Summary: The article, authored by a Fujian Provincial Party Committee official, outlines the significance of Xi Jinping's thought on Party building, emphasizing its role in guiding the Party's self-reform and national rejuvenation. It calls for deep study and implementation of this thought, particularly in Fujian, where Xi worked for 17.5 years, to leverage the province's unique position as a "practice ground" for his theories. The piece stresses the need to align organizational work with the Party's central leadership, focusing on cadre training, talent development, and grassroots Party building to support modernization. It also highlights the importance of strict Party governance and the use of Fujian's historical experiences to advance these efforts. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article analyzes the concept of "national rule-of-law unity" (国家法治统一) in China, tracing its evolution from a focus on static legal texts to a dynamic system encompassing legislation, enforcement, supervision, and safeguards. It argues that this unity is essential for upholding the Party's centralized leadership, ensuring equality before the law, and supporting high-quality economic development by eliminating local protectionism and market fragmentation. The piece emphasizes the need to strengthen mechanisms such as constitutional implementation, unified legislative planning, and the review of normative documents to maintain coherence between national laws and Party regulations. It also highlights the importance of aligning legal and Party disciplinary systems to prevent conflicts and ensure coordinated governance. The author is identified as the director of the Political Science and Law Teaching Department at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance).
Summary: The article emphasizes the Chinese Communist Party's commitment to strict governance under Xi Jinping, focusing on problem-oriented approaches to strengthen party leadership and address internal issues. Xi is quoted as stating that the party must "always be able to promptly discover and solve its own problems," a key challenge for a large ruling party. It highlights historical examples, such as the Yan'an rectification and post-1978 reforms, to argue that confronting problems is central to the party's success. The piece underscores the need to systematically tackle issues like corruption and bureaucratic misconduct, linking domestic governance to broader global changes. While the United States is not explicitly mentioned, the article references "world changes unseen in a century," implicitly situating China's party-building efforts within the context of international competition and U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article emphasizes that ensuring stable supply of grain and key agricultural products is the top priority for agricultural production. It calls for implementing support policies for grain production, stabilizing agricultural material supply and prices, and promoting advanced varieties, technologies, and equipment to increase yields and efficiency. The piece also stresses improving agricultural infrastructure, ensuring high-standard farmland quality, advancing water-saving practices, and strengthening meteorological forecasting and disaster monitoring to boost disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities. No specific officials or accompanying individuals are mentioned in the text. The article does not discuss the United States or U.S.-China relations.
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Summary: The article discusses President Xi Jinping’s concept of the "Chinese Dream," framing it as the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation that is fundamentally a dream of the people. It argues that the dream is rooted in the people’s historical aspirations for national independence, prosperity, and a better life, and contrasts it with Western models like the American Dream, which it claims are mired in materialism and individualism. The piece emphasizes that the Chinese Dream prioritizes people’s well-being, common prosperity, and harmonious development, rejecting the zero-sum logic of U.S.-style capitalism. It asserts that the dream must be realized through the collective efforts of the people, relying on their creativity and practical wisdom to overcome challenges. The article concludes that the Chinese Dream will become reality through the sustained struggle of hundreds of millions of people, with the Communist Party guiding this process.
Summary: The article discusses Chinese President Xi Jinping’s concept of “Chinese-style modernization,” which he describes as a new form of human civilization rooted in traditional Chinese culture and distinct from Western models. It emphasizes that this modernization preserves China’s civilizational identity while integrating socialist principles and global achievements. The piece argues that Chinese-style modernization avoids the pitfalls of Western capitalism, such as inequality and ecological crisis, by prioritizing people-centered development, common prosperity, and harmony with nature. It positions China’s path as a viable alternative for developing nations, implicitly challenging the dominance of Western modernization and the “end of history” thesis. The article underscores China’s civilizational confidence and its global responsibility in offering a non-Western model of progress.
Summary: The article emphasizes that selecting officials based on demonstrated performance and practical results is central to building a loyal and capable cadre for the new era. It calls for strengthening positive incentives by prioritizing those who achieve tangible outcomes in major tasks and reform efforts, while breaking away from seniority-based promotion. The piece advocates for a precise error-tolerance mechanism to protect officials who take initiative in reforms, distinguishing between unintentional mistakes and deliberate violations. It also stresses the need for scientific performance evaluation systems that assess officials through daily observation, differentiated criteria, and on-site inspections. The author is identified as the political commissar of the Military and Political Basic Education College at the National University of Defense Technology.
Summary: The article discusses Zhu Xi's *Questions on the Four Books*, a supplementary work to his *Collected Commentaries on the Four Books*, written in a question-and-answer format to clarify debates and textual meanings. It explains that Zhu Xi himself considered the work "unnecessary to read" because it was unrevised and sometimes inconsistent with his later *Collected Commentaries*, yet it holds unique scholarly value for its problem-driven reasoning and logical argumentation. The text highlights how Zhu Xi used the work to critique Buddhism, Daoism, and Legalism, aiming to reestablish Confucian orthodoxy and a self-contained knowledge system. The article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article profiles Li Benzhong (1759–1841), a Qing-era merchant from Hubei who, driven by family tragedies caused by the treacherous Yangtze River gorges, single-handedly financed and led a 36-year campaign to clear 48 dangerous shoals and build over 300 li of towpaths in the Three Gorges region. Inspired by the fable of the Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains, Li spent nearly 180,000 taels of silver—equivalent to 36 years of local tax revenue—hiring workers, using fire and water to break rocks, and even purchasing and reforesting a mountain to prevent siltation. He was accompanied in his later efforts by his son Li Liangxian and grandson Li Xianjun after the deaths of his longtime friend Zhou Buzhou and his eldest son. The article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article analyzes the concept of "national rule of law unity" in China, tracing its evolution from "legal system unity" under Xi Jinping's leadership. It emphasizes that maintaining this unity is essential for upholding the Party's centralized leadership, ensuring equality before the law, and supporting high-quality economic development, including the creation of a unified national market. The piece discusses challenges such as inconsistent local regulations and proposes institutional mechanisms to strengthen unity, including constitutional implementation, unified legislative planning, and enhanced备案审查 (record review) systems. The author, identified as the head of the Political Science and Law Teaching Department at the Central Party School, does not directly reference the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article features Chai Feng, General Manager of the AI (Engineering) Business Unit at China Iron and Steel Research Institute, who poses a question on how to understand performance evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development. The response, provided by Lü Pin, Deputy Director of the Party Building Teaching and Research Department at the Central Party School, emphasizes that such evaluations must prioritize political standards, shift from GDP-centric metrics to quality and innovation, and focus on public well-being. The commentary stresses correcting cadre performance perspectives, implementing differentiated assessments based on regional roles, and balancing incentives with accountability, including lifelong responsibility for poor decisions. It also addresses the need to overcome path dependency from past growth models and to align evaluation cycles with long-term tasks like ecological restoration and industrial cultivation. The article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article, authored by the Secretary of the Weifang Municipal Party Committee, outlines a comprehensive vision for urban governance centered on the "people's city" concept, emphasizing quality of life, ecological harmony, and efficient transportation. It details specific initiatives such as river ecological restoration, traffic management for non-standard vehicles, and the creation of "health neighborhood circles" to improve public services. The piece highlights the integration of cultural heritage and modern life, including a pioneering grassroots cultural指导员 system, to foster civic virtue. It also focuses on building a robust healthcare system through medical consortiums and the "dual-school dual-hospital" collaboration to make quality care accessible. There is no mention of the United States or U.S.-China relations in the text.
Summary: The article reports on Xi Jinping’s remarks at the Central Party School, where he stated that true achievements must be rooted in meeting the people’s needs, emphasizing that “serving the people is the greatest political achievement.” It criticizes officials who pursue vanity projects for personal advancement, contrasting this with the Party’s historical success in responding to popular demands. The piece stresses the necessity of thorough investigation to accurately identify diverse and concrete public needs, warning against superficial or staged research. It calls for concrete action, dynamic adjustment, and rejection of formalism to ensure tangible results. Finally, it asserts that the people’s approval is the ultimate criterion for evaluating performance, advocating for a scientific assessment system that prioritizes public satisfaction.
Summary: Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the importance of cyberspace governance, calling for deepened international exchanges and cooperation to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. The article, published in the Study Times' think tank section, explores global governance of cyberspace. It highlights Xi's view that leveraging the internet for the benefit of humanity is a shared responsibility of the international community. The discussion focuses on advancing global cyberspace governance without directly addressing the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article analyzes the evolving global cyberspace order, emphasizing the impact of geopolitical competition, technological change, and the digital divide. It notes that Western nations, particularly the United States, are accused of promoting "cyber hegemony" and politicizing technology, contrasting with Global South calls for digital sovereignty. The piece highlights China's role in advocating for a "Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace," proposing principles like respect for cyber sovereignty and multilateral governance. It details China's efforts to lead in areas such as data governance, AI regulation, and regional cooperation through platforms like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The summary underscores China's push for a fairer global governance system, positioning itself against U.S.-led digital dominance.
Summary: The article analyzes the high uncertainty in global cyberspace governance, driven by rapid technological change, fragmented international rules, and intensified geopolitical competition, including references to Western dominance and the politicization of digital issues by some nations. It argues that a "comprehensive consensus" is unrealistic and advocates for "inclusive multilateralism" over exclusive bloc logic. The author, a director at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, highlights the establishment of the World Data Organization (WDO) in Beijing in March 2026 as a pragmatic step toward bridging rule fragmentation. The piece calls for respecting sovereign differences, strengthening the UN's coordinating role, and focusing on capacity-building for the Global South. It frames China's global governance initiative as providing a value framework to prevent a "digital Cold War" and promote a community with a shared future in cyberspace.
Summary: The article analyzes how artificial intelligence is fundamentally reshaping cyberspace governance, shifting it from a human-driven information space to an intelligent action space involving models, algorithms, and agents. It argues that AI-driven risks—such as deepfakes, automated attacks, and cross-border fraud—are harder to identify, contain, and trace, making unilateral national responses insufficient. The author emphasizes that these risks increasingly spill over borders, necessitating stronger international governance to coordinate prevention, responsibility-sharing, and law enforcement. The piece also warns that technological power imbalances, concentrated in a few leading countries and tech firms, risk entrenching structural inequalities, particularly harming developing nations. The author, a professor at Fudan University, calls for proactive, chain-based international cooperation to ensure equitable participation in cyberspace development.
Summary: The article analyzes the transformative impact of breakthroughs in intelligent warfare technologies, such as cognitive intelligence and human-machine collaboration, which are shifting warfare from platform-centric to human-machine coordinated systems. It emphasizes that artificial intelligence now enables "data-intelligent empowerment," instantaneous advantage accumulation, and asymmetric cost imposition, with low-cost drone swarms overwhelming high-value defenses. The text details advancements in reconnaissance through multi-domain data fusion and intelligent analysis, as well as command and control systems featuring human-machine decision-making and a "order-taking" model for rapid targeting. It also describes the evolution of combat forces toward unmanned-led, modular formations and new operational methods like precision strikes and deep penetrations. The article does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article discusses the development of sonar technology for surface warships, focusing on three key trends: overcoming underwater detection bottlenecks, transitioning from manual to intelligent autonomous operation, and evolving from standalone equipment to networked information nodes within combat systems. It highlights advancements such as synthetic aperture sonar, multi-line arrays, and AI-driven autonomous detection to counter threats like submarines and mines. The report does not mention any specific Chinese officials, their statements, or accompanying personnel, nor does it discuss the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article, authored by a Fujian Provincial Party Committee official, outlines the significance of Xi Jinping's thought on Party building, emphasizing its role in guiding the Party's self-reform and national rejuvenation. It calls for deep study and implementation of this thought, particularly in Fujian, which is highlighted as a key birthplace of Xi's political ideas. The text stresses the need to align organizational work with the Party's central leadership and to serve national development goals, including the modernization drive. It also details practical measures for Party building, such as cadre training and grassroots organization, without directly mentioning the United States or U.S.-China relations. The summary focuses on the reported directives and the official's role as the Fujian Provincial Party Committee's Organization Department head.
Summary: Futian District of Shenzhen has implemented a "Five Synergies" mechanism—co-planning, co-policy, co-investment, co-service, and co-benefits—to drive regional coordinated development with the paired counties of Boluo, Heping, and Xiangqiao in Guangdong. This mechanism addresses common cross-regional challenges by aligning industrial planning, policy integration, joint investment promotion, and shared public services. Key initiatives include joint industrial park planning (e.g., the 192-sq-km Luofu Future City), cross-regional policy and financial support, and unified investment teams that have attracted 16 projects valued at over 7 billion yuan. The approach also features cross-jurisdictional government services and benefit-sharing models to ensure equitable outcomes. The article is authored by the Futian District Development Research Center, which serves as the command office for the provincial "Hundreds, Thousands, Tens of Thousands" project.
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By: 苗延红
On the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee has explicitly established Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, which is a major event in the history of our Party. Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building embodies profound insights into successfully navigating the new "road of the examination" (新的赶考之路), contains a clear understanding of how the Party can break free from the historical cycle of rise and fall, order and chaos, and provides an important magic weapon for establishing the Party and the state, and for rejuvenating and strengthening the Party. We must deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments" (两个确立), resolutely achieve the "Two Upholds" (两个维护), comprehensively study, comprehensively grasp, and comprehensively implement Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, effectively transform the power of thought into a strong driving force for promoting high-quality development of Party building and organizational work, and gather the surging strength to strive and excel in the construction of Chinese-style modernization.
**Deeply study and comprehend, accurately understand and grasp the great significance, scientific system, and epochal necessity of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building**
Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is extensive, profound, rich in content, deep in thought, and rigorous in system. It connects history and reality, unifies Party governance and national rejuvenation, and integrates theory and practice, systematically answering the major epochal question of what kind of long-term governing Marxist political party to build and how to build a long-term governing Marxist political party. It possesses strong political guiding power, theoretical creativity, practical driving force, and international influence. We must truly study, truly understand, truly believe, and truly apply it, thoroughly grasp its spiritual essence and core essence, and strive to master this sharp ideological weapon that is effective in managing, governing, and building the Party.
**Deeply grasp its great significance.** Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is a milestone in the history of Marxist party-building theory and the history of the Communist Party of China's Party building. Looking at its political implications, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building centrally embodies the political attributes of a Marxist political party, clarifies a series of major issues of right and wrong, takes a clear stand on what to uphold and what to oppose, and rectifies the source. It will inevitably push the entire Party to maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path, and safeguard the Party's unity and solidarity. Looking at its theoretical contributions, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building has greatly enriched and developed Marxist party-building theory, promoted the enrichment and improvement of the scientific theoretical system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and is a major achievement in adhering to the "Two Integrations" (两个结合) to advance theoretical innovation. Looking at its practical value, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building runs through the mission and responsibility of managing, governing, rejuvenating, and strengthening the Party, guides the Party's self-reform to open up new realms, and ensures that the Party never changes its nature, color, or flavor. Looking at its international influence, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building adheres to a global vision, with its lofty value orientation and unique ideological charm, it breaks the myth of Western political party systems and provides a Chinese solution for the self-construction and governance of political parties around the world.
**Deeply grasp its scientific system.** Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is centrally summarized as the "Fourteen Persistences" (十四个坚持). These "Fourteen Persistences" constitute a systematic and complete theoretical system, profoundly elucidating the highest principles, strategic guidelines, value pursuits, work layout, and methodological paths of Party building in the new era, possessing distinct systematic and systematic characteristics, providing a "golden key" for deeply advancing the great new project of Party building in the new era. They constitute a logically rigorous theoretical system, taking the Party's political construction as the guide, clarifying the relationships and interactions among various elements of Party building, forming a strong synergy of interlocking and coordinated advancement. They constitute a theoretical system with distinct characteristics, highlighting firm ideals and beliefs, a high degree of historical initiative, a clear problem orientation, a strong sense of mission, profound feelings for the people, and scientific thinking methods, possessing distinct markers and recognizability, standing out uniquely in the history of the Party and the history of world political party development.
**Deeply grasp its epochal necessity.** The Party Central Committee's explicit establishment of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building has a solid practical and theoretical foundation and is also an urgent practical need. It can be said to conform to the general trend of history and respond to the call of the times, erecting a new ideological peak. The practical foundation lies in the fact that since the 18th National Congress of the Party, our Party has unswervingly advanced comprehensive and strict Party governance. The Party has become stronger and more powerful through revolutionary tempering, providing a strong political guarantee for creating the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. Its powerful truth force has been fully verified by practice. The theoretical foundation lies in the fact that Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building inherits and develops Marxist scientific theory and the historical experience of the Party's own construction, greatly deepening the understanding of the laws of Marxist political party construction. The theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation of Party building have accumulated momentum and become natural. The practical need lies in the current intertwining of two overall situations, which puts forward new and higher requirements for strengthening and improving Party building and enhancing the Party's governance capacity and leadership level. There is an urgent need to use scientific theory to guide the formation of correct practice, deeply advance the great new project of Party building in the new era, and build our Party well and make it strong.
**Leverage unique advantages, strive to take the lead and set an example in studying and implementing Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building**
Fujian is an important place where Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was conceived and practiced. General Secretary Xi Jinping worked in Fujian for 17 and a half years, conducting many highly forward-looking, strategic, and pioneering explorations and practices on strengthening Party building, leaving behind valuable ideological wealth, spiritual wealth, and practical achievements, providing solid support for the formation of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building. Fujian has the conditions, the responsibility, and even more the mission to study Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building more deeply, comprehend it more thoroughly, and implement it more completely. With a high degree of political consciousness, we will deeply excavate and make good use of the theoretical and practical "rich mine" (富矿), with deep feelings, study the original texts, trace the origins and comprehend, and apply it in connection with practice, promoting the study and implementation work to continuously go deeper, more practical, and more heartfelt.
**Make efforts and achieve results in learning, research, and interpretation.** Promote Party committees (Party leadership groups) at all levels to regard Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building as an important part of the theoretical study center group study, collective study of grassroots Party organizations, and the "Three Meetings and One Lesson" (三会一课) of Party branches. Organize Party members and cadres to seriously study the first and second volumes of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Party Building* (《习近平党建文选》). Enhance political identity, ideological identity, theoretical identity, and emotional identity through study, thinking, and comprehension. Offer courses related to Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building in all main training sessions of Party schools, making them compulsory and regular courses for the basic training of Party members and cadres. Leverage our province's innovative "Opening Lesson" (开篇课) for branch learning to simultaneously launch video courseware, promoting high-quality and wide-coverage learning. Utilize the strength of member units of the Provincial Party Building Research Association, leverage the role of Party schools as important positions for the Party's ideological and theoretical construction, strengthen systematic and theoretical research and interpretation, and produce more high-quality and distinctive research results.
**Make efforts and achieve results in utilizing the ideological "rich mine".** Combine the in-depth implementation of the "Source Exploration Plan" (探源计划), optimize and enhance the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Theme Classroom, as well as on-site teaching points such as the "3820" Strategic Project Exhibition Hall, the "Four Work Styles at the Grassroots Level" (四下基层) Theme Exhibition, and the Xiadao Township Party Spirit Education and Teaching Base. Build distinctive, vivid, perceptible, and three-dimensional "immersive" learning scenarios, guiding Party members and cadres to draw spiritual nourishment from tracing the origins and deepen their understanding and comprehension of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building. Organize the development of a series of courses such as "The Conception and Practice of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building in Fujian," clearly and accurately explain the theoretical origin, historical evolution, and logical evolution, effectively bring vivid thoughts to life, and thoroughly explain thorough theories, promoting deep understanding and popular acceptance.
**Make efforts and achieve results in promoting implementation and transformation.** Combine the "Deep Study to Excel, Dare to Take the Lead, Work Hard for Results" (深学争优、敢为争先、实干争效) action carried out by the Provincial Party Committee for four consecutive years. Promote Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres to integrate the study and implementation of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building with the inheritance and promotion of the important concepts and major practices pioneered by General Secretary Xi Jinping during his work in Fujian, and with the study and education on establishing and practicing a correct view of performance. Advance Party building with a correct view of performance, ensuring tangible results. Take the opportunity of carrying out the 35th anniversary activities of General Secretary Xi Jinping's promotion of Fuzhou City's comprehensive implementation of the "Fortress Project" (堡垒工程), comprehensively summarize the effectiveness and experience of Party building in our province, mobilize and deploy for studying and implementing Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building well, unify thoughts and actions, and make every effort to build a highland for learning and practice with a higher stance, greater intensity, and more practical measures.
**Adhere to promoting work through learning, provide a strong organizational guarantee for the construction of a new Fujian on the new journey**
Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is the chapter on Party building within Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, establishing the "outline" (纲) and "soul" (魂) for doing a good job in organizational work in the new era. Adhere to Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building as the general guideline and general basis, consciously use it to plan and advance work, and promote high-quality development of organizational work.
**Uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, especially the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee.** The fundamental purpose of strengthening the Party's organizational construction is to uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership. We must regard upholding the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee as the highest political principle, take the Party's political construction as the guide, and promote Party members and cadres to be absolutely loyal to the Party at all times and under any circumstances, and be of one mind with the Party Central Committee. **Strengthen Party spirit tempering.** Strengthen political loyalty education and ideal and belief education, strictly enforce political life within the Party, strictly implement the reporting system, make good use of the situational party lesson *People's Public Servant Gu Wenchang* (《人民公仆谷文昌》), educate and guide Party members and cadres to forge political loyalty, and improve political judgment, political comprehension, and political execution. **Strengthen theoretical armament.** Focus on enhancing pertinence and effectiveness, combine deep study and thorough understanding of the Party's innovative theories with tracing the theoretical and practical "rich mine," improve and implement systems such as the "First Agenda" (第一议题), improve the mechanism for normalized training, especially basic training, and guide Party members and cadres to know deeply, believe firmly, and act practically. **Strengthen political responsibility.** Focus on achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan" (十五五), adhere to improving the organizational system that connects the upper and lower levels and has strong execution, strengthen political supervision, deeply and substantively conduct political quality inspections of cadres, and promote the implementation of major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the work requirements of the Provincial Party Committee.
**Precisely position and actively act in serving the central overall situation.** Keep in mind the "great affairs of the nation" (国之大者) and the great plans of the Party, consciously place organizational work within the overall situation for thinking and planning. By building strong organizations, matching strong leadership teams, using cadres well, and revitalizing talents, transform organizational strength and organizational advantages into development momentum and development advantages. **Adhere to prioritizing the cause, forge an excellent team.** Strengthen the overall planning of leading bodies and cadre teams. Take the opportunity of the centralized change of leadership at the city, county, and township levels, closely follow the functional positioning assigned to Fujian by General Secretary Xi Jinping and the Party Central Committee, select and strengthen leading bodies at all levels, especially the "top leaders" (一把手), improve the working mechanism for effectively preventing and correcting deviations in the view of performance, play a "combination punch" to encourage cadres to take responsibility and act, and stimulate the endogenous motivation and overall vitality of the cadre team. **Adhere to integrated advancement, strengthen talent support.** Take the integrated advancement of education, science and technology, and talent as the main line, focus on making efforts in the systematic integration and coordinated synergy of talent work, scientifically formulate and implement the "15th Five-Year Plan" talent development plan, focus on serving the construction of the province's "555X" industrial cluster, deepen and expand the "Talent Empowers the Chain" (人才兴链) action, improve the "Attract Talent through Competition" (以赛引才) mechanism, create a more attractive talent development environment, and strive to form a vivid situation where talents gather in Fujian and rejuvenate Fujian through gathering talents. **Adhere to focusing on the grassroots, consolidate the foundation of governance.** Continue to implement the new era "Fortress Project," formulate work guidelines by field, systematically promote the construction of grassroots Party organizations in various fields, deepen Party building to promote rural revitalization, optimize the "One Secretary, Three Major Members" (一书记三大员) support and assistance working mechanism, deeply carry out special training on "Strong Leading Goose, Thriving Industry" (头雁强·产业兴), comprehensively expand the "Neighborhood Party Building" (近邻党建) work, prominently focus on Party building in emerging fields, continuously forge a vanguard team of Party members, and inject "red kinetic energy" into high-quality development.
**Resolutely shoulder the political responsibility for managing and governing the Party.** Organizational departments are important functional departments for managing and governing the Party and an important force for advancing the Party's self-reform. They must play their functional role in comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. **Always adhere to the strict tone.** Adhere to true management and strict management, dare to manage and be strict, and manage strictly for a long time. Fully implement the *Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision Work of Cadres in Organizational Departments in the New Era* (《关于加强新时代组织部门干部监督工作的意见》), strictly strengthen daily management and supervision, strengthen supervision of leading cadres' performance and power use, supervise and urge strict implementation of democratic centralism, make good use of the joint meeting mechanism for cadre supervision work, and improve the penetration and effectiveness of management and supervision. **Vigorously promote good work style.** Adhere to the fine traditions of the "Four Work Styles at the Grassroots Level" (四下基层), "Dripping water wears through stone, persistent effort" (滴水穿石、久久为功), and "Handle immediately, work hard and practically" (马上就办、真抓实干), solidly promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style construction, deepen the rectification of formalism to reduce burdens at the grassroots level, persistently implement the spirit of the Central Committee's Eight-Point Regulation (中央八项规定), and continuously consolidate a clean and upright political ecosystem. **Promote the formation of a practical orientation.** Adhere to and improve the leadership system and working mechanism for Party building, make good use of the "baton" (指挥棒) of the performance evaluation of Party committee (Party leadership group) secretaries in grasping grassroots Party building work, transmit pressure level by level, supervise and urge the solid implementation of various Party building tasks, ensuring that the responsibility for managing and governing the Party is implemented and achieves practical results.
(The author is a member of the Standing Committee of the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and the Minister of the Organization Department)
Return to TopBy: 封丽霞
The unity of the national rule of law is a summation of the laws and experiences of the Party's leadership over comprehensive law-based governance in the new era, and it is also an overall requirement for rule-of-law work in the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country. In 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Conference on Work Related to Comprehensive Law-Based Governance, "Maintaining the unity of the national rule of law is a serious political issue. Our country is a unitary state; maintaining the unity of the national rule of law is of paramount importance." The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline states, "Strengthen the implementation and supervision of the Constitution and laws, and improve the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the national rule of law." To this end, perfecting the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the national rule of law and promoting the internal unity and coordination of the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics are also the basic goals and logical starting points that run through the entire process and all areas of rule-of-law construction in the new era.
**From "Unity of the Legal System" to the Upgraded Connotation of "Unity of the Rule of Law"**
In 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the important concept of "national rule of law unity" at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Thus, our country's rule-of-law construction has undergone a historic leap from "unity of the legal system" to "unity of the rule of law." At the level of conceptual connotation, "national rule of law unity" signifies that our country's rule-of-law construction has shifted from a static institutional construction that previously focused on the completeness of legal texts and the perfection of the system of legal norms, to a dynamic governance transformation that takes into account the effectiveness of legal implementation, the supervision of power operation, and institutional guarantees. Clearly, "unity of the rule of law" is by no means limited to the formal unity at the level of legal norm texts, but covers the all-round, whole-process unity of norm formulation, rule-of-law implementation, rule-of-law supervision, and rule-of-law guarantees.
"National rule of law unity" means, under the overall goal of perfecting the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively constructing a complete system of legal norms, an efficient system of rule-of-law implementation, a rigorous system of rule-of-law supervision, and a powerful system of rule-of-law guarantees, supplemented by a complete system of intra-Party regulations, so as to shape as a whole a socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics that is structurally complete, internally unified, and operationally coordinated, providing a solid rule-of-law guarantee for advancing unified national governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Comprehensive law-based governance is a systematic project; we must take into account all factors, grasp the key points, plan holistically, and pay more attention to systematicity, wholeness, and coordination." The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China explicitly required "coordinated promotion of sound legislation, strict law enforcement, impartial judicature, and universal observance of the law," emphasizing the coordination and synchronization among the various subsystems and elements of the national rule-of-law system, achieving a dynamic operational structure that moves from disorder to order, achieves functional coupling, and enhances overall effectiveness.
**The Great Significance of Maintaining the Unity of the National Rule of Law**
Since ancient times, our country has emphasized that "the great unity is the constant norm of heaven and earth, and the common principle through the ages." The governance of the "great unity" state largely maintained the unity of state power and social order through unified systems and decrees. This is the governing principle of "laws must be unified, so as to unify the people's minds." Historical experience has repeatedly proven that only in historical periods when decrees were unified and laws were implemented throughout the land could state power be stable, the economy develop, and the people live in peace and security. Maintaining the unity of the national rule of law in the new era is precisely the creative transformation and innovative development of the traditional Chinese "great unity" state governance wisdom under the basic strategy of law-based governance.
National rule of law unity is an inevitable requirement for maintaining the centralized, unified leadership of the Party. National rule of law unity is essentially determined by the fundamental political requirement of the Party's centralized, unified leadership. It is an inherent requirement for ensuring that the Party always plays its role as the core leadership, commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties. The strategy of comprehensively governing the country by law must be upheld, implemented, and carried out effectively. Upholding the centralized, unified leadership of the Party is not an abstract political slogan; it must be guaranteed and realized through a centralized and unified rule of law.
In the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, national laws are the embodiment of the Party's will with national authority and coercive force, and have universal binding force on all members of society. If legal standards are not unified across different localities, and the standards for law enforcement and judicature are inconsistent, the Party's line, principles, and policies will be difficult to implement effectively on the track of the rule of law, and may even be localized, departmentalized, or fragmented during the implementation of laws and regulations. Intra-Party regulations are the institutional basis for comprehensively and strictly governing the Party; their most important characteristic is their political nature, meaning they embody the unified will of the Party Central Committee and require unified implementation across the entire Party. Therefore, whether it is national laws and regulations or intra-Party regulations, their ultimate goal is to strengthen centralized unity and ensure that orders are carried out and prohibitions are heeded. Only on the basis of a unified, authoritative, and stable rule-of-law order can it be ensured that the Party Central Committee's line, principles, policies, and decisions are implemented fully and faithfully nationwide, and that the Party's will is transformed through the national legislative process into the common code of conduct for all members of society.
National rule of law unity is an urgent requirement for promoting equality before the law and meeting the people's needs for a better life. After entering the new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. A unified and complete rule-of-law system is the basic condition for comprehensive law-based governance and the institutional foundation for safeguarding the fundamental rights and interests of the broad masses of the people. Striving to make the people feel fairness and justice in every legal system, every law enforcement decision, and every judicial case has become the value pursuit and goal task of our country's rule-of-law construction.
With the enhancement of legal awareness and rights awareness, the people are increasingly concerned about issues of fairness and justice such as income distribution, public services, law enforcement, and judicature. The whole society's desire for fairness and justice is stronger than ever before. If there are significant differences in the rule-of-law environment and the rights of social members between different localities, and the equal rights and fair development of some social members are neglected, it will inevitably seriously affect the realization of the principle of equality before the law and hinder the people's perception of fairness and justice. Therefore, only by continuously enhancing the unity of the national rule of law can the people's will and interests be expressed equally and communicated fully, can various public resources be allocated fairly and integrated effectively, can consensus be gradually reached on some difficult social governance issues, can the people's sharing of benefits and sense of fairness be continuously enhanced, and can the fruits of economic and social development be shared more equitably among all the people.
National rule of law unity is the essential meaning of promoting the high-quality development of our country's economy. Institutional governance is the basic method of modern economic and social governance; the rule of law is the governance of the institutional system. Maintaining the unity of the national rule of law is an inherent requirement for implementing the new development concept and promoting the transformation of our country's economy from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. This is because giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation inevitably requires a "best business environment" based on a unified and authoritative market economy legal system. The prerequisite for a unified national market is the unity of the national rule of law. Only by using unified legal systems, unified law enforcement standards, and unified judicial adjudication standards to regulate local government economic promotion activities such as investment attraction, cleaning up and abolishing various "local policies" that hinder the unified national market and fair competition, and eliminating problems such as inconsistent rules, non-uniform standards, and uncoordinated supervision, can local protectionism and market segmentation be broken down. If different localities act independently, implement their own laws, and set their own thresholds in areas such as market access, administrative approval, and judicial discretion standards, it will lead to various institutional barriers and "rule-of-law fragmentation," resulting in the hidden segmentation and fragmentation of the market.
National rule of law unity is also crucial for achieving equal protection of the private economy. If different localities have multiple sources of law, inconsistent orders, and act independently, the first thing to be impacted is the confidence and expectations of the private economy in the unified market. Only with the unity of the national rule of law can unified standards for property rights protection, market access, and judicial discretion be established nationwide, problems such as "chaotic enforcement" be effectively solved, and the legitimate rights and interests of private enterprises be truly protected equally according to law.
**Strengthening the Institutional and Mechanistic Guarantees for Maintaining the Unity of the National Rule of Law**
In 2011, we announced that the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics had been formed. As of May 2026, our country has 311 currently effective national laws, over 600 administrative regulations and supervisory regulations, and over 15,000 local regulations. In 2021, on the centenary of the founding of the Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that our Party has "formed a relatively complete system of intra-Party regulations." With the continuous deepening of the process of law-based governance, maintaining the unity of the national rule of law also faces some new problems and challenges. For example, some laws and regulations lag behind economic and social development, and the formulation and revision of different normative systems cannot be synchronized. There is fragmentation and mutual constraint between different rules; some lower-level laws fail to effectively connect with higher-level laws; supporting measures of a substantive, procedural, and guarantee nature have not been introduced in a timely manner, lacking specificity, stability, and operability. Some laws and regulations have not been reviewed and cleaned up in a timely manner, and their revision or abolition is relatively lagging. To this end, we should continuously deepen the understanding of the great significance of maintaining the unity of the national rule of law, further improve the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the national rule of law, and promote the internal consistency, functional complementarity, and concerted effort of the national rule-of-law system.
First, improve the institutional system for upholding the authority of the Constitution and ensuring its comprehensive implementation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The Constitution is the general basis and general source of all national laws and regulations, and has the highest legal status, legal authority, and legal effect. Only by adhering to the status of the Constitution as the fundamental law of the state, and resolutely upholding and implementing the provisions, principles, and spirit of the Constitution, can national unity, legal system unity, and policy unity be guaranteed." The foundation for maintaining the unity of the national rule of law lies in upholding the authority of the Constitution and ensuring its comprehensive implementation. In this regard, our Constitution stipulates, "The state maintains the unity and dignity of the socialist legal system. All laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations shall not contravene the Constitution." The Legislation Law stipulates, "Legislation shall conform to the provisions, principles, and spirit of the Constitution, proceed from the overall interests of the state in accordance with statutory authority and procedures, and maintain the unity, dignity, and authority of the socialist legal system." To this end, we must continuously strengthen the implementation and supervision of the Constitution, advance the work of constitutional review, improve the working mechanisms for the direct implementation of relevant provisions of the Constitution, consciously implement the spirit of the Constitution and uphold its authority in the processes of legislation, law enforcement, and judicature, vigorously promote the culture of the Constitution, promote the implementation of the Constitution to become the conscious action of all the people, consolidate the constitutional cornerstone of the unity of the national rule of law, and guarantee the unity of the national rule of law through the unity of the Constitution.
Second, strengthen unified legislative planning, legislative interpretation, and response working mechanisms. Maintaining the unity of the national rule of law inevitably requires unified legislative planning, interpretation, and response work, achieving internal coordination and concerted effort across the entire process from planning to interpretation for various laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents. To this end, it is necessary to advance the checkpoint forward and improve the communication and coordination mechanism between rule-making and legislation. In formulating legislative plans and annual legislative plans, attention should be paid to the coordination and linkage between various legislative plans, national legislative plans, and intra-Party regulation formulation plans, enhancing their consistency in goals, tasks, and directions, and their coordination in layout, division of labor, and progress. In the drafting stage, work communication should be strengthened in advance to ensure consistency with the spirit of relevant intra-Party regulations and no conflict with the requirements of national laws. Furthermore, to address potential ambiguities or content conflicts, the unified interpretation and response work of legislative bodies regarding the application of laws and regulations by law enforcement and judicial organs should be strengthened, the interpretation of national laws and intra-Party regulations should be intensified, and the comprehensive and accurate understanding and application of national laws, regulations, and intra-Party regulations should be promoted.
Third, improve the normalized working mechanism for the review and cleanup of laws and regulations. In the process of formulating and revising national laws and intra-Party regulations, relevant provisions that are inconsistent, unconnected, contradictory, or unsuitable for the requirements of the developing situation should be promptly reviewed and cleaned up against the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the Party Constitution. A thorough bottom-up investigation and inventory should be conducted of national laws and intra-Party regulations, and their specific clauses, that are obsolete, outdated, repetitive, contradictory, or especially in conflict with the provisions of the Constitution and the Party Constitution. These should be cleaned up, revised, or abolished in a timely manner according to procedures and steps. During the formulation or revision of intra-Party regulations, it must be ensured that their content, authority, and procedures do not directly conflict with the Constitution, the Party Constitution, the Party's major policies, basic national laws, higher-level laws, and relevant laws, and that they can effectively connect with them. In the process of law formulation and revision, the pre-review of drafts of important laws and regulations should be actively promoted and formed into a mechanism-based work arrangement to ensure compliance with the spirit and requirements of the Party Constitution and Party regulations. On the basis of achieving normalized review and cleanup of laws and regulations, the construction of a unified national information platform for laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents should be accelerated. A comprehensive, full-coverage legal information platform should be built, the electronic text standards and formats for laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents should be unified, and the accuracy and authority of legal texts such as laws, regulations, and rules should be ensured.
Fourth, improve and strengthen the filing and review system and mechanism. Filing and review is a fundamental system and an important focal point for maintaining the unity, dignity, and authority of the national rule of law. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee proposed strengthening the filing and review system and capacity building, bringing all normative documents within the scope of filing and review. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the work of filing and review has implemented the principles of filing all that should be filed, reviewing all that is filed, and correcting all errors found. It has revoked and corrected unconstitutional and illegal normative documents according to law, playing an important role in ensuring the implementation of the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments and effectively guaranteeing the implementation of the Constitution and laws. Currently, the scope of filing should also be continuously expanded, and the establishment of a centralized, efficient, professional, and authoritative government legislative review system and mechanism should be further studied. A filing system for administrative normative documents of State Council departments and provincial-level governments should be established. The linkage mechanism for the filing and review of intra-Party regulations and national laws should also be improved, especially by strengthening the filing system for intra-Party regulations, strictly reviewing whether they conflict with the Party Constitution and the Party's theories, lines, principles, and policies, whether they are inconsistent with the Constitution and laws, whether they conflict with higher-level intra-Party regulations and normative documents, whether they conflict with other intra-Party regulations and normative documents at the same level regarding the same matter, and whether the stipulated content conforms to the formulation authority and procedures.
Fifth, improve the connection and coordination mechanism between national laws and intra-Party regulations. Under the guidance of the goal of perfecting the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, the connection, coordination, and systematic integration of intra-Party regulations with national laws must be strengthened, so that the various systems for governing the country and administering the Party become a unified organic whole. The first priority is to clarify the boundaries between intra-Party regulations and national laws, specifying which matters are exclusively within the regulatory domain of intra-Party regulations, which matters are exclusively within the regulatory domain of national laws, and which matters are within the common regulatory domain of both national laws and intra-Party regulations. On the one hand, at the legislative level, top-level design and overall planning for national legislation and intra-Party rule-making must be strengthened; this is the foundation and prerequisite for the connection and coordination of intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations. On the other hand, the integration of the Party's discipline enforcement with the law enforcement of administrative and judicial organs must be realized. The working mechanisms for the connection and coordination between regulation enforcement and law enforcement, such as consultation and negotiation, and the transfer of problem clues, should be further improved. The guarantee of working mechanisms such as deliberation and coordination, joint meetings, and supervision and inspection should be strengthened, promoting the integrated application of intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations.
[The author is the Director of the Department of Political Science and Law Teaching and Research, Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (National Academy of Governance).]
Return to TopBy: 本报评论员 吴青
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has unswervingly advanced full and rigorous Party governance, resolving many prominent issues within the Party. This has led to the comprehensive strengthening of the Party's leadership, and the continuous enhancement of the Party's political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal. Through revolutionary tempering, the Party has become stronger, more capable, and more dynamic. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "We Communists are not afraid of any storms or waves, nor are we afraid of existing problems; what we fear is having problems that go undetected, or that once detected, cannot be resolved in a timely manner." He has also identified "how to always be able to promptly detect and resolve our own problems" as one of the unique challenges that our large Party must address. These important expositions profoundly enlighten Party members and cadres that in Party building, we must start by rectifying the most prominent problems, making Party building more substantive in its focus and more pronounced in its effectiveness.
Answering and guiding the resolution of problems is the fundamental task of theory. Marx believed that "the main difficulty is not the answer, but the question," and that "the question is the slogan of the era, the most practical call expressing its spiritual state." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Our emphasis on enhancing problem awareness and adhering to a problem-oriented approach is to acknowledge the universality and objectivity of contradictions, and to be adept at making the understanding and resolution of contradictions the breakthrough point for opening up the work situation." This assertion clarifies the essence of adhering to a problem-oriented approach, which is to advance the development of the Party and the country's cause by confronting contradictions and solving difficult problems. Only by integrating problem awareness throughout the entire process of Party building, and starting by rectifying the most prominent problems, can we accurately identify and eliminate various factors that erode the Party's advanced nature and integrity. For small problems that could become big problems, and for small seepages that could lead to major collapses, we must strictly guard against them and rectify them in a timely manner. Only then can the Party always maintain a healthy body.
Looking back at the Party's glorious century-long history, adhering to a problem-oriented approach is an important experience through which our Party has continuously advanced from victory to victory. During the Yan'an period, to address issues such as subjectivism and sectarianism within the Party, our Party used the rectification movement to break the ground, establishing the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, which brought the entire Party to unprecedented unity and cohesion. In the early stages of reform and opening up, in response to prominent problems such as some Party members and cadres, especially senior cadres, becoming detached from the masses and engaging in privilege-seeking, the Party Central Committee decisively issued the "Several Provisions on the Living Standards of Senior Cadres," rectifying the Party's conduct with strict discipline. History has repeatedly proven that our Party leads the people in revolution, construction, and reform, all aimed at solving China's practical problems. The reason our Party can always stay at the forefront of the times is that it dares to confront problems and is adept at solving them. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has integrated a problem-oriented approach throughout the entire process of full and rigorous Party governance. It has regarded solving the unique challenges of a large Party as a hurdle that must be overcome to fulfill the Party's mission and tasks in the new era and new journey, and as a hard bone that must be gnawed to adapt full and rigorous Party governance to new situations and requirements. Starting with the formulation and implementation of the Central Committee's Eight-Point Regulation to break the ground, it has proposed and implemented the general requirements for Party building in the new era, using the Party's political construction to lead all other aspects of Party building, continuously advancing the great new project of Party building in the new era.
Party building is a systematic project. Under conditions of long-term governance, some deep-seated hidden dangers intertwine, increasing the complexity of managing and governing the Party. Adhering to a problem-oriented approach requires systematic analysis and comprehensive measures. Based on the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, looking at the century-old global changes, taking root in the masses' production and life practices, and keeping pace with the times; we must connect historical lessons with current challenges, link the international situation with domestic development, and combine theoretical guidance with specific work. We must identify problems from what is needed for development, what is urgent for reform, and what the people care about, pinpoint the pain points and difficulties in managing, governing, revitalizing, and strengthening the Party. Amidst complex contradictions, we must distinguish between primary and secondary issues, and also differentiate between priorities and urgency. We must address prominent problems in the present while also focusing on long-term consolidation and cultivation of the Party's foundation. On this basis, closely centering on the general requirements for Party building in the new era, we must implement targeted measures and exert precise force. To address the gaps and deviations in the implementation of the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments, we must focus on strengthening the Party's overall leadership. To tackle the persistent problem of the "Four Forms of Decadence" (四风) that repeatedly occur despite bans, we must persist in normalizing and institutionalizing the improvement of work style. To combat corruption, the greatest threat to the Party's long-term governance, we must persist in simultaneously promoting the mechanisms that ensure officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to be corrupt, resolutely winning the tough and protracted battle against corruption. This will truly transform the distinct problem-oriented approach into tangible results in solving problems and advancing the cause.
History always advances through the continuous solving of problems. Xi Jinping's thought on Party building not only scientifically answers the question of where Party building should go under conditions of long-term governance, but also profoundly reveals the inherent laws of full and rigorous Party governance, which must adhere to targeted measures, comprehensive policies, and addressing both symptoms and root causes, presenting a distinct problem-oriented approach. Standing at a new historical starting point, China's development has entered a critical period where strategic opportunities coexist with risks and challenges, and uncertain and unpredictable factors increase. Only by consistently adhering to a problem-oriented approach, starting with solving prominent problems to strictly manage and govern the Party, seizing the initiative in discovering problems, focusing on the crux in screening problems, exploring patterns in studying problems, and promoting implementation in solving problems, can we, with the firm determination to strictly manage and govern the Party and a pragmatic work style that dares to confront real issues, ensure that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Ensuring the stable supply of grain and other important agricultural products is the top priority of agricultural production. It is necessary to implement various support policies for grain production, ensure the supply and stable prices of agricultural inputs, actively promote advanced and applicable varieties, technologies, and equipment, steadily increase per-unit yield and efficiency, and strive for a bumper grain harvest throughout the year. It is necessary to improve agricultural infrastructure, ensure the quality of high-standard farmland construction, promote agricultural water conservation and efficiency enhancement, strengthen weather forecasting and disaster monitoring and early warning, and enhance the capacity for agricultural disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief.
Return to TopBy: 韩喜平
After the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping solemnly put forward: "Achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times." "The Chinese Dream is, in the final analysis, the dream of the people." This important thesis profoundly reveals the value orientation and fundamental nature of the Chinese Dream. The Chinese Dream is born from the aspirations of the people, forging the great cause of rejuvenation and individual happiness into one, and will surely be realized through the solid struggle of hundreds of millions of people.
**Rooted in the Deep Aspirations of the People**
Historical materialism indicates that social being determines social consciousness. Any dream that can stir people's hearts must have a deep realistic foundation. The Chinese Dream is deeply rooted in the long historical river of the Chinese people's pursuit of national independence, people's liberation, national prosperity and strength, and people's happiness since modern times. The Chinese nation struggled amidst hardships and rose up amidst humiliation, and its deepest driving force originates from the people's simple desire for a better life. General Secretary Xi Jinping's concise formulation of the Chinese Dream is precisely a profound insight and theoretical sublimation of the aspirations of all Chinese people for a good country, a good nation, and a good life for everyone.
The Chinese nation created a splendid civilization that shines through the ages, yet in modern times it fell into the deep suffering of a century of decline. The unswerving pursuit of national rejuvenation constitutes the spiritual driving force propelling the Chinese nation forward. In the old society of a broken country and a destitute people, the long-cherished wish of the Chinese people was to achieve national independence and people's liberation, to let the Chinese people stand up. After the founding of New China, the historical task shifted to building socialism, pursuing national prosperity and strength and the people's affluence. Since the reform and opening up, the practical focus has been on eradicating poverty and accelerating development, moving towards a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Entering the new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. A "better life" has become the realistic landing point of the rejuvenation dream, encompassing aspects such as higher-quality development, more complete rule of law, more solid social security, and a more beautiful environment, converging the pursuit of rejuvenation since modern times into the grand vision of comprehensive modernization.
The proposal of the Chinese Dream precisely grasps this historical context and the pulse of the times. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, "We must listen to the voices of the people and respond to their expectations at all times." A dream truly originating from the people's wishes must necessarily be expressed in the language most familiar to the people. The word "dream" (梦想) directly and plainly expresses a vision for the future, while "national rejuvenation" (民族复兴) anchors the deepest historical theme of modern times, completing a profound discursive transformation. Using "dream" to refer to the great cause of the nation and family breaks the contextual barrier between the era's vision and individual life; using "rejuvenation" to lead the people's aspirations elevates the people's longing for a better life into the historical consciousness of the entire nation, closely linking the Party's and the state's goals of achieving modernization with the people's aspirations. The Chinese Dream, born from the people's wishes, is a solemn blueprint and sincere condensation of the nation's future vision made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the people's expectations. It is precisely because this great dream is rooted in the inner expectations of the people that it possesses a solid foundation and inexhaustible driving force.
**Taking People's Happiness as the Fundamental Purpose**
Marxism has always taken "real individuals" as its core concern. The *Communist Manifesto* states: "In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." The Chinese Dream upholds the consciousness of "old state, new mandate" (旧邦新命), promoting the Chinese nation's historical process of modernization, making the people's happy life the ultimate goal of all work.
The Chinese Dream depicts the magnificent future of the Chinese nation. Carrying national rejuvenation through modernization has been the practical consciousness of the Chinese nation since modern times. In the process of modernization, the practical paths of different countries differ significantly, and the inherent value orientation fundamentally determines the direction and future of modernization. Under the logic of capital, Western modernization is constrained by "instrumental rationality," leading to the coexistence of material expansion and individual alienation, with people becoming appendages of capital. Taking this as a lesson, the Chinese-style modernization led by the Chinese Dream strives to break free from the shackles of materialization and achieve a profound return to "value rationality." This return takes the modernization of people as the core to advance the modernization of the state and society: rejecting the capital expansion that leads to polarization, instead benefiting all people through common prosperity; transcending one-dimensional material desire, instead promoting the comprehensive development of individuals through the coordination of material and spiritual civilization; not sacrificing people's living environment, instead safeguarding ecological well-being through the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature; abandoning the confrontational thinking of zero-sum games, instead benefiting the world through peaceful development, win-win cooperation, and shared benefits. The objective process of modernization and the grand goal of national rejuvenation, under the inspiration of the Chinese Dream, ultimately point towards the people's aspiration for a better life. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: "Only when the country is good and the nation is good can everyone be good." This thesis profoundly reveals the value destination of national rejuvenation. All the struggles of the country and the nation are, in the final analysis, to let the people live a good life; the people's happiness is precisely the ultimate goal of the great cause of rejuvenation. This sentiment of family, country, and the world, underpinned by people's happiness, constitutes the unique value identity of the Chinese Dream. The American Dream and the European Dream, deeply mired in the logic of materialization and self-interest, effectively sever the connection between the individual and the community, causing happiness to become isolated private desires that cannot be universally realized. The Chinese Dream, however, regards the world, the nation, and the individual as a community with a shared future, emphasizes that national revitalization is the solid foundation for individual happiness, and anchors the grand vision of rejuvenation in the people's aspiration for a better life, thereby achieving truly comprehensive individual happiness and opening up a new realm of civilization aimed at the comprehensive development of people.
The Chinese Dream is the dream of people's happiness. The grand undertaking of national rejuvenation is ultimately embodied in the well-being of individual lives. People's happiness is the most fundamental meaning of national rejuvenation and its irreplaceable value foundation. The ultimate goal of the Chinese Dream is to fully realize the happiness of concrete, real people, to let the fruits of rejuvenation benefit all people, and to achieve the unity of the regularity of historical evolution and the people-centered purposiveness.
**Relying on the People for Continuous Struggle**
The people are the creators of history. Marx and Engels pointed out in *The Holy Family*: "History is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims." The Chinese Dream takes "real people" as its logical starting point, and its realization process inevitably requires firmly relying on the people, realizing the great dream through the mighty power of the people.
The Chinese Dream must be realized by relying on the people; this is a profound revelation of the historical process. China adheres to a people-centered modernization, for which there is no historical precedent to follow and no ready-made model to refer to. From the ice-breaking of rural reform driven by the masses, to various undertakings in the new era forging new paths through grassroots efforts, all effective methods and pathways originate from the practical exploration of the people responding to real-world challenges. Respecting the people's pioneering spirit is the fundamental driving force for the continuous progress of the Chinese path.
The Chinese Dream must be realized by relying on the people; this is an inevitable choice for solving practical problems. Currently, reform has entered a critical stage, with profound adjustments in the pattern of interests and prominent deep-seated structural contradictions. As the fundamental force driving history forward, the people are situated in the most vivid and concrete social practices and possess the most authentic perception of the pulse of development. To meet the challenges of the critical stage, we must resort to the infinite wisdom of the people; seeking advice from the people is the inevitable logic of practical development.
The Chinese Dream must be realized by relying on the people; this is the fundamental path for leading future changes. Looking to the future, whether it is the iteration of industrial forms or the gestation of a new round of technological change, their precursors often first appear in the daily practices of the people, and their direction needs to be calibrated by the people's keen exploration. The more profound the social change, the more it requires the practical exploration and pilot testing of the broad masses. Relying on the creative vitality of the people is the fundamental way to steer future changes.
Where the dream leads, action follows. The Chinese Dream is, in the final analysis, the dream of the people. It originates from the people's aspirations and is achieved through the people's struggle. When the will of the state deeply aligns with the aspirations of the people, the struggles of countless individuals will surely converge into a mighty torrent of the times. On the new journey, with the people's will as the foundation and concrete action as the steps, the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation will surely, through the continuous creation of hundreds of millions of people, transform into the most magnificent and vivid reality on the land of China.
(The author is the Dean of the Northeast and Northeast Asia Research Institute, Jilin University)
Return to TopBy: 马晨
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Chinese-style modernization is deeply rooted in fine traditional Chinese culture, embodies the advanced nature of scientific socialism, draws on and absorbs all outstanding achievements of human civilization, represents the direction of progress for human civilization, presents a new picture different from the Western model of modernization, and is a completely new form of human civilization." This important exposition profoundly reveals the civilizational implications of Chinese-style modernization. Chinese-style modernization is not a copy of the Western model, nor is it a modernization detached from historical tradition; rather, it is a new form of human civilization created on the basis of continuing the civilizational lineage and responding to the issues of the times. Deeply rooted in the fertile soil of Chinese civilization, grounded in the practice of socialist modernization, and aligned with the direction of human civilizational progress, Chinese-style modernization exhibits civilizational implications that interlink historical foundations, contemporary creation, and global responsibility.
**Deeply Cultivating the Civilizational Foundation in the Subjectivity of Chinese Civilization**
The subjectivity of Chinese civilization is the cultural self-awareness nurtured by the Chinese nation over more than five thousand years of civilizational continuity, manifesting the historical initiative and practical confidence of the Chinese people in adhering to their own path during the process of modernization. Chinese-style modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern power, while Chinese civilization provides Chinese-style modernization with profound substance. Through long-term inheritance and development, Chinese civilization has formed a unique cultural subjectivity. It is precisely by relying on this subjectivity of Chinese civilization that Chinese-style modernization consistently possesses a deep historical foundation, unique value basis, and distinct practical logic, enabling it to strengthen cultural selfhood while continuing the civilizational lineage and to manifest subjective consciousness while responding to the demands of the times.
The subjectivity of Chinese civilization provides a deep historical foundation for Chinese-style modernization. The essence of tradition lies in preserving and manifesting civilizational subjectivity, and in renewing and stimulating civilizational vitality. The development of Chinese civilization over more than five thousand years has nurtured profound governance wisdom, ethical concepts, and humanistic spirit. Chinese-style modernization is a modernization that continues an ancient civilization, not one that eliminates it. It is deeply rooted in profound historical and cultural traditions, inheriting the ideological elements of Chinese civilization that value the people as the foundation, advocate harmony and unity, emphasize the Great Harmony, and pursue the unity of Heaven and humanity. Through the "two integrations" (combining the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific realities and with fine traditional Chinese culture), it promotes the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, manifesting the civilizational consciousness of the Chinese nation in the process of modernization and enabling the ancient civilization to radiate new vitality in the modern era.
The subjectivity of Chinese civilization provides a unique value basis for Chinese-style modernization. The value foundation of Chinese-style modernization is not transplanted from outside but grows from the depths of Chinese civilization and is continuously transformed and developed in the great practice of the new era. Chinese-style modernization upholds the primacy of the people, emphasizes common prosperity, pursues the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, and advocates the coordination of material and political-ethical civilization. These value pursuits are in the same line as the concepts long formed in Chinese civilization, such as "the people are the foundation of the state," "the world is for all," and "harmony is most precious." The value tradition of Chinese civilization has not remained merely in historical memory; rather, it has been transformed into contemporary development concepts and governance principles in the practice of Chinese-style modernization, thereby promoting the comprehensive development of individuals, the continuous progress of society, and the overall elevation of civilization.
The subjectivity of Chinese civilization provides a distinct practical logic for Chinese-style modernization. Civilizational subjectivity is not only an identification with one's own civilizational tradition but also a nation's ability to independently choose its path, construct its system, and advance its practice in the process of modernization. Chinese-style modernization is a modernization that has grown from the soil of China, not a copy of other countries' modernization. Its practical logic lies in basing itself on China's historical culture and basic national conditions, combining the general laws of modernization with China's specific realities, and finding a development path suitable for itself through independent exploration. In the practice of modernization, the Communist Party of China, leading the Chinese people, integrates the profound heritage of Chinese civilization, the advantages of the socialist system, and the requirements of the times, innovating through inheritance and opening up new ground while upholding fundamental principles, thus forming a modernization path with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner.
**Writing Civilizational Creation in the New Form of Human Civilization**
The civilizational implications of Chinese-style modernization are not only reflected in its deep roots in the fertile soil of Chinese civilization but also, more importantly, in its creation of a new form of human civilization through the great practice of the new era. The key to the new form of human civilization lies in its "newness"; it is not a simple replication of existing modernization models but a holistic civilizational creation formed by the Communist Party of China uniting and leading the people in adhering to the "two integrations." Its essence lies in "civilization"; it transcends mere economic growth, promoting the coordinated development of material, political, spiritual, social, and ecological civilization, presenting a new civilizational picture characterized by material abundance, political integrity, spiritual enrichment, social harmony, and a sound ecological environment.
The new form of human civilization is, in essence, a form of modern civilization. Western modern civilization has driven tremendous changes in human society in areas such as the industrial revolution, technological progress, market economy, and institutional construction, initiating the process of modernization. At the same time, Western modern civilization has long been profoundly influenced by the logic of capital, individualism, and instrumental rationality, equating modernization with economic growth, capital expansion, and technological progress, subordinating human development to capital accumulation, and reducing civilizational progress to efficiency gains. While creating immense material wealth, Western modernization has also brought about problems such as the gap between rich and poor, social fragmentation, spiritual imbalance, and ecological crisis. The new form of human civilization created by Chinese-style modernization is precisely a new form of modern civilization generated in response to the dilemmas of Western modern civilization. Chinese-style modernization transforms the ancient wisdom of Chinese civilization into a practical force for building modern civilization, endowing modern civilization with new value directions and practical connotations. By prioritizing the people over capital, addressing the gap between rich and poor through common prosperity, overcoming value hollowing through the coordination of material and political-ethical civilization, and resolving the ecological crisis through the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, Chinese-style modernization accomplishes a profound reshaping of civilizational structure, value order, and development path.
Writing civilizational creation in the new form of human civilization essentially means promoting the innovative development of modern civilizational forms through the practice of Chinese-style modernization. The unique worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, view of ecology, and other concepts embedded in Chinese-style modernization, along with its great practice, represent a major innovation in the theory and practice of world modernization. Chinese-style modernization not only conforms to the general laws of modernization development but also possesses a distinct foundation in Chinese civilization; it emphasizes both material development and institutional construction, as well as spiritual enrichment, social harmony, and a sound ecological environment, expanding modernization from a single economic process into a process of overall civilizational progress, demonstrating the strong vitality of Chinese civilization in the new era.
**Demonstrating Civilizational Responsibility in Expanding the Path of Modernization**
China is a major Eastern country with an ancient civilization. Chinese civilization, continuing to this day, has formed a wealth of ideological, institutional, and cultural achievements. Chinese civilization possesses outstanding continuity, innovativeness, unity, inclusiveness, and peacefulness, containing wisdom for handling relationships between tradition and modernity, upholding fundamental principles and innovating, diversity and unity, self and other, and development and peace. It is precisely these civilizational characteristics that enable Chinese-style modernization to provide useful insights for humanity's exploration of modernization. How a major country that inherits an ancient civilization and continuously moves towards modernization achieves civilizational renewal in its own development and contributes civilizational wisdom amidst global changes is itself an important issue that Chinese-style modernization must address. On the basis of adhering to its own civilizational subjectivity, Chinese-style modernization absorbs and draws on the outstanding achievements of human civilization, promotes the ancient civilization to radiate new vitality in the modern world, and creates a new form of civilization. This path of modernization reflects both the Chinese nation's high confidence in its own civilization and China's sense of responsibility, as a major civilizational country, for the progress of human civilization.
Demonstrating civilizational responsibility in expanding the path of modernization is centrally embodied in the fact that Chinese-style modernization, with the historical consciousness of a major civilizational country, has forged a path of modernization different from that of the West. For a long time, the Western model of modernization has dominated the narrative of world modernization, suggesting that modernization can only unfold along the path of Western industrialization, marketization, capital expansion, and institutional transplantation. Chinese-style modernization has broken the singular path imagination of "modernization equals Westernization." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We have used facts to declare the bankruptcy of the 'end of history' thesis and the bankruptcy of the unilinear view of history that all countries will ultimately converge on the Western institutional model." Chinese-style modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all people, the modernization of coordinating material and political-ethical civilization, the modernization of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and the modernization of pursuing a path of peaceful development. It has pioneered a new path different from the Western model of modernization and expanded the practical space for humanity to achieve modernization.
A profound civilizational tradition can become the foundation for modernization; independent and self-reliant exploration can open up new paths for modernization; and civilizational diversity can provide more possibilities for human progress. Chinese-style modernization does not aim to export its model, but rather demonstrates through its own successful practice that there is more than one path to modernization, and that developing countries can completely find a modernization path suitable for themselves based on their own history, culture, social system, and actual conditions. Chinese-style modernization enlightens us that pursuing modernization does not require losing one's own civilizational subjectivity, promoting economic development does not have to come at the cost of social division and ecological destruction, and participating in the process of globalization does not necessitate dependence on the Western-centric order. Thus, Chinese-style modernization provides a reference of experience for Global South countries to independently explore their own paths of modernization, and also injects new confidence into the development of human civilizational diversity, fully embodying China's responsibility and commitment as a major civilizational country.
Return to TopBy: 吕超
The key to governing lies first in appointing the right people; in appointing people to do work, the orientation is paramount. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: "We must establish an orientation for selecting and appointing people that emphasizes concrete action and tangible results, using cadres who are loyal, clean, and responsible, and reassigning those who are inactive or act arbitrarily." Emphasizing concrete action and tangible results is the crucial lever for forging a cadre force that is loyal, clean, and responsible in the new era. We must firmly establish this orientation for selecting and appointing people, inspiring the vast majority of cadres to discard empty formalism, champion concrete action, tackle difficulties, strive to be pioneers, and gather a powerful合力 (hé lì - "combined force," synergy) to forge ahead on the new journey and make contributions in the new era.
**Strengthen positive incentives.** Incentives are the best catalyst, and positive incentives are an important engine for igniting cadres' enthusiasm for concrete action and generating tangible results. The core of positive incentives lies in establishing a clear value orientation, making concrete action and tangible results the primary criteria for selecting and appointing people, evaluating excellence, and promoting ranks. It is necessary to resolutely break the inertial thinking of seniority-based promotion and balanced consideration, ensuring that cadres who tackle difficulties, achieve outstanding results, and are recognized by the masses receive respect, benefits, and prospects. This fundamentally eliminates the unhealthy trend of "doing and not doing being the same, doing well and doing poorly being the same." Highlight political incentives, integrating concrete action and tangible results throughout the entire process of cadre selection and appointment. For cadres who genuinely work hard and achieve notable results in major tasks, reform offensives, and the front line of serving the masses, promptly commend and reward them, prioritize their promotion and use, truly ensuring that those who act have positions, those who are capable can advance, and those who excel are prioritized. Strengthen spiritual inspiration, vigorously select and publicize advanced models of concrete action and tangible results, deeply promote their moving deeds and spirit of practical work, use the power of role models to inspire cadres and build consensus, create a strong atmosphere of advocating concrete action, respecting tangible results, and striving to be advanced, and guide the vast majority of cadres to 见贤思齐 (jiàn xián sī qí - "see the worthy, think to equal them," emulate the virtuous), learn from each other and strive to surpass. Implement care and protection, improve supporting mechanisms such as burden reduction, treatment guarantees, and psychological counseling, precisely implement care and concern measures, effectively reduce burdens for those who take concrete action, eliminate cadres' worries about starting businesses and doing work, and inspire the vast majority of cadres to consciously discard empty formalism and seek truth and pragmatism, focusing their minds on starting businesses and doing work, and devoting their energy to grasping implementation. With a sense of responsibility that is "always concerned" and executive ability that ensures "everything is implemented properly," they should actively take on responsibilities, diligently fulfill their duties, and create tangible results in concrete action that can withstand the test of practice, the people, and history.
**Precisely tolerate and correct errors.** As reform enters the deep-water zone, the heavier the tasks and the more exploration there is, the more necessary it is to eliminate the worries of cadres who dare to take responsibility and do practical work, allowing reformers and innovators to put down their burdens and move forward lightly. Tolerating cadres' mistakes in their work, especially in reform and innovation, demonstrates the organization's clear attitude of taking responsibility for those who take responsibility and being accountable for those who are accountable. This can maximize the mobilization of the vast majority of cadres' initiative, proactivity, and creativity. Adhere to the "three distinctions," precisely distinguish between unintentional mistakes in reform exploration and deliberate disciplinary violations, clearly differentiate whether actions are for the public good or private gain, whether procedures are compliant or rules are ignored, whether it is pioneering trial or knowing violation, whether it is to promote development or seek personal profit. Use institutional rigidity to protect reform and innovation and tolerate exploration mistakes, while resolutely preventing tolerance from becoming a shield for disciplinary and legal violations. Correctly grasp the nature and impact of mistakes, adhere to objectivity, fairness, and seeking truth from facts, and comprehensively consider factors such as motivation and attitude, objective conditions, nature and degree, and consequences and impact. Boldly tolerate errors that meet the standards, tolerate when tolerance is due, and tolerate all that should be tolerated. At the same time, adhere to the principle of combining tolerance and correction, correcting mistakes whenever they are found, and amending faults whenever they occur. Promptly remind about deviations that appear in exploration and promptly correct mistakes that arise. Do not let those who take concrete action sweat and also shed tears, nor allow violators of discipline to use the name of tolerance to escape punishment. Strengthen clarification and protection measures, clearly take action against false accusers and slanderers. For malicious reports, slander, and retaliation against cadres, handle them strictly according to regulations, discipline, and law, and publicly expose them. Improve the mechanism for clarifying and rehabilitating the reputation of those subjected to false reports. For cadres who have been falsely reported or framed, promptly clarify the facts within a certain scope, eliminate the impact, and restore their reputation. Clearly support those who take concrete action and escort those who take responsibility, forming a good political ecosystem that 激浊扬清 (jī zhuó yáng qīng - "drain the muddy, raise the clear," drive out evil and uphold good) and encourages starting businesses and doing work.
**Scientific assessment and evaluation.** Assessment and evaluation are the "baton" for cadres' view on performance and also an important lever for establishing the orientation of emphasizing concrete action and tangible results in selecting and appointing people. It is necessary to implement relevant systems for cadre assessment and work inspection, scientifically evaluate cadre performance, correct problems such as excessive emphasis on work traces, overly frequent inspections and assessments, and generalized and simplistic accountability, to promote cadres to better take on responsibilities and act. The core of scientific assessment and evaluation lies in accurately and truthfully assessing cadres' tangible results, firmly establishing the orientation towards doing work, and making assessment an effective means to inspire responsibility, promote implementation, and drive development. Solidify daily assessment, integrating cadre assessment into daily work and making it routine. Focus on grasping cadres' usual work status, consistent real-life performance, and long-term performance of duties. Clearly understand cadres' specific performance in implementing tasks, solving problems, and handling practical matters. Connect usual performance with performance at critical moments, truly achieving regular understanding, continuous tracking, and dynamic mastery. Adhere to categorized assessment, closely focusing on the responsibility positioning, work foundation, and task characteristics of different regions, different departments, and different positions. Set assessment indicators by category, clarify assessment priorities by category, and refine evaluation standards by category. For those undertaking tasks that lay the foundation and benefit the long term, focus on assessing long-term contributions and comprehensive benefits. For those in the midst of reform offensives and concentrated contradictions, focus on assessing the spirit of responsibility and problem-solving ability. For those at the grassroots frontline, focus on assessing public evaluation and service effectiveness. Truly ensure that assessment content matches job responsibilities and assessment priorities align with actual work. Deepen close-range assessment, going to the work frontline, task frontline, and among the masses to inspect cadre performance. Observe cadres within specific work contexts, examine them amidst contradictions and problems, and identify them through urgent, difficult, dangerous, and heavy tasks. Focus on identifying cadres through their thinking on major issues, their feelings towards the masses, their attitude towards fame and fortune, and their ability to handle complex problems. Take their actual performance in completing urgent, difficult, dangerous, and heavy tasks, responding to major tests, and handling complex contradictions as an important basis.
(The author is the Political Commissar of the Military and Political Basic Education College of the National University of Defense Technology)
Return to TopBy: 江求流
Questions on the Four Books (《四书或问》) is a work by the Southern Song Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi. It is divided into four parts: Questions on the Great Learning (《大学或问》), Questions on the Doctrine of the Mean (《中庸或问》), Questions on the Analects (《论语或问》), and Questions on the Mencius (《孟子或问》). It is a work of answering doubts and debating difficulties written after Zhu Xi completed his Collected Commentaries on the Four Books (《四书章句集注》). It employs a question-and-answer format to elucidate viewpoints, with the aim of analyzing and distinguishing the various theories of different schools from the Han and Tang dynasties onward, and of examining and verifying the textual principles and meanings. It complements the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books, together constructing Zhu Xi's system of Four Books studies, and has had a profound influence on scholarship in later generations.
An Important Supplement to the System of Four Books Studies
Although Chinese culture has complex facets, Confucian classical studies lie at the core of Chinese academic thought. The Confucian canonical system has its own vast and complex content system. People today often take the Four Books and the Five Classics (originally the Six Classics, but because the Book of Music (《乐》) was lost, it is called the Five Classics) as its representatives. Confucius, by summarizing the early Chinese political and educational practices, established the Five Classics as a canonical system, which became an important historical event in cultural history. Another event of fundamental significance, comparable to the establishment of the Five Classics, is the formation of the new canonical system of the Four Books. As Qian Mu pointed out: Zhu Xi "relegated the Six Classics to a position after the Four Books, insisting that scholars must study the Four Books before the Six Classics, which was a force capable of turning the world upside down in the history of Chinese scholarship." Therefore, the establishment of the Four Books can be seen as an event of equal importance to Confucius's editing and compiling of the Five Classics.
Four Books studies constitute "the center or the culmination of Master Zhu's entire scholarship." Zhu Xi devoted his life's energy to establishing the canonical system of the Four Books. Zhu Xi's early works on Four Books studies mainly include Essential Meanings of the Analects (《论语精义》) and Collected Explanations of the Mencius (《孟子集解》). In the fourth year of the Chunxi era of the Southern Song (1177 CE), in a letter to Cai Jitong, he mentioned, "In the past few days, I have put the Four Books in considerable order, all as Collected Commentaries; the remaining discussions are separately compiled as Questions." It can be seen that the two were completed simultaneously, and Questions on the Four Books itself was specifically written by Zhu Xi to express the "discussions" that could not be expressed in the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books, and can be regarded as its important supplement. The Preface to the Commentary on the Doctrine of the Mean (《中庸章句序》) and Questions on the Doctrine of the Mean (《中庸或问》) were also officially published as appendices to the Commentary during his lifetime, showing that Questions on the Four Books holds an important position within the system of Four Books studies.
Why "There Is No Need to Look at It"
Zhu Xi never officially published the complete Questions on the Four Books during his lifetime — the earliest complete edition was a pirated copy printed by a bookseller. Moreover, he himself explicitly stated that the book was "an unfinished work" and that "there is no need to look at it." This seems to suggest that Questions on the Four Books has little academic value. In fact, this is not the case.
The primary reason Zhu Xi said "there is no need to look at it" was not because of erroneous viewpoints. The foremost reason is that the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books, as his direct annotation of the Four Books classics, was revised repeatedly with great effort throughout his life, to the extent that he was still revising the chapter on "Making the Will Sincere" in the Great Learning three days before his death. However, Questions on the Four Books, as "footnotes to the footnotes," was not revised after its completion, leading to many places where it "does not correspond" with the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books. But "not corresponding" does not mean error; rather, many of its "questions" were originally intended to explain the commentary parts. Later, the annotations in the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books were revised, but Questions on the Four Books was not changed, hence the "non-correspondence." Therefore, he emphasized the greater importance of the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books: "My Collected Commentaries on the Analects and Mencius — not a single word can be added, not a single word can be removed. You must examine it carefully." "I have pondered over the Analects and Mencius for over forty years, weighing every single character in between, not allowing the slightest bias. Scholars should carefully examine the commentary parts."
Another important reason Zhu Xi said "there is no need to look at it" lies in the mode of discourse of Questions on the Four Books. As a book that uses the method of "posing questions" to ask and answer itself, he once said: "I wrote the Questions fearing that people might have doubts, so I set up these questions to enable them to understand thoroughly. But now scholars have no doubts, yet instead, these questions give rise to doubts!" Furthermore, in ancient times, there was the exegetical tradition of "the sub-commentary does not break the commentary," and the questions and answers in it are often lengthy discourses. Therefore, Zhu Xi himself said that Questions on the Four Books suffered from the flaw of being "fragmented and diffuse."
However, it is precisely because of this question-and-answer and discursive writing style that Questions on the Four Books possesses unique scholarly value today. Unfolding the discussion through the method of posing questions indicates that its discourse has a clear sense of problem awareness. Compared to the direct statements of the original Four Books text and the "sub-commentary does not break the commentary" style annotation of the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books, these questions either directly target the original text of the Four Books or the annotations of the Collected Commentaries on the Four Books. This allows readers, guided by the questions, to engage in further reflection on the relevant content of the original text or annotations. This writing style, characterized by a clear sense of problem awareness, is often highly enlightening for readers who are not adept at thinking and questioning. It can also prompt readers to learn how to think and how to ask questions, thereby not merely reciting the classics and blindly following commentaries.
Establishing the Confucian Standard through Dialectical Reasoning
Corresponding to the "questions" are the "answers." In terms of specific content, Zhu Xi's "answers" are often relatively independent argumentative essays. Argumentative essays require a thesis, evidence, and reasoning. The reasoning part, in particular, requires strict logical thinking. In fact, traditional Chinese philosophy is often criticized for "not being logical." Feng Youlan once defended this, stating that although Chinese philosophy lacks a "formal system," it possesses a "substantive system." It can also be seen from Questions on the Four Books that its discussion of many issues not only has a "substantive system" but also a "formal system." The logical dialectical reasoning behind this embodies the capacity for rational thought. In fact, the formal significance of Neo-Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism lies in "elucidating principles and righteousness." Questions on the Four Books fully demonstrates the logical and rational dialectical capacity of Chinese philosophy.
The discussions in Questions on the Four Books often have clear targets. For example, at the end of the discussion on "manifesting luminous virtue, renewing the people, and resting in the highest good" in Questions on the Great Learning, Zhu Xi writes: "Since the death of Mencius, the Way and Learning have not been transmitted. The gentlemen of the world each pursued learning according to what was convenient for their own intentions. Hence there were those who did not strive to manifest their luminous virtue but merely considered governmental teachings and legal measures sufficient to renew the people; there were those who cherished their own persons and cultivated their own virtue alone, claiming to be sufficient to manifest their luminous virtue, but disdained renewing the people; and there were those who vaguely knew that both tasks were necessary, yet settled for small achievements, were addicted to near-term gains, and did not seek to rest in the highest good. All these are faults of not examining this text; few of them can perfect themselves and perfect others without error." Here, he actually distinguishes three modes of scholarship after Mencius. The first mode clearly points to Legalism, also including the utilitarian schools of Chen Liang, Ye Shi, and others of that era; the second mode clearly points to Daoism and Buddhism; the third points to internal Confucian schools. In fact, Legalism, Buddhism, and Daoism were the main targets of criticism for Dao scholars represented by Zhu Xi. A comprehensive reading of Questions on the Four Books shows that Zhu Xi spared no effort in criticizing Legalism, Buddhism, and Daoism, especially Buddhism and Daoism. Precisely because the critical nature of this book was too strong, Zhang Shi once said: "The book Questions generally contains irrefutable arguments, but my opinion is that this book should not yet be published, for even if one strives to debate and argue, one cannot fully exhaust the matter." Zhang Shi harbored hidden concerns about the critical nature of "striving to debate and argue" within it, and therefore advised Zhu Xi not to publish this book.
From the current perspective, however, this critical nature has clear methodological significance. "Entering and leaving Buddhism and Daoism, returning to the Six Classics" constituted the common scholarly experience of Zhu Xi and other Dao scholars. Buddhism and Daoism here primarily refer to Buddhism. Buddhism, as a foreign culture originating in India, has a fundamental difference from Chinese traditional culture centered on Confucianism: the former emphasizes "cherishing one's own person and cultivating one's own virtue alone," while the latter takes the "cultivate the self — regulate the family — govern the state — bring peace to the world" structure of the Great Learning as the basic framework of learning. For Zhu Xi, only by elucidating the fundamental differences between Confucianism and Buddhism/Daoism could one establish self-awareness of Confucian culture; only through criticism of Buddhist and Daoist learning could one establish an autonomous knowledge form of Confucian culture. Therefore, his criticism of Buddhist and Daoist learning was itself an important method for the revival of Confucian culture. Hence, Questions on the Four Books can be seen as an important way for Zhu Xi to construct an autonomous Confucian knowledge system, which holds enlightening significance for constructing an autonomous Chinese knowledge system today.
Return to TopBy: 徐问笑
In the text "The Foolish Old Man Removes the Mountains" (愚公移山), the Foolish Old Man of the North Mountain, at an advanced age, vowed to level the mountains. The Wise Old Man mocked him, and the Foolish Old Man replied: "Though I die, my sons and grandsons will continue endlessly, but the mountains will not increase; why should there be any difficulty in leveling them?" The Foolish Old Man's perseverance, even after a thousand years, still stirs one's spirit when reading it. Yet everyone knows this is merely a fable, and few believe there are truly people in the world as persistent as the Foolish Old Man. However, since ancient times, China has had many righteous people. During the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns of the Qing dynasty, Li Benzhong (李本忠, 1759–1841, courtesy name Linghan, from Hanyang, Hubei), with his mortal body, exerting the strength of three generations, spending 36 years, chiseled flat 48 dangerous shoals on the Three Gorges waterway and opened over 300 li of towpaths. In terms of the firmness of his will, the duration of his actions, and the greatness of his deeds, he is a true portrayal of the Foolish Old Man spirit.
Li Benzhong's family had been merchants for generations. His grandfather Li Wu and father Li Zhiyi traveled year-round between Sichuan and Hubei, making a living by sailing boats and doing business. The Sichuan River rapids had long held the infamous reputation of being a "graveyard for boats and a tomb for merchants and travelers," and the Li family was not spared from disaster, becoming one of the countless families that met with misfortune. Initially, grandfather Li Wu's merchant ship capsized at Xietan in Zigui, and his body was never found. Not long after, father Li Zhiyi again encountered disaster at Xietan. When the tragic news reached home, Li Benzhong's mother was overcome with grief and committed suicide to follow her husband in death. Fortunately, Li Zhiyi, after falling into the water, drifted for nearly a hundred li before being rescued by a passerby, but all his goods and money were lost, and he was in debt for a thousand taels of silver. The family was utterly destitute, in a state of extreme desolation and misery.
The tragedy of his family's ruin in his childhood became a nightmare that Li Benzhong could never shake off for the rest of his life. Every Qingming Festival, soul-summoning banners stirred by the city walls of Zigui; in the midnight rain of the third watch, the cold sound of weeping over graves in the Wu Mountain shrine. Merchants and travelers turned pale at the mention of the shoals; children were terrified at the sight of oars. Within the rolling river waters were hidden the blood and tears of countless people who had parted forever. These scenes made him increasingly aware of the danger of the river shoals. From ancient times to the present, facing the unpredictable enemy of the Three Gorges, in that era which placed hope in the "power of ghosts and gods" and revered fate as the arbiter of life and death, how many sons who had lost their fathers, old men whose families were ruined, and those grieving with blood could only resign themselves to fate. But Li Benzhong possessed both the tenacity of the Foolish Old Man who moved mountains and the courage of Jingwei who tried to fill the sea. Relying on a lone courage, he resolved to confront the dangerous river head-on, making a vow: "I will surely chisel flat the dangerous shoals of the Sichuan River, forever eliminating future calamities!"
Once this vow was made, it was as firmly rooted as a rock, and throughout his life, he never changed it even slightly. This is attested by a stele inscription at the Yuwang Temple in Ba County, Chongqing Prefecture: "It is recalled that when the gentleman traded in Sichuan, he always harbored the hidden pain of his ancestors, grieved at the harm done to travelers, cried out to Heaven and made a vow: if one day he had the strength, he would surely chisel away all the shoals. Those who heard these words all thought his words were grandiose and boastful; he was but a single individual, and it was already difficult to think of becoming an enemy of the River Earl; with dangerous shoals piled one upon another, wanting to chisel them all away was even more difficult. The gentleman was a poor scholar; where could he obtain tens of thousands of taels of silver for wages and materials? This was the most difficult of all difficulties. Who would have known that the gentleman, rousing himself to action, spared no toil or hardship, and within a few years accumulated substantial funds, repaid his father's debts, and then, using the remaining funds, from the tenth year of Jiaqing to the sixteenth or seventeenth year of Daoguang, petitioned the various authorities and single-handedly undertook the repair and chiseling of the various dangerous shoals in the lower reaches of Sichuan Province, and also repaired and built various towpaths." To fulfill his vow, after taking over the family business, the "Li Xiangxing" trading house, Li Benzhong spent year after year traveling between Sichuan and Hubei, exposed to wind and sun for over 20 years, solely to raise funds for managing the river.
Since ancient times, dredging waterways and controlling floods had always been government affairs handled by the imperial court and local officials. Therefore, Li Benzhong can be called the first ordinary commoner in Chinese history to spend his own money and effort to manage the Three Gorges waterway. The difficulty of repairing the river shoals cannot be imagined by those who have not personally experienced it. At that time, there was no gunpowder or various machinery; dealing with reefs could only rely on the method of heating with fire and quenching with water. But this method was extremely arduous, often requiring months of heating and chiseling before the rock could be broken, and it was enormously costly.
The first shoals Li Benzhong managed were Niukou Shoal and Xietan (towpath). He hired over 600 stonemasons and porters, and it took 122 days to chisel out 83 zhang of towpath at Xietan, 34 zhang of channel at Niukou, and 15 zhang of channel at Lianhuatan. However, after a summer flood, all the painstakingly built roads and waterways were washed away. But he did not lose heart; when they were washed away, he rebuilt them, over and over again, until they were completely and properly repaired. Li Benzhong did not rely solely on brute force in managing the shoals; he also had great foresight. Every time a project was completed (during the dry season), he would send people to guard the shoal, carefully observing the changes in the water flow during the flood season, collecting suggestions from boatmen, and preparing for the next year's repair work. After Zhabo Shoal was repaired, he even specially sent people to guard it for three years, informing every passing boatman of the new sailing methods, fearing that they might still use the old methods and encounter danger.
His thorough consideration is even more evident in his management of Suishi Shoal. This shoal was formed by gravel washed down by mountain torrents, so it reappeared every year after being cleared. Li Benzhong investigated upstream along the river and discovered that the people on the upper reaches of Yinyang Mountain had excessively reclaimed land, leaving the soil without vegetation to hold it. Whenever a mountain torrent broke out, mud, sand, and rocks would wash down with the current, forming new dangerous shoals. For this reason, he directly spent money to buy the entire mountain, paid to relocate the residents on the mountain, explicitly prohibited land reclamation and cultivation, and handed over the entire mountain forest to the Guizhou government to be "confiscated and sealed off," beginning a policy of closing the mountain for afforestation. This was an unprecedented action at the time, and from today's perspective, it can be considered an early measure of ecological migration and mountain closure for forest protection. Li Benzhong's river management was not limited to dredging the waterway itself; it also extended to nurturing the mountains and rivers. The forest on Yinyang Mountain covered about 600 mu, and after being sealed off, it maintained its original vegetation. After the founding of New China, this forest directly became the foundation of the Zigui County State-owned Forest Farm. He truly achieved the goal of benefiting the present and providing for future generations.
Li Benzhong's river management undertaking lasted a full 36 years, during which he managed a total of 48 dangerous shoals. He spent nearly 180,000 taels of silver, a figure equivalent to the total tax revenue of the four counties of Guizhou, Fengjie, Wushan, and Donghu in the Three Gorges area over 36 years. The scale of his management, its duration, and the enormous cost were all unprecedented.
In the autumn of 1823, Li Benzhong's close friend Zhou Buzhou, who had worked alongside him on river management for nearly 20 years, died of illness. In the spring of 1825, Li Benzhong's eldest son, Li Liangzheng, died from overwork and illness. Not long after, his second grandson also unfortunately died of illness. Suffering the successive heavy blows of losing his closest relatives, Li Benzhong, already nearly seventy years old, forcibly endured the piercing pain and, with the assistance of his second son Li Liangxian and eldest grandson Li Xianjun, persisted in completing the remaining projects.
In 1838, Li Benzhong again led his grandson Li Xianjun to petition the Kuizhou Prefecture for permission to chisel the dangerous shoals at Jixin Stone and Damoshoal. After receiving approval, work began immediately. This spirit of "an old steed in the stable still aspires to gallop a thousand li" is truly moving. In 1840, Li Benzhong grew increasingly weak and plagued by illness, and could only stop his river management work and return to his home in Hankou. But his heart remained with the safety of boats on the Gorge River. He closed his doors and organized his years of river management experience, compiling two books: *A Brief Record of Shoal Leveling* (平滩纪略) and *A Guide to the Sichuan River* (蜀江指掌).
The local people in Hubei erected a stele commemorating Li Benzhong's meritorious service in chiseling the shoals. The opening line reads: "Since ancient times, the difficulty in accomplishing great deeds lies not in the fear of excessive expense, but in the fear of the difficulty of the task; and even if one does not fear the difficulty of the task, it is even harder to persevere over a long period. Moreover, if the person entrusted with the task is not the right one, the work often fails to be completed. This is often the case." Truly spoken indeed! What is called "sincerity can make metal and stone give way" (jīng chéng suǒ zhì, jīn shí wèi kāi - "where utmost sincerity reaches, metal and stone open," absolute sincerity can move even the hardest things) is by no means the achievement of a single moment, but rather decades of perseverance as if it were one day. What is called the Foolish Old Man spirit is not a foolish and unattainable stubbornness, but the courage of "though thousands and tens of thousands oppose me, I go forth." The Foolish Old Man who moved mountains benefited "the south of Ji and the north of Han"; Li Benzhong's river management benefited seven hundred li of the Sichuan River and countless boats and oars. The Foolish Old Man in *Liezi* was ultimately a fictional character, but Li Benzhong was a real, flesh-and-blood Foolish Old Man. Mencius said: "A great man is one who does not lose his childlike heart." Although Li Benzhong was a merchant, he always maintained a sincere and kind heart in his breast, and performed righteous deeds worthy of a sage. Therefore, his "foolishness" was in fact the highest benevolence, and his "obsession" was the deepest sentiment.
Return to TopBy: 封丽霞
The unity of the rule of law in the state is a summary of the laws and experiences of the Party's leadership over comprehensive law-based governance in the new era, and it is also an overall requirement for the work of the rule of law in the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country. In 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Central Conference on Work Related to Comprehensive Law-Based Governance that "maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state is a serious political issue. Our country is a unitary state; maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state is of paramount importance." The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline states, "Strengthen the implementation and supervision of the Constitution and laws, and improve the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state." To this end, perfecting the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state and promoting the internal unity and coordination of the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics are also the basic goals and logical starting points that run through the entire process and all areas of rule of law construction in the new era.
**From "Unity of the Legal System" to the Upgraded Connotation of "Unity of the Rule of Law"**
In 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the important concept of "national unity of the rule of law" at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Thus, our country's rule of law construction has undergone a historic leap from "unity of the legal system" to "unity of the rule of law." At the level of conceptual connotation, "national unity of the rule of law" signifies that our country's rule of law construction has shifted from a static institutional construction that previously focused on the completeness of legal texts and the perfection of the system of legal norms, to a dynamic governance transformation that takes into account the effectiveness of legal implementation, the supervision of power operation, and institutional guarantees. Clearly, "unity of the rule of law" is by no means limited to the formal unity at the level of legal norm texts, but covers the comprehensive, whole-process unity of norm formulation, rule of law implementation, rule of law supervision, and rule of law guarantees.
"National unity of the rule of law" means, under the overall goal of perfecting the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively constructing a complete system of legal norms, an efficient system of rule of law implementation, a strict system of rule of law supervision, and a powerful system of rule of law guarantees, supplemented by a complete system of intra-Party regulations, to shape as a whole a socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics that has a complete structure, internal unity, and coordinated operation, providing a solid rule of law guarantee for advancing unified national governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Comprehensive law-based governance is a systematic project; we must take into account all factors, grasp the key points, plan holistically, and pay more attention to systematicity, wholeness, and coordination." The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly required "coordinated advancement of sound legislation, strict law enforcement, impartial judicature, and universal observance of the law," emphasizing the coordination and synchronization among the various subsystems and elements of the national rule of law system, achieving a dynamic operational structure from disorder to order, functional coupling, and overall efficiency enhancement.
**The Significant Significance of Maintaining the Unity of the Rule of Law in the State**
Since ancient times, our country has emphasized that "the great unity is the constant principle of heaven and earth, and the common principle through the ages." The governance of the "great unity" state largely maintains the unity of state power and social order through unified systems and decrees. This is the way of governing the country that "laws must be unified, so as to unify the people's minds." Historical experience has repeatedly proven that only in historical periods when decrees were unified and laws were implemented throughout the land could the political power be stable, the economy develop, and the people live in peace. Maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state in the new era is precisely the creative transformation and innovative development of the traditional Chinese "great unity" state governance wisdom under the basic strategy of law-based governance.
National unity of the rule of law is an inevitable requirement for maintaining the centralized, unified leadership of the Party. The unity of the rule of law in the state is essentially determined by the fundamental political requirement of the Party's centralized, unified leadership. It is an inherent requirement to ensure that the Party always plays its role as the core leadership, commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties. Comprehensive law-based governance must be upheld, implemented, and carried out well. Adhering to the centralized, unified leadership of the Party is not an abstract political slogan; it must be guaranteed and realized through centralized and unified rule of law.
In the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, national laws are the embodiment of the Party's will with national authority and coercive force, and have universal binding force on all members of society. If legal standards are not unified across different localities, and the standards for law enforcement and judicature are inconsistent, the Party's line, principles, and policies will be difficult to implement effectively on the track of the rule of law, and may even be localized, departmentalized, or fragmented during the implementation of laws and regulations. Intra-Party regulations are the institutional basis for comprehensively and strictly governing the Party; their most important characteristic is their political nature, meaning they embody the unified will of the Party Central Committee and require unified implementation across the entire Party. Therefore, whether it is national laws and regulations or intra-Party regulations, their ultimate goal is to strengthen centralized unity and ensure orders are carried out and prohibitions are heeded. Only on the basis of a unified, authoritative, and stable rule of law order can it be ensured that the Party Central Committee's line, principles, policies, and decisions are implemented thoroughly and without compromise nationwide, and that the Party's will is transformed through the national legislative process into common behavioral norms for all members of society.
National unity of the rule of law is an urgent requirement for promoting equality before the law and meeting the people's needs for a better life. After entering the new era, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. A unified and complete rule of law system is the basic condition for comprehensive law-based governance and the institutional foundation for safeguarding the fundamental rights and interests of the broad masses of the people. Striving to make the people feel fairness and justice in every legal system, every law enforcement decision, and every judicial case has become the value pursuit and goal task of our country's rule of law construction.
With the enhancement of legal awareness and rights awareness, the people are increasingly concerned about issues of fairness and justice such as income distribution, public services, law enforcement, and judicature. The whole society's desire for fairness and justice is stronger than ever before. If there are significant differences in the rule of law environment and the rights of social members between different localities, and the equal rights and fair development of some social members are neglected, it will inevitably seriously affect the realization of the principle of equality before the law and hinder the people's perception of fairness and justice. Therefore, only by continuously enhancing the unity of the rule of law in the state can we ensure that the will and interests of the people are equally expressed and fully communicated, promote the fair allocation and effective integration of various public resources, gradually reach consensus on some difficult social governance issues, continuously enhance the people's sharing of benefits and sense of fairness, and ensure that the fruits of economic and social development benefit all people more fairly.
National unity of the rule of law is an essential part of promoting the high-quality development of our country's economy. Institutional governance is the basic method of modern economic and social governance; the rule of law is the governance of the institutional system. Maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state is an inherent requirement for implementing the new development concept and promoting the transformation of our country's economy from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. This is because giving play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation inevitably requires a "best business environment" based on a unified and authoritative market economy legal system. The prerequisite for a unified national market is the unity of the rule of law in the state. Only by using unified legal systems, unified law enforcement standards, and unified judicial adjudication standards to regulate local government economic promotion activities such as investment attraction, and by cleaning up and abolishing various "local policies" that hinder the unified national market and fair competition, and eliminating problems such as inconsistent rules, different standards, and uncoordinated supervision, can local protectionism and market segmentation be broken down. If different localities act independently, implement their own laws, and set their own thresholds in areas such as market access, administrative approval, and judicial discretion standards, it will lead to various institutional barriers and "rule of law fragmentation," resulting in the invisible segmentation and fragmentation of the market.
National unity of the rule of law is also crucial for achieving equal protection of the private economy. If different localities have multiple sources of law, inconsistent orders, and act independently, the first thing to be impacted is the confidence and expectations of the private economy in the unified market. Only with national unity of the rule of law can unified standards for property rights protection, market access, and judicial discretion be established nationwide, problems such as "chaotic enforcement" be effectively solved, and the legitimate rights and interests of private enterprises be truly protected equally according to law.
**Strengthening the Institutional and Mechanistic Guarantees for Maintaining the Unity of the Rule of Law in the State**
In 2011, we announced that the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics had been formed. As of May 2026, our country has 311 currently effective national laws, over 600 administrative regulations and supervisory regulations, and over 15,000 local regulations. In 2021, on the centenary of the founding of the Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that our Party has "formed a relatively complete system of intra-Party regulations." With the continuous deepening of the process of law-based governance, maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state also faces some new problems and challenges. For example, some laws and regulations lag behind economic and social development, and the formulation and revision of different normative systems cannot be synchronized. Different rules are fragmented and hinder each other; some lower-level laws fail to effectively connect with higher-level laws; supporting measures of a substantive, procedural, and guarantee nature have not been issued in a timely manner, lacking pertinence, stability, and operability. Some laws and regulations have not been cleaned up in a timely manner, and their revision or abolition is relatively lagging. To this end, we should continuously deepen the understanding of the significant significance of maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state, further improve the institutional mechanisms for maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state, and promote the internal consistency, functional complementarity, and concerted effort of the national rule of law system.
First, improve the institutional system for upholding the authority of the Constitution and ensuring its comprehensive implementation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The Constitution is the general basis and general source of all national laws and regulations, and has the highest legal status, legal authority, and legal effect. Only by adhering to the status of the Constitution as the fundamental law of the state, and resolutely upholding and implementing the provisions, principles, and spirit of the Constitution, can we ensure national unity, legal system unity, and policy unity." The foundation for maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state lies in upholding the authority of the Constitution and ensuring its comprehensive implementation. In this regard, our Constitution stipulates, "The state maintains the unity and dignity of the socialist legal system. All laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations shall not contravene the Constitution." The Legislation Law stipulates, "Legislation shall conform to the provisions, principles, and spirit of the Constitution, proceed from the overall interests of the state in accordance with the statutory authority and procedures, and maintain the unity, dignity, and authority of the socialist legal system." To this end, we must continuously strengthen the implementation and supervision of the Constitution, advance the work of constitutional review, improve the working mechanisms for the direct implementation of relevant provisions of the Constitution, consciously implement the spirit of the Constitution and uphold the authority of the Constitution in the process of legislation, law enforcement, and judicature, vigorously promote the culture of the Constitution, promote the implementation of the Constitution to become the conscious action of all the people, consolidate the constitutional cornerstone of the unity of the rule of law in the state, and guarantee the unity of the rule of law in the state through the unity of the Constitution.
Second, strengthen unified legislative planning, legislative interpretation, and response working mechanisms. Maintaining the unity of the rule of law in the state inevitably requires unified legislative planning, interpretation, and response work, achieving internal coordination and concerted effort of various laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents throughout the entire process from planning to interpretation. To this end, it is necessary to advance the front-line prevention and improve the communication and coordination mechanism between rule-making and legislation. In formulating legislative plans and annual legislative plans, attention should be paid to the coordination and linkage of various legislative plans, national legislative plans, and intra-Party regulation formulation plans, enhancing their consistency in goals, tasks, and directions, and their coordination in layout, division of labor, and progress. In the drafting stage, work communication should be strengthened in advance to ensure consistency with the spirit of relevant intra-Party regulations and no conflict with the requirements of national laws. In addition, in response to potential ambiguities or content conflicts, it is also necessary to strengthen the unified interpretation and response work of legislative bodies regarding the application of laws and regulations by law enforcement and judicial bodies, increase the intensity of interpretation of national laws and intra-Party regulations, and promote the comprehensive and accurate understanding and application of national laws, regulations, and intra-Party regulations.
Third, improve the normalized working mechanism for cleaning up laws and regulations. In the process of formulating and revising national laws and intra-Party regulations, it is necessary to check against the relevant provisions of the Constitution and the Party Constitution, and promptly clean up and adjust some inconsistent, unconnected, conflicting, or outdated provisions that do not adapt to the development of the situation. Conduct a thorough inventory and investigation of national laws and intra-Party regulations and their specific clauses that are obsolete, outdated, repetitive, contradictory, especially those conflicting with the Constitution and the Party Constitution, and carry out cleaning, revision, or abolition work in accordance with procedures and steps. During the formulation or revision of intra-Party regulations, ensure that their content, authority, and procedures do not directly conflict with the Constitution, the Party Constitution, the Party's major policies, basic national laws, higher-level laws, and relevant laws, and can be effectively connected. In the process of law formulation and revision, actively promote the pre-review of important laws and regulations drafts and form a mechanism-based work arrangement to ensure compliance with the spirit and requirements of the Party Constitution and Party regulations. On the basis of achieving normalized cleaning of laws and regulations, accelerate the construction of a unified national information platform for laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents. Build a comprehensive, full-coverage legal information platform, uniformly standardize the electronic text standards and formats of laws, regulations, rules, and normative documents, and ensure the accuracy and authority of legal texts such as laws and regulations.
Fourth, improve and strengthen the filing and review system and mechanism. Filing and review is a fundamental system and an important focal point for maintaining the unity, dignity, and authority of the rule of law in the state. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed strengthening the filing and review system and capacity building, bringing all normative documents within the scope of filing and review. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the work of filing and review has implemented the principles of filing all necessary documents, reviewing all filed documents, and correcting all errors found, and has revoked and corrected unconstitutional and illegal normative documents according to law, playing an important role in ensuring the implementation of the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments and effectively guaranteeing the implementation of the Constitution and laws. Currently, it is also necessary to continuously expand the scope of filing, further research and establish a centralized, efficient, professional, and authoritative government legislative review system and mechanism, and establish a filing system for administrative normative documents of State Council departments and provincial governments. It is also necessary to improve the linkage mechanism for the filing and review of intra-Party regulations and national laws, especially to strengthen the filing system for intra-Party regulations, strictly review whether they conflict with the Party Constitution and the Party's theories, lines, principles, and policies, whether they are inconsistent with the Constitution and laws, whether they conflict with higher-level intra-Party regulations and normative documents, whether they conflict with other intra-Party regulations and normative documents at the same level regarding the same matter, and whether the content complies with the formulation authority and procedures.
Fifth, improve the coordination and linkage mechanism between national laws and intra-Party regulations. Under the guidance of the goal of perfecting the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics, it is necessary to strengthen the connection, coordination, and system integration of intra-Party regulations with national laws, so that the various systems for governing the country and governing the Party become a unified organic whole. The first priority is to clarify the boundaries between intra-Party regulations and national laws, specifying which matters are exclusively within the adjustment scope of intra-Party regulations, which matters are exclusively within the adjustment scope of national laws, and which matters are within the common adjustment scope of national laws and intra-Party regulations. On the one hand, at the legislative level, it is necessary to strengthen the top-level design and overall planning of national legislation and intra-Party rule-making, which is the foundation and prerequisite for the connection and coordination of intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations. On the other hand, realize the integration of the Party's discipline enforcement with the law enforcement of administrative and judicial organs, further improve the working mechanisms for consultation, negotiation, and transfer of problem clues between regulation enforcement and law enforcement, strengthen the guarantee of working mechanisms such as deliberation and coordination, joint meetings, and supervision and inspection, and promote the integrated application of intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations.
[The author is the Director of the Department of Political Science and Law Teaching and Research, Central Party School (National School of Administration)]
Return to Top**Question:** Chai Feng (柴锋), General Manager of the Artificial Intelligence (Engineering) Business Unit, China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group
General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects, and adhering to high-quality development must become an important part of the performance outlook of leading officials. It is necessary to improve the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development, give full play to their role as a "baton," guide leading bodies at all levels to earnestly practice the correct performance outlook, and effectively form a correct work orientation. How should we understand the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development?
**Interpretation:** Lyu Pin (吕品), Deputy Director of the Teaching and Research Department of Party Building, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance)
Assessment is the wind vane for development and the baton for undertaking work. Whatever orientation the assessment has will shape the orientation of undertakings and the work ethic. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects, and adhering to high-quality development must become an important part of the performance outlook of leading officials. Improving and perfecting the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development is a fundamental institutional arrangement to correct deviations in officials' performance outlook and incentivize responsibility and action, and it is of great significance for consolidating the joint force for high-quality development.
**Deeply Understand the Core Essence of the Performance Assessment and Evaluation Methods for Promoting High-Quality Development**
To improve the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development, we must take General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions as the fundamental guide, strive to address the shortcomings of traditional assessments that emphasize speed, aggregate volume, and short-term results, and construct a modern performance assessment and evaluation method that takes political standards as the guiding principle, quality and efficiency as the core, and the well-being of the people as the foundation.
**Assessment Orientation Highlights Political Standards, Anchoring the Fundamental Direction of Development.** Political nature is the primary attribute of performance assessment. To improve the assessment and evaluation methods, political standards must be integrated throughout the entire process. Implementing the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and implementing the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions and directives must be listed as the primary yardstick. The focus should be on examining whether localities abandon departmentalism, submit to the overall development situation, and achieve resonance between political construction and development practice.
**Assessment Standards Highlight Quality Orientation, Reconstructing a Scientific Assessment and Evaluation System.** Reconstruct the assessment indicator framework to achieve a shift from prioritizing speed to prioritizing quality and efficiency. Reduce the weight of aggregate indicators such as GDP growth rate, focus on connotative indicators such as the cultivation of new quality productive forces, scientific and technological innovation, and total factor productivity improvement, tighten constraint requirements such as hidden debt prevention and control and revitalization of inefficient assets, and strictly implement the lifelong accountability system. Coordinate development and security, and incorporate green and low-carbon transformation, ecological protection and restoration, and grassroots governance into the assessment checklist.
**Assessment Value Highlights People's Livelihood as the Foundation, Adhering to the Original Aspiration of Seeking Benefits for the People.** Seeking benefits for the people is the greatest political achievement for Communists. To improve the assessment and evaluation methods, the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security must be taken as the core weight. Incorporate practical matters concerning people's livelihood such as employment quality, education, healthcare, and old-age security into the assessment. Set indicators for the growth rate of residents' income and the equalization of basic public services, establishing a performance orientation of inclusive sharing.
**Assessment Methods Highlight Precision and Long-Term Effectiveness, Enhancing the Quality and Efficiency of Comprehensive Evaluation.** Construct an assessment and evaluation system that implements differentiated policies and balances short-term and long-term goals. Distinguish between annual assessments and tenure assessments, with a focus on incentivizing latent achievements that lay the foundation and benefit the long term. Implement differentiated scoring based on regional functional positioning and job differences, eliminating homogenized comparisons. Adhere to shifting the center of gravity downward, normalize front-line verification and public evaluation, and promote the transformation of assessment from looking at ledgers to looking at actual performance. Continuously rectify formalism issues such as excessive documentation and multiple inspections, and implement the requirements for reducing burdens at the grassroots level.
**Deeply Grasp the Contemporary Issues Facing the Improvement of Performance Assessment and Evaluation Methods for Promoting High-Quality Development**
Improving the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development must directly confront the new requirements and new challenges that high-quality development imposes on assessment work. Traditional assessment and evaluation methods played a positive role in specific development stages. However, with the changes in development stages and development concepts, their inherent structural characteristics can no longer fully adapt to the practical needs of high-quality development. Only by responding to the new propositions raised by development transformation at the institutional level can we consolidate the joint force for undertaking work and entrepreneurship, laying a solid institutional foundation for the steady and sustained progress of high-quality development.
**Use Quality Orientation to Break the Path Dependence of Development Inertia.** Traditional performance assessment methods were formed during the high-speed growth stage. The assessment framework centered on economic growth rate and aggregate scale had historical rationality, but it also created solidified interest orientations and behavioral inertia. Entering the stage of high-quality development, this inertia is difficult to completely reverse through ideological education and work style guidance alone. On the one hand, under the background where assessment results are deeply tied to cadre appointments, if the indicator system cannot promptly reflect the comprehensive requirements of high-quality development, it will still easily breed a utilitarian tendency that values visible achievements over long-term effectiveness. On the other hand, the mismatch between local financial power and administrative authority, coupled with the misalignment between cadre tenure and long-cycle tasks such as industrial cultivation and ecological governance, creates a structural tension between development effectiveness and the assessment cycle. This requires that the performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development must strive to construct an evaluation framework that balances short-term and long-term goals and emphasizes both quality and efficiency. Through institutional designs such as extending the assessment horizon, strengthening process evaluation, and implementing lifelong accountability, guide cadres to correctly handle the relationship between current increments and long-term risks, and between visible achievements and hidden foundations, cutting off the inertial cycle of extensive development from its root.
**Use Precise Adaptation to Respond to the Governance Needs of Regional Differentiation.** China has a vast territory, and different regions have significant differences in resource endowments, development stages, and main functional positioning. Foundational and long-term work such as ecological restoration, industrial cultivation, institutional construction, and grassroots governance upgrading has a long cycle for showing results and is easily marginalized in short-term annual assessments. Influenced by the assessment orientation, some regions, ignoring industrial laws and carrying capacity, blindly follow trends in laying out emerging industries and rashly launching construction projects, resulting in duplicate construction and resource waste. At the same time, cumbersome ledger filling and excessively high inspection frequency cause grassroots units to spend a lot of time and energy dealing with inspections, deviating from the original intention of assessment to ascertain the real situation and make up for shortcomings. The performance assessment and evaluation methods for promoting high-quality development must implement differentiated assessments based on the positioning of main functional areas, organically combine common requirements with individual indicators, and enable different regions to compete with level and quality on their respective tracks.
**Use Symmetrical Constraints to Build Institutional Expectations of Symmetrical Powers and Responsibilities.** High-quality development places higher demands on the incentive and constraint mechanisms for cadres. A more symmetrical institutional framework must be constructed between positive incentives and negative constraints. Through institutional design with clear powers and responsibilities, rewards and punishments, provide cadres with clear and stable expectations for undertaking work and entrepreneurship, truly creating a healthy ecosystem that encourages responsibility and good performance.
**Practical Paths for Improving Performance Assessment and Evaluation Methods for Promoting High-Quality Development**
With a clear assessment orientation, cadres can exert their efforts precisely. To correct deviations in the performance outlook, guide development transformation, and incentivize cadre responsibility, we must directly face the blockages, pain points, and difficulties in assessment, adhere to systematic policy implementation and targeted action, connect the entire chain of indicator design, assessment implementation, result application, and supporting guarantees, and promote the deep implementation and normal practice of the correct performance outlook.
**Improve Differentiated Assessment Mechanisms to Better Adapt to Regional Development.** Precise assessment orientation is the prerequisite and foundation for unleashing the effectiveness of assessment. Adhere to a comprehensive, historical, and dialectical view of cadres and their performance, coordinate visible achievements and latent achievements, the present and the long term, speed and quality, and development and security, resolutely break the rigid thinking of simply judging heroes by GDP and the evaluation bias that values visible results over hidden foundations. Promote the transformation of performance assessment and evaluation from emphasizing scale and speed to emphasizing quality, actual results, and long-term foundations.
**Adhere to Equal Emphasis on Incentives and Constraints, Stimulating the Endogenous Motivation for Cadre Responsibility.** The core value of performance assessment lies in rewarding the good and punishing the bad, eliminating the corrupt and promoting the clean, and promoting development. Adhere to the combination of strict management and care, equal emphasis on incentives and constraints, and break the reverse incentive pattern where doing more or less yields the same result. In terms of constraints and accountability, improve the whole-chain accountability mechanism, strictly implement government debt control, off-office auditing, and lifelong accountability systems, resolutely rectify prominent issues such as illegal borrowing, duplicate construction, local protectionism, and "new officials ignoring old debts," and strictly investigate and hold lifelong accountability for "vanity projects," "image projects," inefficient and ineffective investments, as well as behaviors that damage the ecology or ignore safety bottom lines, resolutely preventing institutional emptiness and weakened supervision. In terms of positive incentives, establish a clear employment orientation that values hard work, actual performance, and responsibility, directly link assessment results with cadre rewards and punishments, appointments and removals, rank promotions, and evaluation for excellence, so that cadres who are pragmatic, hardworking, and responsible have a platform and receive commendation. Strictly implement the requirements of the "Three Distinctions," improve the detailed rules for fault tolerance and error correction, and refine the process for identifying fault-tolerant situations. For cadres who meet the fault-tolerant conditions, exempt or reduce responsibility according to regulations, promptly clarify and restore the reputation of cadres who have been falsely accused or framed, dispel cadres' ideological concerns about fearing mistakes and responsibility, and build a healthy political ecosystem with strict management having strength and care having warmth.
**Optimize Assessment Methods and Processes, Deepening Grassroots Burden Reduction and Efficiency Improvement.** Scientific assessment methods and standardized processes are key to eliminating formalism and improving assessment quality and efficiency. Improve the cadre assessment system covering daily assessment, classified assessment, and close-range assessment, promoting the downward shift of the center of gravity of assessment work and moving the checkpoint forward. Adhere to focusing efforts on ordinary times, integrate various carriers such as daily supervision, special evaluations, and tenure verification, regularly go deep into grassroots units, project sites, and among the masses, and through multiple methods such as on-site verification, performance verification, public reputation, inspections and patrols, and third-party evaluations, comprehensively and multi-dimensionally examine cadres' performance in fulfilling duties during major tasks, complex tests, and emergency responses. Establish a rectification mechanism involving assessment and inspection, problem assignment, rectification within a time limit, and follow-up review, using assessment to force the filling of shortcomings and the improvement of work quality.
**Strengthen Coordination of Supporting Systems, Building a Long-Term Effective Assessment Institutional System.** Performance assessment reform cannot advance in isolation or form an independent closed loop; it must rely on the coordinated efforts and integrated advancement of supporting systems. Maintain the continuity and stability of the assessment orientation, indicator system, and evaluation rules, and do not arbitrarily change assessment standards due to team changes or personnel adjustments. Continuously transmit stable signals that value hard work, quality, and long-term goals. Normalize special education on the performance outlook and professional training, guiding cadres at all levels to break short-sighted thinking and utilitarian ideas, and establish a scientific performance outlook compatible with high-quality development. Coordinate and promote supporting reforms in the fiscal and tax systems, cadre tenure management, ecological compensation, and risk prevention and control, unblock the institutional and mechanism blockages for the implementation of assessment, and break the path dependence of extensive development. Dynamically iterate the assessment indicator list based on new business forms, new industries, and new risks, continuously optimize the assessment system, and promote the normalization, long-term effectiveness, and institutionalization of high-quality performance assessment.
Return to TopBy: 刘运
Cities are the homes where people live. Making cities more high-quality and warm, more livable and safe, is an important guarantee for enhancing the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security. We earnestly practice the people's city concept, run the people-centered approach through the entire process of urban construction and governance, adhere to the principle that the people's city is built by the people and for the people, use the "embroidery skill" to improve the quality and efficiency of refined urban governance, make urban development warmer, the texture of people's wellbeing more substantial, and the background color of happiness more vivid, and paint a picture of a happy and harmonious modern people's city. The modernization of urban governance is an important chapter in Chinese-style modernization; we must always regard people's satisfaction as the highest standard for testing urban work, so that the fruits of development benefit all citizens more and more fairly.
Build a beautiful home where humans and nature coexist harmoniously. Rivers are the bloodline of a city and the foundation of the homeland on which people depend for survival. We started with the meticulous "Seven Rivers Improvement" in the central urban area, then promoted the "River in Front of My Door" campaign citywide, taking rivers as the pulse and ecology as the foundation, carrying out coordinated water and bank governance according to local conditions, and creating an important livelihood project to improve the living environment and enhance urban quality. For key rivers in the central urban area, based on local culture and river characteristics, with "ecology and convenience for the people" as the starting point, and following the principle of "one river, one plan; one river, one theme; one river, one feature," we comprehensively promote river channel ecological restoration, waterfront landscape creation, improvement of convenience facilities, and excavation of historical culture, focusing on features and functions such as humanities, folk customs, and fitness, upgrading and creating themed cultural parks, so that the masses can fully enjoy the ecological dividends of "seeing green when opening the window, entering the park when stepping out the door, and enjoying leisure nearby." A good ecological environment is the most inclusive public good for people's wellbeing; clear water and green banks are not only about the beauty of nature but also carry the people's deep yearning for poetic dwelling, and are the most intuitive reflection of a city's warmth. Promote the integrated protection and systematic management of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, and transform the city's ecological advantages into advantages for people's wellbeing and development.
Create an efficient, safe, and orderly travel environment. Transportation is the core skeleton of urban operation and an important window for the people to perceive the warmth of governance. Carry out special actions in depth, focusing on travel pain points, traffic bottlenecks, and governance difficulties, implement systematic, precise, and flexible governance, seek the optimal solution between the safety bottom line and the warmth of people's livelihood, and make every effort to create a safe, smooth, convenient, efficient, smart, and orderly travel environment for the masses. Traffic governance must not only pursue operational efficiency but also demonstrate social fairness, so that every citizen can feel the city's respect and care in orderly travel; this is the proper meaning of good-faith governance in a people's city. For a long time, non-standard low-speed electric vehicles have become one of the main causes of traffic congestion and safety accidents. Adhere to gradual progress, combining疏通 (shūtōng - "dredging, unblocking") and blocking, set a scientific transition period, and through city-wide legal publicity and education, pilot projects on key road sections, and control in core areas, steadily guide the masses to travel in a standardized manner. Relying on the community grid governance system, form special service teams to provide warm-hearted services such as old vehicle replacement, agency license plate registration, and parking optimization, promoting the transformation of the masses from "passive law-abiding" to "active rule-following," achieving the organic unity of urban order standardization and the protection of people's livelihood rights and interests. Continue to promote the optimization and upgrading of main roads, improve the connection system of expressways, fast roads, and municipal roads, build a "half-hour traffic circle" from the central urban area to surrounding counties and urban districts, effectively break the blockage of the urban road network, and smooth the circulation veins of the city. Deeply cultivate smart transportation construction, make good use of technological means such as big data and intelligent monitoring, achieve dynamic assessment of traffic conditions, precise timing of traffic signals, and early intervention for congestion risks, and comprehensively improve the convenience and smoothness of the road network.
Improve the urban quality of livability and comfortable housing. Environmental sanitation, neighborhood order, living quality, and supporting services are connected to the daily life and the texture of everyday life of the masses. Taking the "Hand in Hand, Make the City Better" co-construction activity as a starting point, promote the transformation of urban governance from one-way government management to pluralistic co-governance, from extensive control to refined service upgrading, and build a community of urban governance where everyone has responsibility, everyone fulfills their duty, and everyone shares the benefits. The core of the social governance system of co-construction, co-governance, and sharing lies in stimulating the people's subject consciousness and enthusiasm for participation, so that urban governance changes from the government's "one-man show" to the entire people's "chorus," only then can the resonance of governance efficiency and the warmth of people's livelihood be truly achieved. Focus on the "key small matters" that concern the masses, build a co-construction platform, promote the deep docking of resources and needs of both sides, comprehensively promote the renewal of street-side trash cans, cleaning of sanitary死角 (sǐjiǎo - "dead corners, neglected areas"), pruning and replanting of greenery, repair and leveling of tree pits, repair of road surface slabs, and rectification of neighborhood order, making the urban home cleaner, more beautiful, more level, and more orderly. Deeply carry out the "Grasp Quality and Safety, Enhance Consumption and Everyday Life" co-construction activity, focusing on convenience scenarios such as morning markets, night markets, and food streets, select brand models, standardize business order, and strengthen food safety supervision; deeply explore local characteristic resources, promote "One Unique Skill" brand stores, and promote the quality improvement and upgrading of convenience markets. Revitalize urban corner plots and idle land, build pocket parks and leisure stations according to local conditions. From "each sweeping the snow in front of their own door" to "jointly managing one matter," the synergy of governance continues to consolidate, and governance efficiency continues to improve.
Cultivate an urban temperament that esteems virtue and aspires to goodness. Culture is the soul of a city, and high-quality public cultural services are what the masses need for a quality life. We integrate the "Two Creations" of culture into modern life, draw humanistic spirit from the essence of excellent traditional culture, cultivate the urban spirit, activate the cultural genes of esteeming culture and education, and farming and reading traditions passed down through generations, allowing the millennium-old cultural context to radiate vigorous vitality. Cultural confidence is a more fundamental, deeper, and more enduring force; cultivating the urban spirit not only requires continuing the historical roots but also constantly endowing it with new connotations in the development of the times, making it a deep driving force for凝聚 (níngjù - "coagulating, gathering") people's hearts and leading trends. Promote both inheritance and innovation, activate urban cultural brand resources, excavate the culture of historical figures in Weifang, let the masses enjoy the "feast" of traditional culture, and make handicraft experiences, cultural creativity, and the "Intangible Cultural Heritage+" lifestyle paradigm part of daily life. Continue the millennium-old farming and reading tradition, and write the long scroll of the city's cultural context. For the first time among prefecture-level cities nationwide, establish a grassroots cultural construction指导员 (zhǐdǎoyuán - "instructor, guidance officer") system, opening up the "last one hundred meters" of public cultural services. Make every effort to build a famous city for basic education, a highland for vocational education, and a strong city for higher education, empowering urban innovation and development with high-quality educational resources. Forge a powerful force that凝聚 (níngjù - "coagulates, gathers") people's hearts and汇聚 (huìjù - "converges, pools") strength; the urban spirit of "Esteeming Culture and Virtue, Being Practical and Innovative, Open and Inclusive, Confident and Striving for Strength" becomes a rich cultural nourishment.
Build a solid "medical support" for the health of all people. Promoting the下沉 (xiàchén - "sinking, downward shift") of high-quality medical resources is the solid happiness of the masses being able to "see a doctor well at their doorstep." We anchor ourselves to the goal of building a new highland for medicine in Shandong, construct a health service system covering the entire life cycle, taking into account "one old, one young," and coordinating medical care, health maintenance, and elderly care, promote the construction of compact medical consortia, so that high-quality health services are closer to the people. Health is the most important indicator of a happy life; building a comprehensive, full-cycle health service system is the city's warmest commitment to every life and the cornerstone of humanistic care in a modern city. Coordinate resource布局 (bùjú - "layout, distribution"), take the "Double Schools, Double Hospitals" collaborative improvement action as a guide, link teaching, research, and medical resources, and promote the deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application. Relying on the school-hospital collaboration platform, break down the hierarchical barriers of traditional medical services, deeply link with street and community governance grids, innovatively create a "Healthy Neighborhood Circle," and promote convenient and beneficial health services directly reaching the grassroots and close to the people. Deeply cultivate medical reform empowerment, comprehensively promote four national-level pilot reforms: high-quality development of public hospitals, the comprehensive experimental zone for grassroots health, the construction of urban medical groups, and the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine; flexibly introduce multiple academicians and nearly a hundred top Chinese and Western medicine experts, establish academician workstations and famous doctor studios, so that the masses can enjoy high-quality medical services at their doorstep. Based on the advantages of being a major city for traditional Chinese medicine, adhere to the concept of "TCM in daily life, universal and normalized benefits," innovate the "TCM+" integrated development model, promote medicinal food, herbal teas, and other services based on the homology of medicine and food, achieving full coverage of TCM services within the city. Improve the integration of medical care and elderly care, explore service models that connect hospitals, professional institutions, and community homes, rely on key municipal hospitals to build specialized medical and elderly care bases, promote the integration of medical treatment, rehabilitation, nursing, and elderly care, and protect the twilight years with urban warmth.
(The author is the Secretary of the Weifang Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, Shandong Province)
By: 张力维
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the opening ceremony of the training program for young and middle-aged cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) in the spring semester of 2022: "Wherever the people have needs, there good deeds and practical things can be done, and there achievements can be created." This important assertion answers the fundamental questions of "for whom are achievements created, and by what means are achievements created," and points the direction for the vast number of Party members and cadres to establish and practice a correct view of achievements. The people's needs are the "living source" for creating achievements; divorced from the people's needs, any so-called "achievements" are water without a source and a tree without roots. Only by taking root among the people, keeping the people close to heart, and working earnestly and pragmatically in meeting the people's needs, can we create true achievements that withstand the test of practice, the people, and history.
Achievements in office have always been an unavoidable topic for those in governance. But what are true achievements, and how to create true achievements—different people have different answers. Some regard achievements as a "stepping stone" for promotion, enthusiastically engaging in "face-lift projects" and "image projects," pursuing what is "visible to leaders" and "viewable by the media," while forgetting whether the masses benefit. Some regard achievements as capital for boasting, rushing headlong into mass action and 拔苗助长 (bá miáo zhù zhǎng - "pull up seedlings to help them grow," to spoil things by excessive enthusiasm), leaving behind a pile of "half-finished" projects. Tracing this to its root, it lies in departing from the fundamental principle of the people's needs. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Communists must remember that benefiting the people is the greatest achievement." Whatever the people need, we do; whatever the people hope for, we strive to realize. Looking back at the Party's century-long history of struggle, the fundamental reason our Party has been able to continuously advance from victory to victory is that it has always breathed the same air, shared the same fate, and been heart-to-heart with the people. From "overthrowing the local tyrants and dividing up the land" in the revolutionary war era to meet the peasants' need for land, to building up the country from a state of poverty and blankness after the founding of New China to meet the people's basic living needs; from "letting some people get rich first" in the reform and opening-up period to stimulate development vitality, to "completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects" in the new era, ensuring no impoverished person is left behind. Every historic leap has been a great achievement created in responding to the people's needs. It can be said that wherever the people have needs, there lies the focus of the Party's work; whatever the people need, the Party's cause strives in that direction. Divorced from the people's needs, any achievement is a castle in the air.
The people's needs are not abstract or general, but concrete, realistic, and diverse. Take "educational needs": in some places, there is a shortage of schools; in others, a shortage of good teachers; in still others, a shortage of quality education resources. Take "medical needs": urban residents might be more concerned about the difficulty of getting an appointment at a top-tier hospital, while rural residents worry about the availability of basic medicines in village clinics. If we do not conduct in-depth and meticulous investigation and research into the people's needs, but merely make decisions by slapping our heads while sitting in the office, or simply copy and paste experiences from other places, we are very likely to "prescribe the wrong medicine." Not only will this fail to meet the people's needs, but it will also cause a waste of resources and public resentment. How to grasp them precisely? The most fundamental method is investigation and research. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Investigation and research is the foundation of planning and the way to success." We must humble ourselves, go down to the front line, step into the fields, factory workshops, and community courtyards, sit on the same bench with the masses and speak as one family, listen to the truth, and observe the real situation. We must not engage in "bonsai-style" research that only looks at a few carefully prepared "demonstration sites," nor "show-style" research that is surrounded by a retinue and skims the surface, and certainly not "rich-loving, poor-disdaining" research that only goes to places with good conditions and avoids places with many contradictions. We must dare to go to the most arduous places, to the places where the masses have the most complaints, to discover problems in "harsh words" and identify the crux in "grumbling words." Besides being "physically present," we must be even more "mentally present." Understand the people's needs with feeling and responsibility, discerning the real needs from the masses' "micro-expressions" and "small gestures." At the same time, we must conduct scientific analysis, distinguishing which are the common needs of the majority, which are the special needs of the minority, which are urgent current needs, and which are long-term potential needs. Only by accurately understanding the people's needs can we "prescribe the right medicine," ensuring that the achievements we create truly meet the people's expectations.
Empty talk harms the country; solid work makes it flourish. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Achievements are all made through hard work." No matter how precise the "demand list," if we do not tackle them one by one and implement them item by item, the people's needs will never be fulfilled. First, we must meet needs head-on, without shirking or delaying. The people's needs are a silent command. For problems that the masses feel strongly about and urgently need to be solved, we cannot wait, rely on others, or delay. For example, the renovation of old residential communities, the connection of dead-end roads, and the treatment of black and odorous water bodies—these "long-standing and difficult" problems often involve wide-ranging interests and concentrated contradictions, but they are precisely the things the masses most hope for, are most anxious about, and worry about most. The harder the bone to chew, the more we must muster the courage of "knowing there are tigers in the mountain, yet偏向虎山行 (piān xiàng hǔ shān xíng - "preferring to walk towards the tiger mountain," to act boldly in the face of known danger)." We must establish and improve mechanisms such as "the people call, I respond" and "receive complaints, act immediately," ensuring that every problem reported by the masses has a resolution. Second, we must focus on practical results, without falseness or pretense. Meeting the people's needs ultimately depends on the effect, not on how lively the process is. We must resolutely oppose formalism and bureaucracy, and put an end to flashy gimmicks like "piling up bonsai" and "creating highlights." What we pursue is "real achievements" rather than "false achievements," "true achievements" that benefit the masses rather than "fake achievements" for self-entertainment. Third, we must adjust to changes, without rigidity or stagnation. The people's needs are not immutable. Needs met today may give rise to new, higher demands tomorrow. We cannot be satisfied with a "one-shot deal." We must establish a mechanism for dynamic tracking and continuous improvement, conduct regular follow-ups, listen to feedback, and check whether the good deeds and practical things already accomplished have "resurfaced" or "rebounded," and what new expectations the masses have.
A gold cup or a silver cup is not as good as the reputation among the masses; the masses saying it is good is what truly matters. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The people are the highest judges and final evaluators of our Party's work." Whether achievements are good or not, true or false, the masses have the most say. In reality, some cadres are accustomed to "looking upward," thinking their work is done once the leaders nod; some cadres are satisfied with "good-looking data," complacent when GDP goes up, while ignoring the damage to the ecological environment and the decline in the people's sense of well-being. Such "achievements" run counter to the people's needs. We must truly take the people's satisfaction as the highest standard, establish and improve a scientific system for evaluating achievements in office, and make the masses' reputation a "hard criterion" for cadre assessment. Smooth the channels for public evaluation, allowing the masses to directly score and comment through methods such as "good and bad reviews" for government services and "public appraisal" of livelihood projects. For things the masses are dissatisfied with, we must deeply reflect and resolutely rectify; for things the masses praise, we must summarize, promote, and make persistent efforts. At the same time, we must correctly handle the relationship between "visible achievements" and "latent achievements." Some work meets the people's urgent current needs, showing quick results and being visible, such as building a road or a school—these are "visible achievements." Some work meets the people's long-term fundamental needs, with long cycles and slow results, such as ecological protection, cultural heritage, and talent cultivation—these are "latent achievements." But whether "visible achievements" or "latent achievements," only those that meet the people's needs are true achievements.
(The author is the Secretary of the Taigu District Committee of Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province)
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has placed great emphasis on the governance of cyberspace, repeatedly stressing the need to deepen international exchanges and cooperation in cyberspace. He has pointed out that making the internet better serve humanity is a shared responsibility of the international community, and that we must jointly advance global governance of cyberspace and strive to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. Focusing on advancing global governance of cyberspace, the High-End Think Tank Edition of Study Times has conducted in-depth discussions.
Return to TopBy: 中国网络空间研究院
At present, the once-in-a-century transformations unfolding across the world are accelerating, the international landscape is undergoing profound adjustment, and geopolitical games are intensifying. At the same time, a new generation of information technology, represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information, and blockchain, is profoundly reshaping humanity's modes of production, lifestyles, and governance with unprecedented breadth and depth. On the one hand, new technologies and applications have created new economic forms, and the digital economy is flourishing. On the other hand, the shadow of digital hegemony is emerging, the global digital divide continues to widen, and the deficit in cyberspace governance is becoming increasingly prominent. The order of cyberspace is a mix of change and chaos, and it is at a critical stage of profound transformation. There is an urgent need to deepen international exchanges and cooperation in cyberspace, to promote and guide the transformation of the global governance system towards a more just and reasonable direction, and to enable human society to move towards a better digital and intelligent future.
**Current trends in the evolution of cyberspace order.** Cyberspace is a sphere of activity generated by humanity's use of information technologies such as the Internet. It is increasingly intertwined with the real world, affecting politics, economics, culture, and all aspects of social life. Currently, with the rapid development of information technology, the scope of global cyberspace is expanding exponentially and iteratively. Driven by factors such as computing power, algorithms, and data, it forms a social space that broadly encompasses various terminals, products, and social media, enveloping almost all of humanity. The order of cyberspace, which concerns human development and universal prosperity, is increasingly impacted and influenced by multiple factors, including geopolitics, technological change, and industrial competition.
Deeply influenced by geopolitics and major-power competition, the divergence in governance concepts and pathways for cyberspace development is becoming increasingly apparent. The dynamics of competition and cooperation in cyberspace are intertwined with geopolitics. Particularly in areas such as technological dominance, rule-making power, international discourse power, and control over supply chains, the game among major powers is intensifying. Certain Western developed countries, leveraging their technological advantages, advocate so-called "Internet freedom," promote cyber hegemony and unilateralism, and politicize technological and economic-trade issues. In stark contrast, countries of the Global South have a strong desire for inclusive development, generally advocating respect for cyber sovereignty and digital sovereignty, bridging the digital divide, opposing technological monopoly, and promoting the construction of a more just and reasonable global cyberspace order. With the rapid iteration of new technologies and applications like artificial intelligence, deep-seated challenges such as the digital divide, governance deficit, and fragmentation of rules are becoming more severe. The divergence in governance concepts and pathways is increasingly apparent, further increasing the complexity and uncertainty of cyberspace governance.
Multilateral cooperation and regional coordination mechanisms continue to emerge, and the participants in cyberspace governance are becoming more diverse. The role of the United Nations as the main channel for global cyberspace governance continues to strengthen. The Global Digital Compact and the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime inject impetus into cyberspace governance. At the same time, regional governance shows a trend of "camp formation" and "grouping." Exclusive mechanisms established by some countries have spurred emerging market countries to continuously strengthen the construction of international institutional frameworks. APEC, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have made significant progress in practical cooperation on the digital economy and cybersecurity. ASEAN and the African Union are also accelerating the construction of their respective digital governance frameworks. Diverse actors, including national governments, international organizations, Internet companies, technical communities, and civil society institutions, are deeply involved in rule-making, and the distribution of international discourse power is becoming increasingly complex. Against this backdrop, how to build consensus among diverse interests and construct effective and practical coordination mechanisms has become an important proposition for the next phase of cyberspace governance.
The importance of data as a factor of production is becoming more prominent, and disputes over cross-border data flows are continuously escalating. As the digital economy develops in depth, data has become a core strategic resource driving innovation and improving efficiency. The game among countries over data sovereignty and governance rights is intensifying. Some Western developed countries advocate "free flow of data" to maintain the global competitive advantage of their technology companies, while simultaneously strengthening data export controls in the name of data security to suppress companies from other countries, such as fabricating baseless allegations of data transmission issues. Some countries or regions have established strict data protection rules, strengthening regulations on technology companies. Some countries continue to tighten requirements for data localization, causing concern among technology companies. Affected by multiple regulatory regimes, the compliance difficulties for multinational digital enterprises have increased, and structural problems such as the absence of dispute resolution mechanisms have become prominent, exacerbating the fragmentation of the global data governance system.
Artificial intelligence, as a strategic technology, is expanding into all domains, and competition over development, security, rules, and standards is becoming more intense. Artificial intelligence is an important engine for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces. To seize development advantages, competition among countries over data, computing power, and algorithms is unprecedentedly fierce. As the application of artificial intelligence in economic and social fields deepens, the risks and challenges brought by the technology have an increasingly profound impact. This has prompted the continuous expansion of the scope of AI governance issues, covering deepfakes and algorithm governance, ethical norms, network and data security, legal rights and responsibilities, and many other areas, making governance increasingly difficult. At the same time, the integration of artificial intelligence with modern forms of warfare is accelerating, and the trend of militarization is intensifying. Western developed countries are increasing their investment in and application of military intelligence to seize the strategic high ground of military affairs. Countries still have differences on key issues such as the boundaries of military applications of AI, requirements for algorithm transparency, and the control of lethal autonomous weapon systems. Faced with these challenges, the construction of global AI governance mechanisms remains insufficient. Western developed countries, relying on their technological lead, occupy key positions in relevant international standards organizations, continuously export governance models based on Western values, and hold greater discourse power and initiative over rules and standards. The industrial ecosystems of emerging economies are still immature, and their discourse power over rules, standard-setting power, and participation in governance are insufficient. There is an urgent need to promote the establishment of a fairer and more reasonable global AI governance system.
The evolution and construction of cyberspace order is the product of the interplay of various forces, but ultimately, the decisive force is the power of the people. China always stands on the side of the vast majority of humanity and strives to promote the development of global cyberspace in a direction of peace, security, openness, cooperation, and order. Grasping the general trend of world development, focusing on the common interests of humanity, and based on the reality of global governance, the Chinese government has put forward a series of positions and initiatives, including the "Four Principles" for promoting the transformation of the global Internet governance system and the "Five Proposals" for building a community with a shared future in cyberspace. It has made a series of efforts to promote the establishment of a cyberspace order that better aligns with the interests of all humanity, which are increasingly gaining broad recognition from people around the world.
**Promoting and leading the transformation of the global cyberspace governance system into a new stage.** Looking to the future, China, as a major cyber country and a responsible major country, will be guided by the concept of building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, grasp the evolutionary trends of cyberspace order, and with a more open attitude and more pragmatic actions, deeply participate in the process of global cyberspace governance, improve the global digital governance system, build a more just, reasonable, open, inclusive, secure, stable, and vibrant cyberspace order, and promote the building of a community with a shared future in cyberspace into a new stage.
Continue to exert the guiding role of the concept of building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, and build practical consensus around development, security, governance, and inclusiveness. Respect cyber sovereignty, adhere to the principle that the sovereign equality established by the UN Charter equally applies to cyberspace, and respect the right of each country to independently choose its own path of cyber development and governance model. Actively manage major-country cyber relations, strengthen exchanges and cooperation on issues of concern to all countries, such as technological innovation, rule-making, and network and supply chain security, and promote the construction of a major-country relationship pattern in cyberspace characterized by peaceful coexistence, overall stability, and balanced development. Promote the deep and solid construction of the "Digital Silk Road," actively promote exchanges and mutual learning in the field of people's livelihoods, strengthen cooperation with partner countries in the digital economy, cyber culture, online education, telemedicine, etc., and achieve inclusive development empowered by the Internet. Improve consultation and dialogue mechanisms among all parties, jointly study and formulate norms for cyberspace governance, more balancedly reflect the interests and concerns of all parties, especially those of developing countries, and make the governance system more just and reasonable.
Promote coordinated efforts between multilateral and regional mechanisms, and deepen multi-stakeholder participation and collaborative governance. Adhere to multilateral participation and multi-stakeholder participation, give full play to the role of the United Nations as the main channel in global cyberspace governance, and support the continued discussion of issues such as norms for responsible state behavior and the application of international law. Promote the enhancement of the positive effectiveness of APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, etc., in regional cooperation, proactively strengthen agenda-setting, and contribute more Chinese digital public goods. Actively promote accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), and deepen international cooperation on cross-border e-commerce and digital trade facilitation. Build all-round, multi-level governance platforms, actively leverage the role of various actors such as Internet companies, technical communities, civil society institutions, and individual citizens, and construct a governance architecture based on mutual trust and three-dimensional coordination.
Build an efficient, convenient, and secure mechanism for cross-border data flow, and create a win-win pattern of international cooperation in the data field. Actively participate in the formulation of global data governance rules, rely on multilateral platforms such as the World Trade Organization and the G20 to formulate inclusive global data rules, actively promote negotiations on bilateral cooperation agreements for cross-border data flow, and form internationally recognized consensus and practical solutions for data governance. Using the Global Initiative on Data Security as a blueprint, continuously attract more countries to support and participate, and expand consensus on data security governance. Implement the Global Cross-Border Data Flow Cooperation Initiative, jointly build an open, inclusive, secure, cooperative, and non-discriminatory environment for data circulation and use, and jointly safeguard a fair and just market order. Improve the protection system for the overseas interests of digital enterprises, give full play to the role of institutions such as the International Organization for Mediation, promote the resolution of international disputes related to digital trade and cross-border data, and jointly protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and enterprises of all countries.
Actively lead global AI governance, and promote AI to better benefit humanity. Seize the strategic initiative in AI development and governance, and accelerate the process of digital and intelligent development. Improve the exploration and application of governance tools such as risk assessment, algorithm filing, and classified and tiered supervision, form rich Chinese practices, and provide practical pathways for global AI governance that can be referenced. Promote the further implementation of the Global AI Governance Initiative, the AI Global Governance Action Plan, and the "AI+" International Cooperation Initiative, and promote the inclusive sharing of AI through technological ecosystems, industrial cooperation, and the popularization of applications. Promote all parties to strengthen the alignment and coordination of development strategies, governance rules, and technical standards, jointly study, judge, and actively respond to AI technology risks. Promote the establishment of a governance framework with broad participation from all countries, form international norms with universal consensus, ensure that AI development is safe, controllable, and reliable, and jointly build a global open ecosystem for AI characterized by equal rights, mutual trust, diversity, and win-win cooperation.
Return to TopBy: 谢永江
The world is currently entering a period of profound transformation, with digital technology as a key driving force. New technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and quantum science are accelerating breakthroughs and iterations. Cyberspace has become a critical domain affecting social development, national security, and the international landscape. However, at the same time, issues such as frequent cyberattacks, increased data risks, the rise of technological monopolies, fragmentation of rules, and intensifying geopolitical games are becoming increasingly prominent. The international cyberspace is facing multiple challenges of obvious disorder, concentrated risks, and a lack of consensus. In such an era, global governance of cyberspace is encountering systemic, multi-dimensional, and high-level uncertainty, with instability and unpredictability becoming the norm. Resolving uncertainty and reshaping a benign governance order has become an urgent proposition that the international community must confront directly.
The high level of uncertainty in global cyberspace governance primarily stems from the superposition and resonance of three dimensional factors. First, the asymmetry between technological iteration and risk evolution. With the rapid breakthroughs and widespread adoption of technologies such as AI large models and embodied intelligence, technological innovation exhibits clear characteristics of high speed, spontaneity, and cross-boundary nature. Meanwhile, governance rules, regulatory mechanisms, and risk prevention and control systems inherently lag behind, forming a normalized pattern of "technology running ahead of governance." This leads to an endless emergence of new types of risks, with attack methods becoming more covert, lower in cost, and more destructive, posing severe challenges to the security of critical information infrastructure in various countries. Existing governance means are difficult to adapt to rapidly iterating technological scenarios, further amplifying governance uncertainty. Second, the fragmentation and lack of authority in the global governance rule system. Currently, a universally recognized and uniformly applicable set of international governance rules has not yet been formed in global cyberspace. Countries are competing to introduce their own governance laws and policies, with bilateral rules, regional rules, industry rules, and unilateral regulations coexisting in parallel. Problems of rule conflicts, inconsistent standards, and ambiguous rights and responsibilities are prominent. Some Western developed countries, leveraging their technological monopoly and first-mover advantages, dominate the formulation of governance rules that favor their own interests, squeezing the digital development space of developing countries. At the same time, the coordinating role of multilateral governance mechanisms such as the United Nations has not been fully utilized. Various governance platforms have overlapping functions and poor connectivity, lacking effective restraint and resolution mechanisms for issues such as transnational cybersecurity incidents, digital governance disputes, and controversies over technological ethics and standards. This results in global cyberspace governance being in a long-term state of uncertainty characterized by "no unified rules, no strong constraints, and no coordinated governance." Finally, the intensification of geopolitical games. Currently, traditional geopolitical competition is accelerating its extension into cyberspace. Some countries overstretch the concept of national security, highly politicizing network governance, digital technology, and data supply chains, artificially fragmenting the global digital ecosystem and undermining the interconnected nature of cyberspace. The trend of camp confrontation, rule division, and market segmentation in cyberspace is continuously intensifying. The originally unified and open global network ecosystem is gradually exhibiting characteristics of fragmentation and bloc-ization. Based on their own strategic interests, countries' cognitive divergences on core issues such as cyber sovereignty, cybersecurity, data flow, and digital trade continue to widen. The lack of a unified value consensus and action framework makes it difficult to form a global governance synergy, causing the governance process to repeatedly waver and stall.
Faced with such high uncertainty, rather than fantasizing about "reaching comprehensive consensus" or waiting for the arrival of "perfect rules," it is better to explore more pragmatic governance paths based on a deep understanding of differences. Therefore, "inclusive multilateralism" should replace "exclusive camp logic" to promote the construction of a co-governance architecture capable of accommodating differences and managing divergences.
The greatest dilemma in global cyberspace governance is not "the absence of rules," but rather "too many rules and too little consensus." Countries have fundamental value differences on issues such as digital sovereignty, data flow, and artificial intelligence governance, and these differences will not naturally dissipate simply by increasing dialogue. Instead of pursuing an empty "consensus and uniformity," it is better to shift towards a more pragmatic strategy. At the rule level, adhere to an inclusive mindset of "multi-track parallelism." Respect the legitimate rights and differentiated choices of sovereign states in the field of digital governance. While acknowledging the plurality of rules, seek the greatest common denominator for institutional connectivity and standard mutual recognition. The World Data Organization (WDO), officially established in Beijing in March 2026, has its core mission precisely in alleviating cooperation frictions caused by rule fragmentation and non-interoperable standards by building a compatible and pragmatic system of globally applicable rules. The core of inclusive governance lies not in eliminating differences, but in building bridges that connect differences. At the institutional level, re-emphasize the coordinating function of multilateral frameworks such as the United Nations. Although the cyberspace governance process within the UN framework involves many controversies and frictions, it remains the only institutional platform capable of accommodating equal participation by all countries and conducting substantive multilateral dialogue. The Global Governance Initiative proposed by China, which emphasizes upholding sovereign equality, abiding by international rule of law, practicing multilateralism, advocating a people-centered approach, and focusing on action orientation, provides clear value coordinates and an action framework for building order in global cyberspace. In an era of uncertainty, maintaining the inclusiveness and authority of multilateral platforms is an important line of defense against the world sliding into a full-scale "digital Cold War." At the implementation level, focus on capacity building and practical cooperation effectiveness. Global South countries are at a clear disadvantage in terms of digital infrastructure construction, cybersecurity capabilities, and participation in rule-making. If these structural gaps are not bridged, "global governance" will only become a stage for a few powerful actors. Promoting technical assistance, capacity co-building, and talent cultivation, and transforming cooperation from "declarations of principles" into "practical results," is a long-term strategy for consolidating the certainty of global governance.
Currently, the world is undergoing a major transformation unseen in a century, accelerating in its evolution. A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. The uncertainty of global cyberspace governance will persist for a long time. However, within this changing landscape lie new opportunities. Based on a profound understanding of uncertainty, we should adopt a more inclusive, pragmatic, and resilient governance mindset, seek a balance of order amidst multi-party participation and diverse coexistence, continuously reduce the uncertainty of global cyberspace governance, steadily promote the building of a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace, and enable digital technology to better benefit all of humanity.
(The author is the Director of the Internet Governance and Law Research Center at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications)
Return to TopBy: 蔡翠红
In the era of artificial intelligence, the operational logic, risk patterns, and chains of responsibility in cyberspace are undergoing profound changes. Generative artificial intelligence, algorithmic recommendation systems, and intelligent agent systems are deeply embedded in cyberspace, causing many issues to exceed the governance scope of any single country, single platform, or single link. Strengthening international governance of cyberspace has become an important task for responding to technological change and maintaining the security and stability of cyberspace.
The operational logic of cyberspace is undergoing profound changes. The deep embedding of artificial intelligence into cyberspace is driving its transformation from an information interaction space where humans produce content, platforms organize dissemination, and users participate in interaction, into an intelligent action space where humans and machines participate together, algorithms drive continuously, and actions are generated automatically. In the past, cyberspace was largely understood as a venue for information release, transmission, and interaction. In the era of artificial intelligence, models, algorithms, and intelligent agents begin to deeply participate in content production, task execution, and influence diffusion, and cyberspace increasingly becomes an important soil for content generation behavior. This change in operational logic is mainly reflected in three aspects. First, the sources of action are more diverse. Many contents and operations may be generated with the participation of models and intelligent agents. Second, the action process is more dynamic. Algorithmic recommendations, user feedback, and model iteration will constantly change the pathways of information dissemination and behavior diffusion, causing online behavior to exhibit characteristics of continuous evolution. Third, power structures are deeply embedded in the technological system. Model capabilities, algorithm rules, platform interfaces, and computing power resources may all influence the generation and diffusion of online behavior. It can thus be seen that artificial intelligence has been deeply embedded in the content production, behavior organization, and influence distribution of cyberspace, becoming an important background for understanding changes in cyberspace governance.
The mode of risk generation in cyberspace has undergone a fundamental change. In the past, cyberspace governance was mostly centered around links such as content release, platform dissemination, and post-event handling. In the era of artificial intelligence, models can participate in content production, intelligent agents can execute tasks, and algorithms can continuously amplify influence. Consequently, cyber risks become harder to identify, harder to handle, and harder to attribute responsibility. First, the difficulty of content identification has increased. Generative artificial intelligence can rapidly produce text, images, audio, and video, making disinformation, deepfakes, and fraudulent scripts closer to authentic expression. Cyberspace governance now faces not only the deletion of false and harmful content but also the need to determine whether content is generated by artificial intelligence, whether it has been forged, and whether it has been organically amplified. This significantly increases the difficulty of front-end identification and precise handling in cyberspace governance. Second, the difficulty of behavior handling has increased. Intelligent agent systems can call upon tools, execute tasks, and adjust strategies based on target settings. Behaviors such as cyberattacks, cross-border fraud, and the operation of fake accounts may exhibit stronger automation and concealment. Traditional governance methods relying on post-event discovery, manual review, and single-point handling are increasingly unable to cover the complete risk chain in a timely manner. Third, the difficulty of risk tracing has increased. Cyber risks driven by artificial intelligence may simultaneously involve multiple links, including model services, platform dissemination, user interaction, and harmful outcomes. Different links are interconnected and amplify each other, making it harder to accurately define the source of the risk, the actor, the diffusion path, and the harmful consequences. Cyberspace governance faces complex risks that run through the entire process of generation, dissemination, and diffusion.
In the era of artificial intelligence, changes in the mode of risk generation in cyberspace make cyber risks more prone to cross-border spillover. It is difficult for a single country to independently complete risk prevention and control, responsibility coordination, and prevention of technological power imbalance. The importance of international governance of cyberspace is further highlighted. First, the cross-border risk chain has lengthened, requiring enhanced joint prevention and control capabilities through international governance of cyberspace. Cyber risks driven by artificial intelligence are continuously diffused and amplified during content generation and dissemination. A single country relying on post-event handling finds it difficult to cover the complete risk chain. Strengthening international governance of cyberspace helps promote coordination in cross-border risk identification, early warning, and handling, enhancing the international community's ability to jointly maintain cyberspace security. Second, rule fragmentation leads to fragmented cross-border governance, which relies on strengthening responsibility coordination through international governance of cyberspace. Online behaviors driven by artificial intelligence may simultaneously involve multiple links such as data, models, platforms, users, and harmful outcomes. Responsibility identification, evidence acquisition, jurisdictional coordination, and law enforcement cooperation become more complex. If the rules of different countries are disconnected from each other, it is easy for rule conflicts, overlapping law enforcement, and responsibility vacuums to emerge. Strengthening international governance of cyberspace helps promote the alignment of basic rules, reasonable sharing of responsibilities, and cross-border law enforcement cooperation, preventing the contradiction between highly interconnected technology and highly fragmented governance from continuing to widen. Third, the imbalance of technological power has become a reality, requiring the protection of the interests of developing countries through international governance of cyberspace. In the era of artificial intelligence, cyberspace power is increasingly embedded in model capabilities, data resources, computing power infrastructure, and platform ecosystems. If a few technologically advanced countries and large technology companies control these key nodes for a long time, they may transform technological advantages into rule advantages, standard advantages, and structural power. Strengthening international governance of cyberspace helps prevent key technological nodes from being monopolized by a few actors, safeguarding the right of all countries, especially developing countries, to participate equally in the development of cyberspace.
The governance of cyber risks should more proactively adapt to the new changes of the artificial intelligence era. In terms of governance focus, greater attention should be paid to the front end of risk generation, strengthening the identification and early warning of links such as AI-generated content, model application, and platform dissemination. In terms of governance methods, greater emphasis should be placed on chain-based coordination, promoting communication among countries on responsibility sharing, evidence collaboration, law enforcement cooperation, and rule alignment. In terms of governance objectives, while strengthening risk control, greater attention should be paid to shaping order, preventing technological advantages from solidifying into rule advantages, ensuring the equal participation of all countries in the development of cyberspace, and providing a more stable international environment for creating a clear and orderly cyberspace.
(The author is a professor at the Institute of International Studies, Fudan University)
By: 梁韬 王晶
Breakthroughs in frontier technologies such as cognitive intelligence for warfare, swarm intelligence for cross-domain operations, and human-machine hybrid intelligence have become the tipping point for intelligent warfare. The development and application of intelligent perception and information processing, intelligent command and control and decision support, and multifunctional unmanned combat platforms are driving the form of war into a new stage of intelligent warfare, characterized by deep coordination between manned and unmanned systems, with machine autonomy and human-machine integration as its basic features. This marks a shift from "manned platform confrontation" to "manned/unmanned collaborative system-of-systems confrontation." Currently, some armed conflicts have become "testing grounds" for manned-unmanned collaborative operations, triggering revolutionary changes in the mechanisms of winning wars.
**Mechanisms of Winning: Digital-Intelligence Empowerment, Instantaneous Advantage Concentration, Cost Asymmetry**
After artificial intelligence technology and a large number of unmanned combat platforms enter the system-of-systems, operational methods are accelerating their transformation towards intelligence, systematization, and unmanned operations. Intelligent technology empowers the entire system, allowing for flexible conversion of operational tempo and time-space, resulting in extreme cost asymmetry between the opposing sides.
**Digital-Intelligence Empowerment.** AI systems based on advanced model algorithms will become core combat capabilities, permeating the entire chain and all elements from command and control, combat operations, and combat platforms down to individual soldiers. Combat effectiveness will increase exponentially. The system-of-systems will have AI decision-making, platforms will have AI control, and swarms will have AI guidance. Algorithmic warfare will play a decisive role in combat, and the "right to control intelligence" (制智权) will evolve into the core right of control.
**Instantaneous Advantage Concentration.** Relying on a new generation of intelligent networked information systems, widely dispersed combat forces and resources can be cross-domain dispatched. Targeting key objectives and actions, instantaneous windows of advantage are created and utilized to maximize the release of combat effectiveness in an instant, effectively striking or paralyzing the enemy's combat system, annihilating enemy combat power, iteratively accumulating local advantages, and turning small victories into big ones, gradually transforming into an overall advantage.
**Asymmetric Cost Imposition.** The widespread use of large numbers of low-cost, expendable drones completely overturns the previous "mutual brawling" between equivalent main battle platforms, achieving operational objectives through extremely cheap means. In confrontation, relying on the advantage of intelligent unmanned systems being "large in quantity and sufficient in supply," unmanned "swarm" attrition is carried out against key enemy positions, airfields, radars, main battle platforms, and other targets, attriting the enemy's high-value defense system at the lowest cost.
**Reconnaissance and Perception: Multi-Domain Linkage, Data Fusion, Intelligent Analysis and Assessment**
With the support of multi-domain reconnaissance and surveillance platforms and intelligent intelligence systems, reconnaissance and perception capabilities will develop towards "wide-area coverage, aerospace dominance, integrated sharing, and intelligent intelligence assessment." Using a new generation of intelligent intelligence fusion systems, reconnaissance intelligence data obtained from space-based military, civilian, and commercial satellites, low-orbit satellite "nebulae," early warning aircraft, medium-altitude long-endurance UAVs, technical reconnaissance and monitoring, organic UAVs, battlefield surveillance radars, and even individual soldier sensors are fully fused, screened, and refined. This intelligently assists in assessing the battlefield situation, enemy movements, and key targets, updates intelligence information dynamics in real-time, and pushes intelligence information on demand to command organizations and combat units, maximizing the shortening of the "see-to-shoot" cycle. For example, the Raytheon "Coyote" UAV, equipped with an AI recognition system that analyzes battlefield images using CNN algorithms, can identify targets such as tanks and armored vehicles within 0.3 seconds, with a recognition accuracy rate of up to 97%.
**Command and Control: Intelligent Assistance, Order Grabbing and Dispatching, Distributed Command**
Addressing the significant impact of complex future battlefield environments, intense system-of-systems confrontation, and rapidly changing combat processes on command and control, an intelligent command and control network integrating land, sea, air, and space is constructed. This achieves deep linkage and fusion between the network information system and various equipment platforms, as well as individual soldier systems.
**Human-Machine Integrated Decision-Making.** Methods such as feature recognition, semantic understanding, virtual/augmented reality, image recognition, voice dialogue, holographic perception, and brain-computer interfaces can be used to build an intelligent human-machine interaction environment, providing intelligent means for commanders to perceive the situation and control the battle. Commanders are responsible for directional and overall judgment, while AI is responsible for rapid calculation, plan generation, and risk assessment. Based on the practical application of technologies like "cloud brain" and "digital staff," precise and deep calculation model algorithms are built to assist staff officers in formulating multi-level and multi-type operational plans. Intelligent mission planning is carried out, and operational plans undergo immersive wargaming and verification, evaluating and analyzing expected effects, risks, and costs to support commanders in scientific decision-making.
**Order Grabbing and Dispatching.** On one hand, relying on low-orbit satellite "nebulae," medium-altitude long-endurance UAVs, and organic UAVs for communication relay and space-terrestrial networking, a complete kill chain from target detection, identification, and tracking to decision-making, striking, and assessment is constructed, ensuring that "any sensor on any platform in the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains can provide targeting guidance for precision strike weapons." On the other hand, adopting the method of "order planning, order dispatching, order receiving and striking," based on intelligent mission planning for various types of manned and unmanned systems, rules and algorithms are established: "whoever is closest strikes, whoever has the best effect strikes, whoever responds fastest strikes" – the "nearest," "best effect," and "time-sensitive" rules. Combat units and strike platforms can quickly receive command information and, based on the target situation assessment conclusion, autonomously complete order receiving and striking, mission coordination, and weapon-target matching, constructing the optimal and shortest kill chain. Multi-link, manned-unmanned parallel attacks are launched against the enemy from different directions and operational domains, enabling immediate and efficient strikes against emergent and time-sensitive targets. For example, integrating AI with hundreds of satellites for network integration, autonomously completing image processing, precise positioning, historical trajectory identification, etc., establishes an immediate and agile kill web, giving rise to high-efficiency "order grabbing and dispatching" style operations.
**Distributed Command.** Given issues such as vast future operational spaces, relatively independent operational directions, susceptibility of battlefield communications to interference, and difficulties in force coordination, a command system characterized by "physically dispersed, logically centralized" is established, relying on space-terrestrial integrated high-speed broadband communication networks and new data link interconnection. A distributed, decentralized architecture is adopted to dynamically reorganize and restore damaged nodes, implementing distributed, resilient, and reconfigurable command, significantly enhancing command efficiency. For instance, the "Alta" artillery geographic information system, based on the Uber ride-hailing algorithm, uses military, civilian, and commercial communication networks, UAV data links, and Starlink to horizontally and digitally link reconnaissance, command and control, striking, and assessment. It "distributes" targets to the most suitable strike units, reducing the OODA loop from target detection to firing from an average of 20 minutes to 1-2 minutes, with a hit rate of over 90%.
**Combat Forces: Unmanned Dominance, Manned-Unmanned Coupling, Modular Organization**
The widespread use of intelligent unmanned systems can compensate for blind spots in battlefield reconnaissance and surveillance, improve reconnaissance and perception efficiency, reduce operational costs and risks, enhance sustained combat capability, optimize battlefield assessment methods, and expand support methods. This enables "full-spectrum coverage" reconnaissance, "distributed" lethality, and "saturation" attacks. For high-risk targets, unmanned systems take the lead and play the main role; against invading enemies, unmanned systems penetrate while manned forces strike; unmanned systems paralyze the enemy's system while manned forces seize and control; unmanned systems breach obstacles while manned forces attack, seeking rapid decisive victory and control of the situation.
Relying on technologies such as space-terrestrial integrated information networks, ad hoc networks, and collaborative interaction, human-machine collaborative interaction links can be opened, establishing a manned-unmanned collaboration system of "human-led, machine-assisted, mixed organization, joint action." Through secure and reliable information transmission, precise and efficient behavior control, and highly coordinated human-machine mixed organization, highly integrated human-machine collaborative operations are achieved. For example, in ground operations, taking army combined arms units as the basic operational element, air-ground unmanned systems for reconnaissance, striking, communication relay, cyber-electromagnetic, and support, as well as small and medium-sized UAV "swarms," loitering munitions, and FPV drones, are deeply embedded. These operate and are employed jointly with ground combined arms units, and with the coordination of other service and branch forces, implementing manned-unmanned joint assaults and systematic distributed strikes. Models such as heterogeneous networking with ad-hoc access, modular organization integrating manned and unmanned elements, cross-domain distributed dynamic energy concentration, intelligent planning for immediate strikes, human-machine collaboration for efficient lethality, and beyond-line-of-sight direct order dispatching support are innovated. Based on operational tasks, forces are flexibly combined and decomposed, using lean, multifunctional organizations to efficiently achieve operational objectives.
**Operational Methods: Seizing Key Points and Vital Areas, Deep Penetration, Cluster Counterattack**
Against various types of key enemy targets, the initial battle is typically initiated by precisely seizing key points and vital areas. Intelligent unmanned forces are the mainstay, comprehensively employing tactical methods such as unmanned precision guidance, unmanned immediate reconnaissance-strike, unmanned swarm attrition, and unmanned "acupoint" sniping. These are coordinated with special operations infiltration and raids, "aviation + long-range rocket" precision strikes, and unmanned loitering surveillance and control to achieve the goal of precise seizure of key points and control of vital areas. Taking the main battlefield thoroughfares as the axis of advance, selecting the main direction of attack and key targets, a combined parallel penetration is carried out using ground maneuver forces, air assault clusters, and air/ground (water surface) unmanned clusters. This forcibly wedges into the enemy's defensive depth, seizes key points along the thoroughfares, and transforms point-seizure operations from linear advancement to maneuver penetration, and from relay penetration to centripetal parallel assault. Methods such as unmanned "swarms" striking key points to paralyze the system, unmanned "wolf packs" seizing key points to control areas, and unmanned "fish schools" conducting water surface (underwater) raids are used. These are supplemented by missile and long-range rocket strikes, air penetration, and cyber-electromagnetic attacks, forming a high-intensity manned-unmanned cluster strike effect.
**Comprehensive Support: Forward Support, Multi-Point Follow-Up, Continuous and Uninterrupted**
Future operations will feature complex battlefield environments, high troop mobility, rapid conversion of operational areas, long distances for support, high demand for materiel and equipment, and heavy logistical defense tasks. The advantages of unmanned support systems become prominent. In places where ordinary equipment and personnel cannot reach, UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles can approach for precise delivery, especially for the continuous supply of ammunition and provisions to frontline mobile units and positions. Based on an intelligent command and control system, manned and unmanned platforms can be scientifically organized to participate collaboratively in logistics and equipment support actions. This provides mobile units with the accompanying support resources needed to sustain operations from multiple directions and points, addressing current problems in remote and complex area operations, such as limited land and air transport delivery capabilities, low timeliness, and difficulties in sustained support. This achieves "accompanying support, precise supply, emergency delivery, and continuous empowerment."
Return to TopBy: 李浩源
Because training and combat operations are exposed on the sea surface, surface vessels generally have poor concealment and are vulnerable to threats from all directions. Currently, the primary underwater threats faced by surface vessels are submarines, naval mines, and autonomous underwater attack weapons. Sonar is the main means for surface vessels to achieve "underwater situational awareness" and counter underwater threats. It is also one of the pieces of equipment currently undergoing highly active upgrades and is a key development focus for navies worldwide. The development of shipborne sonar is mainly reflected in three aspects.
**Continuously Breaking Through Bottlenecks in Underwater Detection Technology Development**
Sonar is a technology that obtains information through the interaction between sound waves and targets. Sonar technology has a history of over 100 years. It was invented by Lewis Nixon of the British Navy in 1906 and was then called a "hydrophone." Depending on the mode of operation, sonar can be divided into active sonar and passive sonar. Depending on the user, sonar can be divided into submarine sonar, surface vessel sonar, aviation sonar, and coastal sonar.
After years of development, sonar has become an underwater acoustic detection and communication system carried by surface vessels. Surface vessels typically carry 2 to 4 types of sonar systems, for example, active/passive sonar, towed linear array sonar, and variable depth sonar. Looking at the history of sonar development, due to the complex and variable underwater environment and the continuously improving stealth capabilities of underwater targets like submarines, sonar and underwater targets have always been in a state of mutual competition, where 道高一尺，魔高一丈 (dào gāo yī chǐ, mó gāo yī zhàng - "as the Tao rises one foot, the demon rises ten feet," as one's skill improves, so does the opponent's countermeasure). This continuously breaks through the "bottlenecks" of underwater detection technology, prompting sonar to leap forward in detection capabilities towards greater distance, speed, and precision. Currently, sonar still has some "shortcomings" that need continuous improvement in terms of underwater detection depth, detection accuracy, and detection breadth. For example, sonar generally faces problems such as detection range and accuracy being limited by the hydrological environment, difficulty in real-time high-resolution imaging, limited detection capability of passive sonar against "quiet targets," and the tendency of active sonar to expose its own position.
To this end, countries are continuously upgrading and modifying sonar, such as developing Synthetic Aperture High-Resolution Sonar (SAS). This is a new type of mine detection device that a few countries have been vigorously developing in recent years. Its principle is to use the movement of a small-aperture array to obtain a large synthetic aperture in the direction of movement (azimuth), thereby achieving high resolution in the azimuth direction. Synthetic aperture sonar can obtain underwater two-dimensional images. On this basis, some countries have begun to focus on research into Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Sonar (IN-SAS). Its principle is to generate a phase difference by interfering with the phase images received by two (pairs of) receivers installed a short distance apart on the platform, calculate the target's elevation from the interferogram, and generate high-precision underwater three-dimensional images. These two types of sonar can perform high-resolution detection and identification of bottom mines and buried mines.
To solve the problem of towed linear array sonar in measuring target depth, foreign countries are researching multi-line array sonar. Multi-line arrays can provide two-dimensional to three-dimensional acoustic apertures, achieving three-dimensional positioning of targets and obtaining high target bearing accuracy. The use of new materials, such as flexible electronic devices and metamaterials, can significantly improve the sensitivity and anti-interference capability of sonar systems. To reduce the strong reverberation interference faced by active sonar systems in shallow water environments, some countries are conducting research on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) sonar technology.
**Evolution from Traditional Manual Processing to Intelligent Autonomous Operation**
Driven by the proliferation of unmanned platforms (UUV/USV), breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology, and the demands of complex underwater battlefield environments, naval equipment is undergoing an unprecedented wave of unmanned systems. Compared to manned equipment, unmanned equipment has unprecedented advantages. For example, unmanned platforms can operate in high-risk sea areas, have long operating times and long ranges, and due to their low cost, can be deployed in "swarms" over large areas. At the same time, this provides a better carrying platform for extending sonar's detection "tentacles" in the future, especially providing important technical conditions for the development of sonar detection from traditional manual processing to intelligent autonomous operation.
Traditional sonar operation modes mainly rely on highly trained professionals for listening and identification. However, their identification accuracy is highly dependent on various factors such as the personnel's experience, health status, and psychology. Intelligent "autonomous" sonar systems possess capabilities for independent perception, intelligent decision-making, automatic tracking, and cooperative engagement. To advance the "autonomization" process of sonar, countries are continuously increasing research and development efforts in related areas. For example, they use machine learning theories and methods to build intelligent recognition model architectures, utilize AI algorithms to automatically filter ocean noise (such as ocean currents, biological noise), and accurately identify targets like submarines and mines, outputting target bearing, distance, and type without human intervention. To address problems in the underwater target detection process of unmanned surface vessels, such as multiple interferences in sonar images and the possibility of a single target splitting into multiple bright spots, some countries are conducting research on underwater target detection technology for unmanned surface vessels based on three-dimensional imaging sonar.
To facilitate deployment on unmanned surface vessels, some countries have conducted research on sonar miniaturization and modularization. Thales Group of France has announced a compact modular sonar system called the "76 Nanometer Sonar System," designed for unmanned underwater vehicles and fixed seabed nodes. The receiving panel size is about 75 centimeters, and up to 48 panels can be arranged on the port, starboard, and bow of ultra-large unmanned underwater vehicles. Some countries are conducting research on vector hydrophone technology. Compared to traditional sound pressure hydrophones, vector hydrophones can simultaneously measure sound pressure and particle velocity, providing 360° unambiguous directional capability, and are small in size and light in weight, making them particularly suitable for small unmanned platforms. Some countries are enhancing communication transmission capabilities, establishing common data interfaces and communication protocols to solve the "dialect" problem between unmanned equipment carrying sonar and traditional intelligence chains and command-and-control chains. Video, images, and signals collected by unmanned sonar reconnaissance units can be automatically integrated into the military-wide common operational picture, achieving data-level fusion.
**Evolution from Single-Ship Independent Detection Equipment to System-Wide Shared "Information Nodes"**
Traditional shipborne sonar systems are independent of each other, and some are even not interconnected with the ship's own weapon systems and certain information equipment. They have single functions, low information processing capability, and a limited number of targets they can process, affecting detection efficiency. With the application and development of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things in the military field, future naval warfare will exhibit intelligent characteristics. In the context of intelligent warfare, sonar equipment is evolving from traditional single detection devices into shared "information nodes" within the intelligent network of the combat system. In complex and variable underwater acoustic countermeasures, it can share target trajectory information with other "nodes," significantly improving the detection and tracking capabilities of stealth targets, achieving a leap from "hearing sounds" to "understanding the battlefield."
Currently, in enhancing the "system-of-systems" information sharing capability of sonar, shipborne sonar systems are actively integrating into the maritime combat system through various related means. For example, strengthening multi-platform networked coordination (multi-static/distributed detection), breaking down platform silos, achieving real-time sharing of underwater/cross-media data links among ships, submarines, anti-submarine aircraft, UUVs, and buoy arrays, and constructing a multi-static detection network with separated "transmitter-receiver-decision maker" to improve concealment and coverage density. Countries attach importance to the intelligent upgrade of sensors, promoting the fusion of active/passive sonar (especially low-frequency large-aperture hull-mounted/towed arrays), sonobuoys, and multi-band sonar carried by unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV/AUV). They strengthen system-level data fusion and C4ISR integration, deeply integrating sonar data with non-acoustic sensors (magnetic anomaly detection, infrared, radar, etc.), ocean environmental fields (real-time modeling of temperature, salinity, currents), and command and control systems. Relying on digital twins and battlefield cloud-edge-end architectures, they aim to shorten the "detection-tracking-identification-engagement-assessment" closed loop to the second level.
As a century-old piece of equipment, sonar has always been a key tool for the underwater protection of surface vessels. As the stealth capability of underwater weapons continuously improves, the struggle surrounding underwater detection and counter-detection is becoming increasingly fierce, and sonar continuously faces new challenges in its development and application. With the continuous application of new technologies, sonar equipment will remain an important "underwater long-range ear" for surface vessels in future naval warfare.
Return to TopBy: 苗延红
On the occasion of the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee has clarified Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, which is a major event in the history of our Party. Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building embodies profound insights into successfully navigating the new "road of the examination," contains a clear understanding of how the Party can break free from the historical cycle of rise and fall, order and chaos, and provides an important magic weapon for establishing the Party and the country, and for rejuvenating and strengthening the Party. We must deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," resolutely achieve the "Two Upholds," comprehensively study, comprehensively grasp, and comprehensively implement Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, effectively transform the power of thought into a strong driving force for promoting the high-quality development of Party building and organizational work, and gather the surging strength to strive and excel in the construction of Chinese-style modernization.
**Deeply study and comprehend, accurately understand and grasp the great significance, scientific system, and epochal necessity of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building**
Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is extensive, profound, rich in content, deep in thought, and rigorous in system. It connects history and reality, unifies Party governance and national rejuvenation, and integrates theory and practice, systematically answering the major epochal question of what kind of long-term governing Marxist party to build and how to build a long-term governing Marxist party. It possesses strong political guiding power, theoretical creativity, practical driving force, and international influence. We must truly study, truly understand, truly believe, and truly apply it, grasp the essence of the spirit and the core meaning, and strive to master this sharp ideological weapon that is effective in managing, governing, and building the Party.
**Deeply grasp its great significance.** Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building has milestone significance in the history of Marxist party-building theory and the history of the Communist Party of China's Party building. Looking at its political implications, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building centrally embodies the political attributes of a Marxist party, clarifies a series of major issues of principle, takes a clear stand on what to uphold and what to oppose, and rectifies the source. It will inevitably push the entire Party to maintain a high degree of unity with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path, and safeguard the Party's unity and solidarity. Looking at its theoretical contributions, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building has greatly enriched and developed Marxist party-building theory, promoted the enrichment and improvement of the scientific theoretical system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and is a major achievement in adhering to the "Two Integrations" to advance theoretical innovation. Looking at its practical value, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building runs through the mission and responsibility of managing, governing, rejuvenating, and strengthening the Party, guides the Party's self-reform to open up new realms, and ensures that the Party never changes its nature, color, or flavor. Looking at its international influence, Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building adheres to a global vision, with its lofty value orientation and unique ideological charm, it breaks the myth of Western party systems and provides a Chinese solution for the self-construction and governance of political parties worldwide.
**Deeply grasp its scientific system.** Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is centrally summarized as the "Fourteen Persistences." These "Fourteen Persistences" constitute a systematic and complete theoretical system, profoundly elucidating the highest principles, strategic guidelines, value pursuits, work layout, methods, and paths of Party building in the new era. They possess distinct systematic and systematic characteristics, providing the "golden key" for deeply advancing the great new project of Party building in the new era. They constitute a logically rigorous theoretical system, taking the Party's political construction as the lead, clarifying the relationships and interactions among various elements of Party building, forming a powerful synergy of interlocking and coordinated advancement. They constitute a theoretical system with distinct characteristics, highlighting firm ideals and convictions, a high degree of historical initiative, a clear problem orientation, a strong sense of mission and responsibility, profound feelings for the people, and scientific thinking methods. They possess distinct markers and recognizability, standing out uniquely in the history of the Party and the history of the development of political parties worldwide.
**Deeply grasp its epochal necessity.** The Party Central Committee's clarification of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building has a solid practical and theoretical foundation and is an urgent practical need. It can be said to conform to the general trend of history, respond to the call of the times, and erect a new ideological peak. The practical foundation lies in the fact that since the 18th National Congress of the Party, our Party has unswervingly advanced comprehensive and strict Party governance. The Party has become stronger and more powerful through revolutionary tempering, providing a strong political guarantee for creating the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. Its powerful truth force has been fully verified by practice. The theoretical foundation lies in the fact that Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building inherits and develops Marxist scientific theory and the historical experience of the Party's own construction, greatly deepening the understanding of the laws of Marxist party building. The theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation of Party building have accumulated momentum and become natural. The practical need lies in the current intertwining of two overall situations, which puts forward new and higher requirements for strengthening and improving Party building and enhancing the Party's governance capacity and leadership level. There is an urgent need to use scientific theory to guide the formation of correct practice, deeply advance the great new project of Party building in the new era, and build our Party well and make it strong.
**Leverage unique advantages, strive to take the lead and set an example in studying and implementing Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building**
Fujian is an important birthplace and practice ground for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. During his 17 and a half years working in Fujian, General Secretary Xi Jinping conducted many highly forward-looking, strategic, and pioneering explorations and practices on strengthening Party building, leaving behind valuable ideological wealth, spiritual wealth, and practical achievements, providing solid support for the formation of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building. Fujian has the conditions, the responsibility, and even more the mission to study Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building more deeply, understand it more thoroughly, and implement it more completely. With a high degree of political consciousness, we will deeply excavate and make good use of the theoretical and practical "rich mine," with profound feelings, study the original texts, trace the origins and comprehend, and apply it in connection with reality, promoting the study and implementation work to continuously go deeper, more practical, and more heartfelt.
**Work hard and achieve results in learning, research, and interpretation.** Promote Party committees (Party leadership groups) at all levels to make Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building an important part of the theoretical study center group study, collective study of grassroots Party organizations, and the "Three Meetings and One Lesson" of Party branches. Organize Party members and cadres to seriously study the first and second volumes of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Party Building*. Enhance political identity, ideological identity, theoretical identity, and emotional identity through learning, thinking, and comprehension. Offer courses related to Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building in all main training classes of Party schools as compulsory and regular courses for the basic training of Party members and cadres. Leverage the "opening lesson" of branch learning innovatively carried out in our province to simultaneously launch video courseware, promoting quality learning and wide coverage. Utilize the strength of member units of the Provincial Party Building Research Association, leverage the role of Party schools as important positions for the Party's ideological and theoretical construction, strengthen systematic and theoretical research and interpretation, and produce more high-quality and distinctive research results.
**Work hard and achieve results in making good use of the ideological "rich mine."** Combine the in-depth implementation of the "Source Exploration Plan," optimize and enhance the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Theme Classroom, as well as on-site teaching points such as the "3820" Strategic Project Exhibition Hall, the "Four Grassroots Levels" Theme Exhibition, and the Xiadao Township Party Spirit Education and Teaching Base. Build distinctive, vivid, perceptible, and three-dimensional "immersive" learning scenarios, guiding Party members and cadres to draw spiritual nourishment from tracing the origins and deepen their understanding and comprehension of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building. Organize the development of a series of courses such as "The Nurturing and Practice of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building in Fujian," clearly and accurately explain the theoretical origin, historical evolution, and logical development, effectively making the vivid thoughts vivid and the thorough theories thorough, promoting deep understanding and popular acceptance.
**Work hard and achieve results in promoting implementation and transformation.** Combine the "Deep Learning to Strive for Excellence, Dare to Strive for the Lead, and Practical Work to Strive for Results" campaign carried out by the Provincial Party Committee for four consecutive years. Promote Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres to integrate the study and implementation of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building with the inheritance and promotion of the important concepts and major practices pioneered by General Secretary Xi Jinping during his work in Fujian, and with the study and education on establishing and practicing the correct view of performance. Advance Party building with the correct view of performance, ensuring tangible results. Take the opportunity of carrying out the 35th anniversary activities of General Secretary Xi Jinping's promotion of Fuzhou City's comprehensive implementation of the "Fortress Project," comprehensively summarize the effectiveness and experience of Party building in our province, mobilize and deploy the study and implementation of Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, unify thoughts and actions, and make every effort to build a highland for learning and practice with a higher stance, greater intensity, and more practical measures.
**Persist in promoting learning through practice, providing a strong organizational guarantee for the construction of a new Fujian on the new journey**
Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building is the chapter on Party building within Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, establishing the "outline" and "soul" for doing a good job in organizational work in the new era. Adhere to Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building as the general guideline and general basis, consciously use it to plan and advance work, and promote the high-quality development of organizational work.
**Uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, especially the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee.** The fundamental purpose of strengthening the Party's organizational construction is to uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership. We must regard upholding the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee as the highest political principle, take the Party's political construction as the lead, and promote Party members and cadres to be absolutely loyal to the Party at all times and under all circumstances, and to be of one mind with the Party Central Committee. **Strengthen Party spirit tempering.** Strengthen political loyalty education and ideal and belief education, strictly enforce political life within the Party, strictly implement the reporting system, make good use of the situational party lesson *The People's Servant Gu Wenchang*, educate and guide Party members and cadres to forge political loyalty, and improve political judgment, political comprehension, and political execution. **Strengthen theoretical armament.** Focus on enhancing pertinence and effectiveness, combine deep study and thorough understanding of the Party's innovative theories with tracing the theoretical and practical "rich mine," improve and implement systems such as the "First Agenda," improve the mechanism for normalized training, especially basic training, and guide Party members and cadres to know deeply, believe firmly, and act practically. **Strengthen political responsibility.** Focus on achieving the goals and tasks of the "15th Five-Year Plan," adhere to improving the organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and has strong execution, strengthen political supervision, do deep and solid work on the political quality inspection of cadres, and promote the implementation of major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and the work requirements of the Provincial Party Committee.
**Precisely position and actively act in serving the central overall situation.** Keep in mind the "great affairs of the nation" and the "great plans of the Party," consciously place organizational work within the overall situation for thinking and planning. By building strong organizations, equipping strong leadership teams, using cadres well, and revitalizing talents, transform organizational strength and organizational advantages into development momentum and development advantages. **Adhere to putting the cause first, forge a strong team.** Strengthen the overall planning of leading bodies and cadre teams. Take the opportunity of the centralized change of leadership teams at the city, county, and township levels, closely follow the functional positioning given to Fujian by General Secretary Xi Jinping and the Party Central Committee, select and strengthen leading bodies at all levels, especially the "top leaders," improve the working mechanism for effectively preventing and correcting deviations in the view of performance, play a "combination punch" to encourage cadres to take responsibility and act, and stimulate the endogenous motivation and overall vitality of the cadre team. **Adhere to integrated advancement, strengthen talent support.** Take the integrated advancement of education, science and technology, and talent as the main line, focus on promoting the systematic integration and coordinated synergy of talent work, scientifically formulate and implement the "15th Five-Year Plan" for talent development, focus on serving the construction of the province's "555X" industrial cluster, deepen and expand the "Talent Revitalizes the Chain" action, improve the "attract talent through competitions" mechanism, create a more attractive talent development environment, and strive to form a vivid situation where talents gather in Fujian and gather talents to revitalize Fujian. **Adhere to focusing on the grassroots, consolidate the foundation of governance.** Continue to implement the new era "Fortress Project," formulate work guidelines by field, systematically promote the construction of grassroots Party organizations in various fields, deepen Party building to promote rural revitalization, optimize the "One Secretary, Three Major Members" assistance working mechanism, deeply carry out special training on "Strong Leaders, Thriving Industries," comprehensively expand the "Neighborly Party Building" work, highlight the Party building in emerging fields, continuously forge a vanguard team of Party members, and inject "red momentum" into high-quality development.
**Resolutely shoulder the political responsibility for managing and governing the Party.** Organizational departments are important functional departments for managing and governing the Party and an important force for advancing the Party's self-reform. They must play their functional role in comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. **Always adhere to the strict tone.** Adhere to true management and strict management, dare to manage and be strict, and manage strictly for a long time. Fully implement the *Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision Work of Cadres in Organizational Departments in the New Era*, strictly strengthen daily management and supervision, strengthen the supervision of leading cadres' performance and power use, supervise and strictly implement democratic centralism, make good use of the joint meeting mechanism for cadre supervision work, and improve the penetration and effectiveness of management supervision. **Vigorously promote good work style.** Adhere to the fine traditions of "Four Grassroots Levels," "dripping water wears through stone, persistent effort," and "handle immediately, work earnestly and practically," solidly promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style construction, deepen the rectification of formalism to reduce burdens at the grassroots, persistently implement the spirit of the Central Committee's Eight-Point Regulation, and continuously consolidate a clean and upright political ecology. **Promote the formation of a practical orientation.** Adhere to and improve the Party building leadership system and working mechanism, make good use of the "baton" of the performance evaluation of Party committee (Party leadership group) secretaries in grasping grassroots Party building work, transmit pressure level by level, supervise and ensure that all Party building work is grasped and implemented effectively, and ensure that the responsibility for managing and governing the Party is implemented and achieves practical results.
(The author is a member of the Standing Committee of the Fujian Provincial Party Committee and the Minister of the Organization Department)
Return to TopCoordinated regional development is an inherent requirement of Chinese-style modernization. Since December 2022, Guangdong Province has been fully advancing the implementation of the "High-Quality Development Project for Hundreds of Counties, Thousands of Towns, and Tens of Thousands of Villages" (百县千镇万村高质量发展工程), constructing a new pattern of comprehensive development characterized by "multi-polar impetus, multi-dimensional linkage, and multi-point support." As the central urban area of Shenzhen, Futian District, in the process of paired assistance to Boluo County, Heping County, and Xiangqiao District — "two counties and one district" — within the province, has directly confronted common problems in cross-regional collaboration such as difficulties in planning alignment, policy implementation, and service integration. It has innovatively established a "Five Shared" (五同) paired assistance mechanism encompassing "shared planning, shared policies, shared investment attraction, shared services, and shared benefits." Using industrial synergy as a lever, it has comprehensively advanced the integrated development of planning and construction, infrastructure, factor allocation, and basic public services, exploring an effective path to promote coordinated regional development.
**Shared Planning: Consolidating the Foundation for Synergistic Development through Integrated Layout**
Sound planning yields the greatest benefits. The primary task in carrying out cross-regional collaboration is to break away from the traditional mindset of each region acting on its own, ensuring that the development pace of both areas is aligned through coordinated planning, and avoiding problems such as duplicate construction, industrial homogenization, and spatial fragmentation at the source. Futian District has consistently adhered to the principles of planning first and coordinated linkage, establishing a multi-level, integrated planning system. It deeply integrates paired assistance into the overall development landscape of both sides, jointly planning the blueprint for regional coordinated development. Futian District, together with its paired counties and districts, has formulated work plans, industrial plans, and spatial plans for jointly built industrial parks, promoting the deep integration of industrial development between the two areas.
First, it jointly formulates work plans for jointly built industrial parks. It establishes a joint conference system and a closely coordinated work promotion mechanism, coordinating and managing the overall coordination, policy planning, and joint investment attraction of the parks. Second, it precisely formulates industrial plans. Led by Futian District, high-quality professional think tanks are introduced to conduct industrial planning research jointly with the paired counties and districts. Strictly adhering to the principle of "one park, one characteristic," it comprehensively aligns with the overall economic and social development plans of both areas, ensuring the effective implementation of development deployments. Third, it scientifically formulates spatial plans. Led by the paired counties and districts with the coordination of Futian District, and relying on professional institutions to optimize spatial layout, it closely aligns with industrial positioning, striving to build demonstration and leading jointly built industrial parks. Notably, Futian District and Boluo County, based on their ecological, locational, and industrial endowments, have partnered with domestic professional planning teams and, referencing construction standards higher than those of the central urban area, planned the Luofu Future City (罗浮未来城) covering a total area of 192 square kilometers.
**Shared Policies: Unleashing the Synergistic Development Effect through Policy Overlay**
Breaking down cross-regional policy barriers is an inevitable requirement for achieving the free flow of factors and the optimal allocation of resources. In response to problems in past collaborations such as policy fragmentation, lack of interconnection, and systemic incoherence, Futian District has insisted on policy synergy and two-way empowerment. It has built an integrated policy system featuring two-way overlay and precise implementation, effectively reducing the cross-regional operating costs for enterprises and fully unleashing the synergistic multiplier effect where "1+1 > 2."
First, it introduces cross-regional industrial synergy supporting policies. It specifically formulates special measures for coordinated industrial development, extending the mature enterprise service policies of the local area to cover the jointly built parks, ensuring smooth policy alignment between the two areas. For enterprises with headquarters and R&D centers in Futian and production bases in Boluo, it overlays the R&D and technological transformation support policies of both areas, effectively compressing enterprise operating costs, stimulating innovation momentum, and guiding the optimization of cross-regional layout of the upstream and downstream industrial chain. Second, it strengthens cross-regional financial service guarantees. Leveraging Futian's concentrated financial resource advantages, it prepares special investment and financing plans for major projects like Luofu Future City, coordinating fiscal funds, financial capital, social capital, and other resource elements. It comprehensively utilizes various financial tools to broaden financing channels for county-level projects, effectively resolving funding difficulties in areas such as new city construction and park upgrades. Third, it enriches market-oriented supporting services. Focusing on the full lifecycle needs of enterprises, it collaborates with market service institutions to launch the "Benefiting Enterprises Together" (益企同行) gift package. It implements differentiated policies for start-ups, growth-stage enterprises, and leading enterprises, striving to resolve various difficulties enterprises face in their operations and development.
**Shared Investment Attraction: Activating the Synergistic Development Engine through Joint Investment Attraction**
Building a unified national market is necessary for constructing a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development. Futian District, together with its paired counties and districts, strictly implements the deployment for building a unified national market. It integrates the resource endowments of both sides, establishes a joint investment attraction working mechanism, promotes the cross-regional flow of high-quality industrial resources and the cross-regional extension of industrial chains, continuously cultivates new economic growth points in county areas, and accelerates the construction of a modern industrial system characterized by division of labor, collaboration, and complementary advantages.
First, it forms joint investment attraction teams. Futian District and its paired counties and districts consolidate their investment attraction forces, draw panoramic maps around key industries, and collaboratively carry out investment promotion and project matchmaking. Since 2024, Futian and Boluo have jointly introduced 16 high-quality industrial projects, with a land supply area exceeding 600 mu. Once all projects are fully operational, the total output value is expected to exceed 7 billion yuan, demonstrating the sustained effectiveness of industrial investment attraction. Second, it improves the cross-regional project landing model. It innovates the "parent company + subsidiary company" integrated layout approach, guiding enterprises to establish a two-way layout in Shenzhen and the jointly built parks in the paired counties and districts, equipped with high-quality, customized industrial carriers. Leveraging Futian's brand, technology, and market advantages along with Boluo's land, production capacity, and labor advantages, it has successfully facilitated the registration and landing of a well-known domestic liquid cooling technology company in both locations. Third, it solidifies investment attraction through existing businesses and chain-leading enterprises. It leverages the driving effect of leading enterprises, exploring a development model where "chain leaders take root in the central urban area, while supporting enterprises are laid out in the paired counties and districts." It gradually builds an industrial ecology led by leading enterprises, with clustered supporting industries and a complete industrial chain, helping the paired counties and districts fill gaps in their industrial chains and consolidate the foundation of the real economy.
**Shared Services: Optimizing the Synergistic Development Environment through Comprehensive Services**
Promoting the integration of government services, park services, and professional services is an important guarantee for optimizing the business environment and reducing institutional transaction costs. Futian District insists on service first and comprehensive coordination, promoting the cross-regional interconnection and sharing of government services and professional services. It creates a development environment where cross-regional affairs are handled smoothly and production and life are convenient, promoting the efficient flow of talent, technology, capital, materials, and other factors.
First, it promotes cross-regional handling of government services. It deepens the reform of government service integration, creating a service scenario where enterprises operate across regions but enjoy services as if in the same city, effectively reducing processing time and costs. Futian District has signed cross-regional handling cooperation agreements with its paired counties and districts, sorting and integrating high-frequency service items. A total of 112 Futian government service items and 75 Boluo government service items have achieved full-channel processing online, offline, and via self-service terminals. Second, it promotes the co-building and sharing of park service brands. It coordinates the co-building of brands and integrated operation of "enclave" and "reverse enclave" parks. It collaborates with over 10 industry associations to build a service system for enterprises covering industry exchange, market development, and standardized operations. Third, it strengthens cross-regional professional service support. Relying on Futian's concentrated advantages in the professional services industry, it plans a producer services cluster in Luofu Future City, building a comprehensive service platform integrating technology, finance, legal services, and talent services.
**Shared Benefits: Consolidating the Foundation for Synergistic Development through Co-building and Sharing**
Coordinated regional development is an inevitable requirement for achieving common prosperity. Adhering to the concept of co-building and sharing, Futian coordinates industrial upgrading, enterprise development, and improvement of people's livelihoods. It improves the benefit distribution mechanism, deepens co-building in the field of people's livelihoods, and creates a community of shared interests where enterprises increase revenue and the masses benefit, ensuring that the fruits of regional collaboration truly benefit the broad population.
First, it innovates the benefit distribution mechanism for industrial projects. It explores the formation of two types of sharing models: revenue sharing and industrial chain sharing. It formulates guidelines for sharing benefits from joint projects, establishing a sound cost-sharing, benefit distribution, and incentive system with clear rights and responsibilities, and fairness and reasonableness. For projects with "dual increments" in both areas, benefits are equally divided according to the agreement. For industrial chain synergy projects, "industrial chain sharing" is implemented based on the division of labor within the industrial chain, guiding chain-leading enterprises to settle in Futian and supporting enterprises to be laid out in the paired counties and districts, achieving balanced and shared benefits. Second, it promotes the co-building and sharing of high-quality educational and medical resources. Focusing on the urgent and difficult problems of the people, it has implemented over 10 infrastructure improvement projects for schools, hospitals, parks, etc., with a cumulative investment exceeding 100 million yuan. It deepens school-local pairing assistance, facilitating paired assistance between 15 schools in Futian District and their counterparts, promoting the balanced allocation of high-quality educational resources. It deepens cooperation in the medical field, dispatching over 100 medical backbone personnel for on-site services, introducing renowned experts to establish famous doctor studios, and building a cross-regional remote consultation platform, continuously improving the level of county-level medical and health services and securing the bottom line for people's livelihoods.
(Shenzhen Futian District Development Research Center (District "Hundreds, Thousands, Tens of Thousands Project" Command Office) (深圳市福田区发展研究中心（区"百千万工程"指挥办）))
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