to the fate of the country. In engineering practice, the aerospace front has earnestly implemented the 16-character policy of "serious and earnest, thorough and meticulous, stable and reliable, and absolutely safe," forming a rigorous and meticulous work style, the "double five items" quality problem closed-loop rectification, and other effective quality management methods. To inherit and promote the aerospace spirit, CASIC must pass on the rigorous and meticulous work style, adhere to the principle that "quality is life, quality is the chance of victory," and build reliable, trustworthy, easy-to-use, and effective equipment.
The aerospace spirit contains the systematic thinking of unity and collaboration. Aerospace engineering tasks are all accomplished through the collective wisdom and tackling of key problems by all fronts. In the course of development, an institutional setup of research institute—general design department—specialized institute—final assembly plant and a smoothly coordinated "two chief" management system have gradually been formed, using aerospace systems engineering methods to organically organize dispersed forces and promote the continuous advancement of the aerospace industry.
Standing at a new starting point, we must inherit the aerospace spirit and be determined to continue the struggle. We must make efforts to "deepen it into people's hearts," further tempering the appeal of the aerospace spirit. Promote Party members, cadres, and the "two chief" system at all levels to take the lead and teach by example, making the aerospace spirit a memory deeply embedded in the hearts of every employee. We must make efforts to "integrate it into the bloodline," further cultivating the penetrating power of the aerospace spirit. Continue the spiritual bloodline of the older generation of aerospace workers, innovatively arrange immersive courses such as "People's Scientist Qian Xuesen," protect and utilize aerospace historical and cultural heritage, and inspire the broad masses of employees to stand tall with the spiritual backbone to face difficulties. We must make efforts to "keep it fresh through constant practice," further stimulating the inspirational power of the aerospace spirit. Continuously excavate and interpret the new era connotations of the aerospace spirit, adapt to the characteristics of young people, use "youthful language," and make the inheritance and promotion of the aerospace spirit full of the flavor of everyday life and youthful texture. We must make efforts to achieve sustained, long-term effort, further expanding the influence of the aerospace spirit. Fully utilize the advantageous resources of aerospace cultural brands and equipment brands, continuously boost the pride and confidence of the broad masses of employees, and create new glories of the mighty Dongfeng, the fluttering Hongqi, the soaring Yingji, the surging Julang, and the roaring Changjian.
Empower the construction of a world-class aerospace defense enterprise with the aerospace spirit, and contribute aerospace strength to comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation. Always adhere to the sincere sentiment of "obeying the Party's command and forging swords for the nation," and strive to build a CASIC of "political loyalty." Continuously deepen the study and implementation of the Party's new theories in the new era, improve and perfect closed-loop management mechanisms, and ensure that all work advances with high quality along the correct direction guided by the Party Central Committee. Firmly establish and practice a correct view of political achievements, and resolutely focus resources and energy on the construction of national defense equipment. Actively integrate into and strongly support the national strategic layout, scientifically plan the 15th Five-Year Plan and future development, and firmly grasp the implementation and landing of plans.
Always adhere to the excellent work style of rigor, prudence, meticulousness, and absolute safety, and strive to build a CASIC of "reliable equipment." Fully understand the international security situation and the trend of scientific and technological innovation, and make every effort to promote the rigid completion of equipment tasks with the determination and will to succeed within the set time, accelerating the building of a first-class equipment system. Adhere to the principle that designing weapons and equipment is designing future warfare, and strive to enhance the actual combat capability of equipment. Unswervingly follow the path of high quality, high efficiency, low cost, and sustainable development, adhere to the political requirement of quality first, and ensure that responsibility implementation, quality control, and equipment support are in place. Closely focus on the overall situation of national politics and diplomacy, provide advanced defense system solutions for international users, and contribute Chinese aerospace strength to building a community with a shared future for mankind.
Always inherit the innovative gene of daring to be the first in the world and accelerating self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and strive to build a CASIC of "technological leadership." Adhere to strategy-driven and innovation-driven development, focus on the building of new-quality combat effectiveness, strengthen strategic, forward-looking, and systematic technological layout, make every effort to achieve breakthroughs in basic science and frontier technology, advance the "artificial intelligence +" special action, and concentrate efforts on developing the leading advantages of next-generation equipment. Fully leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, promote the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent, and gather talent and intellectual advantages for promoting the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productive forces and new-quality combat effectiveness. Based on "what the country needs and what aerospace can do," promote more aerospace technologies and aerospace products to serve national strategy and the national economy and people's livelihood.
Always adhere to the systematic thinking of vigorous coordination and gathering collective wisdom, and strive to build a CASIC of "modern governance." Continuously optimize the equipment research, development, and production system, accelerate the in-depth expansion of productization work, systematically implement digital engineering, and promote the transformation of the research and development model toward digitalization and intelligence. Further comprehensively deepen reform, strengthen penetrating management and control, realize the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity, and consolidate the solid foundation for high-quality development.
Persistently advance full and rigorous self-governance of the Party, and strive to build a CASIC of "integrity and honesty." Deeply understand the connotation and essence of the Fourteen Commitments, deepen the implementation of the high-quality Party building work system of "holding high the banner and setting the direction, integrating forces and sailing far, and strict management with care for protection," and continuously deliver a combined punch for addressing both symptoms and root causes in full and rigorous self-governance of the Party. Empower the rectification of work styles, the discipline of integrity, and the fight against corruption with big data, informatization, and intelligence, providing a good environment for undertaking work and starting businesses. Promote the deep integration of Party building with scientific research and production, further consolidate the strong fighting fortresses of equipment construction, and lead and guarantee high-quality development with high-quality Party building.
Return to TopFull and rigorous self-governance of the Party has as its core the strengthening of the Party's leadership; its foundation lies in comprehensiveness, its key lies in strictness, and its crux lies in governance. Carrying it through the entire process of the reform, development, and corporate governance of state-owned enterprises is the "guiding star" and "ballast stone" for ensuring that state-owned enterprises always advance in the correct direction and achieve high-quality development. Huadian New Energy Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Huadian New Energy), as a state-controlled listed company under China Huadian and a flagship of new energy on the A-share market, has its Party committee always mindful of the "greatest concerns of the nation," centering on fulfilling the "three responsibilities," giving play to the "three roles," and striving to be the "three pacesetters," integrating corporate development into the broader landscape of Chinese modernization, building a strong energy nation, and building a strong financial nation, persistently advancing full and rigorous self-governance of the Party, and safeguarding the state-controlled listed company's achievement of higher-quality and more sustainable development with a strict tone.
Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party is an inevitable requirement for the company's steady and enduring progress. A state-controlled listed company possesses both the political attributes of a state-owned enterprise and the market attributes of a public listed company, and consciously accepts the dual supervision of state-owned assets regulation and securities regulation; the higher standards and requirements determine that full and rigorous self-governance of the Party must be placed in a more prominent position.
The superimposition of multiple missions determines that the political responsibility for managing the Party and governing the Party must be firmly shouldered. A state-controlled listed company undertakes multiple missions of a political, economic, and social nature, and must unswervingly uphold and strengthen the Party's leadership in all respects, resolutely implement the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee, give play to the strategic supporting role of the state-owned economy, and consciously place major economic actions such as project investment, production and operation, and capital operations under the supervision of the capital market, operating prudently and performing duties with integrity. As the only platform for the final integration of China Huadian's wind power and solar power generation businesses, its core listed company, and a new energy power generation listed company with a leading domestic scale, Huadian New Energy has the responsibility and obligation to fully leverage its advantages of nationwide investment layout, leading scale, and the structural advantages of wind, solar, nuclear, storage, and hydrogen, and to give play to its driving role in the industry and the market.
The extension of the governance chain necessitates the strengthening of all-round supervision and control over the exercise of power. State-controlled listed companies face many issues such as lengthened decision-making chains, increased levels of authorization, and complex scenarios for the exercise of power. Once power deviates from norms, it will not only cause losses of state-owned assets and losses to investors' interests and intrinsic value, but also easily trigger public opinion and damage the image of the state-owned capital market. Operational risks, integrity risks, and capital market risks are intertwined and transmitted; therefore, the supervision network must be woven tightly, the exercise of power must be regulated, and full-process control must be achieved.
Realistic challenges are prominent, and a complex development environment all the more requires the guiding and safeguarding role of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party. At present, the energy industry is at a critical window period of transformation and reshaping. In the process of building core competitiveness that traverses industry cycles, enterprises have large asset scales, long business chains, and broad investment layouts, with heavy tasks of reform and development and various risks and challenges intertwined and superimposed. The more one is at a stage of complex environment and tackling difficulties, the more it is necessary to give play to the guiding and safeguarding role of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party, so as to build a solid barrier for the enterprise's steady and enduring progress.
Deeply grasp the relationship between full and rigorous self-governance of the Party and the company's high-quality development. Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party and the central work of a state-controlled listed company form a dialectical unity of guarantee and implementation, long-term and immediate, and consolidating the foundation and tackling difficulties.
Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party promotes the two-way connection between political leadership and business development. When promoting and implementing economic actions, a state-controlled listed company must anchor the correct political direction, so that the enterprise's market-oriented operation can always align with the national strategic orientation, achieving the organic unity of fulfilling political responsibilities, safeguarding the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets, and giving back to capital market investors.
Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party promotes the resonance between Party building and central work. Enterprise operation and development focus on optimizing layout, improving profitability, and market performance, and strive to solve phased development difficulties; full and rigorous self-governance of the Party is based on the tempering of ideals and convictions, the cultivation of the political ecosystem, the forging of the cadre team, and the improvement of the institutional system, consolidating the foundation for the enterprise's long-term development. Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party is used to correct deviations in the view of political achievements, adhere to strengthening and optimizing the main business and prudent and compliant operation, and coordinate both current operating quality and efficiency and the enterprise's long-term sustainable development.
Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party consolidates support and guarantees for central work. Adhere to the orientation of selecting and employing personnel that emphasizes practical work, practical results, and responsibility, cultivate a culture of endeavor that is characterized by clearly distinguishing between public and private interests and being honest, upright, and incorruptible, and forge a cadre and talent team that is loyal, clean, and responsible. Excellent organizational effectiveness, a pragmatic and responsible work style, and a clean and upward cultural ecosystem inject strong momentum into the enterprise's central work.
Full and rigorous self-governance of the Party runs through the entire chain of governance of state-controlled listed companies. It is necessary to build a complete governance pattern of "political leadership, scientific decision-making, clear division of labor, implementation of responsibilities, and supervision in place," which not only closely monitors the performance of duties and exercise of power by the "key minority," but also regulates business processes at all positions; it not only covers the path of managing the Party and governing the Party through institutional governance and rule-based governance, but also effectively connects with the company's articles of association, internal control system, and securities regulatory rules, effectively improving the development quality and efficiency of listed companies.
Build five major systems to promote the company's high-quality development. The Party committee of Huadian New Energy promotes the integrated planning, integrated deployment, and integrated implementation of the five practical paths of the "organizational system, education system, supervision system, institutional system, and responsibility system."
Improve the organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and strong in execution. Uphold and strengthen the Party's leadership in all respects, clarify the boundaries of authority and responsibility among the Party committee, the board of directors, and the management, improve and perfect the mechanism for the Party committee's pre-research, and maintain the standardization, effectiveness, and independence of the corporate governance system of listed companies. Promote the deep embedding of Party building work into key tasks such as project investment, operation and management, reform and innovation, and capital operations, and open up the "last kilometer" of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party. Put political standards first in the selection and employment of personnel, and build a strong professional talent team in key areas such as strategic investment, technological innovation, marketing, capital operation, and internal control and compliance.
Improve the education system that consolidates the foundation, cultivates the root, unites hearts, and forges the soul. Strictly implement the "first agenda item" system, consolidate and expand the educational achievements of establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements, and calibrate the value coordinates of Party members and cadres in starting businesses and doing work. Coordinate and advance Party spirit education, discipline education, and warning education, promote the organic integration of ideological guidance, Party spirit tempering, integrity culture, and capital market compliance education, and build an ideological dam against corruption, degeneration, and compliant operation. Continuously implement the Huadian Endeavor Culture System, vigorously practice the "Qi Lv Chuang Shan" work method and the "Wu Yu" Huaxin spirit, and empower enterprise development with culture.
Improve the supervision system that is precise, targeted, and treats both the symptoms and the root causes. Based on the public attributes of state-controlled listed companies, promote the coordination and synergy of discipline inspection, audit, legal affairs, internal control, and democratic supervision by employees with the audit committee of the board of directors, the supervision of independent directors, and external supervision of the capital market, embed supervision into key business processes such as information disclosure, major asset restructuring, related-party transactions, investment and financing mergers and acquisitions, and market value management, and promote the "growing of teeth" of institutions and the "being charged" of discipline. Closely monitor areas with concentrated power and intensive funds, and strictly prevent risks of benefit transfer and insider trading. Proactively connect with the capital market, smooth the channels of supervision by investors and public opinion, and promote the joint force of internal supervision and external public supervision.
Improve the institutional system that is scientific, complete, effective, and practical. Coordinate the requirements of the Party's internal laws and regulations with the governance rules of listed companies, build an institutional matrix of intra-Party supervision, corporate governance, and risk prevention and control suitable for state-owned new energy listed enterprises, improve systems such as "three major and one large" decision-making, internal control and compliance, and integrity risk prevention and control, embed the requirements of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party into the company's articles of association, and realize the two-way connection between intra-Party institutional rules and capital market regulatory systems. Strengthen the rigid implementation of institutions, carry out routine supervision and inspection of institutional implementation, and make institutions truly a hard constraint for managing power, managing affairs, and managing personnel.
Improve the responsibility system with clear subjects and clear rights and responsibilities. Strictly implement the "four responsibilities in coordination" mechanism of the Party committee's primary responsibility, the discipline inspection commission's supervisory responsibility, the Party committee secretary's responsibility as the first responsible person, and the "one post with dual responsibilities" of leading Party members. Improve the implementation mechanism of list-based deployment, normalized supervision, and assessment-based forcing, and promote the "four synchronizations" of full and rigorous self-governance of the Party with the deployment, implementation, inspection, and assessment of business work. Adhere to the combination of strict management and care, and the equal emphasis on encouragement and restraint, rely on scientific assessment and precise accountability to layer by layer compact the responsibility for managing the Party and governing the Party, and form a good work pattern of one level grasping one level and layer by layer implementing.
(Party Committee of Huadian New Energy Group Co., Ltd.)
Return to TopBy: 陈列平
Sanming, Fujian, is located in the core area of the former Central Soviet Area, and Ninghua is the farthest departure point of the Central Red Army's Long March. The region is rich in red resources and has a profound revolutionary heritage. In recent years, Sanming University has fully utilized the unique red resources of the Central Soviet Area, promoted the comprehensive integration of Sanming's red culture into the entire process of the university's ideological and political work through such effective measures as building the themed exhibition hall "How the Red Star Shines on China — Sanming and the Long March" and the Exhibition Hall of Chinese Universities' Wartime Migration during the War of Resistance, and establishing the Research Alliance for the Revitalization and Development of Old Revolutionary Base Areas, exploring practical paths for red culture to empower ideological and political work in universities in the new era.
Innovate empowerment channels to establish young people's faith. Promoting the deeply impressing or resonating with someone (入脑入心, ru nao ru xin - "enter, brain, enter, heart") of red culture lies in improving the theoretical supply system, transforming red resources into standardized curriculum resources, building normalized and systematic red education classrooms, and guiding young students to firmly establish their ideals and convictions.
Optimize the supply of red culture and compile red school-based textbooks at different levels. Based on the revolutionary history of the Central Soviet Area, Sanming University systematically sorts out local red historical materials such as the departure of the Red Army's Long March from Ninghua and the wartime educational migration to Southeast China, organizes the compilation of the distinctive textbook "Sanming Red Culture Reader" integrating primary, secondary, and higher education, offers university-wide elective courses, builds a tiered content supply system according to different majors and different educational stages, and promotes the transformation of local red resources from "historical source materials" to "teaching content."
Promote curriculum and teaching reform and systematically build a red teaching system. Promote the deep integration of museums and courses, fully embed the university's distinctive museum cluster resources into the ideological and political teaching system, publish localized curriculum ideological and political textbooks, and embed the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese Communists into professional courses. Relying on the Shanghai-Sanming cooperation mechanism, link up with Shanghai universities to carry out joint red teaching development and pool red education synergy. University leaders take the lead in teaching ideological and political courses, and the alumni ideological and political lecture hall covers the entire university in live broadcast form.
Strengthen red teaching and research linkage and forge an iron ideological and political teaching force. Establish three teams — red culture research, teaching research tackling, and teaching reform innovation — and five course teams, and establish a mechanism of "course group lesson preparation — closed-door all-staff lesson preparation in summer — centralized monthly lesson preparation — hand-in-hand lesson preparation with brother universities and primary, secondary, and tertiary schools in Sanming City." Join hands with experts and scholars of ideological and political courses from primary, secondary, and tertiary schools across the city to establish an integrated teaching steering committee, and hold annual training classes for ideological and political course teachers in primary and secondary schools. Co-build teaching bases with Sanming City Museum and red memorial halls of various counties, regularly organize teachers to conduct field research at red historical sites, and enhance the educational ability to excavate red resources, teach red history, and vividly tell red stories. Together with Renmin University of China as co-leaders, link 16 universities in old revolutionary base areas to initiate the establishment of the Research Alliance for the Revitalization and Development of Old Revolutionary Base Areas, release the "Initiative of Universities Serving the Revitalization and Development of Old Revolutionary Base Areas (Sanming Initiative)," and forge a high-quality ideological and political work team.
Make good use of the great practical lesson to make educational outcomes tangible. Sanming University makes good use of practical resources, promotes the movement of theoretical learning into historical scenes, creates a walking ideological and political classroom, and achieves the organic unity of knowledge, belief, and action.
Immersive experience: build a museum cluster matrix real-scene classroom. The university continues to strengthen its on-campus red physical positions. In October 2026, the themed exhibition hall "How the Red Star Shines on China — Sanming and the Long March" was newly completed, linked in a chain with the previously built Exhibition Hall of Chinese Universities' Wartime Migration during the War of Resistance, the university history hall, and the "Min Teachers in the Flames of War" exhibition hall, forming an on-campus red museum cluster matrix with interconnected themes and integrated functions, transforming static exhibitions into a perceptible and learnable "great ideological and political course" real-scene classroom, enabling students to experience the ideals and perseverance of revolutionary forebears through being personally present at a scene (身临其境, shen lin qi jing - "body, arrive, its, realm").
Inquiry-based research study: let students experience great changes. Relying on the Research Alliance for the Revitalization and Development of Old Revolutionary Base Areas, organize teachers and students to conduct field research on the development of old base areas and observe the vivid practices of rural revitalization and ecological civilization construction in old base areas. Focus on building the themed practice chain "From the Long March Departure Point to the Victory Rendezvous Point," organize young students to visit Long March ruins and old sites, revolutionary memorial venues, and rural revitalization demonstration sites in old base areas, to appreciate the contemporary connotation of the Long March spirit and continue the red bloodline.
Project-based practice: let students comprehend the red spirit. Regularly carry out practical projects such as retracing the Red Army's route, searching for red historical materials, and collecting red oral histories, guide students to transform their practical insights into research reports and propaganda manuscripts, encourage them to serve as volunteer red docents, and promote the red spirit's internalizing beliefs and manifesting them through actions (内化于心、外化于行, nei hua yu xin, wai hua yu xing - "internalize, at, heart; externalize, at, action"). Implement the "Leading Wild Goose" Young Marxist cultivation program and establish a three-tier cultivation system of "foundation — backbone — elite." Form a "Young Pioneer Propaganda Team" that enters classes and communities, with 9 teams awarded the title of national volunteer propaganda teams, and the Youth Firefly Volunteer Service Team becoming the only university student volunteer service team in Fujian Province to be awarded the title of "Outstanding Collective."
Polish the red heritage to strengthen cultural positions. In recent years, the university has fully activated the vitality of local red culture, built positions, expanded communication, continuously created a strong red cultural atmosphere, and constantly enhanced the ambition, backbone, and confidence of the younger generation.
Build strong red cultural positions to nourish students' hearts in all aspects. Coordinate the construction of position platforms of "museums, networks, media, journals, and newspapers," improve campus red cultural landscapes and red cultural corridors, build red landscapes such as the themed sculpture "The Wind Unfurls Red Flags Like Paintings," and construct perceptible and accessible "walking ideological and political teaching materials." Build campus red-themed websites, publicity columns, and new media matrices, and construct red education positions that connect online and offline. Regularly hold red historical material exhibitions and red-themed salons offline, and routinely push revolutionary stories and teaching and research achievements online, transforming diverse positions into important carriers for appreciating the Soviet Area spirit and consolidating the cognitive foundation of cultural confidence.
Innovate red culture communication and promote cultural cultivation through all media. Adapt to young people's communication habits, promote the integration of red culture with new media and literary and artistic creation, organize teachers and students to create short videos, situational dramas, and red cultural creative products based on Sanming's red historical facts, and create a series of digital red cultural products. Brand activities such as the red opera "Mount Yimeng" and the "Echoes of the Flames of War · Youth Hymn" choir competition are staged one after another, and teachers and students comprehend family and country feelings and enhance cultural identity through artistic baptism. Jointly hold series of activities with Shanghai universities such as joint reading, joint performance, and joint singing of Long March classics, empowering revolutionary old base area cultural education with art.
Tell the stories of old revolutionary base areas well and enhance confidence and ambition throughout the process. Based on the unique historical positioning, continuously dig deep into the unique value of Sanming's red history, focus on the vivid practices of high-quality development in old revolutionary base areas, sort out frontline cases such as industrial upgrading, ecological enrichment of the people, and cultural-tourism integration, and activate the internal connection between red revolutionary history and Sanming's practices in the new era. Build a cooperation mechanism for red culture inheritance across primary, secondary, and tertiary schools, guide young people to both understand the Soviet Area revolutionary stories of the war years and understand the striving chapters of modernization construction in old base areas in the new era, and strengthen cultural confidence in the contrast between history and reality.
Over the past three years, Sanming students have won nearly 50 national-level ideological and political awards and nearly 2,000 provincial-level and above science and technology competition awards, and the employment rate of graduates has remained above 95% for many years. Sanming University's exploration of educational practice relying on the unique red resources of the Soviet Area fully proves that to do ideological and political work in universities well in the new era, it is necessary to base oneself on regional characteristics, open up the three channels of theoretical classrooms, practical education, and cultural immersion, and promote the continuous transformation of red resources into educational advantages. Looking to the future, universities should continue to deeply explore the contemporary connotation of red culture, constantly innovate educational carriers, improve educational mechanisms, guide the vast number of young students to inherit the red gene, continue the red bloodline, and grow into new people of the era capable of undertaking the great task of national rejuvenation.
(The author is the Party Committee Secretary of Sanming University)
Return to TopBy: 汪建新
From October 1934 to October 1936, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army carried out the Long March of ten thousand li, a rebirth through suffering (凤凰涅槃, fenghuang niepan - "phoenix, nirvana") and regeneration through trials (浴火重生, yuhuo chongsheng - "bath, fire, rebirth"), a major historical event in the history of the Chinese revolution. From October 1934 to October 1935, as Mao Zedong followed the main force of the Central Red Army on the Long March, he recorded history with poetry, expressed his feelings with poetry, and voiced his aspirations with poetry, writing with deep feeling eight poems: "Three Poems of Sixteen-Character Lines," "Recalling Qin'e · Loushan Pass," "Seven-Character Regulated Verse · The Long March," "Niannu Jiao · Kunlun," "Pure Serene Music · Liupan Mountain," and "Six-Character Poem · To Comrade Peng Dehuai." The Long March poems are the exquisite chapters of Mao Zedong's military poetry "hummed on horseback," the grand epic of the surging ten-thousand-li journey, the true portrayal of a fluctuating or full of twists and turns (跌宕起伏, diedang qifu - "ups and downs, rise and fall") inner journey, and the poetic expression of the rich spirit of the Long March. Ninety years later, when people read these poems, they are still deeply moved by their boundless artistic charm and spiritual value, spontaneously feeling their blood boil, a deeply moving or soul-stirring (荡气回肠, dangqi huichang - "shake, qi, return, intestines") sensation, and a surge of strength.
Viewed from military poetry history.
In classical Chinese poetry, there is a large body of military poetry on the theme of war, also called war poetry or frontier poetry. Poems of military life, some spirited and stirring, some generous and mournful, paint a true picture of the war-torn landscape of successive Chinese dynasties. Among them are no lack of patriotic expressions and heroic hymns, but most pour out the weariness of travel, the bitterness of homesickness, the ferocity of combat, and the pain of casualties. Ancient military poetry had inherent limitations; most of it came from the hands of literati and poets who had not been tempered on battlefields where "the beacon fires have linked three months," and inevitably amounted to sighs and laments from across the river watching the fire. Even when it came from soldiers and generals amid spear and halberd, it tended to focus on expressing personal aspirations, seldom going beyond wind, snow, bow, and blade, or deeds of world-shaking merit.
Edgar Snow wrote in Red Star Over China, "Mao's account had already begun to transcend 'personal history,' and had somehow sublimated itself into the cause of a great movement... what he narrated was no longer 'I,' but 'we'; no longer Mao Zedong, but the Red Army." Mao Zedong's Long March poems stand on their own high plane, unique in style. "In his palm he holds a thousand years of history; in his breast a million soldiers." Mao Zedong was busy with military affairs, with rich military experience and war experience, but what the Long March poems record is not a personal history of campaigns, and what they portray is not a self-portrait of the author. Apart from "Six-Character Poem · To Comrade Peng Dehuai," which praises the outstanding figure Peng Dehuai, the protagonists of the other works have no specific referent; they do not focus on depicting individual images, but are devoted to shaping the heroic image of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. This group image is a new type of heroic figure never before seen in the history of Chinese literature; they possess lofty revolutionary ideals, common goals of struggle, and high-spirited fighting will, towering and upright; heroic (顶天立地, dingtian lidi - "support, sky, stand, earth") and radiant.
Viewed from the state of mind.
When people talk about Mao Zedong's poetry, they often mention its passionate, unrestrained and thorough; hearty (酣畅淋漓, hanshang linli - "intense, smooth, dripping, dripping"), and majestic style, but Mao Zedong's poetry also has a side of oppression and indignation, a thousand worries filling the breast, and depression and bitterness. Melancholy moods appear few times in Mao Zedong's poetry, and two of them are directly related to the Long March. In the spring of 1927, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed his trust, causing the surging Great Revolution to collapse in an instant; Mao Zedong wrote in indignation "Bodhisattva Barbarian · Yellow Crane Tower," expressing a mood of "bleakness of heart, for a moment not knowing what to do." In the summer of 1934, Mao Zedong was burning with anxiety and wrote "Pure Serene Music · Huichang," the last ci poem he wrote in the Central Soviet Area. He annotated it himself: "In 1934, the situation was critical, preparations were being made for the Long March, and my mood was again depressed." Because of the repeated interference of the "Left" erroneous line, the thriving Central Soviet Area was in a very precarious situation (危如累卵, weiru leiluan - "danger, like, piled, eggs"), the Central Red Army was forced to undertake the Long March, and Mao Zedong was deeply grieved and indignant.
In February 1935, the Red Army was still deeply encircled, and Mao Zedong's heart was even more bitter; he wrote "Recalling Qin'e · Loushan Pass." He annotated it himself: "The Long March of ten thousand li was full of twists and turns; many setbacks (千回百折, qianhui baizhe - "thousand, turn, hundred, bend"), with smooth sailing fewer than difficulties by I know not how many times, and my mood was heavy." As Zhu De's poem "The Zunyi Conference" puts it: "Once the dragons have a leader they soar of themselves; mastering the line, they march in one rank. Left and right deviations can be corrected; the sky is boundless, letting them fly freely." As the positive influence of the Zunyi Conference increasingly manifested itself, the Red Army's situation of being passively beaten was increasingly reversed, and the state of pessimism and despair rapidly changed. "After crossing the Min Mountains, suddenly seeing the light; a sudden breakthrough (豁然开朗, huoran kailang - "suddenly, open, bright"), it turned to the opposite, finding a new way after a setback (柳暗花明, liu'an huaming - "willow, dark, flower, bright") — another village." After "Recalling Qin'e · Loushan Pass," the emotional keynote of the Long March poems changed from oppression to brightness, from heaviness to ease.
Viewed from the laws of creation.
The ten-thousand-li Long March that gave birth to the eight poems was arduous and extraordinary, fraught with perils. The more cruel the struggle, the more severe the challenges, the more one was in difficulty and exhausted in mind and body, the more Mao Zedong's poetic inspiration burst forth. The American writer and poet Paul Engle pointed out in "Revolutionary Leader, Romantic Poet": "Mao Zedong encountered danger to his life many times... he could often write a poem right after a battle took place, and several of those poems are about the Long March, written on that unpredictable and extremely perilous journey. It is certain that at that time no one's mind would have thought of poetry."
In December 1949, on the train to the Soviet Union for a visit, Mao Zedong, speaking with the Soviet interpreter N. Fedorenko about poetry writing, said with deep feeling: "I am afraid no one can explain this phenomenon... At that time, at the moment of life and death, I wrote a few inferior poems; although they were poorly written, they were utterly sincere. Now that conditions are good and life is settled, on the contrary I cannot write a single line." Mao Zedong's writing experience is precisely a concrete embodiment of the laws of poetic creation. Mao Zedong stressed that writing poetry requires poetic inspiration; without poetic inspiration, one cannot write poetry no matter what. No wonder that on January 31, 1941, when Mao Zedong wrote to Mao Anying and Mao Anqing, who were far away in the Soviet Union, he frankly said: "Anying asked me to write poetry, but I had not a bit of poetic inspiration, and therefore could not write." Yao Xueyin, commenting on "Seven-Character Regulated Verse · The Long March," pointed out: Mao Zedong did not write poetry for the sake of writing poetry, but rather because of the great personality of revolutionary optimism and revolutionary heroism cultivated in the great storms of long-term revolutionary struggle, and the revolutionary passion stored up in his breast, which burst forth as poetry; added to this his profound cultivation in the art of poetry and his extraordinary talent, he was able to write dazzling poems. Yao Xueyin's analysis can be said to be penetrating.
Viewed from artistic technique.
Bai Juyi's "Letter to Yuan Zhen" says: "Articles should be written for the times; songs and poems should be composed for events." The Long March's distance of travel, magnitude of difficulty, peril of the enemy situation, and bitterness of the process were not only unprecedented in Chinese history, but also rare in world history. Yao Xueyin believed: "On such a subject, there can be different ways of writing. Most poets would probably focus on writing the hardship and success of the Long March, writing with somber, forceful, or generous, mournful tones. But Mao Zedong, after all, is different from ordinary poets... He used entirely light and lively strokes to write the joy of victory, and with a heroic and bold spirit rarely seen in a thousand ages, utterly despised the enormous difficulties along the Long March. A way of writing like this was completely beyond my expectation, and moreover, in China's three-thousand-year history of poetry, there is no precedent."
During the Long March, it was either marching or fighting. The Long March poems only selected episodes such as the attack on Loushan Pass, the skillful crossing of the Jinsha River, the forced crossing of the Dadu River, the crossing of the great snowy mountains, and the "cutting off the tail" battle, to artistically sketch the bravery and tenacity of "the Red Army fears not the trials of the distant march," achieving the artistic effect praised by Liu Yuxi in "Record of Dong's Wuling Collection": "A single phrase can make clear a hundred meanings; sitting still one can command ten thousand li." The Long March poems leap beyond war to look at war, leap beyond the battlefield to write the battlefield; they do not spread out battlefield scenes, do not exaggerate hail of bullets and forest of shells, but frequently present natural landscapes such as mountain ridges and peaks, great rivers, and violent wind and snow, employing aesthetic images such as the frosty morning moon, the sound of horses' hooves, and wild geese returning south. Mao Zedong wrote the observation of the natural environment and the perception of the atmosphere of war with subtlety, richness, and profundity. Especially in "Three Poems of Sixteen-Character Lines," the towering mountains set off the Red Army's invincibility; the surging mountains describe the Red Army's vigor and vitality; the steadfastness of the mountains mirrors the Red Army's sense of mission and responsibility — the lofty mountains are precisely the personification of the heroic Red Army.
Viewed from ideals and pursuits.
Mao Zedong's poetry inherits the fine tradition of "poetry expresses aspirations," vigorously giving voice to the Communist Party's grand ambition to "transform China and the world." "On the summit of Liupan Mountain, the red flags unfurl in the west wind" — the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, all along holding high the revolutionary banner of the Jinggangshan road, broke through passes and took strongholds, planting the red flag on the summit of Liupan Mountain. "Today we hold the long cord in hand; when shall we bind the gray dragon?" Mao Zedong once explained: the gray dragon refers to Chiang Kai-shek, not the Japanese. Because at the time all one's energy was directed at dealing with Chiang, not Japan. Mao Zedong also once said to N. Fedorenko: the gray dragon refers to the enemy in general... Whether one says it is the Japanese aggressors or the Kuomintang reactionaries, neither is wrong. Dealing with Chiang Kai-shek was the urgent task of the Long March; defeating the Japanese aggressors was the national cause after the Long March. And "a world of peace, with the same warmth and cold for all under heaven" embodies the ultimate goal of the Chinese Communists to devote themselves to benefiting all mankind.
"Snow · Garden of Qin" was written in February 1936, when the main force of the Central Red Army had already concluded the Long March and was preparing to march east to the anti-Japanese front line, precisely verifying Mao Zedong's assertion: "Once the Long March is concluded, a new situation begins." As a concrete military operation by which the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army sought survival against all odds, the Long March has become history. But as the great practice in which the Chinese Communist Party led the people's army in living up to its mission and tackling difficulties, the Long March has never had a rest mark, but has been continuously extended. As Mao Zedong said: "Winning nationwide victory is only the first step in the Long March of ten thousand li." Every generation has its own Long March road, and every generation must walk its own Long March road well. "The strong passes are truly like iron; today we cross them anew from the start." The great spirit of the Long March will surely continue to inspire people to strive vigorously, to advance in the face of difficulty and rise to challenges, and to comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese modernization.
(The author is Vice President of the China Mao Zedong Poetry Research Association)
Return to TopBy: 徐龙建
In the early autumn Jiangnan region, misty rain veils the landscape. In Zhitang Town, Changshu, a stretch of blue-green water flows quietly eastward, and a bluestone-paved path winds ahead. At No. 44 South Street, Zhitang Town, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, a Qing-dynasty ancient building facing east stands in silence, with whitewashed walls, dark-tiled roofs, and wooden beam frames. This is the former residence of Wang Ganchang, a meritorious scientist of China's "two bombs, one satellite" program and a renowned nuclear physicist.
Wang Ganchang, born in May 1907 in Fengtang Bay, Changshu, Jiangsu, was a principal founder and pioneer of China's experimental atomic nuclear physics, cosmic ray, and elementary particle physics research, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the "two bombs, one satellite" Meritorious Service Medal. The former residence was his dwelling during his youth; before going abroad, and after returning to the country to visit his hometown, he always lived here. The entire courtyard faces east, with a distinct late-Qing style. The core building on the central axis consists of three halls, three courtyards, and a side wing, with refined materials and beam frames all made of authentic western wood. The first hall is the entrance hall, with a plain and unadorned lintel. The second hall is the main hall, with flat beams of substantial timber, carved with decorative patterns, antique and exquisite; the square bricks inside the hall remain well preserved after a hundred years. In the center hangs a plaque reading "Sanhuai Hall," inscribed by General Wu Quanxu, former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army, and the couplets on the pillars are the work of the renowned calligrapher Yan Gongda. The third hall is a two-story main building, where Wang Ganchang and his family lived for more than ten years. With wooden lattice windows, one can see the courtyard patio outside when opening the window. The courtyards are separated by high walls but connected by waist doors, progressing layer by layer in a well-arranged manner. The side wing is compact and snug, enclosing with the main hall and main building a series of patios, showcasing the typical layout wisdom of Jiangnan dwellings. The south route is set up as a memorial exhibition hall of his deeds, and the north route houses a youth nuclear science popularization hall.
Stepping across the entrance hall, passing through the courtyard, and arriving at the main hall, one looks up at the "Sanhuai Hall" plaque. The tranquility of the architecture matches a person's character perfectly (恰如其人, qia ru qi ren - "exactly, like; its, person"); the layered depth of the courtyard likewise mirrors the refinement of scholarly pursuit. Wang Ganchang was born into a family of traditional Chinese medicine, was intelligent and studious from an early age, and resolved in his youth to serve the country. Setting out from here, he entered the Tsinghua campus and traveled far to Europe for study; and when the motherland needed him, he concealed his true identity (隐姓埋名, yin xing mai ming - "hide, surname; bury, name") and devoted himself to nuclear weapon development. Beyond the former residence lies a continuously extending life path; along that path is an unwavering aspiration to serve the nation.
Standing beneath the "Sanhuai Hall" plaque, the light inside the hall is soft, and an air of antiquity greets the visitor. The era in which Wang Ganchang grew up was precisely a time of intense social transformation in China, when calls for national salvation were growing ever louder. In 1929, he graduated from the Physics Department of Tsinghua University. The following year, he went to the University of Berlin in Germany for advanced study, under the tutelage of the renowned physicist Lise Meitner. At that time, Europe was achieving continuous breakthroughs in atomic nuclear physics research. The young Chinese student, immersed in this environment, devoted himself to experiments and diligent reflection, gradually developing a scholarly character that valued empirical evidence and rigorous truth-seeking. In 1933, at just 26 years of age, he obtained his doctorate. The following year, he completed his studies and returned to China, becoming a rising steadily or gradually (冉冉升起, ran ran sheng qi - "slowly, slowly; rise, up") new star in China's physics community. Science knows no borders, but scholars have their roots. Studying abroad made him ever more clearly aware of the weak state of his country's scientific enterprise. What use were his learning and where lay his aspirations — the choice to return had already provided the answer.
Leaving the main hall and passing through the waist door, the side wing is compact and secluded, with the courtyard patio casting a patch of sky light. What Wang Ganchang faced after returning to the country, however, was a teaching and research life soon interrupted by the flames of war. He taught successively at Shandong University and Zhejiang University; after the outbreak of the full-scale War of Resistance, he followed Zhejiang University in its westward relocation, persisting in scholarship amid displacement. Wherever the beacon fires of war raged, continuing education or cultural traditions without interruption (弦歌不辍, xian ge bu chuo - "string, song; not, stop") — this is precisely the portrayal of a generation of intellectuals safeguarding the cultural thread amid national calamity. In 1941, he proposed an experimental scheme for detecting neutrinos using K-electron capture, which was widely adopted by the international physics community and opened the path to the eventual confirmation of the neutrino. Beyond research, educating people always occupied an important place. During his teaching career, Wang Ganchang trained and guided outstanding talents such as Li Zhengdao and Cheng Kaijia, passing on to young students the scholarly style of respecting facts and valuing experiments. When he set out from his hometown, he was a youth seeking knowledge; after stepping onto the lectern, he became a mentor guiding those who came after. What the Way transmits is what the nation relies upon.
Moving to the memorial exhibition hall of his deeds on the south route of the former residence, the exhibition rooms are converted from dwellings, with wooden lattice windows still retaining their old appearance, and the yellowed photographs on the display boards fill in for this old house the years after its master left home. After the founding of New China, a hundred tasks awaited undertaking, and the scientific enterprise likewise started from near blankness. Wang Ganchang was transferred to Beijing and threw himself into the construction of New China's scientific enterprise. In 1956, he went to work at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, the Soviet Union, as a Chinese representative, serving as deputy director and leading a team in elementary particle research using a high-energy accelerator; in 1960, he discovered the anti-sigma-minus hyperon, causing a sensation in the international physics community. This was the world's first discovery of a charged antihyperon and a milestone contribution by Chinese scientists in the field of elementary particles. From the Jiangnan water towns to the international laboratory, the horizons of his life grew ever broader. And broader still than any horizon was the breadth of mind of a scientist who placed his personal academic prospects beneath the needs of the nation.
Going further inside, one's steps unconsciously slow. On the second floor of the main building, with wooden lattice windows, opening the window reveals the courtyard patio; Wang Ganchang and his family lived here for more than ten years. Yet in his life, there was a period when even his name had to be concealed. In the 1950s and 1960s, New China faced severe international blockade and nuclear threats. In 1961, just as Wang Ganchang stood at the world frontier of elementary particle research, a step away from the Nobel Prize, the motherland summoned him to participate in the development of the atomic bomb. This physicist, already renowned worldwide, did not hesitate for a moment; on the spot he wrote down the two characters "Wang Jing" and declared with words or actions that are powerful and resonant (掷地有声, zhi di you sheng - "throw, ground; have, sound"): "I am willing to dedicating one's life to the service of the nation (以身许国, yi shen xu guo - "use, body; promise, country")!" Jing, the Jing of Beijing, signifying wholehearted devotion to the country. From 1961 to 1978, under the identity of "Wang Jing," his footprints spanned wastelands and deep mountain valleys, locking his name, honors, and past together into the secrets of the state. Deep in the Gobi, he led his team in overcoming a series of key technologies such as detonation physics and nuclear testing. With no data, they explored on their own; with no instruments, they improvised with indigenous methods. Over seventeen years, black hair turned to white. In 1964, China's first atomic bomb was successfully detonated; in 1967, the first hydrogen bomb was successfully detonated. When the world was stunned by the thunderous sound from the East, few knew that the person signed "Wang Jing" was the once-famous Wang Ganchang. When he had a name, he was celebrated in academia; when he had no name, his merit lay with the nation. The name of the country outweighs one's own name; the glory of the country surpasses one's own glory.
Entering the youth nuclear science popularization hall on the north route of the former residence, the display cases hold models and diagrams of nuclear physics experimental devices, forming a dialogue across time and space with the late-Qing wooden structure of the central main hall. The name of one exhibition area is especially striking — "Shenguang II Device and Laser Technology." It points to the twilight years of a scientist. As early as 1964, Wang Ganchang had independently proposed the concept of laser technology, stepping onto this frontier in step with the international community. A scientist's vision lies not only in overcoming present difficulties, but even more in discerning future trends. In March 1986, a "Proposal on Tracking and Researching Foreign Strategic High-Technology Development" was delivered to Zhongnanhai. The proposal was jointly submitted by four scientists — Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun — forcefully arguing that in the face of the challenges of the world's new technological revolution, China must plan early and catch up. Deng Xiaoping personally wrote his instruction: "This matter should be decided promptly and must not be delayed." Named after the month in which the proposal was submitted and the instruction was written, the "863" Program was thus born, winning China a place in the world's high-technology fields. Studying in youth, tackling key problems in middle age, offering counsel in later years — what has been consistent and continuous from beginning to end (一以贯之, yi yi guan zhi - "one, use; through, know") is the pure and sincere heart (赤子之心, chi zi zhi xin - "red, child; heart") that never wavered in this scientist's breast.
Reaching the end of the former residence, one steps into the courtyard. In the courtyard, flowers and trees are lush, green bricks pave the ground, and a full-length statue of Wang Ganchang stands, with a calm gaze and resolute countenance. Pausing before the statue, reverence wells up spontaneously. "I am willing to dedicate my life to the service of the nation" is not an empty slogan, but a promise Wang Ganchang fulfilled with his entire life. This is precisely the spiritual wealth Wang Ganchang left to posterity, and it is also the power of faith that scientific researchers in the new era should forever remember and pass down from generation to generation.
Return to TopBy: 马庆民
During the Southern Song Dynasty, urban commerce was already quite developed. According to the record in Dreams of the Splendor of the Eastern Capital (《梦粱录》): "Outside the city walls of Hangzhou, stretching dozens of li in the south, west, north, and east, people dwell in dense clusters, with a flourishing population and abundant resources (民物阜蕃, min wu fu fan - "people, things, abundant, prosperous"); markets and alleys are crowded, shops and stalls stand side by side in profusion, and one could walk for days without reaching the end..." From this, one can see that the capital Lin'an (today's Hangzhou) was quite prosperous at the time. But in remote villages, there were not so many markets and shops, and buying things was not so convenient. Thus, peddlers carrying shoulder poles came into being as the times required. They were like so many "mobile convenience stores," walking the streets and lanes, going deep into the countryside, bringing villagers the daily goods they needed, and also bringing news of the outside world.
The Palace Museum has a painting that records just such a Southern Song "mobile convenience store."
This painting is called The Knick-Knack Peddler (《货郎图》), depicting an old peddler carrying his wares on a shoulder pole to the head of a village, with women and children vying to crowd around and look. The painting is very small — 25.5 centimeters in height and 70.4 centimeters in width, smaller than a newspaper page. Yet within such a small format, it perfectly presents the true scene of a Southern Song "mobile convenience store."
The painting depicts an old peddler carrying a pole laden with miscellaneous goods, arriving at an open space at the village head. On the peddler's pole hung a wide variety of things (五花八门, wu hua ba men - "five, flowers, eight, gates"): pots, bowls, plates and dishes, children's toys, melons, fruits and pastries, needles, thread and cloth, banners and colored pennants... There were as many as a hundred kinds of goods. When the pole was not enough to hang them all, he hung things on his own body, jangling all over. Before the peddler had even set down his pole, the children had already gathered around. Some had run too fast and fallen, turning back to see if their toys were still there; some clutched tightly at their mothers' clothes, yet their eyes were fixed on the peddler; and there was one child who had already bought a snack and held it in his hand, yet was chewing while looking back, the food in his mouth not yet swallowed while his eyes had already fixed on something new... The most amusing thing is that there are also several dogs in the painting, wagging their tails and joining in the excitement along with the children. If you stare at this painting for a long time, it seems you can hear the sounds: the clamor of children, the thumping of the rattle drum, the barking of dogs, and the peddler's drawn-out, singsong cry.
This is what it looked like when a peddler came to a village during the Southern Song Dynasty. You can imagine that in an ancient village with no entertainment to speak of, when a peddler covered all over with novel trinkets arrived, was that not a "traveling carnival"? The children could touch this one and look at that one; even if they did not buy, just looking was already enough to make them very happy.
The author of this painting is Li Song, a great master of the Southern Song painting world. He served as a painter-in-attendance at the Imperial Painting Academy through the three reigns of Emperor Guangzong, Emperor Ningzong, and Emperor Lizong, and was respectfully called by his contemporaries the "old painter of three reigns." That is to say, when Li Song painted The Knick-Knack Peddler, he was a court painter of the Southern Song.
Why would a court painter paint a peddler going from village to village selling his wares?
Some say "Master Li best understood the pleasures of farm life." Of course that is one reason, but there is another important reason — Li Song's origins. As is well known, the Imperial Painting Academy of the Song Dynasty never lacked geniuses, but Li Song was different from them, because he had originally been a carpenter's apprentice. Not because he loved carpentry, but because his family was poor, and in order to make a living, he had no choice but to learn carpentry. Later, Li Song met a benefactor — the court painter Li Congxun. This painter saw Li Song's artistic talent, took him in as an adopted son, and taught him to paint. No one would have expected that once Li Song started painting, he not only achieved success, but also became the "old painter of three reigns."
From wood shavings to brush and ink, from carpenter to painter, Li Song's life trajectory was full of the resilience of the common people. Of course, this also left deep traces in his paintings. Look at the goods he painted — over a hundred kinds of items, densely packed, yet not at all chaotic. Every single thing is painted with perfect clarity, so that one can almost follow a guide or pattern to find something (按图索骥, an tu suo ji - "according to, map, seek, deer"). This degree of fineness is descending from the same lineage or tradition (一脉相承, yi mai xiang cheng - "one, vein, mutually, inherit") as the skill he used in his carpenter days when drawing blueprints. The brushwork of the clothing folds of the figures in the painting is also very distinctive. Using a combination of the "trembling brush" and "iron-wire line" techniques, he aptly renders the texture of the coarse cloth clothes worn by the common people, achieving a degree almost not a hair's breadth of difference (纹丝不差, wen si bu cha - "texture, thread, not, error") from the real thing. The "trembling brush," also called the "battle brush," means moving the brush with a trembling motion to achieve a vigorous, forceful line quality, giving the strokes a sense of astringent momentum; the "iron-wire line" means using a centered-tip round brush to outline firm, even, uniform lines with no variation in thickness, shaped like iron wire, often used to depict the stiff folds of a figure's clothing. Thus, Li Song's work is not simply "painting a likeness," but a sense of reality that grew out of the spirit of the craftsman. The background of this painting is also very interesting: apart from the old tree and grassy slope, there is only a large expanse of blank space. This "leaving blank space" is a characteristic of Song Dynasty painting — leaving room for imagination, letting the viewer feel it for himself. And the figures, set off by this blank space, appear especially vivid and real.
Some scholars have commented, "This painting is primarily line drawing, with light color washes added, and its realistic skill is depicting details with extreme precision (刻画入微, ke hua ru wei - "carve, draw, enter, tiny")." This is not hard to understand: Li Song had been a carpenter and knew what the life of ordinary people was like. So when he painted scenes of everyday urban life, he was not "experiencing life" but painting his own memories. This kind of "down-to-earth" expression was rare in the Imperial Painting Academy at the time. The children in Li Song's paintings run around bare-bottomed, even with their shoes fallen off — this is what the children of ordinary families looked like. Li Song's paintings also carry a strong "smell of the soil."
After Li Song finished painting The Knick-Knack Peddler, the painting began a drift lasting several hundred years. It was once collected by the Qing imperial household, and the Qianlong Emperor inscribed on it a seven-character quatrain: "Shouldering the heavy load, how could he tire; the snatching children he must guard and protect. Do not laugh that the peddler is foolish to the extreme; in this world, who is not like him in his folly?" The meaning is: do not laugh at that peddler for being foolish; in this world, who is not like him, toiling away bitterly?
Later, this painting was taken to the northeast by the last emperor Puyi, and afterward scattered among the people. Fortunately, after the founding of New China it was recovered and entered the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. Today, we can see it in the exhibition halls of the Palace Museum.
The Knick-Knack Peddler depicts the life of working people as an object of aesthetic appreciation and records the details of Southern Song urban life. This has important significance in the history of the development of ancient Chinese art, and is also of great value for understanding Song Dynasty customs. In June 2023, China Post issued a special stamp of The Knick-Knack Peddler, so that more people, without even entering a museum, can behold the splendor of the Southern Song "mobile convenience store."
Return to TopBy: 平劲松
In the field of human space activities, the time system is an important benchmark for precisely describing the positions of celestial bodies, satellites, and rovers and their interrelationships. The "Beijing Time" and "Universal Time" commonly seen in daily life correspond to the international civil time scale—Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)—on the basis of which local times are converted by time zone.Flight scheduling, communications, navigation, and various other activities all use this civil time system as a unified benchmark, which fully meets the needs of ground-based applications. But human activities on the Moon and in lunar space have changed the scenario for time measurement and application. With the rapid advancement of a new round of lunar exploration, the Moon is becoming the preferred space target for building permanent bases. Detectors from various countries operating on the lunar surface and in lunar orbit need to record events and exchange data in the vicinity of the Moon; future lunar surface stations and relay satellites will also need to coordinate with one another. If Earth's UTC were simply retained by default as the sole time reference, a string of problems would arise: the rate of an ideal atomic clock on the lunar surface differs from that on Earth, electromagnetic signals take roughly more than one second to travel from Earth to the Moon, and if the time conventions used by different institutions in publishing orbital products are inconsistent, the numbers cannot be directly compared. Therefore, a precise and unified lunar time standard is urgently needed to ensure the accuracy of communications, navigation, and coordinated operations.
What is lunar surface standard time
Lunar surface standard time refers to a unified time measurement and time service system established in the lunar reference frame, including the definition of the time reference, timekeeping means, and distribution services. Its core objective is to enable all detectors, equipment, and human activities on the lunar surface to share the same reliable time scale.
Why must it be constructed separately? When communicating and navigating in cislunar space and on the lunar surface, the accuracy of time is of critical importance. Because the Moon and Earth differ in gravity, rotation, and revolution, time on the Moon differs from time on Earth. If local clocks on the Moon are used for timekeeping while the ground continues to use UTC, both sides' clocks will each be counting seconds in their own way, but they will not be the same kind of second—the two kinds of seconds have different lengths.
Relativity provides the underlying explanation. In an environment such as the solar system, where gravity is not very strong and velocities are far below the speed of light, the rate of proper time relative to coordinate time is mainly determined by gravity and velocity: the stronger the gravity, the slower the clock; the faster the motion, the slower the clock. Both the strength of gravity and the speed of motion can alter clock rates. To compare two clocks placed at great distances from each other, one must specify what method is used for comparison and relative to which coordinate space-time system the comparison is made. Ground-based civil time service usually does not make these differences perceptible. When comparing clocks in laboratories, even corrections arising from altitude differences have been incorporated into the procedure. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ensure that user ground-based precise positioning accuracy reaches the centimeter level by correcting the relativistic effect, that is, the rate difference, of satellite-borne clocks relative to the ground. Lunar exploration activities and missions are subject to the same class of effects, only with greater geometric distances and more complex links.
In addition, the gravitational force on the lunar surface is only about one-sixth that of Earth. Calculations show that time on the lunar surface runs 57.5 microseconds faster per day than time on the Earth's surface. This seemingly tiny difference is enough to cause navigation and positioning deviations of more than ten kilometers, bringing risks and problems to exploration activities. Therefore, Earth's standard time and its timekeeping—time service rules no longer apply on the Moon, and a unified and accurate lunar time standard has important practical significance for advancing lunar development and utilization.
In August 2024, the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a resolution recommending the establishment of a Lunar Celestial Reference System (LCRS), designating Lunar Coordinate Time (TCL) and ensuring that its unit of measurement remains consistent with the SI second; it also pointed out the need for a practical and internationally recognized lunar reference time scale and recommended studying its relationship with Earth time scales.
Current global progress in constructing lunar surface standard time
Europe and the United States and other countries have invested substantial resources in lunar exploration. To change the chaotic situation of inconsistent time references, they have taken the lead in advancing the construction of a lunar time standard system at the policy, technological, and international cooperation levels.
United States: dual drive of policy and legislation. On April 3, 2024, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issued a memorandum, "Celestial Time Standardization Policy in Support of the National Cislunar Science and Technology Strategy," directing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop a common time standard, "Coordinated Lunar Time" (LTC), by the end of 2026, aiming to establish a standardized relationship with Earth's UTC, ensure the security of data transmission between spacecraft, and ensure synchronization of communications among satellites, bases, and astronauts in cislunar space. On April 29, 2025, the U.S. House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology passed the "Celestial Time Standardization Act," requiring NASA to develop methods for coordinating and measuring lunar time. The Act imposes four hard requirements on LTC: first, traceability—the ability to achieve mutual conversion with Earth's UTC; second, precision—meeting the high-accuracy requirements of deep-space navigation and communications; third, autonomy—the ability to operate independently under conditions of interrupted cislunar communications; and fourth, scalability—the ability to be extended in the future to other celestial bodies such as Mars. The relevant work is led by NASA, in conjunction with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
Europe: parallel progress in international cooperation and technical verification. As early as November 2022, the European Space Agency convened representatives of global space agencies and academic organizations to discuss how to define lunar time. In 2024, the European Space Agency launched the "Moon Light" program, aiming to establish lunar navigation and communications infrastructure. To date, it has completed key technology development and verification of communications equipment and navigation algorithms suitable for the lunar environment, and has optimized navigation accuracy by simulating the Moon's gravitational field and orbital environment. At the same time, the European Space Agency has carried out lunar orbit tests in cooperation with the United States, Japan, and other countries, verifying the practical feasibility of the program. In addition, Europe is actively advancing the use of Earth's GNSS constellations to provide positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services for the lunar surface. In March 2025, receiving equipment was deployed in lunar orbit via the "Blue Ghost" lander, which successfully received Earth GNSS signals, verifying technical feasibility. The United States, Europe, and Japan have joined forces to use weak satellite navigation signals transmitted by Earth-based probes to calculate lunar positions, exploring a "pragmatic" path to rapid implementation. In the course of cooperation, the parties have also jointly developed higher-precision lunar navigation sensors, established unified data standards and sharing mechanisms, and formulated a series of related specifications and standards.
Challenges faced in the construction process
Despite significant progress, constructing a lunar standard time system still faces multiple practical challenges.
First, there is a lack of a unified lunar geodetic coordinate reference system. At present, the Moon has not yet established a unified and consistent global geodetic observing system (GGOS) similar to that of Earth, nor does it have a reference benchmark similar to Earth's geoid. The U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency is advancing the construction of a "Lunar Reference System (LRS)," but this will still take time. Without accurate geodetic coordinates, time measurement will lack a precise reference, making it difficult to accurately establish the relationship with Earth time and affecting the realization of traceability requirements. The international community is using lunar exploration data accumulated since 2000 to construct the above reference system and hopes to have it applied and tested within the next five years.
Second, uncertainties arising from the Moon's own physical environment. The Moon's irregular shape and uneven mass distribution make spacecraft in near-lunar orbit susceptible to the influence of spatial variations in lunar gravitational perturbation. For example, the Queqiao-2 relay satellite adopts a large elliptical frozen orbit around the Moon precisely because the Moon's irregular shape and structure make spacecraft flying close to the Moon prone to orbital deviations. Such deviations can be transmitted to time measurement equipment, affecting timekeeping accuracy and posing a threat to the system's precision and autonomy.
Third, coordination among multiple institutions is difficult. On the U.S. side, multiple institutions are involved, including NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, each with differing objectives and interests; Europe likewise faces the complex issue of transnational collaboration. How to coordinate all parties to advance the construction of the time system around a unified goal is a complex and challenging task.
Fourth, technical difficulties remain to be overcome. Meeting the requirements of precision, autonomy, and scalability requires developing high-precision lunar surface atomic clocks and ensuring their stable operation in the lunar environment, designing systems capable of autonomous timekeeping when out of contact with Earth, and making breakthroughs in time service recovery capability under weak-signal conditions.
Future outlook and China's role
At the theoretical level, international scholars have already proposed methods for converting between Earth and lunar time, pointing out that, owing to the influence of the Moon's elliptical orbit around Earth and Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, within a uniform time interval for an observer on the lunar surface, the angular velocity of celestial bodies passing through the zenith is not uniform—that is, if time is uniform, then space is not uniform; conversely, on a uniform time zone on the lunar surface with equal longitudinal angular intervals, if space is uniform, then time is not uniform. This theory provides a new perspective for deeply understanding the characteristics of lunar time. In terms of technological innovation, users on the lunar surface and in lunar space can use signal combinations from at least four satellites to precisely determine position and obtain time information. The lunar surface navigation scheme proposed by Chinese scientists is similar to this, and they have also proposed a roadmap for constructing a near-lunar space constellation, achieving navigation coverage of the entire Moon in three stages.
At present, there are three mainstream ideas internationally regarding the definition of lunar standard time: the first is to directly replicate the Earth time system on the Moon and in lunar space, establishing a central timekeeping reference on the Moon, so that lunar surface equipment continuously receives Earth UTC time service signals and calibrates local clocks to "align" with Earth time; the second is the "local proper time, global coordinate time" model, namely replicating on the lunar surface a "centralized timekeeping center" similar to Earth's geoid, on which surface the gains and losses balance out to a constant, so that lunar standard time maintains the same rate as proper time on that surface, all clocks run at the same rate, and it is very convenient for lunar surface users to use a unified time; the third is decentralized timekeeping, in which multiple timekeeping devices distributed across the lunar surface and in lunar orbit form and maintain a unified standard time and spatial reference through mutual comparison, negotiated calibration, and self-correction. Each of the three schemes has its own strengths, and ultimately they may evolve through compensating for each other's deficiencies (取长补短, qu chang bu duan - "take, long, supplement, short") and integration.
In accordance with the White House directive, NASA is expected to develop an international standard for Coordinated Lunar Time by the end of 2026. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is also actively coordinating exchanges, dialogues, and discussions among international organizations, hoping to issue a relevant resolution by the end of the year. This has now been completed on schedule, providing a unified time reference for global lunar exploration, promoting international cooperation, and laying the foundation for the future construction and long-term operation of lunar bases. Because the system is required to be scalable, it may in the future be extended to other celestial bodies such as Mars, continuously expanding the scope of human space exploration.
As an important force in lunar exploration, China should take active action in this basic service field. In fact, in 2021, the China Association for Science and Technology listed "Is there a unified time rule beyond Earth?" as one of its major scientific questions of the year. Chinese experts have already put forward constructive ideas: establishing the extraterrestrial time system on the solar system barycentric coordinate system, using the SI second as the basis, measuring proper time with cesium atomic clocks, unifying coordinate time with pulsars, and replacing the absolute view of time with a relative view of time, which is expected to lead a new transformation in time rules. In recent years, experts from China's metrology institutions, satellite navigation and space agencies, and the astronomical system of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other related fields have actively participated in discussions on the international lunar standard time system and have attempted to advance preparatory research work.
Looking to the future, China should seize the opportunity, deeply integrate the mature technical capabilities achieved by the BeiDou navigation satellite constellation and the lunar exploration program, rapidly achieve initial time service capability for the Moon and lunar surface from the BeiDou navigation satellites and ground simulators' time and frequency systems, and catch up with international progress; further leverage China's advantages in the field of space atomic clock time and frequency technology, place reference atomic clocks for timekeeping in suitable areas of the lunar surface, carry out autonomous timekeeping and comparison experiments, and strive to contribute Chinese solutions to the global lunar standard time system. Only by actively participating in rule-making can China occupy its due position in the new round of space governance and provide strong support for humanity's lunar exploration endeavors. (The author is a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 魏楚
At present, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, represented by artificial intelligence, is accelerating breakthroughs and profoundly affecting the global development landscape. From generative large models to embodied intelligence, from AI for Science to the agent ecosystem, artificial intelligence is becoming deeply embedded in human production and daily life. In the future, as fields such as artificial general intelligence (AGI), brain-computer interfaces, and human-machine collaboration continue to expand, human society will accelerate its march toward the intelligent era. At the same time, the explosive growth of intelligent technology also brings unprecedented deep-seated challenges. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "Promoting the development of global artificial intelligence in a direction that is upward and good, and that benefits humanity." This provides the fundamental guideline for intelligent technology to serve the construction of Chinese modernization and to serve the comprehensive development of people and society. Standing at the window of opportunity when the intelligent economy is taking shape at an accelerating pace and the intelligent society is arriving at an accelerating pace, it is urgent to deeply grasp the profound connotation, basic requirements, and practical pathways of AI for good, and to establish a value coordinate for the healthy development of intelligent technology.
The Connotation of AI for Good
From the theoretical dimension, AI for good reflects the dialectical unity of new quality productive forces and new relations of production. Artificial intelligence possesses the attribute of breaking through technological frontiers and promoting a leap in productive forces, while its development direction is constrained by relations of production and value norms. According to Marxist political economy theory, productive forces determine relations of production. When the development of productive forces driven by intelligent technology surpasses the boundaries of the existing institutional framework and breaks through the threshold of ethical norms, it will, through "creative destruction," break apart and reconstruct the original relations of production. Unlike any previous technological revolution, the "autonomy" and "emergence" of intelligent technology make its impact on relations of production more unpredictable. Through proactive adjustments at the level of relations of production, such as institutional innovation, ethical construction, and distribution adjustment, AI for good achieves a deep alignment between the driving force of intelligent technology development and value norms, transforming disorderly "creative destruction" into orderly "constructive reconstruction," ensuring that the evolution of intelligence remains anchored to the track of the progress of human civilization.
From the historical dimension, AI for good is the inevitable choice for human society to coordinate technological development and value pursuits. The First Industrial Revolution replaced manual labor with machine production, destroying the old feudal manorial economy, but in the process of forming new relations of production, it also gave rise to profound contradictions such as labor exploitation under the early factory system. The Second Industrial Revolution promoted electrification and large-scale standardized production, and while creating unprecedented material wealth, it also brought new challenges such as periodic economic crises and the expansion of monopoly capital. The Third Industrial Revolution, centered on information technology, while promoting globalization and digitalization, also exposed problems such as the digital divide and platform monopoly. Historical experience shows that human society has not been swept into chaos by the tide of technology. Although every technological revolution generates new contradictions due to the adjustment of new social relations, through collective action, legal improvement, and the awakening of social consciousness, humanity has gradually established a series of new norms such as labor protection systems, antitrust laws, ecological ethics, and international climate conventions, successfully pulling powerful technological forces back onto the normal track of enhancing human welfare. At present, the many challenges brought by intelligent technology likewise require drawing wisdom from the long river of history, and through value guidance and normative guidance, achieving the coordinated evolution of technological power and human civilization.
From the contemporary dimension, AI for good is the essential requirement of Chinese modernization in the intelligent era, and it is also a value model provided for global intelligent governance. Chinese modernization is the modernization of a huge population and the common prosperity of all the people. "Good" is embodied in adhering to the principle of fairness and universal benefit, using intelligent technology to bridge rather than widen the digital divide, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of special groups and workers in new forms of employment, and ensuring that the dividends of intelligence leave "not a single person behind." "Good" also requires that the ultimate orientation of intelligent technology must be anchored to the comprehensive development of people, the comprehensive progress of society, and the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. AI for good is deeply coupled with the value pursuits of Chinese modernization, providing value norms and typical paradigms with practical significance for global intelligent governance.
The Basic Requirements of AI for Good
First, adhere to value guidance. The development of intelligent technology does not arise out of thin air; its evolutionary direction is inevitably jointly shaped by social systems and historical culture. To promote AI for good, it is necessary to take the core socialist values as the fundamental guide, so that the research and development, application, and governance of intelligent technology align with the national value goal of "prosperity, democracy, civility, and harmony," fit the social value orientation of "freedom, equality, justice, and the rule of law," and conform to the civic value standard of "patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendliness." At the same time, it is necessary to take the excellent traditional Chinese culture as the deep soil, promote the innovative development of the ecological view of "following the way of nature" and harmony between humanity and nature (天人合一, tian ren he yi - "heaven, human, combine, one") in intelligent technology and human-machine relations, give play to the ethical constraint of the life view of "the benevolent love others" in the integration of biological intelligence and artificial intelligence, and achieve the value balance of balancing righteousness and profit (义利兼顾, yi li jian gu - "righteousness, profit, both, consider") and acting with integrity when seeing profit (见利思义, jian li si yi - "see, profit, think, righteousness") in the commercialization of large models and the computing-power economy.
Second, adhere to a people-centered approach. The test standard for intelligent development lies in whether it promotes the comprehensive development of people, rather than merely pursuing the growth of computing power or the improvement of efficiency. Break the erroneous technological views of "computing power only" and "parameters only," and take "benefiting the people, facilitating the people, and enriching the people" as the starting point and ultimate goal of intelligent technology development. Strive to bridge the "intelligence divide," and through developing AI-assisted education, remote intelligent healthcare, and accessible intelligent interaction, promote the inclusive sharing of intelligent technology, ensuring that groups such as the elderly, persons with disabilities, and residents of remote areas are not marginalized by the wave of intelligence. Properly respond to the impact of intelligent technology on the employment structure; while large models replace knowledge-based jobs and embodied intelligence replaces physical jobs, actively cultivate new occupations and new job types of "human-machine collaboration," build a lifelong learning and skills-reskilling system oriented toward the AI era, and prevent large-scale structural unemployment risks. Focusing on common prosperity, enhance total factor productivity through intelligent technology, improve redistribution mechanisms such as taxation, social security, and transfer payments, explore new distribution systems such as "robot tax" and "data dividend sharing," and ensure that the fruits of intelligent development benefit all the people more and more fairly.
Third, adhere to the ethical bottom line. Resolutely defend the dignity of human subjectivity, place the protection of personal information and cognitive freedom in a priority position in the era of big data and generative AI, and promote the implementation of the principles of "privacy by design," "data minimization," and "algorithmic transparency." Be vigilant against and govern algorithmic discrimination that may be implicit in or amplified by the application of large models in fields such as recruitment, credit, justice, and education, establish and improve algorithmic audit and ethical review mechanisms, and improve model explainability. Effectively safeguard the rights and interests of workers, guide platform enterprises to optimize intelligent scheduling algorithm rules, improve the working environment and rights protection of workers in new forms of employment under "algorithmic management," and promote the building of harmonious labor relations in the era of human-machine collaboration. In fields where intelligence and biology converge, such as brain-computer interfaces, gene editing, and synthetic biology, establish strict ethical red lines to safeguard the dignity of human life.
Fourth, adhere to global co-governance. Intelligent technology has no borders, but intelligent governance has positions and boundaries. In the face of global challenges such as artificial intelligence safety, data sovereignty, computing-power fairness, and AI arms control, unilateralism and technological blockade cannot resolve the "tragedy of the commons"; only open cooperation can enable making steady progress to go far (行稳致远, xing wen zhi yuan - "walk, steady, reach, far"). China, as a responsible major country, should proactively integrate the concept of AI for good into the global AI governance system and promote the establishment of a new global intelligent governance mechanism with universal participation and equal consultation. Actively participate in the formulation of international standards in frontier fields such as large-model safety, embodied intelligence standards, and AI for Science norms, rely on Chinese solutions such as the Global Initiative on Data Security and the Global AI Governance Initiative, and advocate the global AI governance principles of "people-centered, AI for good, safe and controllable, and fair and inclusive." Accelerate the construction of multilateral platforms such as the International Organization for Mediation, the World Data Organization, and the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization, oppose AI hegemony and computing-power blockade, promote the co-construction and sharing of intelligent infrastructure and the benefit of technological achievements to more Global South countries, and make intelligent technology a positive force for building a community with a shared future for mankind.
Multi-Party Coordination to Promote AI for Good
The government strengthens institutional supply and forms the value orientation of AI for good. The government is the designer, leader, and manager of intelligent governance that "sets rules, holds the bottom line, and promotes fairness." It is necessary to improve the legal, regulatory, and policy system for AI ethical governance, promote the shift of the governance focus from "post-hoc handling" to "preventive measures" and "full life-cycle management," accelerate the formulation and improvement of laws, regulations, and ethical norms covering large-model safety, embodied intelligence, autonomous behavior of intelligent agents, algorithmic recommendation, and biological intelligence, and promote the implementation of systems such as ethical review, risk classification, model filing, and responsibility determination. Integrate the concept of goodness into the entire process of science and technology management, and increase the assessment weight of ethical compliance and social benefit in national AI strategies, project approval, large-model evaluation, and institutional assessment. Strengthen agile regulation and dynamic prevention and control in key fields, and in response to issues such as algorithmic discrimination, deepfakes, the weaponization of intelligence, and employment shocks, establish "sandbox regulation" and dynamic adjustment mechanisms, leaving room for trial and error for intelligent innovation while holding the bottom line.
Enterprises are the main body of practical responsibility and promote the development model of AI for good. Enterprises are the main force in the research and development and industrialization of intelligent technology, and they are also the first responsible party in practicing AI for good. It is necessary to explore the establishment of internal AI ethical review mechanisms, encourage leading technology companies to set up AI ethics committees or chief AI ethics officers, and conduct pre-emptive ethical assessment and safety testing for high-risk large models, embodied intelligence products, and autonomous intelligent agents, ensuring algorithmic fairness, data compliance, controllable behavior, and traceable responsibility. Promote industry self-discipline and standard leadership, encourage platform enterprises to proactively optimize "algorithmic management" rules, improve the working conditions of workers in new forms of employment, and safeguard users' privacy rights and right of choice. Advocate an intelligent business civilization of balancing righteousness and profit, support qualified technology enterprises in opening some computing-power resources, open-source large models, and intelligent tools to small and medium-sized enterprises, scientific research institutions, public welfare organizations, and Global South countries, and encourage the deployment of inclusive intelligent infrastructure in less developed regions and the provision of free or low-cost AI public services.
Society should actively participate in supervision and build a sound ecosystem for AI for good. Public awareness, recognition, and broad participation are the deep soil for AI for good to take root in people's hearts and gain a firm foothold. Form a broad consensus on AI for good throughout society, popularize knowledge of the basic principles of artificial intelligence, data rights, and intelligent ethics through multiple channels, improve the public's ability to identify AI risks, resist "cognitive manipulation," and safeguard their own rights and interests, and continuously enhance the digital literacy and ethical awareness of the whole people. Smooth the channels for public participation in intelligent governance and supervision, establish a social dialogue mechanism on AI ethical issues, widely solicit public opinion through public hearings, public consultations, and third-party independent assessments, and encourage the media and public welfare organizations to carry out professional and constructive public opinion supervision. Guide the public to use "voting with their feet" to prioritize intelligent products and services that are fair and transparent, respect privacy, and have a sense of social responsibility, driving enterprises toward goodness through consumer power; guide the public to consciously abide by intelligent ethical norms, forming a new social trend of "AI for good, human-machine symbiosis."
(The author is Dean of the School of Applied Economics at Renmin University of China)
Return to TopBy: 康世昌
Global warming is reshaping the state of the high-mountain cryosphere at an unprecedented (以前所未有, yi qian suo wei you - "before, any, can, not, have") rate. The accelerated retreat of glaciers, the expansion of glacial lakes, and the degradation of permafrost are progressively depriving high-elevation ice, snow, and rock masses that were originally in a stable state of their support, and disasters such as glacial lake outburst floods, ice-rock avalanches, and glacier debris flows are showing a trend of frequent occurrence in high-cold mountainous regions worldwide. Glacier disasters mostly develop in uninhabited high-cold areas above 4,000 meters in elevation, and are characterized by concealment, suddenness, and chain-amplification effects. The destructive force of glacier disasters is transmitted level by level along valleys and continuously amplified, often posing a serious threat to the safety of downstream infrastructure and people's lives and property, and even causing systematic damage to cross-border infrastructure, major projects, and regional ecological security. From the Chamoli ice-rock avalanche disaster in the Indian Himalayas in 2021, to the Gyirong glacial lake outburst flood event in Tibet in 2025, and then to the ice-avalanche-type debris flow disaster at Gyirong Port in 2026, extreme disaster events caused by glacier instability are continuously sounding the alarm for humanity. Strengthening the risk-response capacity of glacier-disaster-affected areas has become an important part of disaster prevention and mitigation work in the context of climate change.
The Characteristics and Current Status of Glacier Disasters
Glacier disasters are not a single type of disaster, but rather a class of compound disasters driven by the interaction of ice, water, and debris, with chain-evolution characteristics. High-elevation ice, snow, and rock masses suffer damage and coalescence due to internal fissure rupture or frost heaving, and then deform and lose stability, triggering ice-rock avalanches; after high-elevation collapse, the material falls into glacial lakes along slopes, generating surge waves, causing partial or complete glacial lake outbursts; as the outburst flood travels down valleys, it continuously carries loose deposits, gradually transforming into a strongly recharged debris flow, and the disaster energy and form continuously transform during transmission, capable of spreading tens to hundreds of kilometers along river valleys in a short period. This disaster evolution process makes glacier disasters generally characterized by large scale, great impact force, high speed, and strong destructiveness. Maritime glaciers, due to active water-heat exchange, relatively high ice temperatures, and well-developed internal water systems, respond more sensitively to climate warming, and the hydrothermal activity processes within fissures of their high-elevation ice-rock masses are more intense, making them more prone to triggering large-scale coupled ice-snow-rock avalanche disasters.
At present, the national natural disaster risk survey has insufficient special coverage of cryosphere disasters, making it difficult to meet the needs of prevention and control of complex chain-borne disasters. In 2021, the Tibet Autonomous Region, in its "Implementation Rules for Geological Disaster Risk Investigation and Assessment," for the first time included ice avalanches and glacial lakes in the investigation scope. Qinghai Province, relying on the framework of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition, launched investigations of glacier-permafrost freeze-thaw disasters and research on the evolution patterns of thermal erosion slumping in the Three-River-Source region. Preliminary baseline investigations show that there are 1,256 extremely high-risk and high-risk glacial lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, of which 182 have extremely high or high risk of outburst (81 with extremely high risk, 101 with high risk). The eastern section of the Himalayas and southeastern Tibet are the regions with the most concentrated glacial lakes, the most rapid expansion, and the most severe outburst disasters. Although there is some understanding of specific cryosphere disaster types, the existing survey still has obvious limitations: a national special survey is lacking, existing survey data are mostly macro-scale statistical results, and there is a lack of refined investigation of small, concealed, and sudden hidden dangers, resulting in an unclear baseline of cryosphere disasters; assessment is mainly based on single disaster types, lacking a comprehensive risk assessment system for compound chain-borne disasters, making it difficult to support whole-process prevention and control of complex disaster chains; the application of survey results is weak, and a unified, standardized national dynamic database of cryosphere disasters has not yet been established, data sharing and interoperability are not sound, making it difficult to efficiently serve dynamic disaster risk zoning, precise early warning and forecasting, engineering protection, and long-term comprehensive management.
The Causes of Glacier Disasters and Their Impacts
Global warming is the fundamental cause of the frequent occurrence of glacier disasters. Current research has shown that the rate of temperature increase in high-cold mountainous regions is significantly higher than the global average. In recent decades, significant warming on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has driven glacier retreat and glacial lake expansion. The accelerated melting of glaciers directly increases the water-source conditions for ice avalanches and glacial lake outbursts, while permafrost degradation weakens mountain stability and increases the risk of high-elevation slope instability and ice-rock avalanches. Reduced snowfall changes the glacier mass balance, keeping it in a long-term deficit state, making glacier fronts and lateral margins more fragile. In addition, the extreme topography and geomorphology of high-cold mountainous regions provide natural disaster-breeding conditions for glacier disasters. Fractured rock masses, glacial action, and historical collapses leave large amounts of loose moraine material in valleys, which becomes an important material source for debris flows. Glacial lakes are mostly formed by the damming of loose moraine material, and their dam structures are unstable, making them highly prone to instability and outburst under the impact of glacier collapse material, surge waves, or seepage water pressure, which will bring enormous impacts to high-risk glacier disaster areas.
First, the impact of glacier disasters is not limited to the location where the disaster occurs. When ice avalanche bodies descend at high speed, they scrape and erode the channel bed along the way and trigger landslides, forming an "ice avalanche—debris flow—mudslide—flood" disaster chain, with destructive force transmitted downstream along river valleys, and the affected range can reach tens to hundreds of kilometers. When the disaster source is located within one country's territory but its impact may extend to neighboring countries, a cross-border disaster is formed; however, disaster prevention systems are constrained by national borders, creating the dilemma that "disasters are not bound by national borders, but disaster prevention is divided by national borders." Second, the difficulty of emergency rescue is also amplified by the dual obstacles of geography and cooperation mechanisms. In remote border areas with complex terrain, communications and power are highly prone to interruption during disasters, and there are significant obstacles to cross-border rescue and data sharing. Major projects and residential areas in disaster-prone areas are highly dependent on limited roads, bridges, and communication facilities; once key nodes are destroyed, material transport, personnel evacuation, and emergency rescue will be obstructed for a long period. Finally, the security of border ports and strategic corridors is directly and repeatedly threatened by disasters. The strategic significance and economic value of ports in the western border region are extremely great. On July 8, 2025, and August 26, 2026, Gyirong Port was twice severely hit by glacier disasters, with roads, communications, and power on the Chinese side all interrupted. The repeated disaster damage at the same location within a short period exposes the extreme vulnerability of key infrastructure under climate change. The destruction of ports, roads, and cross-border logistics corridors not only impacts border trade, tourism, and local livelihoods, but some cross-border infrastructure has long repair cycles and high engineering costs, involving cross-border coordination and international responsibility determination, further exacerbating the complexity of post-disaster reconstruction.
Main Prevention and Control Measures for Glacier Disasters
As climate warming accelerates, the intensification of glacier melting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will lead to glacier instability and the expansion of glacial lake areas, and the risks of ice/rock avalanches and glacial lake outbursts will also intensify in the future. At present, the disaster prevention and mitigation strategies for the cryosphere in high-cold mountainous regions still face challenges in practice, prominently manifested as insufficient monitoring and early warning of high-risk glaciers and glacial lakes, the small coverage of intervention measures due to geographical environmental constraints, and the lag in cross-border information sharing and emergency response, urgently requiring a feasible and adaptable regional comprehensive solution.
First, build a refined integrated "air-space-ground-deep" monitoring and early warning system. Accelerate the construction of an automated real-time monitoring network for glacier and glacial lake disasters, and implement one-to-one precise monitoring of extremely high-risk glaciers and glacial lakes. Strengthen the application of new monitoring technologies such as interferometric synthetic aperture radar and other high-precision displacement monitoring equipment, seismometers, and distributed fiber-optic sensing, to finely capture glacier deformation and precursors of instability. Establish an integrated "monitoring—simulation—early warning" mechanism, comprehensively using satellite remote sensing, UAV aerial surveys, and ground meteorological and hydrological monitoring means, to effectively improve the ability to foresee disasters in advance.
Second, strengthen systematic risk assessment and precise identification of high-risk areas. Carry out systematic risk assessment of high-risk glaciers and glacial lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and use three-dimensional simulation methods to predict the flow trajectories and impact ranges of glacier disasters such as ice avalanches and glacial lake outburst floods. Conduct early identification and assessment of high-risk disaster areas, and incorporate risk assessment results into social development planning and the site-selection basis for major projects. At the same time, improve understanding of the cascade amplification effects of chain disasters, carry out dynamic risk prediction based on future climate scenarios, and promote engineering management and proactive prevention and control of high-risk glacial lakes.
Third, strengthen cross-border disaster information sharing and grassroots emergency response capacity. Based on the cross-border characteristics of glacier and glacial lake disasters, establish cross-border information-sharing and emergency-response linkage mechanisms among countries, and jointly build a cross-border glacier and glacial lake disaster database and joint early warning platform. At the same time, strengthen disaster prevention and avoidance publicity, education, and emergency drills for downstream residents, improve emergency response plans and evacuation measures for glacier and glacial lake disasters, and achieve an effective connection between upstream monitoring data and downstream emergency response.
(The author is the Director of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources)
Return to TopBy: 丛日晨
The "15th Five-Year Plan" for Urban Renewal (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan") sets forth the goal and task of "strengthening the protection of ancient and notable trees." Ancient and notable trees are ancient living organisms in cities, possessing significant landscape, ecological, historical, cultural, and scientific value. They coexist interdependently with the city and serve as living witnesses to urban development. However, amid the rapid development and large-scale expansion of cities, the growing space of some ancient and notable trees can be encroached upon or even damaged to a certain extent by the construction of roads, buildings, underground pipelines, and overhead cables. How to effectively protect ancient and notable trees during urban renewal work, and in particular ensure that they are not damaged in related construction, renovation, and repair projects, is a topic that should command high attention.
First, deeply understand the importance of ancient and notable trees in cities. When General Secretary Xi Jinping inspected Cuiyunlang in Jiange, Sichuan, he emphasized that "ancient and notable trees must be protected well, and the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation must be passed on well." Ancient and notable trees in cities mostly grow in ancient temples, classical gardens, ancient city streets and alleys, princely mansions, and former residences. With their vigorous and upright postures and their simple, lofty greenery, they extend the city's historical scenery and become landscape landmarks of the city. When ancient and notable trees are associated with historical events, historical figures, nostalgia, and sentiment, they acquire cultural power and the function of transmitting the national spirit, sometimes becoming a city's cultural landmark and historical landmark, which is extremely precious (弥足珍贵, mi fu zhen gui - "extremely, very, precious") to that city.
Second, plan ahead and ascertain the full picture. The Plan points out that urban renewal should advance resource surveys and establish and improve the protection front-loading mechanism of "survey first, then construct." It is far from sufficient if resource surveys are conducted only around historic districts and historic buildings. Ascertaining whether there is a conflict between proposed renewal projects and the protection of ancient and notable trees should also be included in the scope of the survey. In recent years, there have been frequent cases nationwide where construction projects could not start on time or could not proceed after starting because ancient trees were not well protected, wasting enormous material and financial resources and also undermining the credibility of the government, which should draw the high attention of urban managers. Urban buildings and roads largely overlap with the growing space of ancient trees. The relationship between ancient and notable trees in the proposed renewal area and the renewal project should be investigated in advance, a ledger should be established, and one should have a clear understanding of the situation (胸中有数, xiong zhong you shu - "chest, inside, have, number"), protecting them in advance according to plan, so as to prevent acting in a disorganized or uncoordinated manner (打乱拳, da luan quan - "strike, messy, fist") at the last minute and causing irreversible damage to ancient and notable trees. For example, in the ground and underground pipeline network renovation project at the Hall of Great Height (Da Gao Xuan Dian) in the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Beijing municipal landscaping and greening competent department intervened in advance, organized scientific research institutes to conduct scientific testing, and after multiple in-depth discussions among all parties, a renovation plan was formed that both ensured the achievement of all project objectives and protected the ancient trees.
Third, strictly implement all laws and regulations. Urban renewal work not only needs to proceed steadily in accordance with the requirements of the Plan, but should also comply with the requirements of laws and regulations such as the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient and Notable Trees. Article 18 of the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient and Notable Trees stipulates: The site selection and construction of construction projects shall avoid the protection scope of ancient and notable trees; where avoidance is impossible due to special circumstances and it is truly necessary to newly build or expand buildings, structures, or lay pipelines within the protection scope of ancient and notable trees, a report shall be made to the competent department for ancient and notable trees of the local people's government at or above the county level before construction, and necessary engineering measures shall be taken as required to minimize damage to ancient and notable trees and their growing environment. Governments at all levels should, in accordance with laws and regulations, treat ancient and notable trees as an important factor during the preliminary planning stage of urban renewal projects, considering, studying, and planning them together, carefully assessing the potential impact of urban renewal projects on the healthy growth of ancient and notable trees, and scientifically taking measures to minimize damage. At present, Beijing has formed a collaborative working mechanism in the field of urban renewal involving the joint action of landscaping and greening, planning, housing construction, cultural relics, and urban management law enforcement departments, supported by scientific research institutions. This can effectively prevent technical errors and also avoid protection and avoidance plans for ancient and notable trees becoming a mere formality (流于形式, liu yu xing shi - "flow, towards, form, pattern").
Fourth, vigorously promote and apply new technologies, new processes, and new materials. In urban renewal work, scientific and technological research and technical support are important means of achieving the dual goals of high-quality urban renewal and the protection of ancient trees. The Plan points out that physical examinations of urban underground pipeline networks should be carried out, the renovation and upgrading of old pipeline networks for gas, water supply, drainage, sewage, and heating should be accelerated, and the construction of underground integrated utility tunnels should be promoted in light of local conditions. Traditional direct-buried pipelines can cause roots to become entangled around the pipelines after several years, and when the pipelines are replaced again, this will again cause damage to the root systems of ancient trees. If utility tunnels are built instead, concentrating the pipelines within the tunnels, damage to ancient trees from subsequent pipeline repairs can be effectively eliminated. This is of great significance for the protection of ancient and notable trees. At the same time, the Plan also proposes strengthening the supporting role of scientific and technological talent, carrying out research on key technologies and equipment for sustainable urban renewal, and strengthening scientific research capacity for urban renewal. In accordance with the requirements of the Plan and in light of the special circumstances of ancient and notable trees in each city, conducting targeted scientific and technological research is very necessary.
Fifth, establish a clear management mechanism. Article 5 of the Regulations on the Protection of Ancient and Notable Trees stipulates that the forestry competent departments and urban greening competent departments of local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for the protection and management of ancient and notable trees within their respective administrative regions according to their division of duties, and other relevant departments of local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for related work on the protection and management of ancient and notable trees within their respective scopes of duties. On this basis, and drawing on the working mechanism of "streets and townships blow the whistle, departments report for duty," a collaborative mechanism for the protection of ancient and notable trees in urban renewal projects, led by forestry and landscaping and greening departments, can be established to prevent the phenomenon of buck-passing and wrangling.
Return to TopBy: 赖扬恩
Grassroots Party organizations are the "last kilometer" in implementing the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee. Enhancing the mass-organizing capacity of grassroots Party organizations bears on the Party's governing foundation and the effectiveness of mass work, and provides important support for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. During his work in Fuzhou, Comrade Xi Jinping always made the building of grassroots Party organizations a priority in Party building work, paying particular attention to rural and urban community Party building, comprehensively implementing the "Fortress Project" plan, and ensuring that the Party's line, principles, and policies were implemented at the grassroots level. In March 2021, when General Secretary Xi Jinping inspected Fujian, he pointed out: "Party organizations at all levels in all fields must be built into strong fighting fortresses." Inheriting and carrying forward the important concepts and major practices of Comrade Xi Jinping's promotion and implementation of the "Fortress Project" during his work in Fuzhou is of major and far-reaching significance for us to deeply understand the theoretical origins, development trajectory, and the positions, viewpoints, and methods running through Xi Jinping's thought on Party building, and to uphold the Party's leadership, strengthen Party building, and exercise full and rigorous self-governance of the Party under new historical conditions.
Strive to consolidate the ideological foundation of the Party's leadership
Ideological Party building is a distinctive feature and glorious tradition of the Communist Party of China. During his work in Fuzhou, Comrade Xi Jinping always made strengthening the Party's ideological building the primary task of the "Fortress Project," arming the whole Party with the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and striving to consolidate the ideological foundation of the Party's leadership.
Highlight strengthening the ideological and work-style building of leading bodies. In response to problems such as weak and lax leading bodies of grassroots Party organizations, confused thinking among Party members, and lax organizational management, it was emphasized that ideological and work-style building is the key to the building of leading bodies, and with the focus on improving quality, firming up ideals and convictions, keeping in mind the Party's purpose, and being honest and upright, Party committees at all levels were to be built into strong fighting command headquarters that are politically firm, ideologically unified, work-style rigorous, diligent and honest, and united and enterprising, providing a strong guarantee for advancing the cause of socialist modernization.
Emphasize the systematization of Marxist theory study. It was emphasized that improving the Marxist theoretical quality of leading cadres at all levels is a very urgent strategic task. It was required to systematically carry out education in the basic theories of Marxism and improve the theoretical quality and ideological awareness of all Party members. It was required that the three levels of Party committees at the city, county, and township levels make overall plans, conduct regular research, organize cadre rotation training, and list study and training situations as important content in cadre assessment.
Emphasize promoting the routinization of Party spirit cultivation and ideals and convictions education for leading cadres. It was insisted that ideological Party building be placed first, and the daily Party spirit cultivation and world outlook transformation of leading cadres be advocated. Through the use of forms such as central study groups, leading cadres were organized to study and truly understand Marxism through learning, master the Party's basic line, ideological line, and mass line, continuously strengthen Party spirit cultivation, and reinforce the political awareness and mission responsibility of leading cadres.
Centering on the actual thinking of Party members, cadres, and the masses, ideological and political work was carried through the entire process and all aspects of reform and opening up and economic construction. It was emphasized that ideological and political work must be targeted, that the ideological conditions of Party members must be understood at a deep level, and that education must be carried out acting with a clear purpose (有的放矢, you de fang shi - "have a target, shoot an arrow"). In response to new situations arising in reform and opening up and economic construction, the consciousness of Party building work should be raised, especially by giving scientific explanations according to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, effectively responding to the actual thinking of Party members and cadres, and earnestly achieving "grasping both hands, and both hands must be firm."
On the new journey, we must persist in using the Party's innovative theories to unite hearts and forge souls, persist in tempering strong Party spirit, and ensure that the whole Party always maintains unified thinking, firm will, coordinated action, and strong combat effectiveness. Strengthen the arming of the Party's innovative theories, achieving the integration of learning, thinking, and application and the unity of knowledge, belief, and action; always uphold the Two Integrations (两个结合), and be good at using the Party's innovative theories to study new situations and solve new problems; strengthen ideals and convictions education, and consolidate the ideological foundation for maintaining the Party's unity and solidarity.
Build Party organizations at all levels into strong political cores and fighting fortresses
The Party's grassroots organizations are the fighting fortresses of the Party in social grassroots organizations. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," following the work approach of "strengthening the foundation, enhancing functions, highlighting key points, and comprehensively improving," it was emphasized to seize weak links and strengthen classified guidance, building Party organizations at all levels into strong political cores and fighting fortresses.
Take the lead in deploying and implementing the "Fortress Project" in rural areas, strengthening village-level organizational building with Party branches as the core. In April 1991, Fuzhou City held an experience exchange meeting on village-level organizational building, officially launching the implementation of the Party's "Fortress Project" building. Through vigorously grasping village-level organizational building, a new pattern of rural work was established with the village Party branch as the core, the village committee and economic cooperative organizations as the support, the Communist Youth League as the assistant, and women's, militia, and other organizations closely coordinating. Emphasis was placed on equipping and strengthening village Party branch teams, promoting the establishment of a system in which Party committee leaders at all levels link up with grassroots levels to grasp Party building work, and emphasizing the transformation of backward Party branches as a prominent task in village-level organizational building.
Emphasize solving the problem of insufficient Party organization coverage in neighborhood committees, and strengthen urban grassroots Party organization building with sub-districts as the core. It was proposed that grassroots Party organization building in sub-districts and neighborhoods should actively create conditions and gradually realize one Party branch per neighborhood. Emphasis was placed on optimizing the external conditions for sub-district and neighborhood work, holding that sub-district and neighborhood work is essentially social work, and requiring sub-district and neighborhood Party organizations to build a strong contingent of sub-district and neighborhood cadres, so that every cadre becomes a "expert on the district," an "expert on the alley," and a "close confidant" of residents.
Emphasize enhancing the political core function of enterprise Party organizations, and vigorously strengthen Party building in foreign-invested enterprises. Emphasis was placed on organically combining Party building work with economic work, grasping Party building around the economy, promoting the economy through good Party building, and grasping the focal point of "Fortress Project" building in the overall development situation. Expanding the Party organization coverage of foreign-funded enterprises was treated as basic work to be grasped regularly, in detail, and over the long term, achieving "wherever new economic organizations appear, Party organizations are established there."
On the new journey, we must persist in taking the Party's political building as the guide, improve the organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and strong in execution, and build grassroots Party organizations into strong fighting fortresses that effectively realize the Party's leadership. Firmly establish the awareness of one chessboard, and enhance the political function and organizational function of Party organizations; adhere to the clear orientation of vigorously grasping the grassroots level, and further consolidate the basic guarantees at the grassroots level; strengthen the leadership of Party building in grassroots governance, and continuously enhance the Party's appeal, cohesion, and influence in emerging fields.
Treat the building of the Party member contingent as basic work
Party members are the cells of the Party's body, and the Party's governing mission must be accomplished through the outstanding work of the vast number of Party members. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," emphasis was placed on treating the building of the Party member contingent as the basic work of the "Fortress Project," and a series of forward-looking practical explorations were carried out around improving the quality of Party members, giving play to the vanguard and exemplary role, and optimizing the structure of the contingent.
Solidly grasp Party member education and management, and raise the quality of the Party member contingent to a new level. The "Fortress Project" ran through the main line of strengthening Party spirit, setting a theme each year and carrying out education by level and by category, ensuring that Party members' annual education time is no less than 5 days and the education rate reaches over 90%. Strengthen the building of grassroots Party schools, improve the three-level audio-visual education network system at the county, township, and village levels, and realize the diversification and full coverage of Party member education; establish a mechanism of follow-up education and correction within a time limit for unqualified and basically unqualified Party members, ensuring the advanced nature of the Party member contingent.
Deepen practical activities of serving the people, and explore new ways for Party members to play their role. Emphasis was placed on closely linking with the reality of all walks of life, using the activity of "doing practical things for the people, adding glory to the Party" as the carrier, and emphasizing giving play to the role of Party members based on their own posts. In rural areas, the system of "Party member contact households" was improved; in enterprises, the activity of "Party member responsibility zones" was carried out; in government organs, the activity of "learning from Jiao Yulu, being a good public servant of the people" was carried out, etc., promoting the transformation of Party members' advanced nature from abstract requirements into concrete actions, and further strengthening the relationship between the Party and the masses and between cadres and the masses.
Emphasize the combination of striving for excellence and target management, and encourage Party members to play a vanguard and exemplary role. Through deepening the series of activities of "striving for excellence," the activity of "reaching the standard and upgrading" was carried out among Party members throughout the city, promoting Party members to clarify responsibility targets in connection with their posts and strive to be "outstanding Communist Party members." Emphasis was placed on combining target management of Party members with the system of democratic appraisal of Party members, taking the results of year-end assessment as an important basis for democratic appraisal of Party members, forming a closed loop of "target setting—process management—year-end assessment—incentive and constraint." Through commending a number of outstanding Communist Party members and advanced grassroots Party organizations each year, the demonstration and leading role of advanced models was brought into play.
Strictly control the quality threshold for developing Party members, and continuously optimize the structure of the Party member contingent. Emphasis was placed on improving the overall quality of the Party member contingent from the source and doing a good job in developing Party members. In response to problems such as too few Party members on the production front line and the aging of rural Party members, it was required that within 3 years, the proportion of Party members developed on the front line of enterprise and rural production reach 80%, and the proportion of enterprises with Party member work teams rise from 50.3% to 70%. Vigorously improve the system of organization officers, eliminate violations of discipline and regulations in the work of developing Party members, and both optimize the structure of the Party member contingent and hold the bottom line of the quality of Party member development.
On the new journey, we must treat the building of the Party member contingent as the basic project of Party building and promote the overall improvement of the combat effectiveness of Party organizations. Strictly and practically grasp the building of the Party member contingent, and forge a high-quality cadre contingent capable of shouldering the heavy task of national rejuvenation; adhere to the principles of the Party managing cadres and the Party managing talent, and continuously gather outstanding talent; vigorously improve the carriers for Party members to play their role, and guide the vast number of Party members and cadres to take the lead and set an example in Chinese modernization.
Enhance the Party's cohesion and combat effectiveness with excellent work style
The Party's work style is a barometer for observing the relationship between the Party and the masses and between cadres and the masses, and the support or opposition of the people. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," great importance was attached to the Party's work-style building, emphasizing the enhancement of the Party's cohesion and combat effectiveness with excellent work style, and ensuring the implementation of major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and higher levels.
Emphasize that the issue of the Party's work style bears on the survival or demise of the Party, and earnestly grasp Party style education. It was recognized that the issue of the Party's work style not only bears on the image of government organs, but also affects whether the Party's line, principles, and policies can be implemented. Changing the work style and vigorously grasping implementation is not only a matter of working methods, but also an important guiding ideology that involves the overall situation. Through the deployment and implementation of the "Fortress Project," efforts were made to grasp Party style education, effectively solving the problems of detachment from reality and detachment from the masses that existed in Party and government organs.
Emphasize strengthening the unity of leading bodies and strictly implementing democratic centralism. Emphasis was placed on ensuring the unity of leading bodies through the implementation of democratic centralism, emphasizing the strict implementation of democratic centralism, insisting on collective discussion and decision on major issues, and extensively soliciting opinions from all sides. Emphasis was placed on grasping the unity of leading bodies as an issue of overriding importance, emphasizing the strict implementation of the system of democratic life meetings for leading cadres, the system of heart-to-heart talks within leading bodies, etc., and striving to enhance the cohesion of leading bodies.
Earnestly improve the work style of leadership, and attach importance to going down to the grassroots level to solve practical problems. In response to problems such as formalism and bureaucratism, emphasis was placed on strengthening the work-style building of Party organizations in government organs, and "ten oppositions and ten advocacies" was proposed. Vigorously advocate the work style of "do it immediately, work hard and do solid work," require improving work efficiency, do things as soon as they are decided and do them well, emphasize that leaders at all levels going down to the grassroots level is the key to earnestly improving the work style of leadership, and effectively promote the normalization, institutionalization, and scientization of leading cadres going down to the grassroots level to solve difficult problems.
Deepen the "four ten-thousand households" activity and strengthen the Party's ties with the masses. Emphasis was placed on treating the strengthening of ties with the masses as the fundamental task of the ideological and work-style building of leading bodies. Promote the development of the activity of "entering the doors of ten thousand households, knowing the conditions of ten thousand households, resolving the worries of ten thousand households, and handling the affairs of ten thousand households," and improve a series of systems for leading cadres to go down to the grassroots level, handle official business on site, conduct investigation and research, and participate in collective productive labor. Organize leading cadres to go down to the grassroots level to the homes of ordinary people, resolve conflicts and disputes, and eliminate unstable factors in the bud.
On the new journey, we must persist in unswervingly rectifying work style and enforcing discipline, and strive to create a clean and upright political ecology. Highlight grasping the exemplary role of leading cadres, and promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work-style building; unswervingly implement the spirit of the Central Eight-Point Regulation, and continuously deepen the rectification of the "Four Malfeasances"; closely adhere to the key of maintaining the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the masses, and ensure that the Party always breathes the same breath, shares the same fate, and is heart-to-heart with the people.
Strive to explore new paths for the institutional building of grassroots Party building work
The building of institutions within the Party is fundamental, overall, stable, and long-term in nature. In the process of implementing the "Fortress Project," emphasis was placed on enriching and improving various institutions within the Party, strengthening the building of integrity and diligence and the fight against corruption, and striving to explore new paths for the institutional building of grassroots Party building work.
Emphasize promoting the standardization of various institutions within the Party. Strengthening the institutional building of grassroots Party organizations is an important guarantee for doing grassroots Party building work well. Institutional building should be continuously enriched and improved on the original basis, proceed from reality, adhere to seeking truth from facts, and make various rules and regulations both conform to the spirit of the Party Constitution and norms and be practical and feasible. Promote the improvement of six institutions at the city and county levels, the implementation of eight institutions by grassroots Party committees, and the standardization of twelve institutions by grassroots Party branches, so that grassroots Party building work takes solid steps in institutionalization and standardization.
Emphasize improving the systematic thinking method of the guarantee mechanism for Party building work. Improve the Party building work mechanism with a problem-oriented approach, and attach importance to using Party building to comprehensively solve the practical problems existing in various fields at that time. Emphasize organic connection, linkage integration, and coordination and collaboration, first deploying and implementing in the rural field, then expanding to sub-districts, enterprises, government organs, schools, and other fields. Integrate the Party's ideological building, organizational building, work-style building, anti-corruption and integrity building, and institutional building into one, truly enabling Party building work to establish a set of effective guarantee and supervision institutions.
Emphasize improving the supervision mechanism. Attach importance to strengthening the restriction and supervision of power, organically combining the supervision of Party organizations, the supervision of state power organs, the supervision of the CPPCC, the supervision of the masses, and the supervision by public opinion, forming a strong supervision system. Incorporate mass supervision into the "Fortress Project," promote the implementation of the "two openness and one supervision" system, establish the system of joint reception days for city and county leaders with the masses, the mechanism for complaints about government organ efficiency, etc., and promptly investigate and promptly provide feedback on problems reported by the masses such as cadres' inaction, arbitrary action, and lack of integrity. Include the integrity building of leading bodies and the integrity performance of cadres in the important content of assessment, and promote the formation of a responsibility system for integrity building in which one level grasps one level and implementation is grasped at every level.
On the new journey, we must persist in using strict discipline to govern the whole Party and manage the whole Party, persist in promoting in an integrated manner the deterrence of corruption, the prevention of corruption, and the elimination of the desire for corruption, and continuously improve the level of institutionalization, standardization, and scientization of Party building. Persist in placing institutional building in an important position in Party building, and deeply advance the reform of the Party building system; comprehensively strengthen the Party's discipline building, and improve the supervision system under the unified leadership of the Party, with full coverage and authority and efficiency; strengthen the building of a culture of integrity in the new era, and resolutely fight the tough, protracted, and overall battle against corruption.
(The author is a specially invited researcher of the Fujian Provincial Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)
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