Summary: The article, adapted from a training session speech, outlines the CPPCC’s role as a product of integrating Marxist-Leninist united front theory with Chinese conditions, emphasizing Xi Jinping’s directive that the body must persist in the two themes of unity and democracy. It details how the CPPCC, under Party leadership, has historically and currently served the Party’s central tasks by fostering consultative democracy, political consensus, and broad unity across all sectors. Xi is reported as calling for the body to “widely gather people’s hearts, consensus, wisdom, and strength” to advance Chinese-style modernization, with the 14th CPPCC implementing these goals through institutionalized learning, specialized research, and democratic supervision. The summary does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article reviews the Chinese Communist Party’s 105-year leadership in cultural development, outlining four historical phases from revolutionary culture to the current era of cultural confidence under Xi Jinping’s thought. It emphasizes the Party’s role in shaping ideology, public services, and cultural industries, highlighting achievements such as the revival of traditional culture and the expansion of China’s global cultural influence. Key lessons include upholding Marxist guidance, adhering to people-centered principles, and balancing tradition with innovation. The piece does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations. The author is Yang Fengcheng, a professor at Renmin University of China.
Summary: The article emphasizes the Chinese Communist Party’s unwavering commitment to fearless struggle and sacrifice for the nation and its ideals, asserting that the Party remains undaunted by any enemy or challenge. It reinforces the Party’s role in inspiring the Chinese people through a steadfast, unyielding spirit. No specific official or accompanying figures are mentioned. There is no reference to the United States or U.S.-China relations.
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Summary: Xi Jinping emphasized that the essence of modernization is the modernization of people, positioning it as foundational to Chinese-style modernization and contrasting it with Western capital-driven models. He stated that the ultimate goal of modernization is the free and comprehensive development of individuals, rooted in Marxist theory. The article argues that Chinese-style modernization prioritizes people-centered development, rejecting the "modernization equals Westernization" myth. It highlights that people's needs and agency drive modernization, with outcomes measured by human development rather than mere economic indicators. No U.S. references or accompanying officials were noted.
Summary: The article emphasizes that the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a key institution under Communist Party leadership, with Xi Jinping repeatedly highlighting its dual themes of unity and democracy. Xi is reported as stressing that the CPPCC must serve the Party's central tasks, advance Chinese-style modernization, and broaden consensus through consultation and cooperation. The report details the CPPCC's historical evolution, its role in political consultation and democratic supervision, and its mechanisms for engaging diverse groups, including ethnic minorities and religious representatives. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations. The summary focuses on Xi's directives and the CPPCC's operational framework as described in the article.
Summary: Zhu Xi spent nearly two decades compiling *Yiluo Yuanyuan Lu*, a collection of biographical materials on 46 Northern Song Daoist figures centered on the Cheng brothers, though he left it unfinished. The work established a clear lineage from Zhou Dunyi through the Cheng brothers to Zhu Xi himself, thereby answering who succeeded the Confucian orthodoxy after Mencius. It also created a distinct factional narrative for Daoism, later influencing the *Songshi*’s separation of “Confucian Biographies” and “Daoist Biographies.” Readers used the book for self-identification as Daoist adherents, seeing it as a sacred guide to orthodox learning. Finally, its format—combining biographies and collected sayings—pioneered the "xue’an" (scholarly case) genre, inspiring many similar works in subsequent dynasties.
Summary: The article describes the Casanatense Library in Rome, founded in 1701, which houses a notable collection of Chinese-related documents, many stemming from the 17th–18th century Chinese Rites controversy between the Qing court and the Roman Catholic Church. Among these is a 1716 memorial by Italian missionary Teodorico Pedrini, imprisoned after offending Emperor Kangxi due to his stance in the dispute, with only two copies extant. The library also holds over 40 Chinese classical texts collected by French sinologue Étienne Fourmont, including annotated Confucian works and a rare Ming edition of Matteo Ricci's *The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven*. A particularly unique artifact is a pocket-sized Ming commercial travel guide, *Shiquge Jingding Tianya Bu Wen*, which survives in only a few copies worldwide. The article highlights how these holdings offer unique insights into early Chinese-Western cultural and religious exchanges, but makes no mention of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article reviews the Chinese Communist Party’s 105-year leadership of cultural development, framing it as a vital force for national rejuvenation and ideological unity. It traces four historical stages: revolutionary culture under Mao, socialist culture during early PRC, cultural liberalization in the reform era, and the current drive for "cultural confidence" and a socialist cultural power under Xi Jinping. Key achievements include a modern public cultural service system, booming cultural industries, and revived traditional culture. The piece emphasizes that the Party must maintain ideological control, uphold Marxism combined with Chinese practice and tradition, and remain people-centered. No U.S. or bilateral relations are discussed.
Summary: The article interprets Xi Jinping's assertion that safety is the primary need after basic necessities, a critical livelihood issue, and the most fundamental development environment. Zhu Kaibin, Vice Dean of the Emergency Management Institute at the Central Party School, explains that safety encompasses three attributes: livelihood, economic, and political. He argues that safety directly affects life and property, is a precondition for sustainable development, and underpins long-term national stability. The analysis emphasizes that without security, economic growth and social well-being are impossible, and that safety is a key measure of governance. It concludes that building a higher level of "safe China" requires integrating safety into high-quality life, development, and governance.
Summary: The article, authored by the Secretary of the Kaifeng Municipal Party Committee, argues that President Xi Jinping’s five-point summary of the “Jiao Yulu spirit” serves as a blueprint for establishing a correct view on political performance. It calls on Party officials at the onset of the 15th Five-Year Plan to internalize this spirit by prioritizing the people, practicing hard work, respecting objective laws, and exhibiting integrity. The text emphasizes that this approach is crucial for driving high-quality development and realizing Chinese-style modernization. The United States and U.S.-China relations are not discussed in this article.
Summary: The article, authored by the Party Secretary of Songyang County in Zhejiang, argues that cultural heritage is a vital resource for national identity and must be systematically protected under the “15th Five-Year Plan.” It highlights the tension between rapid urbanization and preservation of traditional landscapes, especially for low-level immovable relics. The official advocates for a comprehensive approach that integrates heritage conservation with rural revitalization, improving livelihoods while retaining local character. He proposes measures such as full-inventory mapping, adaptive reuse of old buildings for tourism and crafts, and farmer-benefit mechanisms to make preservation economically viable. The piece stresses that success is measured not by number of restorations, but by how heritage enriches contemporary life and drives shared prosperity.
Summary: The article highlights the critical role of data in AI development, noting that the 15th Five-Year Plan calls for deeper data resource utilization and accelerated construction of AI corpora. It emphasizes building high-quality datasets for sectors such as energy, transportation, manufacturing, education, health, and finance, alongside establishing a system for reasonable use of AI training data. The Study Times high-end think tank edition reports on these plans.
Summary: The article argues that building a high-quality data supply system is crucial for China's AI advancement during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, as data increasingly determines model capability and application effectiveness. It highlights new demands from AI development, including the need for dynamic interaction data and physical-world data for embodied intelligence and world models. The author, from the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, calls for systematic efforts to expand data resources, upgrade processing capabilities, and establish trusted circulation mechanisms. It emphasizes shifting from static open-source text to scenario-specific, real-world interaction data to support general AI evolution. The piece concludes that leadership in the AI era will depend on who first builds a complete data lifecycle system.
Summary: In 2025, China's annual data production reached 52.26 zettabytes, a 27.28% increase year-on-year, accounting for about 27.44% of the global total. The article, authored by a vice president of the National Data Development Institute, argues that while data has become a key element in building a digital China, the data market remains nascent with significant untapped potential. It emphasizes a "three combinations" approach—balancing immediate and long-term needs, goal- and problem-orientation, and policy guidance with market leadership—to improve data supply quality. The piece calls for promoting high-quality datasets for AI development, addressing bottlenecks in data rights and transaction security, and encouraging both public and private sector investment. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: High-quality datasets are essential for China's AI development, serving as the foundation for algorithmic progress, data marketization, and the "AI+" initiative across industries. The article argues that current data is often noisy, fragmented, and non-compliant, leading to biases and security risks, and calls for systematic data curation. It highlights that building such datasets is a strategic imperative to unlock the value of data as a production factor and to establish governance mechanisms. Domestically, industry-specific datasets are urgently needed to enable reliable AI applications in sectors like healthcare, finance, and autonomous driving. Globally, improving data quality is framed as a critical step for China to compete in the international AI race and achieve technological self-reliance.
Summary: The article outlines five methods for trajectory planning in drone swarm operations: time-based, speed-based, distance-based, grid-based, and model-based control. Time-based control uses a coordinated schedule to avoid conflicts, while speed-based control employs absolute or relative velocity adjustments. Distance-based control relies on maintaining intervals between drones or to reference points, and grid-based control partitions battle space into autonomous sectors. Model-based control leverages big data, algorithms, and computing power, using techniques like ant colony and particle swarm algorithms. No specific officials or U.S.-China relations are mentioned.
Summary: The article explains how FPV (first-person view) drones, originally used in hobbyist racing, have become modular, Lego-like platforms for military use, allowing rapid assembly and customization from civilian components. Their open architecture enables mission-specific hardware and software reconfiguration—such as for anti-armor, anti-drone, or night reconnaissance—without specialized tools. This adaptability empowers small infantry units to independently execute “detect-decide-strike-assess” cycles, shifting tactical decision-making downward. The drones’ low cost and high interchangeability undermine traditional blitzkrieg strategies, driving prolonged attritional warfare based on industrial capacity and supply chains. The analysis concludes that this model redefines equipment development from fixed-platform procurement to modular, on-demand assembly.
Summary: The article highlights a revolutionary relic held by the National Museum of China: the "Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Proclamation" issued by Commander-in-Chief Zhu De on May 22, 1935. This 156-character, six-character-per-line rhyme document is the first formal public text to use the term "Long March," serving as a political mobilization order before the Red Army crossed the Dadu River. It articulates the Red Army's commitment to ethnic equality, strict discipline, and the liberation of all oppressed peoples, directly countering Nationalist propaganda in the Yi ethnic region. The proclamation’s principles enabled the historic "Yi Sea Alliance" between Liu Bocheng and Yi leader Xiao Yedan, facilitating the army's passage through hostile territory. The document is presented as a foundational example of the Red Army's political work and mass-line strategy.
Summary: On July 4, 2026, a seminar on "Developing New Forms of Intelligent Economy" was held in Beijing, co-organized by the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region's Beijing Office and other entities. Huang Chen, Director of the Guangxi Beijing Office, stated that Guangxi is pursuing a differentiated development path of "R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou, integration in Guangxi, and application in ASEAN," leveraging its geographical, cultural, and logistical advantages to build a China-ASEAN AI cooperation center. He Zhongguo, President of Study Times, noted that the 2026 Government Report first proposed "creating new forms of intelligent economy" and highlighted that Guangxi's path addresses the need for both innovation and application. Multiple experts discussed Guangxi's strategy, emphasizing AI integration with local industries, cross-border data rules, and talent development to strengthen China-ASEAN collaboration. The article also reported that Guangxi's AI core industry output has exceeded 89 billion yuan, with 208 AI projects signed.
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By: 全国政协副主席兼秘书长 王东峰
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a great achievement of the Chinese Communist Party combining Marxist-Leninist united front theory, political party theory, and democratic political theory with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture. It is a great creation, led by the Chinese Communist Party, in the political system involving all democratic parties, personages without party affiliation, people’s organizations, and representatives from all ethnic groups and all walks of life. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the CPPCC has always adhered to the two major themes of solidarity and democracy, served the central tasks of the Party and the state, and has done a great deal of effective work and played a very important role in every historical period.” The work of the CPPCC is rich in content and broad in scope, and is consistently permeated by the two major themes of solidarity and democracy. These two major themes are the “eye of the board” (棋眼) for understanding major theoretical and practical issues such as “what the CPPCC is,” “what it does,” and “how it does it.” It is necessary to deeply grasp the great significance of the CPPCC’s adherence to the two major themes of solidarity and democracy, closely focus on the central tasks in fulfilling duties and responsibilities, strengthen the support and safeguards for performing duties, and widely gather strength and unity for advancing Chinese-style modernization.
Adhere to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy, and deeply grasp the great significance of the CPPCC’s adherence to the two major themes of solidarity and democracy.
General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Solidarity is a powerful force to overcome all difficulties, and an important guarantee for rallying people and achieving great undertakings,” and “People’s democracy is the lifeblood of socialism.” Solidarity and democracy, as the two major themes of the CPPCC, profoundly reveal the historical basis for the CPPCC’s emergence, existence, and development, and fully demonstrate the CPPCC’s distinct Chinese characteristics and significant political advantages.
Adhering to solidarity and democracy is a distinctive theme that has run consistently through the development process of the CPPCC. The history of the CPPCC’s development is a history of enhancing solidarity and promoting democracy. In September 1949, the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference was convened, marking the complete organizational formation of the patriotic united front and the great unity of the entire Chinese people, and marking the formal establishment of the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation led by the Chinese Communist Party. The session represented the will of the people of all ethnic groups across the country, exercised the functions of the National People’s Congress, and proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China. After the First Session of the First National People’s Congress in 1954, the CPPCC no longer exercised the functions of the National People’s Congress, but continued to play an important role as an organ of multiparty cooperation and political consultation and as a united front organization. After reform and opening-up, solidarity and democracy became clearer and were further defined as the themes of the CPPCC. Deng Xiaoping emphasized, “The CPPCC is an important organization for consolidating and expanding China’s revolutionary patriotic united front, and also an important form for promoting socialist democracy and practicing mutual supervision within China’s political system.” Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has incorporated adherence to the two major themes of solidarity and democracy into the overall requirements for strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC in the new era, and creatively put forward major assertions such as “adhering to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy,” and “mutual reinforcement of promoting democracy and enhancing solidarity, and bidirectional effort in offering suggestions and building consensus,” demonstrating with original theoretical contributions a new height in our Party’s understanding of the two major themes of solidarity and democracy. The over-70-year history of the CPPCC shows that, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, adhering to solidarity and democracy is an inevitable requirement for the CPPCC to fulfill its original aspiration and mission, and also an inevitable requirement for adapting to the tasks and missions of different historical periods and maintaining lasting vitality.
Adhering to solidarity and democracy is the concentrated embodiment of the nature of the CPPCC. The Charter of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference stipulates that the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is an organization of the patriotic united front of the Chinese people, an important institution for multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, an important form for promoting socialist democracy and practicing whole-process people’s democracy in China’s political life, an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, an important component of the national governance system, and an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. This definition of its nature profoundly reveals that the CPPCC is an important carrier for realizing solidarity and democracy, inherently stipulating that all work of the CPPCC must be planned and advanced closely around solidarity and democracy under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. As an organization of the united front, the CPPCC brings together representatives from the Chinese Communist Party, all democratic parties and personages without party affiliation, major people’s organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions, and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and overseas, possessing broad representation organizationally and great inclusiveness politically. As an important institution for multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the CPPCC is a political organization in which all democratic parties participate and can carry out activities in their own name, conducive to consolidating and developing a lively, stable, and united political situation. As an important form of realizing people’s democracy and an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC establishes a broad, multi-tiered, and institutionalized consultative platform, smoothens channels for orderly political participation and expression of interests for all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors, facilitating the gathering of broad opinions, collective wisdom, and good strategies, and promoting scientific and democratic decision-making by the Party and government.
Adhering to solidarity and democracy is the inescapable mission of the times for the CPPCC on the new journey. At present, changes of the world, changes of the times, and changes of history are continuing to deepen and expand in breadth and depth, and the tasks of China’s reform, development, and stability are unprecedentedly arduous and heavy, urgently requiring the gathering of strength to continuously consolidate the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups across the country and strengthen the great unity of the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation at home and abroad. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “It is hoped that the CPPCC will carry forward its fine traditions, keep political responsibility in mind, adhere to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy, give full play to its role as a specialized consultative body, and widely gather people’s hearts, consensus, wisdom, and strength for advancing Chinese-style modernization.” These “four gatherings” (四个凝聚) are not only new and higher requirements for the CPPCC to adhere to the two major themes of solidarity and democracy, but also require the CPPCC to implement them through continuous strengthening of solidarity and extensive promotion of democracy. The CPPCC must embody the two major themes of solidarity and democracy in all aspects and throughout the entire process of its work, persist in great unity and great coalition, improve the working mechanisms for giving play to the political role of the united front in rallying people and pooling strength, and endow all duty-fulfilling work with the significance of increasing consensus, promoting solidarity, and gathering strength; persist in promoting socialist democracy, effectively organize all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors to serve and assist Chinese-style modernization through high-level consultative suggestions.
Mutually reinforce the promotion of democracy and the enhancement of solidarity, and closely focus on the central tasks of the Party and the state in fulfilling duties and responsibilities.
Solidarity and democracy in the CPPCC are interrelated, mutually complementary, and inseparable. Achieving close solidarity makes the development of democracy more foundational; promoting extensive democracy makes the strengthening of solidarity more powerful. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC persists in mutually reinforcing the promotion of democracy and the enhancement of solidarity, and making bidirectional efforts in offering political suggestions and building consensus; persists in developing through inheritance and innovating through development, focusing on serving the central tasks of the Party and the state to widely gather strength and unity.
Persist in using the Party’s innovative theories to educate and guide all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors, achieving political unity and cooperation, common progress in thought, and coordinated action in behavior. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the CPPCC “must strengthen theoretical armament, correctly handle the relationship between uniformity and diversity, 求同存异 (qiú tóng cún yì - “seek common ground while reserving differences”) and 聚同化异 (jù tóng huà yì - “gather commonalities and dissolve differences”), and promote further political unity and cooperation, common ideological progress, and coordinated action among all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors.” Since its establishment, the CPPCC has made organizing and promoting theoretical study among CPPCC members and personages from all walks of life an important basic and routine task. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC unremittingly uses Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to forge souls and build character, guiding the vast number of CPPCC members to truly learn, truly understand, truly believe, and truly apply, continuously consolidating the common ideological and political foundation for unity and struggle. First, focusing on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, deepening internalization and transformation, guiding all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors to continuously enhance political identification, ideological identification, theoretical identification, and emotional identification. Relying on 11 study and discussion groups on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, online thematic study groups for member reading, and member study seminars, the National Committee organizes CPPCC members to study regularly and systematically, striving to grasp the principles, theories, and philosophies contained therein, and perceive the truth power and practical power of the Party’s innovative theories. With the aim of promoting study through research and enhancing both study and research, theoretical seminars are held to exchange learning experiences and research results, and research is conducted around major topics, yielding a number of high-quality theoretical achievements. Second, deeply study and thoroughly understand General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC, guiding all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors to unswervingly follow the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics. On September 20, 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the meeting celebrating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and delivered an important speech, summarizing the main contents of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thought on strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC with “ten upholds” (十个坚持), namely: upholding the comprehensive leadership of the Chinese Communist Party over the CPPCC; upholding the nature and orientation of the CPPCC; upholding the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body; upholding and improving China’s new type of socialist political party system; upholding great unity and great coalition; upholding the strengthening of ideological and political guidance and the extensive building of consensus as the central link; upholding the focus on the central tasks of the Party and the state in fulfilling duties and responsibilities; upholding the CPPCC serving the people; upholding the strengthening of members’ responsibility and commitment; and upholding the promotion of capacity building for performing duties with the spirit of reform and innovation. These “ten upholds” profoundly clarify a series of directional, overall, and strategic major issues concerning the fundamental guarantee, principles of duty performance, value orientation, themes and purposes, and methods and means for doing the work of the CPPCC well, achieving systematic integration and innovative development of the Party’s theory on the CPPCC, and serving as the fundamental guideline for doing the work of the CPPCC well in the new era and new journey. The National Committee regards studying and implementing this important thought as an important political task, organizing CPPCC members to carry out various forms of study and discussion activities. Third, persist in correctly handling the relationship between uniformity and diversity, embedding ideological and political guidance throughout the entire learning process, helping to consolidate and develop a lively, stable, and united political situation. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “the CPPCC must give play to the organizational function of the united front, persist in great unity and great coalition, persist in the unity of uniformity and diversity, continuously consolidate the common ideological and political foundation, strengthen ideological and political guidance, and extensively build consensus,” “Uniformity is the uniformity of the common ideological and political foundation; diversity is a reflection of plural interests and diverse thoughts,” “The key to correctly handling the relationship between uniformity and diversity is to persist in seeking common ground while reserving differences (求同存异). On the one hand, it is necessary to continuously consolidate the common ideological and political foundation, including consolidating existing consensus and promoting the formation of new consensus; this is the foundation and premise. On the other hand, it is necessary to fully promote democracy, respect and tolerate differences.” The various parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors participating in the CPPCC share the same fundamental interests and goals, but CPPCC members come from various backgrounds and have different perspectives on some issues. Such organizational characteristics determine that the theoretical armament work of the CPPCC has its own characteristics; it must be good at doing people’s ideological work, especially work to win people over, both respecting and tolerating dissenting opinions and strengthening ideological and political guidance, seeking uniformity amid diversity. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC embeds ideological and political guidance in all duty-fulfilling activities such as inspection tours, investigation and research, consultative deliberation, heart-to-heart exchanges, and solidarity and friendship activities, guiding the vast number of CPPCC members to do more work in publicizing policies and clarifying doubts, to make more efforts to encourage united struggle and joint promotion of development, and to unite more people around the Chinese Communist Party.
Persist in closely focusing on advancing Chinese-style modernization in offering suggestions, serving scientific and effective policy-making by the Party and government. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the CPPCC must “focus on key, difficult, and hot issues in advancing Chinese-style modernization, further deepening reform comprehensively, promoting high-quality development, and maintaining social harmony and stability, and deeply promote consultative deliberation,” and must “closely focus on the central tasks of the Party and the state, focus on the formulation and implementation of the ‘15th Five-Year Plan’ to engage in in-depth consultative deliberation, actively offer suggestions, and carry out democratic supervision, to widely gather people’s hearts, consensus, wisdom, and strength for advancing Chinese-style modernization.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC earnestly implements General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important instructions and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, consciously performs functions around the overall interests of the Party, actively offers suggestions, and strives to ensure that where the central tasks of the Party and the state advance, the CPPCC gathers wisdom and strength. First, engage in in-depth consultative deliberation on major economic and social development issues. The National Committee organizes the vast number of CPPCC members to conduct in-depth investigation and research in-depth consultative deliberation on key and difficult issues such as promoting high-quality development, deepening reform and opening-up, and ensuring and improving people’s livelihood. Comprehensive use is made of proposals, information on social conditions and public opinion, inspection tours, investigation and research, and consultation meetings to offer truthful suggestions, good strategies, and practical measures. A large number of results from consultative suggestions have been transformed into policy measures to promote high-quality development, reflected in relevant development plans, laws, regulations, and institutional documents of the Party and state. Second, focus on major strategic and forward-looking issues to conduct special research. The CPPCC gathers talent and wisdom, has a concentrated intellectual pool, and has advantages in conducting strategic research and serving scientific decision-making. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has established a special research system, led by members of the Chairman’s meeting, conducted across special committees and sectors around major strategic and forward-looking issues; more than 100 special research projects have been carried out, resulting in a number of high-quality research reports. Third, give play to the advantages of consultative-style supervision to assist in the implementation of the Party Central Committee’s decisions and deployments. The democratic supervision of the CPPCC is consultative-style supervision, which is not mandatory; its role is not exerted by having the final say, but by having correct say. During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, with the approval of the Party Central Committee, the National Committee, with 10 special committees as implementing bodies, organized the vast number of CPPCC members to continuously carry out democratic supervision over key tasks in 10 aspects of the “14th Five-Year Plan” by selecting different focuses each year for five consecutive years. Fourth, reflect information on social conditions and public opinion on key issues that need attention in reform, development, and stability. The CPPCC’s work of reflecting information on social conditions and public opinion is an important part of the Party’s information work, an important channel for assisting the Party Central Committee in understanding and grasping the situation, making scientific and democratic decisions, and extensively connecting with the masses. The General Office of the National Committee has 99 information reporting units, including special committees of the National Committee, central committees of democratic parties, and local CPPCC committees. Most CPPCC members and members of democratic parties are on the front line, understand actual situations, and can report fresh first-hand information, playing an important role in participating in the deliberation and administration of state affairs.
Persist in great unity and great coalition, and draw the largest concentric circle for building a strong country and national rejuvenation. The CPPCC was born from solidarity, exists through solidarity, and prospers by solidarity. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “To do the work of the CPPCC well, it is necessary to persist in great unity and great coalition. Great unity and great coalition are the essential requirement of the united front and an important feature of the CPPCC as an organization,” and “The CPPCC must improve the working mechanisms for giving play to the political role of the united front in rallying people and pooling strength, and do more work to strengthen confidence, gather the people’s hearts, warm people’s hearts, and build shared commitment.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has innovatively developed ideas, methods, systems, mechanisms, platforms, and carriers for united front work, expanded the breadth and depth of solidarity and friendship, and helped develop the broadest patriotic united front. First, demonstrate the advantages of China’s new type of socialist political party system through cooperation and collaboration. The CPPCC is an important political and organizational form for implementing China’s new type of political party system. As early as 1954, Mao Zedong pointed out that the CPPCC “is party-natured; its members are mainly representatives elected by parties and groups.” In the CPPCC, non-Party representative persons such as democratic parties and personages without party affiliation account for a relatively large proportion; at the time of reelection, members account for no less than 60%, standing committee members no less than 65%; and among the leadership teams of CPPCC committees at all levels, vice-chairpersons account for no less than 50% (excluding ethnic autonomous areas). The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC earnestly implements the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee on adhering to, developing, and perfecting China’s new type of political party system, further improves systems and mechanisms, and better serves and guarantees the role of members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation participating in the CPPCC. For example, in terms of proposals, the Proposal Committee of the National Committee holds an annual briefing on the proposal work of the central committees of democratic parties, pays attention to proposals made by democratic parties in their own name in the selection and supervision of key proposals, ensuring that each democratic party has key proposals selected; in terms of plenary speeches, it has become an institutional arrangement for the central committees of democratic parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce to make plenary speeches in the name of their parties or groups, ensuring that representatives of the 34 sectors participating in the CPPCC have the opportunity to make oral plenary speeches during the plenary sessions of each term; and so on. Second, gather people’s hearts and converge strength through solidarity and friendship. Doing a good job of solidarity and friendship activities is an important part of the CPPCC’s function as a united front organization. In the work concerning ethnic groups and religion, China’s 55 ethnic minorities and five major religions have representatives serving as members of the National Committee; the CPPCC has unique advantages and conditions in promoting ethnic unity and religious harmony. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has continuously carried out a series of “member-promoting three exchanges” activities, and focuses on promoting the Sinicization of China’s religions in fulfilling its duties. In the work concerning Hong Kong and Macao, members from Hong Kong and Macao are not only an important force for participating in Chinese-style modernization under the advantages of the “one country, two systems” system, but also a bridge and bond connecting the mainland with Hong Kong and Macao, and can play a “dual positive role” in the mainland and Hong Kong and Macao. Members from Hong Kong and Macao have conducted in-depth research and actively offered suggestions on issues such as promoting better integration of Hong Kong and Macao youth into the overall national development, and strengthening the connection and mechanism docking of rules in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, making positive contributions to consolidating and strengthening the forces that love the country and love Hong Kong and Macao. Third, understand people’s conditions, solve people’s worries, and warm people’s hearts through serving the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the CPPCC must “strengthen the construction of mechanisms for reflecting social conditions and public opinion, connecting with the masses, and serving the people, do more work to understand people’s conditions, solve people’s worries, and warm people’s hearts, and be a good propagator of Party policies, a defender of the interests of the masses, and a promoter of social harmony.” CPPCC members come from the people, are rooted in their sectors, and connecting with the masses and serving the people is a fine tradition of the CPPCC. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has innovatively carried out the “serving the people” activity for member performance of duties, encouraging members to go down to the grassroots and the masses, and through donations for education, helping the disabled and the weak, science popularization, legal aid, project assistance, etc., to assist in solving the urgent and difficult problems of the masses, manifesting the concept of “the CPPCC serves the people” through concrete actions, so that the masses truly feel that the CPPCC is very close to them and that CPPCC members are right beside them. Fourth, tell China’s stories and the story of Chinese people’s democracy well through friendly exchanges with foreign countries. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the CPPCC must “hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win, in accordance with the overall deployment of the country’s foreign work, strengthen friendly exchanges with the people of all countries, political organizations, media think tanks, etc., and make positive contributions to the noble cause of promoting human peace and development.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC persists in centering on the overall situation of the Party and the state’s foreign work, carrying out friendly exchanges with foreign countries based on the CPPCC’s own characteristics, promoting Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, telling China’s stories and the story of Chinese people’s democracy to the world, and helping create an international environment favorable to China. It actively serves head-of-state diplomacy, coordinates public diplomacy, people-to-people diplomacy, and think tank diplomacy, deepens exchanges and contacts with foreign think tanks, civil organizations, and personages from all walks of life, establishes the 14th National Committee’s China-Africa Friendship Group and the CPPCC China-Cambodia Friendship Group; supports the Chinese Committee on Religion and Peace in holding international seminars and participating in relevant activities of the World Conference of Religions for Peace and the Asian Conference of Religions for Peace; supports and guides the China Council for the Promotion of Social and Economic Development in running the China Social and Economic Forum, the China-Africa Economic and Social Council Roundtable, and the China-Europe Roundtable, etc.
Persist in practicing the concept of whole-process people’s democracy, and promote the extensive, multi-tiered, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “the CPPCC, through consultation, promotes extensive solidarity, advances multiparty cooperation, and practices people’s democracy, both inheriting historical traditions and reflecting the characteristics of the times, fully demonstrating the features and advantages of China’s socialist democracy, which involves discussing matters when there are issues, discussing things when encountering problems, and discussing actions when doing things.” As an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC is an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC practices the concept of whole-process people’s democracy, implements the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, persists in conducting consultation before and during the implementation of decisions, advances the construction of consultative democracy in the CPPCC, and strives to produce methods, consensus, feelings, and solidarity through consultation. First, enrich consultative forms to smooth channels for democratic participation. Through long-term exploration and development, the National Committee has formed a broad, multi-tiered, and diverse pattern of consultative deliberation. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC persists in upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground (守正创新), further improves various forms of consultation, and promotes more flexible, more regular, and more effective conduct of consultation activities. In addition to plenary sessions, there are mainly 10 forms of consultation, including special consultative standing committee meetings, special consultation meetings, biweekly consultation forums, remote consultation meetings, expert consultation meetings, sector consultation meetings, counterpart consultation meetings, proposal-handling consultation meetings, briefings on key concerns, and macroeconomic situation analysis forums, providing rich consultation platforms and carriers for all parties, groups, and personages from all ethnic groups and sectors participating in the CPPCC. Second, implement the requirement of consulting with the people and for the people to safeguard the democratic rights and legitimate interests of the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “the CPPCC must take continuously meeting the people’s needs for a better life and promoting improvement of people’s livelihood as important focuses, listen to the voices of the masses, reflect the wishes of the masses, deal with practical problems in the field of people’s livelihood, and assist the Party and government in enhancing the well-being of the people.” Persisting in consulting with the people and for the people is both the essence of developing socialist consultative democracy and the value position that the work of the CPPCC must follow. The process by which the CPPCC conducts consultation around the urgent and difficult problems of the masses is precisely the process of promoting the resolution of the most direct and realistic interests of the people. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC takes assisting in ensuring and improving people’s livelihood and enhancing the well-being of the people as a focus of duty performance, conducting consultative suggestions around people’s livelihood issues of concern to the people, such as promoting comprehensive rural revitalization and employment of college graduates, and putting forward many valuable opinions and suggestions. Third, deepen the practice of CPPCC consultative democracy by improving consultative system mechanisms. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “it is necessary to properly formulate consultation plans, clarify consultation content, determine consultation participants, and carry out consultation activities in accordance with requirements of being scientific, reasonable, orderly, simple, easy to implement, and democratic and centralized.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC, focusing on better playing the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body, endeavors to improve consultative system norms, formulating and revising a series of institutional documents such as the rules of consultation work of the National Committee, rules of counterpart consultation work, and rules of sector consultation work, standardizing the frequency, topics, and procedures of various consultation activities in a whole-process systematic manner, promoting the matching of consultation forms and consultation content, the unification of consultation procedures and consultation efficiency, and better demonstrating the advantages and role of CPPCC consultative democracy. Fourth, demonstrate the effectiveness of consultative democracy by strengthening the transformation and application of consultation results. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized “improving the mechanism for adoption, implementation, and feedback of consultation results.” Effectively transforming results after consultation is the “second half of the article” that must be well written to enhance the effectiveness of consultative democracy. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC further standardizes the various links of transformation, submission, adoption, implementation, and feedback of consultation results, establishing and improving a three-dimensional, multi-tiered transformation and application system for consultation results: daily reflection through proposals and social conditions and public opinion information; comprehensive reflection through meeting reports, research reports, and work reports; concentrated reflection through plenary speeches and meeting briefs and rapid reports; and responsive reflection through letters soliciting opinions and replies. Improve the transformation mechanism of consultation results, integrating the collection of members’ opinions and suggestions throughout the entire process of consultation activities. Expand the channels for submitting consultation results, create the “CPPCC Research (政协调研),” and coordinate the transformation of outcomes from proposals, research, heart-to-heart exchanges, consultative deliberation, and plenary speeches. Do a good job of reporting and feedback on the adoption and implementation of consultation results; after receiving feedback from relevant departments, the General Office of the National Committee promptly informs relevant special committees and CPPCC members of the adoption and implementation of consultation results.
Persist in strengthening the construction of the Party and the capacity for performing duties in the CPPCC, providing strong guarantees for promoting democracy and enhancing solidarity.
Since the new era, the National Committee has persistently taken Party building as the guide to promote its own construction, strengthen politics, lead the team, grasp foundations, and promote duty performance, better playing the leadership role of the CPPCC Party Leadership Group, the role of grassroots Party organizations as battle fortresses, and the exemplary vanguard role of Party members, and better playing the main role of members, the basic role of special committees, the characteristic role of sectors, and the service guarantee role of the organs.
Persist in the comprehensive leadership of the Party over the CPPCC and the centralized unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, ensuring the correct political direction. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “The leadership of the Chinese Communist Party is the common choice of all Chinese people, including all democratic parties, all groups, all ethnic groups, and all sectors, is the original intent when establishing the CPPCC, and is the fundamental guarantee for the development and progress of the CPPCC’s cause,” and “It is necessary to integrate the adherence to Party leadership into all work of the CPPCC, and effectively implement all requirements of the Party Central Committee for the work of the CPPCC.” The stronger and more powerful the Party’s leadership, the broader and more effective the solidarity and democracy of the CPPCC, and the more fully its advantages and role in the overall situation of the Party and state’s development can be demonstrated. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC always takes political construction as the guide to comprehensively advance all aspects of Party construction in the CPPCC, implementing the adherence to Party leadership in concrete work and reflecting it in actual results. First, improve the system and mechanism for implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important instructions and indicators and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee. Establish and uphold the “first agenda” system; at important regular meetings of the National Committee, the latest important speeches, important instructions and indicators of General Secretary Xi Jinping, and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee are conveyed, studied, and implemented at the earliest opportunity. Establish and improve a normal and long-term mechanism for implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important instructions and indicators and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, ensuring implementation in place and achieving practical results. Second, strictly implement the system of requesting instructions and reporting on major matters. In accordance with the Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party on Requesting Instructions and Reporting on Major Matters, an annual list of matters for which the Party Leadership Group of the National Committee and the Party Leadership Group of the General Office request instructions and report to the Party Central Committee is drawn up, with responsible units and completion deadlines specified for each item, ensuring that the CPPCC’s performance of duties is always carried out under the centralized unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. Third, strengthen the construction of the Party in the CPPCC. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “It is necessary to strengthen Party building in the CPPCC system.” The Party Leadership Group of the 14th National Committee attaches great importance to strengthening the construction of the Party in the CPPCC, earnestly studies and implements Xi Jinping’s thought on Party building, has successively held a symposium on Party building work of the National Committee, established a leading group for Party building work of the National Committee, formulated the plan for Party building work of the National Committee (2024-2027) and the implementation opinions of the Party Leadership Group of the National Committee on improving the system for comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline in the CPPCC, improved the functioning mechanisms of the Party building leading group and the inspection leading group, tightened the chain of responsibility for governing the Party and managing the Party, strengthened leadership over the Party groups of special committees, conducted special inspections on the Party groups of each special committee, and will achieve full coverage this year. Establish a system for Party Leadership Group members of the CPPCC to have heart-to-heart exchanges with non-Party members and for Party members to contact non-Party members, promoting the full coverage of Party organizations over Party members and the full coverage of Party work over CPPCC members.
Emphasize giving play to the characteristic role of sectors and the main role of members, improving the quality and efficiency of the CPPCC’s duty performance. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Building a contingent of CPPCC members who understand the CPPCC, are good at consultation, and skilled in deliberation, who abide by discipline, observe rules, and value moral conduct, is an important guarantee for the high-quality performance of duties by the CPPCC.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC implements the deployments of the Party Central Committee, improves the activity mechanisms of sectors, strengthens the construction of the member contingent, and guides members to better fulfill their duties for the country and their responsibilities for the people. First, give play to the characteristic role of sectors. Sectors are a distinctive feature and unique advantage of the CPPCC organization; the 14th National Committee has taken multiple measures to make sector activities more active and orderly. In 2025, the National Committee held 20 sector member forums. Carry out basic theoretical research on CPPCC sectors, formulate and implement the working measures for vice-chairpersons of the National Committee to contact special committees, sectors, and members, the opinions on giving play to the role of sectors of the National Committee, and the opinions on improving the system and mechanism for members to contact the masses in their sectors, providing a institutional basis for sector activities. Second, give play to the main role of members. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC persists in equal emphasis on service and management, combining positive incentives and disciplinary constraints, promoting members to cherish their political identity, temper their political character, improve their political ability, and consciously devote themselves to the concrete practice of the first line of gathering strength, decision-making consultation, consultative democracy, and national governance. Enrich the forms of duty performance. Clarify 30 forms of duty performance for National Committee members in terms of study and training, inspection tours, investigation and research, consultative deliberation, offering suggestions and building consensus, and foreign exchanges, so that members have organizational support, contact channels, and duty performance platforms to play their role. Stimulate the motivation for duty performance. Formulate opinions on high-quality service for National Committee members and building a home for CPPCC members, improve member liaison institutions, and help members solve practical problems; revise the interim measures for the selection and commendation of the “Outstanding Performance Award for National Committee Members.” Strictly enforce disciplinary constraints. Persist in strict education, strict requirements, strict management, and strict supervision, promote Party member standing committee members and members to play an exemplary and leading role in the CPPCC’s duty performance; formulate the provisions of the National Committee on handling violations of the CPPCC Charter by CPPCC members, and promptly handle members who violate laws and discipline.
Improve the work system and mechanisms of the CPPCC, and enhance the level of institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of duty performance. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Give play to the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body, strengthen functional construction in institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization,” and “actively improve the work system and mechanisms of the CPPCC.” The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC advances the “establishment, revision, and abolition” of systems, combining the improvement of systems with strict implementation, and effectively strengthens the institutional guarantee for the CPPCC’s duty performance. First, establish and improve work systems. Formulate and revise 45 work systems at the National Committee level and 136 work systems at the General Office level, ensuring that the CPPCC’s duty performance has rules to follow, systems to rely on, and regulations to abide by. Second, strictly implement the systems. Implement a system responsibility system, clarify the main responsible parties, and incorporate the implementation of systems into assessment. Carry out special supervision and inspection on the implementation of systems; the Party Leadership Group of the National Committee specifically listens to reports from the Party Leadership Group of the General Office and the Party groups of each special committee on the implementation of systems, promoting the enforcement of each system in place. Third, enhance the level of standardization of all work. Put forward the work requirements of “three transformations, six natures, and two improvements” (三化、六性、两提高), endeavor to standardize work procedures, strive to improve the level of institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of all work, enhance planning, embody proactiveness, grasp systematicity, strengthen innovation, improve targeting, focus on effectiveness, and improve work quality and efficiency. Establish and implement a work coordination mechanism of “annual plan, quarterly coordination, monthly arrangement, weekly scheduling, and daily reporting,” promoting the implementation of tasks in a forceful and orderly manner.
(This article is a special report delivered by the author at the training class for young and middle-aged cadres of the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance). Some changes were made when published.)
Return to TopBy: 杨凤城
Advancing with the times, carrying forward the legacy and opening up the future
Over the past 105 years, the cultural development led by the Party has always been in sync with the times and in step with the overall situation, presenting distinct stage-based characteristics.
New Democratic Revolution period, the core was the gestation and generation of revolutionary culture. After the Opium War, China fell into a dangerous situation of a shattered land and a civilization stained with dust; the transformation of traditional culture lagged behind, Western culture came thick and fast, the people’s thinking was distressed and confused, and the national spirit was scattered, becoming a deep shackle restricting national rejuvenation. Saving the nation from subjugation, ideological enlightenment, and awakening the people became the most urgent cultural tasks of modern China. The birth of the Chinese Communist Party fundamentally changed the historical direction of Chinese cultural development, opening a new chapter of Marxism leading the transformation of Chinese culture. After the Party’s founding, it disseminated Marxism by founding newspapers and periodicals, establishing societies, and opening night schools, promoting the integration of advanced ideas with the workers’ and peasants’ movement. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War period, the Party built a Soviet area cultural system serving the revolutionary war in the revolutionary base areas. The Yan’an period was a key stage for the maturation and shaping of revolutionary culture; the Party clearly proposed building a national, scientific, and mass-oriented New Democratic culture, thoroughly clarifying the development direction, fundamental stance, and value foundation of China’s new culture. The Party united the revolutionary cultural ranks, went deep among the masses and deep into the battlefields, and created a large number of classic works reflecting the people’s struggles and demonstrating national integrity, forming a revolutionary cultural system with the Yan’an spirit at its core, providing powerful spiritual support for winning the War of Resistance against Japan and ultimately winning the victory of the New Democratic Revolution.
Socialist Revolution and Construction period, exploring socialist culture became the theme of cultural development. Transforming old culture, building new culture, eliminating feudal dregs, purging decadent ideas, and establishing a cultural system and cultural institutions serving the socialist cause became the central tasks of cultural development. In terms of institutional construction, the socialist direction of cultural development was ensured institutionally. In terms of ideological construction, universal Marxist education was carried out for the whole society, promoting socialist ideology and morality to take root in people’s hearts, and breaking down feudal superstitions and backward customs. In terms of cultural policy, “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend” (百花齐放、百家争鸣) was proposed, giving birth to a large number of outstanding literary and artistic works reflecting the lives of workers and peasants, eulogizing socialist construction, and promoting the spirit of struggle. In terms of spiritual shaping, the spirit of the times represented by the spirit of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the “two bombs, one satellite” spirit, the Daqing spirit, and the Jiao Yulu spirit were formed successively. Although the cultural development of this period experienced twists and turns, overall it achieved a fundamental transformation of Chinese culture from old to new.
New period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, liberating cultural productive forces, promoting cultural prosperity and development. Reform and opening up initiated a process of all-round social change in China, and also brought about ideological emancipation and burst of vitality in the cultural field. In this period, the Party established the strategic policy of “grasping with both hands, both hands must be strong” (两手抓、两手都要硬) for material civilization and spiritual civilization, incorporating socialist spiritual civilization construction into the overall layout of modernization, achieving a strategic elevation of cultural development. At the ideological level, it insisted on emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, breaking the closed and rigid development model in the cultural field, actively absorbing and drawing on the excellent achievements of human civilization, and promoting a hundred flowers to bloom and vigorous development in the ideological and cultural field. At the institutional level, it gradually promoted the reform of the cultural system, innovatively distinguishing between public-benefit cultural undertakings and for-profit cultural industries, activating cultural productive forces. Literature, film and television, music, fine arts, opera, and other literary and art categories developed comprehensively, fine works emerged continuously, and the spiritual and cultural needs of the people were greatly satisfied. At the level of value guidance, the whole society vigorously promoted patriotism, collectivism, and socialism, advanced civic moral construction, cultivated civilized social customs, and resisted the impact of unhealthy trends such as utilitarianism and money worship brought by the market economy, laying a deep foundation for building a cultural power in the new era.
New era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoting cultural confidence and self-strengthening, building a socialist cultural power became a distinctive symbol of the times. The requirements of national rejuvenation for cultural support, spiritual guidance, and civilization empowerment became more prominent. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core elevated cultural development to an unprecedented strategic height, forming Xi Jinping Thought on Culture (习近平文化思想). Xi Jinping Thought on Culture systematically answers the major epochal questions of what kind of socialist cultural power to build in the new era and how to build a socialist cultural power, marking that the Party’s understanding of the laws of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics has reached a new height. Cultural development in the new era adheres to the mission of holding high the banner, rallying people’s hearts, nurturing new generations, invigorating culture, and displaying the image, firmly grasping the leadership, management, and discourse power of ideological work, and continuously consolidating Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological field. It vigorously promotes the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, promotes the inheritance and promotion of revolutionary culture, and the upholding of fundamental principles and innovation in advanced socialist culture. It comprehensively built a modern public cultural service system covering urban and rural areas, vigorously developed digital culture and new cultural business formats, and promoted high-quality development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries. It strives to enhance international communication capabilities, innovate the external discourse system, tell China’s stories well, spread China’s voice well, and continuously enhance the influence of Chinese culture. Overall, cultural development in the new era has achieved an overall leap in cultural confidence, cultural consciousness, and cultural self-strengthening.
Over 105 years, under the strong leadership of the Party, our country’s cultural development has achieved a historic leap and made brilliant achievements, providing deep, lasting, and majestic spiritual strength for realizing national rejuvenation.
Providing deep and lasting spiritual strength for national rejuvenation
The guiding position of Marxism has been continuously consolidated, and the cohesion and leading power of socialist ideology have been continuously strengthened. Ideological work is the key to cultural development; it is the work of establishing the heart for the nation and setting the soul for the nation. The Party has always adhered to the guiding position of Marxism without wavering, continuously advanced the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism, and continuously armed the entire Party and educated the people with the Party’s innovative theories. Especially since the new era, the entire Party has continuously deepened theoretical arming, promoted Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era to enter the mind and heart, achieving a high degree of ideological unity within the entire Party and the whole society, and building a solid ideological foundation for the common struggle of all the people.
Value guidance advances with the times, and the level of social civilization has significantly improved. From promoting the revolutionary spirit to building a socialist moral system, from advancing mass spiritual civilization creation to constructing the socialist core value system, the Party has always adhered to leading social customs with advanced value concepts. Especially since entering the new era, the whole society has widely cultivated and practiced the socialist core values, integrating the socialist core values into the entire process of national education, social governance, and spiritual civilization creation, achieving an overall improvement in the civilized quality of the people.
Public cultural services are inclusive and equal, and the people’s cultural rights and interests are fully guaranteed. The Party has always adhered to the people-centered development thought, taking the satisfaction of the people’s spiritual and cultural needs as the starting point and foothold of cultural development. After more than a hundred years of effort, we have truly achieved cultural development for the people and cultural achievements benefiting the people, and the people’s sense of cultural identity has been continuously strengthened.
The cultural industry is booming, and the vitality of cultural innovation and creation is fully bursting forth. With the continuous deepening of cultural system reform, our country’s cultural industry has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, gradually becoming a pillar industry of the national economy. Since the new era, new forms of business such as digital culture, network literature and art, short videos, cultural and creative industries, and cultural tourism integration have risen rapidly, the structure of the cultural industry has been continuously optimized, and its quality has steadily improved. The competitiveness of cultural products such as domestic film and television, original music, online literature, animation and games has significantly increased, completely reversing the situation where foreign culture dominated the market, forming a new pattern of independent prosperity and confident output of local culture.
Traditional culture is revitalized, and the foundation of cultural confidence is continuously consolidated. The Party has always insisted on inheriting the Chinese cultural lineage and guarding the national root and soul. Especially since entering the new era, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to the inheritance and development of fine traditional Chinese culture, implemented the project for the inheritance and development of fine traditional Chinese culture, promoted the deep integration of fine traditional Chinese culture with modern life, modern aesthetics, and modern communication, making it a deep foundation for nurturing the national spirit and strengthening cultural confidence.
Red culture is passed down from generation to generation, and the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists is continuously enriched. More than a hundred years of Party history have nurtured red culture. The great founding spirit of the Party and a series of great spirits tempered and formed by the Party in different historical periods have constructed the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists. Revolutionary sites, memorial halls, and martyr cemeteries across the country have been systematically protected and utilized, the level of active utilization of red resources has been continuously improved, and revolutionary culture and red genes have been deeply integrated into national education, cadre education, and social education, achieving the passing down of the red bloodline from generation to generation and the endless continuation of the revolutionary spirit.
The country’s cultural soft power has been greatly enhanced, and the influence of Chinese civilization has continued to expand. Chinese culture has achieved a historic transformation from passive input to active output, from following at the edge to keeping pace and leading. Entering the new era, the Party and the state strive to build a discourse system that integrates China and foreign countries, innovate international communication methods, strengthen exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, tell the story of the Chinese Communist Party and the story of Chinese-style modernization, and the world influence, appeal, and attraction of Chinese civilization continue to strengthen, providing deep cultural support for promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
Historical experience is extremely valuable
The great practice of the Party leading cultural development has not only created brilliant achievements but also accumulated extremely valuable historical experience.
We must adhere to the leadership of the Party and firmly grasp the leadership over ideological work. Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for cultural development. More than a hundred years of practice have fully proved that only by adhering to the Party’s management of propaganda, the Party’s management of ideology, and the Party’s management of media, and by running the Party’s leadership through the entire process and all fields of cultural development, can we ensure that cultural development always advances along the correct political direction.
We must adhere to the guiding position of Marxism and continuously advance the “two integrations.” Marxism is the soul of socialist culture. The more than a hundred years of cultural development history is a history of leading Chinese cultural transformation with Marxism and leading cultural innovation with theoretical innovation. Adhering to integrating the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, both adhering to Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods, and deeply cultivating the Chinese cultural lineage and drawing on traditional wisdom, achieving a deep integration of the power of truth and the power of culture, can we continuously forge new brilliance in socialist culture.
We must adhere to a people-centered approach and uphold the fundamental stance of culture serving the people. The people are the main body of cultural development and the ultimate beneficiaries of cultural achievements. The history of more than a hundred years of cultural development has proved that only by taking root among the people and serving the people can culture have inexhaustible vitality; only by responding to the people’s spiritual expectations and meeting the cultural needs of the masses can the cultural cause forever maintain its vitality.
We must adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, promoting cultural inheritance and innovation. Only by upholding fundamental principles can we consolidate the foundation and cultivate the root, proceed steadily and reach far; only by innovation can we advance with the times and lead the future. For more than a hundred years, cultural development has always adhered to the unity of upholding fundamental principles and innovation: upholding the fundamental principles of Marxism, upholding the fundamental principles of the socialist direction, upholding the fundamental principles of fine traditional Chinese culture, upholding the fundamental principles of the red lineage of revolutionary culture; innovating in concepts, innovating in systems, innovating in carriers, and innovating in business forms. It is precisely within the process of innovating while upholding fundamental principles and upholding fundamental principles while innovating that the prosperous development of contemporary Chinese culture has come about.
We must adhere to value guidance and build a spiritually uplifting home. The core of culture is the pursuit of values, and the fundamental task of cultural development is to forge the soul and cultivate people. For more than a hundred years, the Party has always insisted on using advanced value concepts to guide social trends of thought and gather social consensus, and has always used mainstream values to shape social customs and cultivate new people of the era. Practice has proved that only by continuously strengthening value guidance and promoting healthy tendencies can we continuously consolidate the common ideological foundation for the unity and struggle of all the people, and gather the majestic spiritual strength to strive on the new journey.
We must keep the whole world in mind and promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. Chinese culture is both national and global. For more than a hundred years, the Party has always insisted on basing itself in China and facing the world, while adhering to its own cultural stance, actively absorbing and drawing on all excellent achievements of human civilization, and promoting global civilization dialogue. Self-confident and open, inclusive and mutually learning, surpassing civilizational estrangement through civilizational exchanges and surpassing civilizational conflict through civilizational mutual learning, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the progress of human civilization.
More than a hundred years of journey through wind and rain, culture carries the truth. The course of more than a hundred years has been magnificent, its achievements are shining in the annals of history, and its experience is extremely valuable. On the new journey of the new era, continuously advancing the building of a socialist cultural power cannot be separated from the solid foundation laid by history and the spirit and wisdom it provides.
(The author is the Dean and Professor of the Institute for CPC History and Party Building (中国人民大学中共党史党建研究院), Renmin University of China.)
Return to TopDare to struggle and be adept at struggle, always maintain the confidence of certain victory. Our Party upholds and carries forward the spirit of fearing no sacrifice and struggling valiantly, for the people, the country, the nation, for ideals and convictions, cutting through thorns and brambles (披荆斩棘 (pī jīng zhǎn jí - "cut through thorns and brambles," to overcome obstacles)), forging ahead with determination; no matter how powerful the enemy, how perilous the road, how severe the challenges, always unafraid, never retreating, and with a will of iron that, come wind or rain, stands firm as a mountain (岿然不动 (kuī rán bù dòng - "stand firm as a mountain," steadfast and unmovable), inspiring the entire nation to continuously march from victory to victory.
Return to TopBy: 田鹏颖
General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition that “the essence of modernization is the modernization of the people” profoundly reveals the foundational, fundamental, and prerequisite status of the modernization of the people within Chinese-style modernization, establishing for Chinese-style modernization its basic stance, fundamental force, development direction, and path choice. In-depth study and elucidation of this important exposition hold significant theoretical and practical importance for our profound understanding of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important exposition on Chinese-style modernization, for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-style modernization, and for developing a new form of human civilization.
Chinese-style modernization is grounded in the Marxist theory of the all-round development of the human person.
Marx and Engels put forward many famous theses on human development, among which the concept of “the all-round development of the human person” possesses the greatest historical influence and contemporary appeal. The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 proposed that communism is the means by which man, in a comprehensive manner, as a complete human being, appropriates his own comprehensive essence. The German Ideology proposed that for communists, free activity is the creative expression of life arising from the free development of comprehensive abilities of the “complete subject.” The Communist Manifesto further summarized human development, stating that the free and all-round development of each individual is the basic principle of communism and the fundamental pursuit of human society, being “the condition for the free development of all.” The Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858 further proposed that “the all-roundness of the individual is not an imagined or conceived all-roundness, but rather the all-roundness of his real relations and conceptual relations. From this follows his comprehension of his own history as a process.”
From examining concepts such as the free and all-round development of the human person and the historical processual nature of that development, it is not difficult to find that the classical Marxist writers had long provided the worldview and methodology concerning the stance, principles, goals, and direction for the modernization of the people. Precisely based on upholding the fundamentals and breaking new ground (守正创新, shǒu zhèng chuàng xīn - “uphold the fundamentals and create the new,” to maintain core principles while innovating) regarding the Marxist theory of the all-round development of the human person, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed that “the ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and all-round development of the human person.” The all-round development of the human person is a longer-term historical process and a more distant future goal, while the modernization of the people is an important condition and necessary stage for the all-round development of the human person. The process of realizing the modernization of the people is, in essence, the process of realizing the all-round development of the human person. The free and all-round development of the human person is the fundamental purpose and value orientation of the modernization of the people; the two shape each other and evolve together. General Secretary Xi Jinping, grounded in the practice of Chinese-style modernization in the new era, has placed the modernization of the people at the core of Chinese-style modernization, making the realization of the people’s aspiration for a better life the starting point and落脚点 (luò jiǎo diǎn - “point of landing,” ultimate objective) of modernization, ensuring that modernization always unfolds around “the free and all-round development of the human person” — this is the reasoning behind it.
In the historical process of human modernization, Western capitalism was the first to embark on modernization. However, modernization dominated by the logic of capital has created and remains unable to eliminate the fundamental opposition between “capital proliferation” and “human development.” All inventions and progress seem to result in material forces becoming intelligent life, while human life is reduced to obtuse material force. Chinese-style modernization, on the other hand, takes the modernization of the people as both its driving force and its purpose, fundamentally avoiding the historical awkwardness of “real individuals” becoming “one-dimensional persons.” In fact, whether a path of modernization can ultimately succeed and remain stable depends critically on whether it adheres to a people-centered approach. This is by no means an abstract or esoteric concept, nor does it remain merely in rhetoric or停留在 (tíng liú zài - “stop at,” be confined to) the realm of thought; rather, it has been embodied in all segments, aspects, and fields of economic and social development, truly upholding the principal position of the people, responding to the people’s aspiration for a better life, constantly realizing, safeguarding, and developing the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people, and ensuring that Chinese-style modernization consistently takes “modernization of the people” as the guiding direction of its development.
Chinese-style modernization embodies the lofty realm of putting the people above all else.
Distinctly different from the old paths of Western capital-centered modernization, polarized modernization, materialistic expansion modernization, and externally expansionary modernization, Chinese-style modernization has broken the myth that “modernization equals Westernization.” Its core lies in the fact that Chinese-style modernization is a people-centered modernization.
Among the Chinese characteristics of Chinese-style modernization — modernization with a huge population scale, modernization of common prosperity for all, modernization of material and spiritual civilization in harmony, modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and modernization along a path of peaceful development — each one manifests the people-centered development philosophy upheld by Chinese-style modernization. Among the essential requirements of Chinese-style modernization — upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China, upholding socialism with Chinese characteristics, achieving high-quality development, developing whole-process people‘s democracy, enriching the people’s spiritual world, achieving common prosperity for all, promoting harmonious coexistence between man and nature, promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and creating a new form of human civilization — each one embodies the worldview and methodology of putting the people above all else adhered to by Chinese-style modernization.
The needs of the people are the fundamental driving force of Chinese-style modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The people are the creators of history and the most solid foundation and deepest strength for advancing modernization.” Entering the new era, the principal contradiction in society has transformed, and the needs of the people have tended towards comprehensiveness. They not only raise higher requirements for material and cultural life but also have growing demands in areas such as democracy, the rule of law, fairness, justice, security, and the environment. The people increasingly yearn for a comfortable, healthy, safe, happy, and harmonious better life. Only by transforming the people’s fervent expectations for a better life into reality and continuously meeting the diverse, multi-tiered, and multifaceted needs of the people can the people’s sense of gain be fuller, their sense of happiness more sustainable, and their sense of security more assured.
The modernization of the people is the fundamental driving force of Chinese-style modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Political parties should anchor themselves to the people’s aspiration for a better life, respond to the people’s desire for the progress of civilization, and strive to achieve material abundance, political clarity, spiritual enrichment, social stability, and ecological livability, so that modernization can better respond to the people’s demands in various aspects and multi-tiered needs.” The people‘s pursuit of escaping poverty, improving living conditions, and sharing the fruits of development constantly drives the improvement of people’s living and development conditions; the people‘s pursuit of being masters of the country, fairness and justice, and orderly participation constantly drives the safeguarding of the people’s principal position and the broadening of channels for their political participation; the people‘s pursuit of spiritual enrichment, cultural creation, and personality development constantly drives the satisfaction of the people‘s spiritual and cultural needs and the enhancement of their cultural creativity and quality of spiritual life; the people’s pursuit of social stability, public services, and development guarantees constantly drives the improvement of the social security, public service, and social governance systems; the people‘s pursuit of an ecologically livable environment, a healthy life, and sustainable development constantly drives the creation of a more livable living environment.
The all-round development of the human person is the fundamental criterion for testing Chinese-style modernization. Judging whether a society has achieved modernization cannot rely solely on economic aggregates, technological levels, or material indicators; more importantly, one must look at the degree of development of “human” modernization. People are both the subjects of modernization construction and the purpose of modernization construction. Only when the subjective capabilities of the people are continuously enhanced can they better assume the mission of modernization construction; only when the all-round development of the human person is continuously realized can the value of modernization be truly reflected. To test the effectiveness of Chinese-style modernization, fundamentally one must see whether the people have formed modern value concepts such as democracy, freedom, equality, and the rule of law; whether they possess the ability to participate in modern economic, political, cultural, and social activities; and whether they can adapt to the profound transformations in modern modes of existence, development, thinking, communication, and emotion. The all-round development of actual, concrete human beings constitutes the fundamental measure of Chinese-style modernization.
Chinese-style modernization is the process of realizing the all-round development of the human person.
In the vision of contemporary Chinese Marxism and Marxism in the twenty-first century, Chinese-style modernization insists on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people. The modernization of the people is both an important component of Chinese-style modernization and the driving force, core, and purpose of Chinese-style modernization. The two are unified in the great practice of Chinese-style modernization.
The modernization of the people is realized in the modernization of a huge population scale. The overall entry of our country’s more than 1.4 billion people into modern society surpasses the total population of existing developed countries. This has never happened in human history; there is no ready-made experience to draw upon, nor is there any fixed model to copy. To advance the modernization of the people, we must persist in upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, both following the general laws of world modernization development and conforming to our country's actual development conditions, insisting on integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, choosing our own development path and promotion methods, and firmly holding the destiny of the nation’s development and progress firmly in the hands of the Chinese people themselves.
The modernization of the people is realized in the modernization of common prosperity for all. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-style modernization. Common prosperity means the prosperity of all the people, the prosperity of both the material and spiritual life of the people; it is not the prosperity of a few, nor is it uniform egalitarianism. We cannot afford to wait for achieving common prosperity, nor can we rush it. To advance the modernization of the people, we must persist in doing our best within our capabilities, proceeding step by step (循序渐进, xún xù jiàn jìn - “follow the order and gradually advance,” to progress step by step in due order), and persevering for lasting success (久久为功, jiǔ jiǔ wéi gōng - “persist for a long time to achieve success,” to make unremitting efforts over time), preventing falling into the “middle-income trap” or the “welfarist trap.” We must improve the institutional mechanisms for maintaining social fairness and justice, smooth the channels for upward social mobility, and enable everyone to share the opportunity to shine in life.
The modernization of the people is realized in the modernization of coordinated development of material and spiritual civilization. Material poverty is not socialism, nor is spiritual impoverishment socialism. To advance the modernization of the people, we must not only create abundant material wealth through high-quality economic development but also produce more and better spiritual products, cultivate and practice the core socialist values, raise the level of social civility, and enrich the spiritual world of the people. This is both an inherent requirement (题中之义, tí zhōng zhī yì - “the meaning inherent in the topic,” an essential element) of promoting the all-round development of the human person and the spiritual force for realizing it.
The modernization of the people is realized in the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Man and nature form a community of life; man is a part of nature. We must respect nature, conform to nature, and protect nature, continuously consolidating the foundation for human survival and development. In the historical process of the modernization of human society, people’s ability to transform nature has continuously increased, but at the same time, it has also caused acute contradictions between man and nature. To advance the modernization of the people, we must integrate ecological civilization construction into all segments and the entire process of economic, political, cultural, and social construction, focusing on establishing ecological concepts, improving ecological mechanisms, maintaining ecological security, and optimizing the ecological environment, forming a spatial structure, industrial structure, mode of production, and lifestyle that conserve resources and protect the environment.
The modernization of the people is realized in the modernization of peaceful development. The modernization of the people and the all-round development of the human person are closely related to the actual conditions of the country and closely linked to the general trends of world development. To advance the modernization of the people, we must continue to hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit, seek our own development in the process of firmly safeguarding world peace and development, and at the same time, better safeguard world peace and development through our own higher-level development, realizing the all-round development of the human person on the path of peaceful development.
Return to TopBy: 全国政协副主席兼秘书长 王东峰
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is a great achievement of the Communist Party of China in integrating Marxism-Leninism's theory of the united front, theory of political parties, and theory of democratic politics with China's specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture. It is a great creation by the Communist Party of China, leading all democratic parties, individuals without party affiliation, people's organizations, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors of society in the political system. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, "Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the CPPCC has always adhered to the two major themes of unity and democracy, served the central tasks of the Party and the state, and has done a great deal of fruitful work and played a very important role in every historical period." The work of the CPPCC is rich in content and covers a wide range of areas, consistently permeated by the two major themes of unity and democracy. These two themes are the 棋眼 (qí yǎn - "eye of the chessboard," the critical point) for understanding the major theoretical and practical questions of what the CPPCC "is," "does," and "how it does it." It is necessary to profoundly grasp the great significance of the CPPCC's adherence to the two major themes of unity and democracy, closely focus on the central tasks in performing duties and responsibilities, strengthen the support guarantees for performing duties, and widely gather hearts and strength for advancing Chinese-style modernization.
Adhere to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy, and profoundly grasp the great significance of the CPPCC's adherence to the two major themes of unity and democracy
General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "Unity is a powerful force for overcoming all difficulties and an important guarantee for rallying hearts and accomplishing great undertakings," and "People's democracy is the lifeblood of socialism." Unity and democracy, as the two major themes of the CPPCC, profoundly reveal the historical basis for the CPPCC's emergence, existence, and development, and fully demonstrate the distinctive Chinese characteristics and significant political advantages of the CPPCC.
Adherence to unity and democracy is a consistent and clear theme throughout the CPPCC's development process. The history of the CPPCC's development is a history of enhancing unity and promoting democracy. In September 1949, the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was convened, marking the complete organizational formation of the patriotic united front and the great unity of the entire Chinese people, and marking the formal establishment of the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The session represented the will of the people of all ethnic groups across the country, exercised the powers of the National People's Congress, and proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China. After the First Session of the First National People's Congress was held in 1954, the CPPCC no longer exercised the powers of the National People's Congress but continued to play an important role as an organ of multi-party cooperation and political consultation and as a united front organization. After reform and opening up, unity and democracy became clearer and were further defined as the themes of the CPPCC. Deng Xiaoping emphasized, "The CPPCC is an important organization for consolidating and expanding our country's revolutionary patriotic united front, and it is also an important form for promoting socialist democracy and implementing mutual supervision within our political system." Since the 18th National Congress of the Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping has incorporated adherence to the two major themes of unity and democracy into the overall requirements for strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC in the new era, and creatively put forward major theses such as "adhering to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy" and "ensuring the mutual reinforcement of promoting democracy and enhancing unity, and the two-way exertion of offering suggestions for governance and building consensus," demonstrating through original theoretical contributions a new height in our Party's understanding of the two major themes of unity and democracy. The more than 70-year history of the CPPCC shows that adhering to unity and democracy under the leadership of the Communist Party of China is an inevitable requirement for the CPPCC to fulfill its original aspiration and mission, and also an inevitable requirement for adapting to the missions and tasks of different historical periods and maintaining enduring vitality.
Adherence to unity and democracy is a concentrated embodiment of the nature of the CPPCC. The Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference stipulates that the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is an organization of the patriotic united front of the Chinese people, an important organ for multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, an important form for promoting socialist democracy and practicing whole-process people's democracy in China's political life, an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, an important component of the national governance system, and an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. This positioning of its nature profoundly reveals that the CPPCC is an important vehicle for implementing unity and democracy, and intrinsically stipulates that all work of the CPPCC must be planned and advanced closely around unity and democracy under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. As a united front organization, the CPPCC brings together representatives from the Communist Party of China, all democratic parties and individuals without party affiliation, major people's organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions, and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese, possessing broad representativeness in organizational terms and enormous inclusiveness in political terms. As an important organ for multi-party cooperation and political consultation, the CPPCC is a political organization in which all democratic parties participate and can conduct activities in their own name, which is conducive to consolidating and developing a lively, stable, and united political situation. As an important form of realization of people's democracy and as an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC builds broad, multi-tiered, and institutionalized consultative platforms, unblocks channels for the orderly political participation and interest expression of all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors, which is conducive to widely absorbing opinions from all sides, gathering wisdom from all sources, and seeking good strategies, thereby promoting scientific and democratic decision-making by the Party and the government.
Adherence to unity and democracy is an inescapable mission of the times for the CPPCC on the new journey. At present, changes of the world, times, and history are continuously extending in breadth and depth, and the tasks of reform, development, and stability in our country are unprecedentedly arduous and heavy, urgently requiring the gathering of hearts and strength to continuously consolidate the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups across the country and strengthen the great unity of the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation at home and abroad. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "It is hoped that the CPPCC will carry forward its fine traditions, bear in mind its political responsibilities, adhere to the organic integration of Party leadership, the united front, and consultative democracy, give full play to the role of the specialized consultative body, and widely gather hearts, gather consensus, gather wisdom, and gather strength for advancing Chinese-style modernization." These "four gathers" not only set new and higher requirements for the CPPCC's adherence to the two major themes of unity and democracy, but also require the CPPCC to implement them through continuously strengthening unity and extensively promoting democracy. The CPPCCC must embody the two major themes of unity and democracy in all aspects and throughout the entire process of its work, adhere to great unity and great alliance, improve the working mechanisms for the united front to play its political role of gathering hearts and pooling strength, and endow all duty performance work with the significance of increasing consensus, promoting unity, and consolidating strength; adhere to promoting socialist democracy, effectively organize all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors to serve and assist Chinese-style modernization through high-level consultation and suggestions.
Ensure the mutual reinforcement of promoting democracy and enhancing unity, and closely focus on the central tasks of the Party and the state in performing duties and responsibilities
Unity and democracy in the CPPCC are mutually connected, complementary, and inseparable. Only by achieving close unity will there be a stronger foundation for developing democracy; only by promoting extensive democracy will there be greater strength for strengthening unity. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC adheres to the mutual reinforcement of promoting democracy and enhancing unity, the two-way exertion of offering suggestions for governance and building consensus, adheres to developing through inheritance and innovating through development, and focuses on serving the central tasks of the Party and the state by widely gathering hearts and strength.
Adhere to using the Party's innovative theories to educate and guide all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors, achieving political unity and cooperation, common ideological progress, and concerted action. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that the CPPCC "must strengthen theoretical armament, correctly handle the relationship between unity and diversity, seek common ground while reserving differences, gather commonalities and resolve differences, and promote the further realization of political unity and cooperation, common ideological progress, and concerted action among all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors." Since its establishment, the CPPCC has regarded organizing and promoting theoretical study among CPPCC members and people from all walks of life as an important foundational and routine task. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC unremittingly uses Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era to solidify the soul, guiding the vast number of CPPCC members to truly learn, truly understand, truly believe, and truly apply, continuously consolidating the common ideological and political foundation for united struggle. First, focusing on studying, implementing, deepening, internalizing, and transforming Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, guiding all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors to continuously enhance political identity, ideological identity, theoretical identity, and emotional identity. Relying on 11 study discussion groups for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, online thematic study groups for members' reading, and study seminars for members, the CPPCC National Committee organizes regular and institutionalized study for CPPCC members nationwide, striving to grasp the principles, theories, and philosophies contained therein, and to feel the truth power and practical power of the Party's innovative theories. Aiming to promote study through research and combine study with research, theoretical seminars are held to exchange study experiences and research results, and research is conducted on major topics, yielding a batch of high-quality theoretical results. Second, deeply study and thoroughly understand General Secretary Xi Jinping's important thought on strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC, guiding all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors to unswervingly follow the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics. On September 20, 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the meeting celebrating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and delivered an important speech, summarizing the main content of Xi Jinping's important thought on strengthening and improving the work of the CPPCC with "ten adherences," namely: adhere to the overall leadership of the Communist Party of China over the CPPCC; adhere to the nature positioning of the CPPCC; adhere to giving play to the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body; adhere to and improve China's socialist new-type party system; adhere to great unity and great alliance; adhere to taking strengthening ideological and political guidance and broadly building consensus as the central link; adhere to focusing on the central tasks of the Party and the state in performing duties and responsibilities; adhere to the CPPCC serving the people; adhere to strengthening members' sense of responsibility and mission; adhere to promoting the building of performance capability with a spirit of reform and innovation. These "ten adherences" profoundly clarify a series of directional, overall, and strategic major issues such as the fundamental guarantee, principles of duty performance, value orientation, theme and purpose, and methods and means for doing a good job in CPPCC work, achieving systematic integration and innovative development of the Party's theory on the CPPCC, and serving as the fundamental guideline for doing a good job in CPPCC work on the new journey of the new era. The CPPCC National Committee regards studying and implementing this important thought as an important political task, organizing CPPCC members to carry out various forms of study and discussion activities. Third, adhere to correctly handling the relationship between unity and diversity, embedding ideological and political guidance throughout the entire learning process, and assisting in consolidating and developing a lively, stable, and united political situation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "The CPPCC must give play to the function of the united front organization, adhere to great unity and great alliance, adhere to the unity of unity and diversity, continuously consolidate the common ideological and political foundation, strengthen ideological and political guidance, and broadly build consensus"; "Unity means unity on the common ideological and political foundation, diversity reflects diverse interests and thoughts"; "The key to correctly handling the relationship between unity and diversity is to adhere to seeking common ground while reserving differences. On one hand, it is necessary to continuously consolidate the common ideological and political foundation, including consolidating existing consensus and promoting the formation of new consensus – this is the foundation and premise. On the other hand, it is necessary to fully promote democracy, respect and tolerate differences." The fundamental interests and goals of all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors participating in the CPPCC are consistent, but CPPCC members come from all walks of life and have different perspectives on some issues. Such organizational characteristics determine that the theoretical armament work of the CPPCC has its own characteristics, and it must be skilled in doing people's ideological work, especially the work of winning people over, both respecting and tolerating different opinions and strengthening ideological and political guidance, seeking unity within respect for diversity. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC embeds ideological and political guidance into various duty performance activities such as inspection tours, investigations and research, consultation and deliberation, heart-to-heart exchanges, and united front fellowship, guiding the vast number of CPPCC members to do more work in publicizing policies and clarifying doubts, to add more momentum for united struggle and common development, and to unite more people around the Communist Party of China.
Adhere to closely focusing on promoting Chinese-style modernization in offering suggestions and deliberating on affairs, serving scientific decision-making and effective policy implementation by the Party and the government. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that the CPPCC must "focus on key, difficult, and hot issues in advancing Chinese-style modernization, further comprehensively deepening reforms, promoting high-quality development, and maintaining social harmony and stability, and deeply advance consultation and deliberation"; "Must closely focus on the central tasks of the Party and the state, focus on the formulation and implementation of the '15th Five-Year Plan' to deeply deliberate and offer suggestions, actively provide advice and proposals, and carry out democratic supervision, so as to widely gather hearts, gather consensus, gather wisdom, and gather strength for advancing Chinese-style modernization." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC earnestly implements General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, consciously focuses on the central overall situation in performing functions, actively offers suggestions and proposals, and strives to ensure that wherever the central tasks of the Party and the state advance, the CPPCC will gather its wisdom and strength there. First, deeply deliberate and consult on major issues of economic and social development. The CPPCC National Committee organizes the vast number of CPPCC members to conduct in-depth investigation and research and deep consultation and deliberation on key and difficult issues related to promoting high-quality development, deepening reform and opening up, and ensuring and improving people's livelihoods. Comprehensive use is made of methods such as proposals, information on social conditions and public opinion, inspection tours and investigations, and consultation meetings to strive to offer sincere words, devise good strategies, and come up with practical measures. A large number of outcomes from consultation and suggestions have been transformed into policy measures to promote high-quality development, reflected in relevant development plans, laws, regulations, and institutional documents of the Party and the state. Second, focus on major strategic and forward-looking issues by carrying out special research. The CPPCC has a wealth of talent and a concentration of intelligence, offering advantages in conducting strategic research and serving scientific decision-making. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has established a special research system, led by members of the Chairman's Meeting, organized across special committees and sectors around major strategic and forward-looking issues, with over 100 special research projects already carried out, yielding a batch of high-quality research reports. Third, leverage the advantages of consultative supervision to boost the implementation of the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments. The democratic supervision of the CPPCC is consultative supervision, which is non-mandatory; its role is not to have the final say but to be correct in what it says. During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, with approval from the Party Central Committee, the CPPCC National Committee, with ten special committees as implementation bodies, organized the vast number of CPPCC members to continuously carry out democratic supervision over five years, selecting different focal points each year around ten key tasks in the "14th Five-Year Plan." Fourth, reflect information on social conditions and public opinion concerning key issues requiring attention in reform, development, and stability. The work of reflecting information on social conditions and public opinion in the CPPCC is an important part of the Party's information work, an important channel for assisting the Party Central Committee in understanding and grasping situations, making scientific and democratic decisions, and broadly connecting with the masses. The General Office of the CPPCC National Committee has 99 information reporting units, including all special committees of the CPPCC National Committee, central committees of democratic parties, and local CPPCC committees. Most CPPCC members and members of democratic parties are on the front lines, understanding actual conditions, able to reflect vivid first-hand information, playing an important role in participating in and deliberating on state affairs.
Adhere to great unity and great alliance, and draw the largest concentric circle for building a strong country and national rejuvenation. The CPPCC was born for unity, exists by unity, and thrives on unity. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "To do a good job in CPPCC work, it is necessary to adhere to great unity and great alliance. Great unity and great alliance are the essential requirements of the united front and an important characteristic of the CPPCC organization"; "The CPPCC must improve the working mechanisms for the united front to play its political role of gathering hearts and pooling strength, and do more work to strengthen confidence, gather public support, warm people's hearts, and build consensus." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC innovatively carries out ideas, methods, institutional mechanisms, and platform carriers for united front work, expands the breadth and depth of united front fellowship, and assists in developing the broadest patriotic united front. First, demonstrate the advantages of China's socialist new-type party system through cooperation and joint work. The CPPCC is an important political form and organizational form for implementing China's new-type party system. As early as 1954, Mao Zedong pointed out that the CPPCC "is party-natured; its members are mainly representatives nominated by parties and groups." In the CPPCC, non-Party representatives such as democratic parties and individuals without party affiliation occupy a relatively large proportion: at the time of re-election, members are no less than 60%, and standing committee members no less than 65%; in the leadership teams of CPPCC committees at all levels, vice chairpersons are no less than 50% (excluding ethnic autonomous areas). The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC earnestly implements the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments on adhering to, developing well, and perfecting China's new-type party system, further improves institutional mechanisms, and better serves to ensure the role of democratic party members and individuals without party affiliation participating in the CPPCC. For example, regarding proposals: the Proposal Committee of the CPPCC National Committee holds an annual briefing on the proposal work of the central committees of democratic parties; in the selection and supervision of key proposals, importance is attached to proposals submitted by democratic parties in their own name, ensuring that each democratic party has key proposals selected; regarding conference speeches: it has become an institutional arrangement for the central committees of democratic parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce to deliver speeches at the plenary session in the name of their party or group, ensuring that during the term, representatives from all 34 sectors participating in the CPPCC have the opportunity to make oral speeches at the plenary session; etc. Second, gather hearts and pool strength through united front fellowship. Doing a good job in united front fellowship is an important part of the CPPCC's function as a united front organization. Regarding work on ethnic groups and religions: China's 55 ethnic minorities and five major religions all have representatives serving as CPPCC members nationwide; the CPPCC has unique advantages and conditions in promoting ethnic unity and religious harmony. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC continuously carries out the "Members Promote Three Communications" series of activities, closely focusing on promoting the Sinicization of China's religions in performing duties and responsibilities. Regarding work on Hong Kong and Macao: Hong Kong and Macao members are not only an important force in participating in Chinese-style modernization under the institutional advantages of "one country, two systems," but also bridges connecting the mainland with Hong Kong and Macao, capable of playing a "dual positive role" in the mainland and in Hong Kong and Macao. Hong Kong and Macao members conduct in-depth research and actively offer suggestions on issues such as promoting better integration of young people from Hong Kong and Macao into the national development landscape, and strengthening the convergence and mechanism docking of rules in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, making positive contributions to consolidating and strengthening the forces that love the country, love Hong Kong, and love Macao. Third, in serving the people, understand the people's conditions, resolve their concerns, and warm their hearts. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that the CPPCC must "strengthen the construction of mechanisms for reflecting social conditions and public opinion, connecting with the masses, and serving the people, do more work to understand the people's conditions, resolve their concerns, and warm their hearts, and be a good propagandist of Party policies, defender of the interests of the masses, and promoter of social harmony." CPPCC members come from the people, are rooted in their sectors, and connecting with the masses and serving the people is a fine tradition of the CPPCC. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC innovatively carries out the "Service for the People" activity for members' duty performance, encouraging members to go deep into the grassroots and the masses, and through donations to support education, assisting the disabled and the weak, science popularization, legal aid, project support, etc., help solve the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the masses, embodying the concept of "the CPPCC serves the people" through practical actions, making the people truly feel that the CPPCC is very close to them and that CPPCC members are right by their side. Fourth, in friendly exchanges with foreign countries, tell the story of China and the story of Chinese people's democracy well. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that the CPPCC must "hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation, and win-win, follow the overall deployment of the country's foreign work, strengthen friendly exchanges with people of all countries, political organizations, media, think tanks, etc., and make positive contributions to the noble cause of promoting human peace and development." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC adheres to focusing on the overall foreign work agenda of the Party and the state, carries out friendly exchanges with foreign countries based on the CPPCC's own characteristics, promotes Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, tells the world the story of China and the story of Chinese people's democracy, and assists in creating an international environment favorable to us. Actively serve head-of-state diplomacy, coordinate the advancement of public diplomacy, people-to-people diplomacy, and think tank diplomacy, deepen exchanges with foreign think tanks, non-governmental organizations, and people from all walks of life, establish the 14th CPPCC National Committee China-Africa Friendship Group and the CPPCC National Committee China-Cambodia Friendship Group; support the China Committee on Religion and Peace in hosting international seminars, participating in relevant activities of the World Conference of Religions for Peace and the Asian Conference on Religion and Peace; support and guide the China Council for the Promotion of International Economic and Social Affairs in hosting the China Economic and Social Forum, the China-Africa Economic and Social Council Roundtable, the China-Europe Roundtable, etc.
Adhere to practicing the concept of whole-process people's democracy, and promote the extensive, multi-tiered, and institutionalized development of consultative democracy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "The CPPCC promotes extensive unity through consultation, advances multi-party cooperation, and practices people's democracy in consultation, both inheriting historical traditions and reflecting the characteristics of the times, fully embodying the features and advantages of China's socialist democracy, which emphasizes consulting on matters, consulting when encountering matters, and consulting when doing things." As an important channel and specialized consultative body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC is an institutional arrangement with Chinese characteristics. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC practices the concept of whole-process people's democracy, implements the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, adheres to consulting before decision-making and during decision implementation, advances the construction of consultative democracy in the CPPCC, and strives to produce methods, consensus, feelings, and unity through consultation. First, enrich consultation forms to unblock channels for democratic participation. Through long-term exploration and development, the CPPCC National Committee has formed a broad, multi-tiered, and diverse consultative and deliberative pattern. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC adheres to integrity and innovation, further improves various consultation forms, and promotes the more flexible, more regular, and more effective conduct of consultation activities. In addition to plenary sessions, there are mainly ten consultation forms, including: special consultative standing committee meetings, special consultation meetings, bi-weekly consultation discussion meetings, remote consultation meetings, expert consultation meetings, sector consultation meetings, counterpart consultation meetings, proposal handling consultation meetings, briefings on key concerns, and macroeconomic situation analysis discussion meetings, providing rich consultation platforms and carriers for all parties, groups, and people from all ethnic groups and sectors participating in the CPPCC. Second, implement the requirements of consulting with and for the people to safeguard the people's democratic rights and legitimate interests. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "The CPPCC must take continuously meeting the people's needs for a better life and promoting the improvement of people's livelihoods as important focal points, listen to the voices of the masses, reflect the wishes of the masses, grasp practical problems in the field of people's livelihood and do a good job, and assist the Party and the government in enhancing the well-being of the people." Adhering to consulting with and for the people is not only an inherent requirement of developing socialist consultative democracy, but also a value stance that must be followed in the work of the CPPCC. The process of the CPPCC conducting consultation around the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the masses is the process of promoting the resolution of the most direct and realistic interests of the masses that they care about most. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC takes assisting in ensuring and improving people's livelihoods and enhancing the well-being of the masses as a key focus of duty performance, conducting consultation and offering suggestions around practical matters of people's livelihood that the masses care about, such as advancing comprehensive rural revitalization and the employment of college graduates, and putting forward many valuable opinions and suggestions. Third, deepen the practice of CPPCC consultative democracy by improving consultation system mechanisms. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "According to the requirements of being scientific and reasonable, standardized and orderly, simple and feasible, and democratic and centralized, properly formulate consultation plans, clarify consultation content, determine consultation participants, and carry out consultation activities." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC, aiming to better leverage the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body, focuses on improving consultation system norms, formulating and revising a series of institutional documents such as the working rules for CPPCC consultation, the working rules for counterpart consultation, and the working rules for sector consultation, systematically standardizing the frequency, topics, procedures, etc., of various consultation activities across the entire process, promoting the matching of consultation forms with consultation content and the unification of consultation procedures with consultation efficiency, and better demonstrating the advantages and role of CPPCC consultative democracy. Fourth, demonstrate the effectiveness of consultative democracy by strengthening the transformation and application of consultation outcomes. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "Improve the mechanism for the adoption, implementation, and feedback of consultation outcomes." Ensuring the transformation of outcomes after consultation is the "second half of the article" that must be well written to enhance the effectiveness of consultative democracy. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC further standardizes various links such as the transformation, submission, adoption, implementation, and feedback of consultation outcomes, establishing and improving a three-dimensional, multi-tiered system for the transformation and application of consultation outcomes: daily reflection of proposals and information on social conditions and public opinion; comprehensive reflection through meeting reports, research reports, and work reports; concentrated reflection through conference speeches and meeting briefs and quick reports; and responsive reflection through reply letters and inquiries. Improve the consultation outcome transformation mechanism, integrating the collection of members' opinions and suggestions throughout the entire process of consultation activities. Expand channels for submitting consultation outcomes, create 政协调研 (zhèng xié diào yán - "CPPCC Research"), and coordinate the transformation of outcomes from proposals, research, heart-to-heart exchanges, consultation and deliberation, and conference speeches. Do a good job in communicating and reporting back on the adoption and implementation of consultation outcomes; after receiving feedback from relevant departments, the General Office of the CPPCC National Committee promptly reports back to the relevant special committees and CPPCC members on the adoption and implementation of consultation outcomes.
Adhere to strengthening the construction of the Party in the CPPCC and the building of performance capabilities, providing a strong guarantee for promoting democracy and enhancing unity
Since the new era, the CPPCC National Committee has adhered to leading its own construction through Party building, strengthening politics, carrying the team forward, grasping the foundation, and promoting duty performance, better leveraging the leadership role of the CPPCC Party Leadership Group, the fighting fortress role of grassroots Party organizations, and the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, and better leveraging the main role of members, the foundational role of special committees, the characteristic role of sectors, and the service guarantee role of the organs.
Adhere to the overall leadership of the Communist Party of China over the CPPCC and the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, ensuring the correct political direction. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the common choice of all Chinese people, including all democratic parties, groups, ethnic groups, classes, and sectors; it was the original aspiration when the CPPCC was established; and it is the fundamental guarantee for the development and progress of the CPPCC's cause"; "The leadership of the Party must be implemented throughout all work of the CPPCC, and all requirements of the Party Central Committee regarding CPPCC work must be effectively implemented." The stronger and more robust the Party's leadership, the broader and more effective the unity and democracy of the CPPCC, and the more fully its advantageous role in the overall development of the Party and the state's cause can be manifested. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC has always adhered to taking the Party's political construction as the guide to comprehensively advance all aspects of Party building in the CPPCC, implementing adherence to Party leadership in specific work and reflecting it in actual results. First, improve the institutional mechanisms for implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions and directives and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee. Establish and adhere to the "first agenda item" system, promptly conveying, studying, and implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping's latest important speeches, important instructions and directives, and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee at important regular meetings of the CPPCC National Committee. Establish and improve a normalized and long-term mechanism for implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instructions and directives and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, ensuring that implementation is in place and achieves tangible results. Second, strictly implement the system of reporting on major issues. In accordance with the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Reporting Major Issues, annually formulate a list of matters for which the CPPCC National Committee Party Leadership Group and the Organ Party Leadership Group report to the Party Central Committee, clearly specifying the responsible unit and completion deadline for each item, ensuring that CPPCC duty performance is always carried out under the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. Third, strengthen the construction of the Party in the CPPCC. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "The construction of the Party in the CPPCC system must be strengthened." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC Party Leadership Group attaches great importance to strengthening the construction of the Party in the CPPCC, earnestly studying and implementing Xi Jinping's thought on Party building, successively convening a forum on the construction of the Party in the CPPCC, establishing a leading group for CPPCC Party building, formulating the CPPCC Party building work plan (2024–2027) and the CPPCC National Committee Party Leadership Group's implementation opinions on improving the CPPCC's comprehensive strict governance of the Party system, improving the work mechanism of the Party building leading group and the inspection leading group, consolidating the responsibility chain for Party governance and management, strengthening leadership over the sub-party groups of special committees, conducting special inspections on the sub-party groups of each special committee, with full coverage to be achieved this year. Establish a system for Party members of the CPPCC leadership to conduct heart-to-heart exchanges with non-Party members, and for Party member members to contact non-Party members, promoting the full coverage of Party organizations over Party member members and the full coverage of Party work over CPPCC members.
Focus on leveraging the characteristic role of sectors and the main role of members to improve the quality and efficiency of CPPCC duty performance. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "Building a contingent of CPPCC members who understand the CPPCC, are good at consultation, and skilled in deliberating on affairs, who observe discipline, abide by rules, and value conduct, is an important guarantee for high-quality CPPCC duty performance." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC implements the deployments of the Party Central Committee, improves the mechanism for sector activities, strengthens the construction of the member contingent, and guides members to better fulfill their duties for the country and shoulder responsibilities for the people. First, leverage the characteristic role of sectors. Sectors are a distinctive feature and unique advantage of the CPPCC organization. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC takes multiple measures to promote more active and orderly sector activities. In 2025, the CPPCC National Committee held 20 sector member discussion meetings. Conduct basic theoretical research on CPPCC sectors, formulate and implement measures for the work of CPPCC National Committee vice chairpersons in connecting with special committees, sectors, and members, opinions on leveraging the role of CPPCC National Committee sectors, and opinions on improving the institutional mechanisms for members to connect with people from their sectors, providing institutional basis for sector activities. Second, leverage the main role of members. The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC adheres to placing equal emphasis on service and management, combining positive incentives with disciplinary constraints, guiding members to cherish their political identity, temper their political character, improve their political ability, and consciously engage in the concrete practice of gathering hearts and strength, decision-making consultation, consultative democracy, and national governance on the front line. Enrich the forms of duty performance. Specify 30 forms of duty performance for CPPCC members nationwide, including learning and training, inspection tours and research, consultation and deliberation, offering suggestions for governance, building consensus, and foreign exchanges, so that members have organizational support, communication channels, and platforms for duty performance. Stimulate the motivation for duty performance. Formulate opinions on high-quality service for CPPCC members nationwide and building a home for CPPCC members, improve member liaison institutions, help members solve practical problems; revise the interim measures for the selection and commendation of the "Outstanding Duty Performance Award" for CPPCC members nationwide. Strictly enforce disciplinary constraints. Adhere to strict education, strict requirements, strict management, and strict supervision, promote the exemplary and leading role of Party member standing committee members and members in CPPCC duty performance; formulate the CPPCC National Committee's provisions on handling CPPCC members who violate the CPPCC Charter, and promptly handle members who violate laws or discipline.
Improve the work system and mechanisms of the CPPCC, and enhance the level of institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of duty performance. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized, "Give play to the role of the CPPCC as a specialized consultative body, strengthen functional construction such as institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization," and "actively improve the work systems and mechanisms of the CPPCC." The 14th National Committee of the CPPCC advances the "establishment, revision, and abolition" of systems, combining the improvement of systems with strict implementation, and effectively strengthens the institutional guarantee for CPPCC duty performance. First, establish and improve work systems. Formulate and revise 45 work systems at the level of the CPPCC National Committee and 136 work systems at the level of the General Office, promoting the existence of rules, systems, and regulations for CPPCC duty performance. Second, strictly implement systems. Implement a system responsibility system, clarify the responsible entities, and incorporate the implementation of systems into performance evaluation. Conduct special supervision and inspection on the implementation of systems; the CPPCC National Committee Party Leadership Group specially hears reports from the Organ Party Leadership Group and the sub-party groups of each special committee on the implementation of systems, promoting the implementation of all systems in place. Third, improve the level of standardization of all work. Put forward the work requirements of "three transformations, six natures, and two improvements," focusing on standardizing work processes, striving to improve the level of institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of all work, enhance planning, reflect foresight, grasp systematicity, strengthen innovativeness, improve targeting, and emphasize effectiveness, thereby improving work quality and efficiency. Establish and implement the work coordination mechanism of "annual planning, quarterly coordination, monthly arrangement, weekly scheduling, and daily reporting," promoting the orderly and effective implementation of tasks.
(This paper is a special report delivered by the author at the Training Course for Middle-aged and Young Cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance). Some revisions have been made in publication.)
Return to TopBy: 陆敏珍
Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School (《伊洛渊源录》), compiled by Zhu Xi over a period of nearly twenty years, collects original historical materials such as epitaphs and行状 (xíngzhuàng - "biographical accounts") of forty-six Northern Song Dao-school figures, including Zhou Dunyi. The process of completing the work involved numerous difficulties such as seeking out materials and辨析 (biànxī - "examining and distinguishing") teacher-stuccession lineages; it is an unfinished work, yet it is an indispensable classic for the study of Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism.
In the ninth year of the Qiandao reign of the Southern Song (1173), Zhu Xi wrote in a letter to Lü Zuqian: "I wish to compile a book called Record of Origins, fully recording the行实文字 (xíngshí wénzì - "factual writings on conduct") of all gentlemen from Zhou and Cheng onward." The compilation principle of the Record of Origins mentioned here — "factual writings on conduct of all gentlemen from Zhou and Cheng onward" — is expressed in other letters as "the doings of various gentlemen of the Cheng school." From the currently prevalent edition, Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School collects a total of forty-six "gentlemen from Zhou and Cheng," centered on Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, including the two Cheng brothers' teachers, associates, and disciples. "Yi-Luo" originally refers to the Yi River and Luo River that flow through Luoyang; because the two Cheng brothers lectured there for many years, it became the appellation for their learning. "Factual writings on conduct" or "doings" primarily involves collecting and arranging materials such as family biographies,行状 (xíngzhuàng - "biographical accounts"), epitaphs,事略 (shìlüè - "biographical sketches"), chronological biographies, funeral orations, elegies, eulogies, and挽诗 (wǎnshī - "funeral poems") of various scholars, and compiling them into a book. On the surface, this work, which takes figures as its outline and uses original documents to narrate the history of the school, does not seem complicated, but in practice it was not easy. For example, determining the relationship between scholars and the two Chengs, and thereby delineating the identity of various gentlemen of the Cheng school, not only required the basis of historical facts but sometimes also necessitated relevant argumentation and reasonable explanations for unclear transmission lineages or somewhat controversial materials, and some easily misunderstood writings also had to be forcefully clarified. Therefore, the editors of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries said: "Only with Zhu Xi's learning and insight could one then determine the disciples of Master Cheng." As for the comprehensive collection and compilation of biographical materials, it too was no small difficulty. From the beginning, Zhu Xi realized that "one must ceaselessly seek them out daily before there can be a day when the book is completed." He mobilized a wide network of social connections, constantly writing letters or asking others to seek out materials on his behalf; some people provided assistance as they could, while others refused to lend out manuscripts.
By the second year of the Shaoxi reign of the Southern Song (1191), an unauthorized printed edition was already circulating. Zhu Xi mentioned this matter in a letter to a disciple, saying: "Gathering the doings of various gentlemen of the Cheng school, I also once worked on it some years ago but did not finish it. This is what the Shaowu printed edition calls the Record of Origins." From the initial conception of writing to the appearance of an unfinished manuscript, nearly twenty years had passed; Zhu Xi could not be said to have been anything less than fully devoted to the compilation of this book. At the same time, he also discovered that "various gentlemen of the Cheng school" were a social category divided by teacher-friend relationships. In an ideal model, it should be a group sharing the same values and possessing homogeneous discourse. But in fact, even among the disciples of the Cheng school, their intellectual presentations could not be viewed as unified. Zhu Xi said: "Recently I have deeply examined Master Cheng's words; I fear that none among his disciples has been able to take on and carry his robe and alms bowl. This matter requires thorough discussion; it is not easy to expect 朝耕而暮获 (cháo gēng ér mù huò - "plough in the morning and harvest in the evening," to expect quick results)." Therefore, besides saying that "the compilation was not completed, but was transmitted by later students, causing this widespread circulation, for which I deeply regret it," he even went so far as to remark that "such efforts as painstakingly gathering the doings of various gentlemen of the Cheng school need not be undertaken."
Although Zhu Xi had his hesitations, and scholars generally consider Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School to be "Master Hui'an's unfinished book," the work still received very high valuation in later ages. Apart from its merit in preserving Song dynasty documents and supplementing omissions in the official histories, a comprehensive review of various commentators reveals that Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School presents at least three important values.
First, the continuation of the Dao-school lineage (道学谱系). Since Han Yu of the Tang dynasty first advocated the theory of the transmission of the Way (道统论), establishing the thread of Confucian sages' Way successively transmitted from Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, the Duke of Zhou, Confucius, and Mencius, the statement that "after Mencius's death, it was no longer transmitted" left a crucial question for later ages: when the transmission of the Way was interrupted, who would take it up? Zhu Xi's Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School gave a concrete answer to this question through "writing history": after Mencius's death, the learning of the sages was not transmitted; Cheng Hao, "fourteen hundred years later, obtained the untransmitted learning from the surviving classics, intending to awaken the people with this Way." Through the two Cheng brothers' "promoting and clarifying the learning of the Way" (倡明道学), the Way of the sages became manifest in the world again; they were the true successors of the tradition after Confucius and Mencius. Because the two Chengs had once studied with Zhou Dunyi, the compilation arranges the fourteen chapters of Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School as follows: the first chapter opens with Zhou Dunyi as the "founding patriarch" of this Dao-school lineage; chapters two and three are devoted to Cheng Hao, chapter four to Cheng Yi, centrally presenting the biographies and words and deeds of the two Cheng brothers, forming the main narrative trunk; chapter five is on Shao Yong, chapter six on Zhang Zai — although they were of the same generation as or even older than the two Chengs, they are placed after them and regarded as auxiliary wings in the transmission of the Way; chapters seven through fourteen sequentially record the disciples of the Cheng school, from eminent disciples like Xie Liangzuo, Yang Shi, and You Zuo down to the last chapter's "those among Cheng's disciples who have no written records," serving as branches and leaves, forming a flourishing tree of scholarly lineage.
Precisely because it took the theory of the transmission of the Way as the intellectual logic of compilation, Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School ceased to be merely a collection of materials on Northern Song Dao-school figures; it was also endowed with the mission of continuing the Confucian-Mencian tradition of the Way. At the same time, the concrete and complete lineage of the Way also displayed a fluidity that could be continued; the later familiar line of transmission — "Zhou Dunyi — the two Chengs — Zhu Xi" — was established from this book.
Second, the construction of the Dao-school scholarly gate (道学门户). While establishing the genealogical line of Dao-school figures, Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School also created a narrative of Dao-school sectarian affiliation. The Song people's division into Dao-school scholastic gates began with this book. When the Yuan dynasty compiled the History of Song, it used Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School as a basis to separately list Biographies of Confucian Scholars and Biographies of Dao-school Scholars. Yang Lian of the Ming dynasty also said: "Master Hui'an's compiled Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School — since Mencius, the Dao-school sectarian lineage is fully seen herein."
The construction of a Dao-school scholarly gate was not merely about sorting out figures of the era; more importantly, later readers, through reading Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School and interacting with the previous words and deeds of the gentlemen in the book, could also discover and conduct self-identification as Dao-school members.
Huang Qinglao of the Yuan dynasty believed that scholars who study the learning of Yi-Luo, reflect on its Way, and examine the lives and associations of its figures would naturally "arouse their thoughts of 高山景行 (gāo shān jǐng xíng - 'high mountain and broad road,' metaphor for noble virtue and conduct)." Su Tianjue pointed out that "the transmission of learning does not perish with time; the origins of teacher-friend relations are not interrupted by customs," and those "outstanding and independent men of heroic talent" would surely from Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School "know to seek the learning of the sages and worthies and study it." Li Shi'an further vividly summarized: "The book Origins of Yi-Luo fully records the words, conducts, and affairs of Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, Shao, and their disciples, and the Way handed down by the sages and worthies shines forth clearly within it, like the five planets adorning the heavens, like the hundred rivers having their sources and courses." By the Ming dynasty, experiencing the value of Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School and conducting self-identification remained the main theme that readers and publishers wished to highlight. In the seventh year of the Yongle reign (1409), Wu Yubi, then nineteen years old, "obtained Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School, observed the general circumstances of the gentlemen Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, and Shao, and thus knew the beauty of the learning of the sages and worthies, and privately admired it; thereupon he burned all his examination writings, and solely took the hearts of the gentlemen Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, and Shao as his own and studied by himself." In the ninth year of the Hongzhi reign (1496), Yang Fangzhen stated that printing Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School "is meant to enable scholars to fully grasp the reality of these men's conduct at a glance, to emulate what can be emulated, and to be warned against what should be warned against." By the second year of the Chongzhen reign (1629), Lu Qian further elevated the significance of this book, saying: "The Yi-Luo gentlemen uncovered the original source of the human mind, pointed out the original substance of the human mind, and also indicated the effort of the human mind. Those who disdain to study the book Origins of Yi-Luo — where is their original source, what is their original substance, what is their effort? Emerging from a clear deep pool, lost in muddy waters, what path do they follow to look up to Yi-Luo and Zhu-Si?" In Lu Qian's interpretation, Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School not only provided a "sacred center" for the individual, but also became a pilgrimage site that "causes people to yearn for correct learning, so that they do not overflow to the side and thus betray the utmost intention of the sage emperor — this is also a great fortune."
Third, a pioneering achievement in the compilation style of historical writing. Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School takes figures as its chapter headings and uses records of conduct and affairs to categorize. Each biographical subject consists of two categories: biographical records (传状) and遗事 (yíshì - "leftover affairs"). The biographical records collect the行状 (xíngzhuàng - "biographical accounts"), epitaphs, inscriptions, and事略 (shìlüè - "biographical sketches") recorded by various authors; the遗事 (yíshì - "leftover affairs") mostly collects the subject's own recorded sayings and anecdotes. The former comes from "the words of others," while the latter resembles the words and deeds of the "self" as present. Thus, the two form a relationship of structural isomorphism. This rough form could accommodate the intentions, interests, specific content, and meanings of different authors, while at the same time, through deliberate selection, inclusion, and revision of relevant records of conduct and affairs, Zhu Xi used it to determine certain basic attributes of the figures, thereby both outlining the lineage of teacher-succession in the two Chengs' learning and making the academic general thrust of Yi-Luo learning clearly visible.
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, people have taken Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School as a model and continued to compose similar works, producing numerous texts of the same or similar type, such as "records of origins" (渊源录), "records of source and flow" (源流录), "continuation records" (续录), as well as "records of the Way" (道录) and "records of the school" (宗录). Some "continued Zhu Xi's Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School," some "imitated the pattern of Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School," some "intended to imitate Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School," many "adopted various works from Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School," or directly "extracted from Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School." These texts constituted a writing convention. Modern researchers believe that Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School is the pioneering work of the "scholarly-case genre" (学案体), marking the birth of a new style of historical compilation.
The threefold value of Records of the Origins of the Yi-Luo School includes interpretations focusing on the intellectual system as well as significance and influence in sociology and historiography. From the compiler's perspective, it gave a Song-dynasty concrete演绎 (yǎnyì - "elaboration and performance") of Han Yu's theory of the transmission of the Way; from the reader's perspective, it not only provided later generations with an important text on the orthodoxy of the Dao-school, but also offered a new model for the writing of intellectual history.
Return to TopBy: 谢辉
The Casanatense Library is located on Via Sant'Ignazio near the famous Corso, in the center of Rome, Italy. Completed and opened in 1701, the library is now one of the national public libraries under the jurisdiction of the Italian Ministry of Culture. Compared to adjacent popular attractions such as the Church of Sant'Ignazio, the Pantheon, and the Trevi Fountain, it appears quite low-profile; its entrance is merely a small door capable of accommodating only one person, making it difficult to discover unless one walks close by. However, the Casanatense Library actually possesses numerous collections, and it has garnered particular attention for housing a large number of classics related to China.
The naming of the Casanatense Library originates from the Italian scholar and Cardinal Girolamo Casanate. In 1698, he donated his collected books to the Dominican Order to establish a public library and reserved funds for the expansion of the collection and the renovation of the premises. To commemorate him, the library invited the famous sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Younger to specially carve a statue of Casanate in 1708, which remains preserved in the library to this day. Since the 18th century, on the basis of its original holdings, the library has successively acquired many precious items through channels such as purchase and donation, gradually becoming an internationally renowned library. After being taken over by the Italian government in the late 19th century, the Casanatense Library has continued its original intention of serving public culture.
In contrast to many Roman monuments that emphasize magnificent exteriors, the Casanatense Library possesses a simple and low-profile exterior but is all-encompassing on the inside. The entire building continues an elegant Baroque minimalist style, lacking complex and flamboyant decorations, yet it hides a magnificent main reading room over 60 meters long; the ancient-style dome, exquisite carvings, and classical texts complement each other in interest. The giant ancient terrestrial globe in the hall is an even more iconic landscape, symbolizing a knowledge vision that connects the entire world. Over the past 300-plus years, it has accumulated 400,000 volumes of precious holdings, which include not only ancient European manuscripts and early incunabula but also unique historical materials regarding the exchange between Chinese and Western cultures.
Among the many collections in the Casanatense Library, there is a group of documents that are extremely closely related to China, most of which concern the "Rites Controversy" between the Qing court and the Roman Curia.
During the transition from the Ming to the Qing dynasties, exchanges between China and the West entered a period of prosperity, and the Roman Curia and the Qing Dynasty produced intense disagreements surrounding the ritual issues of Catholic practitioners offering sacrifices to Heaven, Confucius, and their ancestors. This dispute appeared to be a conflict over religious rituals, but in reality, it was a deep game of competition between Western religious doctrines and China's millennial ritual systems and Confucian culture. To mediate the dispute, the Pope successively dispatched envoys De Tournon and Ippolito de Rossi to the Qing court to mediate. The two missions involved long distances and complex situations; the envoy teams recorded details such as court negotiations, observations of the imperial court and the common people, and factional disputes among missionaries throughout the entire process, leaving behind a massive amount of correspondence, memorials, meeting minutes, and research manuscripts. Most of these archives originated from the hands of those who experienced the events firsthand; a large amount of the content was never published for the world to see. Through layers of transfers, they were successively incorporated into this library in the 1730s and 1740s and were organized and compiled by the library director at the time, Giovanni Domenico Aglianico, becoming exclusive and rare historical materials for reconstructing this century-long cultural dispute.
Among the many archives, a transcript of a memorial from the 55th year of Kangxi (1716) records a past event of the Qing Palace. The author of the memorial was the Italian missionary De Brigido; relying on his exquisite musical skills, he traveled far to China to preach. Because he was proficient in music theory, he gained the appreciation of Kangxi and served in the Qing Palace for many years, being a deeply trusted Western close official. At that time, missionary factions in China were numerous and their ideologies were opposed; De Brigido adhered to the position of the Curia, which was contrary to the ideas of the mainstream Jesuits, and combined with the positional differences in the Rites Controversy, he angered Kangxi. He suddenly became a prisoner and was deeply mired in prison for several years, only regaining his freedom after the general amnesty upon the ascension of Yongzheng. This memorial is his personal petition and narrative at the time of his imprisonment, written with earnestness in every word, detailing the factional contradictions within the missionaries in China and his own circumstances, providing key evidence for clarifying the internal entanglements of the Rites Controversy and reconstructing the details of China-West diplomacy during the Qing Dynasty. There are only two copies of this manuscript in the world; the Archives of the Order of Friars Minor in Rome also holds one, and its scarcity and historical value are irreplaceable.
If it is said that the foreign-language archives are full of the smoke of diplomatic disputes from that era, then the Qing Dynasty Chinese ancient books treasured in the library record the transoceanic quests of foreigners. This batch of over 40 Chinese classics all originate from the lifelong efforts of the Frenchman Ji Yougang. Ji Yougang had lived in China for a long time, deeply cultivating Chinese characters, Confucian ritual systems, and folklore. In 1733, he ended his career in China and returned to Europe, carrying Chinese classics and self-compiled research manuscripts to Rome.
During his eight years residing in Rome, these ancient books were an important mainstay for Ji Yougang's study of Sinology. He made word-for-word annotations and read repeatedly, deeply studying Confucian principles and the phonology of Chinese characters, spending several years compiling a Chinese-Western bilingual dictionary. In 1741, Ji Yougang passed away in Rome; before his death, he bequeathed all his lifelong treasured ancient books, unfinished manuscripts, and all his China research materials to his close friend, the President of the Dominican Order, Bremond. Bremond, feeling the dedication of his research, donated this batch of precious collections to the Casanatense Library without charge. Today, when flipping through classics such as Guangyuji and Zihui, the ink inscriptions of "Ji Yougang Canweng" still remain between the pages.
In terms of variety, the Chinese ancient books held by the Casanatense Library mainly include the following three categories: first, Confucian classics such as the Four Books, Five Classics, and Kongzi Jiayu; second, common lexical books such as Zihui; and third, geographical documents such as Tianxia Lucheng. Additionally, there are some relatively miscellaneous varieties such as the Shi Xian Li of the Second Year of Yongzheng. The editions are also mostly Qing Dynasty woodblock prints, though most cannot be called precious or rare. However, from another perspective, this batch of documents precisely reflects the situation where foreigners in China during the Qing Dynasty collected Chinese classics from a practical standpoint. As important content of Chinese culture, the Four Books and Five Classics were must-read books for foreigners at that time. Lexical books could be used for them to learn Chinese characters, to be consulted at any time during reading and writing. Even popular novels like Paian Jingqi were important ways for them to learn Chinese; similar works such as Haoqiu Zhuan and Yujiaoli were books frequently read by foreigners in China at that time. It can be seen that these classics possess unique value in revealing the paths through which foreigners understood Chinese culture.
Several rare treasures in the collection are even more precious evidence of the fusion of Chinese and Western cultures and the eastward spread of Western learning. Among them, the Ming Wanli edition of Tianzhu Shiyi is a classic work by Matteo Ricci that fused Chinese and Western thought to spread Western learning; it is also currently the earliest extant version of this book, with very few copies existing in the world. Attached to the end of the book are over ten pages of Latin handwritten annotations, through which Western scholars interpreted the thoughts of the entire book from a local perspective, providing a two-way textual comparison. Another work, the early 1607 edition of Hun Gai Tong Xian Tu Shuo, is a scientific monograph compiled by the Ming scholar Li Zhizao from European astrolabe classics; it is also the first book in China to systematically introduce the production and use of astrolabes. In its original form without later deletions or alterations, it fully preserves the pioneering marks of the mutual communication of Chinese and Western science and technology at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and is extremely rare in circulation. The Ming end Shiquge Jingding Tianya Buwen cloth-box edition held in the collection fills a research gap in the history of folk commerce and publishing during the Ming Dynasty. This palm-sized pocket book, measuring only 13×9 centimeters, was specially compiled for long-distance merchants and travelers of the Ming Dynasty, recording in detail the national water and land transportation networks; its small format made it easy for travelers to carry, fully demonstrating the practical wisdom of the ancients. There are very few copies of this book in the world, with a complete set held only in Taiwan, China, and scattered fragments held in France. Combined with the same type of pocket classics held in British and French collections, it can be proven that the Shiquge at the end of the Ming Dynasty once printed batches of small-format books for the convenience of the people; this niche publishing characteristic provides a brand-new clue for studying the marketplace life and folk publishing patterns of the Ming Dynasty.
Return to TopBy: 杨凤城
Culture is the bloodline of a nation, the spiritual home of its people, and also an important banner for a political party to unite hearts, gather strength, and lead development. Over the past 105 years, the Communist Party of China has always placed cultural construction in an important position within the overall development of the Party and the country, supporting the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation with cultural strength. Based on the new era, reviewing the course, achievements, and experiences of the Party’s leadership in cultural construction, and refining regular understanding, holds important historical reference significance for building a socialist cultural power and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.
与时俱进 (yǔ shí jù jìn – “advancing with the times”), 继往开来 (jì wǎng kāi lái – “carry forward the past and open up the future”)
Over the past 105 years, the cultural construction led by the Party has always been in sync with the times and in step with the overall situation, presenting distinct stage-based characteristics.
During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the core was the gestation and generation of revolutionary culture. After the Opium War, China fell into a perilous situation of 山河破碎 (shān hé pò suì – “mountains and rivers shattered,” describing a devastated country) and civilization covered in dust; the transformation of traditional culture lagged behind, Western culture 纷至沓来 (fēn zhì tà lái – “come thick and fast,” arrive in a continuous stream), the people’s thoughts were trapped and confused, and the national spirit was scattered, becoming a deep shackle constraining national rejuvenation. 救亡图存 (jiù wáng tú cún – “save the nation from subjugation and seek survival”), ideological enlightenment, and awakening the people became the most urgent cultural tasks of modern China. The birth of the Communist Party of China fundamentally changed the historical direction of Chinese cultural development and opened a new chapter of Marxism leading Chinese cultural transformation. After its founding, the Party spread Marxism through founding newspapers and magazines, establishing societies, and opening night schools, promoting the integration of advanced thought with the worker-peasant movement. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the Party built a revolutionary base area cultural system serving the revolutionary war. The Yan’an period was the key stage for the maturation and finalization of revolutionary culture. The Party clearly proposed building a national, scientific, and mass New Democratic culture, completely clarifying the development direction, fundamental stance, and value foundation of China’s new culture. The Party united the revolutionary cultural contingent, went deep among the masses, went deep onto the battlefields, and created a large number of classic works reflecting the people’s resistance and demonstrating national integrity, forming a revolutionary culture system with the Yan’an spirit at its core, providing strong spiritual support for winning the total victory of the National War of Resistance Against Japan and ultimately winning the victory of the New Democratic Revolution.
During the period of socialist revolution and construction, exploring socialist culture became the theme of cultural development. Transforming old culture, building new culture, eliminating feudal dregs, purging decadent thought, and establishing a cultural system and cultural institutions serving the socialist cause became the central task of cultural construction. In terms of institutional construction, the socialist direction of cultural construction was ensured from the institutional level. In terms of ideological construction, Marxist popularization education was carried out for the whole society, promoting socialist ideology and morality to take root in people’s hearts, and eliminating feudal superstition and backward customs. In terms of cultural policy, the policy of “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend” (百花齐放、百家争鸣) was proposed, giving rise to a large number of outstanding literary and artistic works reflecting the lives of workers and peasants, eulogizing socialist construction, and promoting the spirit of struggle. In terms of spiritual shaping, the spirit of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the spirit of the “Two Bombs, One Satellite,” the Daqing spirit, and the Jiao Yulu spirit were formed successively. Although cultural construction in this period experienced twists and turns, it overall achieved a fundamental transformation of Chinese culture from old to new.
During the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, cultural productive forces were liberated, and cultural prosperity and development were promoted. Reform and opening up initiated a process of all-round transformation in Chinese society, and also brought about ideological emancipation and vitality explosion in the cultural field. During this period, the Party established the strategic policy of “grasping both material civilization and spiritual civilization, and both must be made hard,” incorporating the construction of socialist spiritual civilization into the overall layout of modernization, achieving a strategic elevation of cultural construction. At the ideological level, ideological emancipation and seeking truth from facts were adhered to, breaking the closed and rigid development model in the cultural field, actively absorbing and drawing on the excellent achievements of human civilization, and promoting the blooming and vigorous development of the ideological and cultural field. At the institutional level, the reform of the cultural system was gradually advanced, creatively distinguishing between public welfare cultural undertakings and for-profit cultural industries, activating cultural productive forces. All categories of literature and art, including literature, film and television, music, fine arts, and traditional opera, developed comprehensively, with a continuous stream of fine works, greatly satisfying the spiritual and cultural needs of the people. At the value guidance level, the whole society vigorously promoted patriotism, collectivism, and socialism, advanced the construction of civic morality, cultivated civilized social norms, and resisted the impact of bad trends such as utilitarianism and money worship brought by the market economy, laying a deep foundation for the construction of a cultural power in the new era.
In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoting cultural confidence and self-strengthening, and building a socialist cultural power have become distinctive era markers. The requirements for cultural support, spiritual guidance, and civilizational empowerment for national rejuvenation have become more prominent. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has elevated cultural construction to an unprecedented strategic height, forming Xi Jinping Cultural Thought. Xi Jinping Cultural Thought systematically answers the major era questions of what kind of socialist cultural power to build in the new era and how to build a socialist cultural power, marking that the Party’s understanding of the laws of socialist cultural construction with Chinese characteristics has reached a new height. Cultural construction in the new era adheres to the mission and task of holding high the banner, gathering people’s hearts, cultivating new generations, revitalizing culture, and showcasing the image, firmly grasping the leadership, management, and discourse power of ideological work, and continuously consolidating the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field. Great efforts have been made to promote the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, promote the inheritance and development of revolutionary culture, and uphold fundamental principles and break new ground in advanced socialist culture. A modern public cultural service system covering both urban and rural areas has been fully built, digital culture and new cultural formats have been vigorously developed, and the high-quality development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries has been promoted. Efforts have been made to enhance international communication capacity, innovate the external discourse system, tell China’s stories well, spread China’s voice well, and continuously enhance the influence of Chinese culture. Overall, cultural construction in the new era has achieved an overall leap in cultural confidence, cultural consciousness, and cultural self-strengthening.
In 105 years, under the strong leadership of the Party, China’s cultural construction has achieved a historic leap and made brilliant achievements, providing deep, lasting, and mighty spiritual strength for realizing national rejuvenation.
## Providing Deep and Lasting Spiritual Strength for National Rejuvenation
The guiding position of Marxism has been continuously consolidated, and the cohesive and guiding power of socialist ideology has been continuously strengthened. Ideological work is the key to cultural construction; it is the work of establishing the heart for the country and establishing the soul for the nation. The Party has always adhered to the guiding position of Marxism without wavering, continuously advanced the sinicization and modernization of Marxism, and continuously armed the whole Party and educated the people with the Party’s innovative theory. Especially since the new era, the whole Party has continuously deepened theoretical arming, promoting Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to enter the mind and heart, achieving a high degree of ideological unity in the whole Party and the whole society, and consolidating the ideological foundation for the common struggle of all the people.
Value guidance has advanced with the times, and the degree of social civilization has significantly improved. From promoting the revolutionary spirit to building a socialist moral system, from advancing mass spiritual civilization creation to constructing the socialist core value system, the Party has always adhered to leading social trends with advanced value concepts. Especially since entering the new era, the whole society has widely cultivated and practiced the socialist core values (社会主义核心价值观), integrating the socialist core values into the entire process of national education, social governance, and spiritual civilization creation, achieving an overall improvement in the civilized quality of the people.
Public cultural services are inclusive and equitable, and the people’s cultural rights and interests have been fully guaranteed. The Party has always adhered to the people-centered development philosophy, taking the satisfaction of the people’s spiritual and cultural needs as the starting point and foothold of cultural construction. After more than one hundred years of effort, we have truly realized that cultural development is for the people and cultural achievements benefit the people, and the people’s sense of cultural identity has continued to strengthen.
The cultural industry has flourished, and the vitality of cultural innovation and creation has been fully released. With the deepening of cultural system reform, China’s cultural industry has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, gradually becoming a pillar industry of the national economy. Since the new era, new formats such as digital culture, network literature and art, short videos, cultural and creative industries, and cultural tourism integration have risen rapidly; the structure of the cultural industry has been continuously optimized and its quality steadily improved. The competitiveness of cultural products such as domestic film and television, original music, online literature, animation, and games has significantly strengthened, completely reversing the situation where foreign culture dominated the market, forming a new pattern of independent prosperity and confident output of local culture.
Traditional culture has been revitalized, and the foundation of cultural confidence has been continuously strengthened. The Party has always adhered to inheriting the Chinese cultural lineage and guarding the national roots and soul. Especially since entering the new era, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to the inheritance and development of fine traditional Chinese culture, implemented the project for the inheritance and development of fine traditional Chinese culture (中华优秀传统文化传承发展工程), promoted the deep integration of fine traditional Chinese culture with modern life, modern aesthetics, and modern communication, making it a deep foundation for nourishing the national spirit and strengthening cultural confidence.
Red culture has been passed down from generation to generation, and the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists has been continuously enriched. More than one hundred years of Party history have nurtured red culture. The great founding spirit of the Party and a series of great spirits tempered and formed by the Party in different historical periods have built the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists. Revolutionary sites, memorial halls, and martyrs’ cemeteries across the country have been systematically protected and utilized; the level of activation and utilization of red resources has continuously improved; revolutionary culture and red genes have been deeply integrated into national education, cadre education, and social education, achieving the transmission of the red bloodline from generation to generation and the endless vitality of the revolutionary spirit.
The national cultural soft power has greatly increased, and the influence of Chinese civilization has continuously expanded. Chinese culture has achieved a historic transformation from passive import to active export, from marginal following to parallel leading. Since entering the new era, the Party and the state have focused on building a discourse system that integrates China and the world, innovating methods of international communication, strengthening exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations, telling well the story of the Communist Party of China and the story of Chinese-style modernization. The world influence, appeal, and attraction of Chinese civilization have continuously strengthened, providing deep cultural support for promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
## Historical Experience Is Precious
The great practice of the Party’s leadership in cultural construction has not only created brilliant achievements but also accumulated precious historical experience.
It is necessary to adhere to the Party’s leadership and firmly grasp the leadership over ideological work. Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for cultural construction. More than one hundred years of practice have fully proven that only by adhering to the Party managing propaganda, the Party managing ideology, and the Party managing media, and by running Party leadership through the entire process and all fields of cultural construction, can we ensure that cultural construction always advances along the correct political direction.
It is necessary to adhere to the guiding position of Marxism and continuously promote the “Two Combinations” (两个结合). Marxism is the soul of socialist culture. The more than one hundred years of cultural development history is a history of using Marxism to lead Chinese cultural transformation and using theoretical innovation to lead cultural innovation. Upholding the combination of the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with fine traditional Chinese culture, while steadfastly maintaining the Marxist stance, viewpoints, and methods, and deeply cultivating the Chinese cultural lineage and absorbing traditional wisdom to achieve a deep integration of truth power and cultural power, is the only way to continuously forge new brilliance in socialist culture.
It is necessary to adhere to the people-centered approach and firmly maintain the fundamental stance of culture for the people. The people are the main body of cultural construction and the ultimate beneficiaries of cultural achievements. More than one hundred years of cultural construction history prove that only by taking root among the people and serving the people can culture have inexhaustible vitality; only by responding to the people’s spiritual expectations and meeting the people’s cultural needs can cultural undertakings maintain lasting vigor and vitality.
It is necessary to adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground (守正创新), and promote cultural inheritance and innovation. Upholding fundamental principles can consolidate the foundation, cultivate the essence, and achieve stable and long-term progress; breaking new ground can advance with the times and lead the future. Over more than one hundred years, cultural construction has always adhered to the unity of upholding fundamentals and innovation: upholding the fundamentals of Marxism, upholding the fundamentals of the socialist direction, upholding the fundamentals of fine traditional Chinese culture, upholding the fundamentals of the red lineage of revolutionary culture; innovating in concepts, innovating in institutions, innovating in carriers, and innovating in formats. It is precisely by innovating while upholding fundamentals and upholding fundamentals while innovating that the prosperity and development of contemporary Chinese culture have been achieved.
It is necessary to adhere to value guidance and build an uplifting and enterprising spiritual home. The core of culture is the pursuit of values; the fundamental task of cultural construction is to forge the soul and cultivate people. Over more than one hundred years, the Party has always adhered to leading social trends with advanced value concepts and consolidating social consensus, always shaping social norms with mainstream values and cultivating new generations of the times. Practice has proven that only by continuously strengthening value guidance and promoting righteousness can we continuously consolidate the common ideological foundation for the unity and struggle of all the people and gather the mighty spiritual strength for forging ahead on the new journey.
It is necessary to adhere to embracing the world and promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. Chinese culture is both national and global. For more than one hundred years, the Party has always adhered to basing itself on China and facing the world. While firmly maintaining its own cultural stance, it has actively absorbed and drawn on all outstanding achievements of human civilization and promoted global civilizational dialogue. With confidence, openness, inclusiveness, and mutual learning, transcending civilizational estrangement through civilizational exchange, transcending civilizational conflict through civilizational mutual learning, and contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the progress of human civilization.
Through more than one hundred years of trials and hardships, literature carries the Way. More than one hundred years of journey have been magnificent, the achievements shine on the historical records, and the experience is precious. On the new journey of the new era, continuously advancing the construction of a socialist cultural power cannot be separated from the solid foundation laid by history and the spirit and wisdom it provides.
(The author is the Dean and Professor of the Institute for the History of the CPC and Party Building (中国人民大学中共党史党建研究院), Renmin University of China.)
Return to TopQuestion: Nima Duoji (尼玛多吉), Secretary of the Party Leadership Group and Director of the Tibet Autonomous Region Communications Administration (西藏自治区通信管理局)
General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that safety is the primary need of the common people after they have adequate food and clothing, a matter of paramount importance for people’s livelihood, and also the most fundamental environment for development. May I ask, how should we understand that safety is a matter of paramount importance for people’s livelihood and also the most fundamental environment for development?
Interpretation: Zhong Kaibin (钟开斌), Vice President and Professor of the Institute of Emergency Management, Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) (中央党校（国家行政学院）)
Safety means being stable and secure, without danger or upheaval. Safety involves physical safety, property safety, as well as social security, economic security, military security, network information security, ecological environment security, science and technology security, cultural security, political security, and many other aspects. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Safety is the primary need of the common people after they have adequate food and clothing, a matter of paramount importance for people’s livelihood, and also the most fundamental environment for development." This thesis incisively points out the three attributes of safety — those of livelihood, economy, and politics. It is a profound summary of the special and important status of safety work, a major requirement for doing a good job in safety work, and a guide to action for Party committees, governments, and leading cadres at all levels to strive to build a higher-level Peaceful China.
Safety concerns the safety of people’s lives and property
Nothing concerning people’s livelihood is trivial; every twig and leaf is connected to deep feeling. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "In Chinese-style modernization, people’s livelihood is paramount. All the work of the Party and the government is aimed at enabling the common people to lead a happier life." Livelihood issues encompass everything, affecting every household, involving birth, aging, illness, death, clothing, food, housing, transportation, oil, salt, tea, rice, and all other aspects. Among all kinds of livelihood issues, safety is directly related to the safety of people’s lives and property, to the vital interests of the masses, and to the well-being of countless families. It is the most basic livelihood demand of the people and the most fundamental public good for people’s livelihood. In this sense, safety is the most fundamental livelihood issue, a matter of paramount importance for people’s livelihood; ensuring safety is ensuring the most inclusive livelihood welfare, and guarding safety is guarding the livelihood expectations that the masses care about most.
From the perspective of the hierarchy of human needs, safety is directly related to the physical health, life safety, and property safety of the masses. It is a basic need second only to physiological needs, and is also the primary need of the common people after they have adequate food and clothing. After the most basic survival needs — breathing, food, water — are met, and the pressure of survival and the threat of hunger are basically eliminated, needs related to safety, such as personal safety, health security, and resource stability, become more prominent. People hope to have a more harmonious and stable social environment, to have better protection for the safety of life and property, and to be better able to escape the threats of unemployment, disease, poverty, and so on. Only after passing the safety level can people further pursue higher-level goals such as belonging, respect, and self-realization.
From the perspective of the relationship among various livelihood issues, safety is the prerequisite for all livelihood welfare, the fundamental premise for the masses to work and live in peace. Safety is the basic requirement for social production and life, and it is also the bottom line for all our work. Only by holding the bottom line of safety can we truly realize the implementation of livelihood welfare. In daily life, public security stability in streets and lanes, the safety and reliability of food and medicine, the smoothness and order of traffic and travel, and the harmony and tranquility of neighborhoods and communities are all safe livelihoods that the masses can perceive and touch. In every scenario — clothing, food, housing, transportation, study, life, production, and labor — safety protection is indispensable. Without safety as a guarantee, the good life of the common people cannot be discussed, and the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security lack a solid foundation. The occurrence of various unsafe incidents not only directly endangers the lives and property of the masses but also continuously impacts the people’s sense of security and happiness.
Safety concerns long-term sustainable development
Security is the prerequisite for development, and development is the guarantee of security; development is a major matter, and security is also a major matter; development is an absolute principle, and security is also an absolute principle. Throughout history, no country or region has been able to achieve modernization amidst turmoil. For Party committees, governments, and leading cadres at all levels, it is necessary to better coordinate development and security, achieving both promotion of development in one area and protection of safety in one area.
Safety includes not only the security attribute of protecting the lives and property of the masses and maintaining overall social stability, but also the development attribute of promoting sustained and healthy economic operation; it is both the basic environment for development and the basic element needed to promote development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The premise for promoting innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development, and shared development is national security and social stability. Without security and stability, everything is out of the question." A safe and stable social environment is the best business environment and the strongest foundation for development. Economic development is inseparable from a safe and stable social environment. Economic competition in the new era is not only competition in industry, technology, and capital, but also competition in the development environment, especially the security environment. A development environment that is turbulent, fraught with frequent risks and constant accidents will inevitably block industrial development, restrict market vitality, and destroy economic order, leading the country into a stagnant "development trap," and even the reform and construction achievements already made may be gained only to be lost again. In this sense, safety is a major economic issue, the most fundamental development environment, and the basic condition and greatest guarantee for sustained and healthy economic development.
That safety has an economic attribute can be understood from both the macro and micro levels. At the macro level, only when the overall social situation is stable and risks and hidden dangers are controllable can the stable operation of industrial and supply chains be ensured, high-quality resources such as capital, talent, and technology be attracted and gathered, and a solid foundation be laid for sustained and healthy economic development. Conversely, whether it is political instability, social security chaos, frequent production safety accidents, rampant online chaos, or the emergence of security issues such as financial risks and energy resource shortages, these will all directly impact the market economic order, increase the cost of social operation and the risk of business operations, and drag down national economic development. At the micro level, a safe and orderly living environment with controllable risks helps to dispel the inner concerns and anxieties of the masses, continuously stabilize residents’ consumption expectations and confidence, thereby stimulating the release of daily consumption and fully activating the endogenous vitality of the market. At the same time, a standardized, reliable, and risk-free safe environment helps to reduce operational losses caused by various risks and hidden dangers, effectively ensure the stable and sustained operation of various production and business entities, pave the way for technological transformation and capacity expansion, and steadily promote the quality upgrading of the entire industrial chain.
Safety concerns the long-term peace and stability of the state
Safety is not only an economic and social issue but also a fundamental political issue concerning the foundation of governance, institutional stability, and the survival of the state. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Enhancing the awareness of potential dangers and being prepared for danger in times of safety (居安思危 - jū ān sī wēi, "dwell in peace, think of danger," to remain vigilant even in peaceful times) is a major principle that we must always adhere to in governing the Party and the state. For our Party to consolidate its ruling position, to unite and lead the people in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, ensuring national security is a matter of paramount importance." Prepare against unforeseen events (备豫不虞 - bèi yù bù yú, "prepare against unforeseen adversity," to guard against the unexpected) is the eternal principle of statecraft. The occurrence of various unsafe incidents, especially the occurrence of major disasters and crises, poses a serious threat to national security, social stability, and the peace of the people. In this sense, safety is a major political issue, concerning the long-term peace and stability of the state; ensuring safety means ensuring the ruling position of the Party.
Safety is the fundamental support for national development, directly concerning the long-term peace and stability and long-term development of the state. National security is the primary prerequisite for the survival and development of a country, and it is also an important cornerstone for stabilizing the country, securing the state, revitalizing industry, and benefiting the people. In the process of advancing modernization, any field of development and reform in a country requires a favorable domestic and international environment as a prerequisite condition and a bottom-line guarantee — a clean and upright, stable and orderly domestic environment is an important internal condition for national development, and a peaceful, stable, mutually beneficial, and win-win international environment is an important external support for national development. Whether it is economic transformation and upgrading, improvement of livelihood services, or independent innovation in science and technology and upgrading of social governance, the implementation of all development goals and the accumulation of various construction achievements are built on a safe and stable foundation. Once a situation occurs where overall major risks cannot be withstood or overcome, the security bottom line is breached, society falls into turmoil, then all construction work cannot proceed, hard-won development achievements will be lost, and the process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation may be delayed or even interrupted.
Safety and stability not only concern the overall national development situation but are also directly related to the Party’s governing foundation and ruling position. Preventing and resolving various risks and hidden dangers, calmly coping with complex and changing internal and external challenges, and maintaining a harmonious and stable social situation are touchstones for testing the ruling party’s governing capacity, governance effectiveness, and sense of responsibility. The people’s will is the biggest politics, and safety is the most direct manifestation of the people’s will. A country, a society, can build a solid common ideological foundation for the unity and struggle of the whole society, gather a powerful force of unity from top to bottom and forging ahead, and inject a steady stream of impetus into modernization, only when the country is prosperous and the people live in peace (国泰民安 - guó tài mín ān, "the country is prosperous and the people are at peace," a peaceful and prosperous society) and order prevails. Conversely, if safety construction fails, various contradictions and problems overlap and spread, or even overall and systemic risks occur, it will dissolve social credibility, shake social consensus, thereby undermining the overall social stability situation and endangering political security. Therefore, holding the bottom line of safety, maintaining social stability, and ensuring that the people live and work in peace and contentment (安居乐业) is a major political responsibility of our Party in governing the country, and an important foundation for consolidating the long-term ruling foundation.
Striving to achieve the multiple objectives and tasks of safety construction
The three attributes of safety — livelihood, economy, and politics — mean that safety is both a major livelihood issue, a major economic issue, and a major political issue. To build a higher-level Peaceful China, it is necessary to base ourselves on the overall strategic situation and the overall development situation, adhere to problem-oriented, goal-oriented, and result-oriented approaches, closely focus on the goal of making the country more secure, society more stable, governance more effective, and the people more satisfied, and continue to exert sustained effort, making it a foundational, overall, and strategic project to enhance people’s livelihood welfare, promote high-quality economic development, and realize the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.
Create a high-quality life through safety construction. We must always keep the safety and well-being of the masses in mind, take benefiting the people as the greatest political achievement, and turn the beautiful vision of safety construction into a happy life that the masses can feel, touch, and obtain. With the continuous development of the economy and society, the people’s need for safety has extended from the traditional sense of life and property safety to more levels such as living and working in peace and contentment (安居乐业), health and peace of mind. It is even more necessary and feasible for us to continuously meet the people’s expectations for a higher quality of safe life. We must adhere to the combination of doing our best and acting within our means, carry out forward-looking planning, continuously deepen safety construction work in light of new situations and new tasks, and build a higher-level Peaceful China that is compatible with economic and social development and with the needs of the people.
Promote high-quality development through safety construction. Firmly establish the concept that development is an absolute principle and security is also an absolute principle, that development is a political achievement and security is also a political achievement, earnestly shoulder the political responsibility of "promoting development in one area and ensuring safety in one area," and consciously unify development and security in work, jointly planning, integrating deployment, and mutually promoting each other. Adhere to prevention first and source control, integrate security and resilience requirements throughout all fields and the entire process of urban and rural planning, construction, and management, actively promote the construction of resilient urban and rural areas, and promote the transformation of the safety governance model towards pre-event prevention. Adhere to putting the people first and life first, establish and improve major risk circuit-breaking mechanisms and emergency response mechanisms, and effectively withstand the impact of "black swan" and "gray rhino" events.
Achieve efficient governance through safety construction. Promoting safety construction is a complex systematic project, requiring the active participation of Party committees, governments, relevant departments, and grassroots units at all levels, forming a governance pattern characterized by Party-building leadership, resource integration, multi-party participation, joint construction, and shared benefits, so as to promote a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level safety through efficient governance. Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for safety construction. We must promote the deep integration of Party-building work and safety creation, transforming the Party’s political and organizational advantages into powerful effectiveness in safety construction. The broad masses are the fundamental guarantee for safety construction. We must organize, mobilize, and rely on the masses to the greatest extent, creating a community for safety construction where everyone has responsibility, everyone fulfills their responsibility, and everyone shares the benefits.
By: 高建立
The Jiao Yulu spirit (焦裕禄精神) is an important component of the spiritual lineage of Chinese Communists (中国共产党人精神谱系) and a precious spiritual asset of the Party. General Secretary Xi Jinping summarized it in five aspects: "loving the people and being close to the people, working hard and enduring hardship, being scientific and seeking truth, facing difficulties head-on, and selfless dedication" (亲民爱民、艰苦奋斗、科学求实、迎难而上、无私奉献), establishing a benchmark for Party members and officials in the new era for how to conduct themselves in the world and to undertake work. Inheriting and carrying forward the Jiao Yulu spirit is the concrete path for establishing and practicing a correct view on political achievements. Only when Party members and officials have resolved the issue of their view on political achievements at the depths of their thinking can they truly draw strength from this role model, transform it into concrete actions to advance high-quality development, and hand in a qualified answer sheet in the practice of advancing Chinese-style modernization.
Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of loving the people and being close to the people, and establishing and practicing a view on political achievements of establishing the Party for the public and benefiting the people. Loving the people and being close to the people is the core of the Jiao Yulu spirit, manifesting the public servant sentiment of "holding all the people in his heart, but never himself" (心中装着全体人民，唯独没有他自己). The foremost point in establishing and practicing a correct view on political achievements is to adhere to the people-centered development thought, to keep in one's heart the warmth and cold of the masses, to shoulder on one's own shoulders the urgent concerns and difficulties of the masses, and to test the thickness of political achievements by the temperature of people's livelihoods. Firmly uphold the people's standpoint and correctly orient one's view on political achievements. Take benefiting the people as the greatest political achievement, not coveting temporary merit or seeking temporary fame, accurately grasp development advantages, weaknesses, resource endowments, and constraining factors, and resolutely avoid engaging in blind comparisons divorced from reality, avoid undertaking "image projects" (形象工程) that toil the people and waste money, and "vanity projects" (政绩工程) that are 华而不实 (huá ér bù shí - "flowery but not solid," flashy but insubstantial), and test the true value of political achievements by the people's sense of gain. Handle concrete matters of people's livelihoods well and consolidate the foundation of political achievements. Do good and practical things that resonate with the people's hearts, use limited financial resources where the people urgently need them, and make continuous new progress in ensuring access to childcare, education, employment, medical services, elderly care, housing, and social assistance for the vulnerable, so that the fruits of development benefit all the people more equitably and sustainably. Respond to the people's expectations and test the quality of political achievements. Shining in one's work is not about self-glorification through 夸夸其谈 (kuā kuā qí tán - "boastful talk," bombastic rhetoric), but about down-to-earth responsibility for the people. Take the people's satisfaction, happiness, and approval as the fundamental standard for measuring political achievements, persist in seeking advice with an open door, soliciting suggestions with an open door, and evaluating performance with an open door, and regularize the practice of "four go-downs to the grassroots" (四下基层), using the continuous improvement of the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security to demonstrate the original aspiration and mission of benefiting the people.
Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of working hard and enduring hardship, and establishing and practicing a view on political achievements of being down-to-earth and dedicated to hard work. Working hard and enduring hardship is the background color of the Jiao Yulu spirit, interpreting the enterprising posture of "daring to make the sun and moon shine in a new sky" (敢教日月换新天). This year marks the beginning of the 15th Five-Year Plan (十五五) period, and it is at a critical juncture of accelerating development. Establishing and practicing a correct view on political achievements urgently requires us to break ground and open a path through hard work, to nurture our work style through diligence and frugality, and to demonstrate responsibility through solid work and tangible results. Practice strict economy and diligence, and forge a fine work style. Resolutely discard the negative mentality of seeking pleasure and idleness, actively temper the political character of being the first to endure hardship and the first to offer dedication, focus one's mind on undertaking the cause, direct one's energy to grasping implementation, create extraordinary achievements in ordinary posts, and let hard work become the distinctive emblem of officials at all levels in the new era. Abandon the chaos of empty formalism and forever preserve the true nature of struggle. Keep one's feet on the ground, work in a down-to-earth and genuine manner, and resolutely put a stop to the phenomena of slogan-style, posturing-style, or packaging-style implementation. For urgent tasks, act immediately, seize the moment and handle them quickly. For long-term tasks, maintain strategic resolve, persist in carrying out a blueprint to completion, handing it from one term of office to the next to pursue, and with the meticulous effort of embroidery work, make the work solid and thorough. Create solid achievements, strive vigorously, and act with a sense of responsibility. Overcome restlessness, cast aside selfish ideas and distracting thoughts, and for matters that have been decided, with the spirit of driving nails (钉钉子精神), pursue them to the finish, creating solid achievements that are real, have no water content, and can stand up to the test of practice and history, so that each piece of work both brings honor to one's own domain and adds luster to the overall situation.
Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of being scientific and seeking truth, and establishing and practicing a view on political achievements of respecting laws and making scientific decisions. Being scientific and seeking truth is the essence of the Jiao Yulu spirit, embodying the pragmatic attitude of "eating someone else's chewed bun has no flavor" (吃别人嚼过的馍没味道). Currently, the situation is constantly evolving and tasks are constantly changing, urgently requiring us to consciously use the Party's innovative theory to observe new situations, study new circumstances, and solve new problems, so that all work advances in the correct direction. Persist in investigation and research to ascertain the true situation. Take investigation and research as the basic skill for doing work and the prerequisite procedure for decision-making, persist in seeking advice from the people, inquiring about the needs of enterprises, and consulting the wise for strategies, ensuring that all decisions both conform to objective reality and follow the general trend of development. Follow objective laws to improve quality and efficiency. Adhere to proceeding from reality and acting in accordance with laws, base ourselves on our own resource endowments, industrial foundations, and locational advantages, coordinate development and security, speed and quality, development and environmental protection, refrain from short-term behavior and avoid superficial work, and promote development that improves quality, increases efficiency, and advances steadily and far. Vigorously reject formalism and seek practical results. Resolutely rectify the prominent problems of formalism and bureaucratism, with the mindset of "achievements need not be credited to me" (功成不必在我) to lay the foundation, and with the sense of responsibility of "achievements must have my contribution" (功成必定有我) to grasp implementation, using solid and concrete measures to hand in a qualified answer sheet for high-quality development.
Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of facing difficulties head-on, and establishing and practicing a view on political achievements of daring to take responsibility and doing solid work. Facing difficulties head-on is the character of the Jiao Yulu spirit, displaying the fearless mettle of "daring to act like a hero in the face of hardship" (敢于在困难面前逞英雄). In the face of complex situations and arduous tasks, we urgently need to have the courage to directly confront problems and continuously solve difficulties, opening up a new situation for development through tackling tough challenges. Bravely shoulder heavy burdens. When in a position, plan for its affairs, and exhaust one's strength, take the initiative to shoulder responsibility and actively assume risks in the face of major development tasks, reform difficulties, and urgent livelihood matters, interpreting loyalty through responsibility and manifesting value through action. Dare to gnaw on hard bones. Be bold in trying and experimenting, be bold in breaking and establishing, especially currently, focus on key links such as factor assurance, project advancement, and the business environment, make every effort to solve development difficulties such as land, capital, and talent, activate development momentum through reform breakthroughs, and open up development space through the tangible results of tackling tough problems. Be adept at overcoming problems. Continuously improve one's ability to steer complex situations and handle complex problems, achieving both the courage to take responsibility and the skill to act effectively, both the capacity to bravely shoulder heavy burdens and the adeptness at solving difficult problems.
Inheriting and carrying forward the spirit of selfless dedication, and establishing and practicing a view on political achievements of being indifferent to fame and fortune and being upright and incorruptible. Selfless dedication is the realm of the Jiao Yulu spirit, manifesting the moral sentiment of "being hardworking and plain-living, honest in performing official duties, and 'never engaging in special privileges at any time'" (艰苦朴素、廉洁奉公、'任何时候都不搞特殊化'). Turning the 15th Five-Year Plan into reality is a new Long March, which urgently requires us to forge the soul of loyalty, safeguard the foundation of integrity, and down-to-earth turn established goals into development results. Disregard personal gains and losses and cultivate public servant sentiment. Closely integrate one's life value with the development of the Party and the people's cause, think more about the masses and less about oneself, think more about the cause and less about fame and fortune, truly put one's mind and energy into undertaking the cause, integrate one's personal pursuits into the overall situation of development, and cultivate public servant sentiment and practice the original aspiration of serving the people with the realm of "selflessness" (无我). Forever preserve the true nature of integrity and strictly observe the bottom line of discipline. At all times keep the string of integrity and self-discipline taut, know reverence, maintain vigilance, and guard the bottom line, resolutely oppose the mentality of privilege and the phenomenon of privilege, achieve fair exercise of power, exercise of power in accordance with the law, exercise of power for the people, and clean exercise of power, forever preserving the political character of the Chinese Communist of being upright and incorruptible. Write the responsibility of the era and practice the original aspiration and mission. Know responsibility in the heart, shoulder responsibility on the person, and fulfill responsibility in action, repay the trust of the Party and the people with solid work and tangible results, and write an outstanding answer sheet for the era with loyalty, integrity, and responsibility. (The author is Lu Chunhong (鲁春红), a specially appointed researcher at the Party Building Teaching and Research Department of the Yunnan Provincial Committee Party School (Yunnan Provincial Academy of Governance) and Director of the Yunnan Provincial Research Center for the Theoretical System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.)
Return to TopBy: 梁海刚
Antiquity is wealth. Cultural heritage is a precious resource that carries the national cultural lineage, an important component of the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and also the deep nourishment of the consciousness of the Chinese national community. The Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan proposes “promoting the systematic protection and unified supervision of cultural heritage.” This is both a strategic measure to continue the historical lineage and enhance cultural confidence, and also an inherent requirement for coordinating urban-rural integrated development and advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. For county-level jurisdictions, cultural heritage protection faces the dual pressure of rapid urbanization and the accelerated disappearance of traditional features. How to safeguard these non-renewable precious resources in the course of development is a question of the times that must be answered well.
Anchor the value coordinates of systematic protection of county-level cultural heritage. In the process of rapid urbanization, the contradiction between urban-rural construction and heritage protection becomes prominent: first, the impulse to demolish the old and build the new is strong; second, the current institutional resource focus tends toward higher-level cultural preservation units, while a large number of low-level immovable cultural relics such as old houses lack management and protection; third, they often fall into the two extremes of being sealed off or over-commercialized; and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp their deep value to solve these problems. Guard the roots of civilization, protect the genes of agricultural farming. Ancient buildings, ancient villages, old houses, and intangible cultural heritage together constitute a complete chain of cultural genes; the disappearance of any remnant may cause a rupture in civilization. Systematic protection should discard the mindset of “valuing individual units, neglecting the whole,” and treat the building body, village texture, and folk customs as an organic lifeform to be protected as a whole. Step out of the limitation of “only protecting key cultural relics,” include the county’s traditional residential houses and public ancient buildings into the protection list, establish archives and placards across the entire area, systematically repair residential houses, ancestral halls, and ancient bridges, simultaneously excavate agricultural folk customs and inherit local opera, and retain a complete sample of agricultural civilization through comprehensive full-coverage protection. Respond to the people’s livelihood expectations, retain the background color of nostalgia. The masses both hope to improve living conditions and cherish ancestral homes, native land, and nostalgic memories. Systematic protection should adhere to the people’s principal position, coordinate relocation, repair, and environmental improvement, so that the masses who have moved to cities have nostalgia to seek, and the villagers who remain have a livable home. At the same time, straighten out the policies for farmers moving down from the mountains and old house repair, prioritize rectifying safety hazards, and under the premise of preserving the original appearance of the village and rural texture, equip with modern facilities and equipment, achieving protection that benefits the people, protects the countryside, and retains the roots.
Construct a practical system for systematic revitalization. Cultural heritage protection is a long-term, foundational systemic project, which needs to follow the progressive logic of “consolidating the foundation — generating blood — improving quality — shaping momentum.” Plan across the entire area, clarify the baseline of remnant protection. Break down data barriers among departments such as cultural relics, intangible cultural heritage, and housing and urban-rural construction, comprehensively survey all-factor resources including traditional villages, old residential houses, ancient structures, intangible cultural heritage skills, and folk culture, and clarify the county’s heritage baseline, grade, distribution, and preservation status. Compile an overall protection plan, establish a classified protection list for low-level immovable cultural relics, implement local management and protection responsibilities, repair subsidy policies, and style control rules, forming a closed-loop system of “survey and archive — plan and demarcate — graded control — dynamic update.” Implant business formats, activate the economic value of heritage. Adhere to the principles of moderation, locality, and originality, revitalize idle old houses into new carriers such as boutique homestays, intangible cultural heritage workshops, and cultural study bases, build a close interest linkage mechanism linking and driving farmers, so that the people become collaborators and beneficiaries of heritage protection, fundamentally solving the problem of rural hollowing.
Test the actual performance and effectiveness of the new life of ancient artifacts. The standard for measuring whether systematic protection is successful lies not only in how many houses have been repaired and how many skills have been restored, but also in whether these “ancient” things have truly integrated into contemporary life and transformed into a sense of gain that the people can perceive. The living continuation of the cultural lineage. Cultural heritage is no longer an exhibit far from life, but becomes part of the daily life of the masses. Traditional buildings are effectively protected, folk festivals return to public spaces, and intangible cultural heritage skills achieve intergenerational transmission. Historical districts, while retaining the lively atmosphere of residents’ daily life, achieve modernized renovation of infrastructure. This scene of “seeing people, seeing objects, seeing life” is the most solid proof of the perpetual continuation of the cultural lineage. The leap toward common prosperity in people’s livelihood. The dividends of protection should benefit the broadest masses. Migrant workers return, achieving entrepreneurship and employment at their doorstep; idle village collective assets and farmers’ properties obtain stable income through transfer; relying on the integration of culture and tourism, village collective economic income grows significantly, and the urban-rural income gap shows a benign trend of continuous narrowing. When the masses truly feel that “old houses can generate gold” and “nostalgia can bring wealth,” protection transforms from “the government wants me to do it” into a nationwide conscious action of “I want to do it myself.”
Grasp the dialectical logic of sustainable development. Coordinate protection and people’s livelihood, achieving two-way empowerment between guarding the cultural lineage and common prosperity. Protection and development are a dialectical unity; we must both hold the bottom line of historical remnants and prevent destructive development, and also reject closed conservatism and inaction. The fundamental lies in basing on the needs of the masses, tapping the multiple values of heritage, promoting development achievements to benefit all masses, and achieving mutual promotion between guarding the cultural lineage and narrowing the gap for common prosperity. Coordinate inheritance and innovation, balancing original background color and modern transformation. Based on local resources, create differentiated identities, avoid 千村一面 (qiān cūn yī miàn - "a thousand villages, one face," lacking distinctiveness), and let each remnant retain its unique vitality. Coordinate the present and the long term, adhere to deep cultivation of hidden achievements and 久久为功 (jiǔ jiǔ wéi gōng - "persistently work for a long time," to keep at something for a long time). Heritage protection is a hidden achievement project; it cannot show results in the short term. We must firmly establish and practice a correct view of political performance, be willing to do foundational and preparatory work, maintain policy continuity and stability, with one term after another working on it, through long-term sustained effort, achieve overall quality improvement of the cultural ecology, and truly transform “ancient wealth” into the internal driving force for sustainable development.
(The author is the Party secretary of Songyang County (松阳县), Zhejiang Province.)
Return to TopThe development of artificial intelligence cannot be separated from the support of data. The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline proposes to deepen the development and utilization of data resources, accelerate the construction of an AI corpus, build high-quality datasets for sectors such as energy, transportation, manufacturing, education, health, and finance, and establish a system for the reasonable use of AI training data. Centering on the construction of high-quality datasets, the Study Times high-end think tank edition (学习时报高端智库版) has launched an in-depth discussion.
Return to TopBy: 余晓晖
Artificial intelligence, as a strategic technology leading the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, is profoundly changing the way humans produce and live. The 15th Five-Year Plan period (十五五时期) is a critical period for the accelerated breakthrough and widespread diffusion of AI technology. In the process of AI development, the role of data is increasingly prominent; it is both an important factor determining the upper limit of model capability and a key variable supporting the effectiveness of AI applications. Accelerating the construction of a high-quality data supply system oriented towards AI is a key lever for promoting China's leapfrog development of AI and the deep and solid implementation of the AI+ (人工智能+) action, and has an important supporting role in accelerating industrial intelligent upgrading and advancing the process of new-type industrialization (新型工业化).
Currently, the vigorous development of AI technology has posed a series of new demands on data factors (数据要素). In recent years, the development of China's AI industry has achieved remarkable results, and behind this, solid support from data factors is indispensable. Statistics from the National Data Administration (国家数据局) show that as of the end of March 2026, China's daily average token call volume exceeded 140 trillion, an increase of more than 1,000 times compared to the beginning of 2024. The 'National Data Resource Survey Report (2025)' shows that in 2025, China's annual total data production reached 52.26 zettabytes (ZB), a year-on-year increase of 27.28%, accounting for 27.44% of global total data production, maintaining a leading position globally. Among this, the total amount of data used for AI training and inference reached 199.48 exabytes (EB), a year-on-year increase of 42.86%; inference data volume exceeded training data volume for the first time, reflecting that AI applications are accelerating from the model training stage to the large-scale deployment stage. As of the end of March 2026, the country had built more than 116,000 high-quality datasets, with a scale exceeding 960 petabytes (PB), providing important support for China's breakthrough development of AI. Next, as AI technology accelerates towards a new stage of general artificial intelligence, new demands will be placed on data factors.
Model iteration requires achieving the integration of 'data + scenario'. In recent years, the capabilities of AI foundation models have rapidly leapt forward, with abilities such as multimodal understanding, complex reasoning, and tool calling continuously strengthening. Intelligent agents have gradually become the main application form, driving generative AI to accelerate its transformation into actual productive forces. The complex task processing capabilities of frontier models have approached or even locally surpassed human professional levels, and the application focus is accelerating from 'generating content' to 'executing tasks'. Under such circumstances, the traditional training path relying on publicly available internet corpora will be unsustainable, the constraint of the 'data wall' is increasingly prominent, the marginal returns of simply relying on data scale expansion continue to narrow, and general-purpose data can no longer support model generational breakthroughs. At the same time, the landing and capability evolution of AI applications require deep binding with vertical scenarios. Scenarios are both the carrier for technology to transform into productive forces and the source of high-quality vertical data. More fundamentally, the main contradiction in data supply and demand has shifted from insufficient quantity to the lack of systematic supply support. This requires focusing on the long-term development of AI, building an automated and standardized data engineering system, and continuously improving the data self-hematopoiesis capability in the application process. Construct a two-way empowerment mechanism between data and scenarios, forming a positive cycle of 'scenario precipitates data, data optimizes model, model empowers scenario', providing key support for the continuous evolution of AI.
The shift in the focus of model training requires more emphasis on dynamic interactive behavior. The early development of large models highly relied on publicly available 'static corpora' on the internet. Open-source corpora represented by CommonCrawl aggregate multiple types of public resources such as web texts and electronic books, serving as the core support for building the knowledge base during the pre-training phase of large models. However, as the focus of model training shifts from general pre-training to reinforcement learning, purely static corpora can no longer meet the higher-order demands of intelligent agents such as autonomous decision-making and closed-loop execution. The demand structure for model training data will undergo significant changes accordingly. Promote the tilt of data demand from static knowledge data towards dynamic behavior data and interaction flow data, covering more abundant real-world data such as intelligent agents calling application programming interface (API) tools, planning execution paths, trial-and-error correction, and feedback flow data. In particular, high-quality dynamic interaction samples and human alignment feedback data are becoming key elements for breaking through bottlenecks such as insufficient autonomy and weak operational reliability of intelligent agents.
The evolution of general intelligence requires further expansion of physical space data. Embodied intelligence and world models are the necessary paths for AI to move towards general artificial intelligence. World models undertake the 'cognitive brain' function of modeling physical world laws and decision-making reasoning, while embodied intelligence is the 'action carrier' for intelligent agents to interact with the real environment. The two are deeply coupled and mutually supportive, jointly promoting the evolution of AI from passive perception and understanding to the higher-order stage of active embodied interaction and autonomous decision-making execution. Currently, embodied intelligence and world models have not yet experienced a 'GPT moment' similar to that of large language models, i.e., a breakthrough development like the release of ChatGPT. The core bottleneck is that the accumulation of high-quality interaction data in the physical world has not yet crossed the critical threshold for capability emergence. According to estimates, the scale of training corpora supporting the capability leap of general large models reaches the level of trillions of tokens, while globally available high-quality real-machine interaction datasets for embodied intelligence training are generally at the scale of millions of trajectory levels. There is a gap of several orders of magnitude between the two in data volume and sample richness. The further development of embodied intelligence and world models places higher demands on the scope, form, structure, and quality of data supply. On one hand, the data scope is accelerating from static graphics, text, audio, and video content in traditional digital space to multimodal interactive perception, continuous motion control, and environmental causal law data in the physical world. Data forms are shifting from discrete, independent unimodal samples to closed-loop time-series data of the entire chain of 'perception-decision-execution-feedback'. On the other hand, both the learning of physical rules by world models and the adaptation of embodied intelligent agents to complex environments urgently require large-scale continuous interaction data covering diverse scenarios, multiple types of objects, and multiple physical rules, requiring data to possess scenario richness, physical authenticity, and causal logic.
Facing the new demands placed on data factors by the development of AI, we should take the AI+ action as the traction, take model-data resonance (模数共振) as the key path, coordinate and promote data expansion and quality improvement, circulation and sharing, governance empowerment, and mechanism innovation, and accelerate the construction of a systematic, complete, safe, controllable, and fully activated high-quality data supply system.
Expand data resource supply and solidify the factor support foundation. Closely follow the core needs of large model capability leap, intelligent agent landing application, and embodied intelligence technology breakthroughs, focus on the main battlefields of AI application such as scientific research, manufacturing, healthcare, and transportation, as well as key areas of emerging industries and future industries such as low-altitude economy, biomanufacturing, and biomedicine, and deploy multiple types of datasets in a targeted manner. Around the needs of intelligent agent autonomous decision-making and task execution, accumulate decision trajectory data such as task planning, tool calling, and multi-round interaction; around the research and development and deployment of embodied intelligence, build real-machine datasets such as robot operation, multimodal perception, and human-machine collaboration; around world model training and reasoning, explore the construction of digital environment interaction data and simulation generation data systems, fully leverage the role of leading industry enterprises, research institutions, and public data resources, and form a data supply pattern with multi-subject participation. Simultaneously leverage the role of synthetic data to make up for the shortcomings of physical scene data, rely on simulation engines to generate three-dimensional interaction data that conforms to physical laws, and fill data gaps in high-risk and niche scenarios; establish a data quality assessment mechanism covering the entire process of generation, annotation, and storage, and open up the data closed loop of simulation generation, processing annotation, model validation, and iterative optimization.
Upgrade data processing capabilities and cultivate a professional service system. The data engineering system is the fundamental lever for breaking small-workshop-style governance and achieving autonomous data supply. It is necessary to adapt to the high-standard data requirements of AI training such as large models and embodied intelligence, conform to the trend of data annotation transforming from labor-intensive to knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive, vigorously develop large-model-driven human-machine collaborative data processing models, and promote new technologies such as intelligent annotation, automatic quality inspection, and auxiliary review, to improve data processing efficiency and quality. For professional fields such as healthcare, industry, and law, cultivate data service institutions that possess both industry awareness and technical capabilities, promote the upgrade of data processing from simple annotation to knowledge extraction, logical organization, and value mining, and improve the multi-level professional talent training system. Simultaneously promote the upgrade of annotation paradigms from two-dimensional planes to three-dimensional space and multimodal time-series, expand annotation dimensions such as 3D point clouds, joint poses, action sequences, and causal relationships, achieve spatiotemporal alignment of multi-source perception data, and adopt a model of simulation pre-annotation plus manual fine-checking to improve the accuracy of embodied data. Take the construction of a standardized data engineering system as the fundamental path to enhance data self-hematopoiesis capability, deploy AI data engineering technology infrastructure, tackle core technologies such as efficient cleaning of multimodal data, large-scale vector database retrieval, and synthetic data generation pipelines, build a reusable data engineering toolchain, and explore a 'cloud-edge-device' collaborative data processing architecture; accelerate the development of national standards and evaluation systems related to AI data, forming a full-cycle data engineering closed loop of 'demand-collection-governance-application-iteration'.
Build a trusted circulation system and release the value of data factors. Around the needs of AI cross-subject collaborative innovation, promote the construction of data circulation and utilization facilities, and fully utilize technologies such as privacy computing, blockchain, data sandboxes, and trusted execution environments to achieve data value sharing and secure circulation, and resolve concerns about data sharing in AI innovation. Improve institutional arrangements such as data property rights registration, value assessment, and revenue distribution, forming a guarantee system with technology and institution synergy, providing rule support for cross-subject data collaboration. Promote the transformation of industry data from decentralized, closed-off management to standardized, service-oriented supply, rely on unified standards to advance data resource integration across departments and regions, build a logically unified, physically distributed data supply network, break down cross-subject, cross-industry, cross-regional data circulation barriers, and form a data resource circulation system supporting AI innovation and development. Build a public data service platform, encapsulate common capabilities such as privacy computing, compliant desensitization, and data governance into inclusive public services, lower the data threshold for AI innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises and research institutions, continuously revitalize the value of existing data, and empower AI innovation across the board.
Improve the value incentive mechanism and stimulate the endogenous driving force of data supply. Follow the development laws of the AI industry, explore the establishment of a data value realization mechanism suitable for AI development, improve systems for data resource custody, revenue distribution, and rights protection, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of data providers. In accordance with the principle of 'who contributes, who benefits', establish a scientific and reasonable data revenue distribution system to enhance the enthusiasm of business entities to participate in high-quality data supply. Guide model companies, industry companies, and data service institutions to increase investment in the data field, promote the transformation of AI industry competition from simply comparing computing power and model parameters to improving data quality and releasing data value, forming a virtuous cycle of 'high-quality data supporting model iteration, model value in turn feeding data supply'. Adhere to both encouraging innovation and regulating development, establish a data grading and classification supervision system adapted to AI development, and implement differentiated management for different types of data. Under the premise of maintaining the safety bottom line, reserve development space for new technologies and new modes in the AI data field, improve the fault tolerance and error correction mechanism, support local governments and enterprises in carrying out exploration and practice, and create an inclusive and prudent development environment.
Strengthen industrial synergy and linkage, and build a data flywheel (数据飞轮) ecosystem. Focus on the construction of the full-chain innovation ecosystem of AI, fully leverage the bridging, linking, leading, and driving roles of industry organizations and leading enterprises, and build a collaborative promotion mechanism with deep integration of cross-enterprise, cross-field, industry-academia-research-application. Encourage benchmark enterprises in the industry, data service providers, and model R&D companies to form innovation consortia, and achieve positive interaction of scenario traction, data driving, and model iteration through means such as scenario opening, data sharing, and joint research. Coordinate the use of policy and market tools, actively align with national and local related industrial policies, guide social capital to participate in the construction of the data factor market, and form a diversified and sustainable investment pattern. Focus on core pain points of the industry to create benchmark datasets, continuously empower the deep integration of AI and the real economy. Increase support for high-value Chinese open-source datasets, use the open-source ecosystem to drive the unification of data standards, and reduce the cost of AI innovation across the industry. Rely on industry think tanks, research institutes, and leading enterprises to jointly build common technology platforms, actively participate in the formulation of global AI data governance rules, and firmly grasp the strategic initiative of AI development.
Competition in the era of artificial intelligence is not only competition in models and computing power, but also competition in high-quality data supply systems. Whoever can first build a complete system covering data production, governance, circulation, utilization, and value realization will be able to grasp the initiative in the new round of intelligent development. In this regard, we must adhere to the development path of independent innovation, application traction, ecological synergy, open sharing, and safe and controllable, support the high-quality development of AI with high-quality data supply, and make new and greater contributions to accelerating the development of new quality productive forces (新质生产力), building a manufacturing powerhouse, a cyber powerhouse, and a Digital China (数字中国), and advancing Chinese-style modernization (中国式现代化).
(The author is the president of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (中国信息通信研究院).)
Return to TopBy: 姜江
In 2025, China's annual total data production reached 52.26 zettabytes (ZB), a year-on-year increase of 27.28%, accounting for approximately 27.44% of the global total data volume. As the level of development and utilization of data resources continues to improve, data has become a key factor in advancing the construction of Digital China, and the advantage of massive data resources continues to manifest in the process of releasing the value of data factors.
At the same time, the construction of the data market is still in its infancy, there is still great potential for releasing data value, and data empowering artificial intelligence still has broad development space. In this regard, it is necessary to adhere to the "three combinations" (三个结合) and advance in stages with prioritized focuses, fully mobilize resources from all sectors of society, promote data supply from quantitative change to qualitative change, and release the value of data factors with greater intensity, broader scope, and deeper level, to assist high-quality economic and social development.
Combine basing on the present and focusing on the long term. To improve the quality of data supply, we must base on the urgent demand for high-quality data brought by the rapid iteration and innovation of artificial intelligence technology, and highlight the characteristics that data should have for AI model development, such as large scale, multi-modality, AI-ready, high-value application, high technical content, etc. Taking the implementation of the "AI+" action (人工智能+行动) as the driving force, follow the working guidelines of prioritizing urgent needs, advancing by category, and using reasonably, and categorically promote the construction of supply systems for general knowledge type, industry general type, and industry specific type high-quality datasets; coordinately promote the participation of government departments, research institutions, open source communities, and platform enterprises in construction; quickly form demonstration scenarios conducive to cross-industry integrated innovation applications of public data; support enterprises in purchasing data product services and the construction of industry datasets in key areas; and promote the formation of a batch of landmark achievements in industry high-quality datasets. Focusing on the long term means returning to the economic attributes of high-quality datasets, strengthening the high market value characteristics of high-quality data supply, and giving play to the subjective initiative and leading role of business entities in allocating data resources. Continue to promote the implementation of the structural separation system for data property rights (数据产权结构性分置制度) for data holding rights, use rights, and management rights, and continue to improve it in practice; adopt multiple measures to support data enterprises in data collection and processing services, professional data product services, data circulation, and other professional services to grow bigger and stronger; cultivate a multi-level business entity development ecology where large, medium, small, and micro enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and multiple types of data circulation and trading service institutions complement and progress together; establish a diversified data pricing mechanism; and continuously enhance enterprises' motivation and confidence in "investing in data" (投资于数).
Combine goal orientation and problem orientation. Aim at the fundamental goal of data supply, deepen the understanding of the connotation of high-quality data. The transformation of data supply from quantitative change to qualitative change must take realizing data value monetization as the basic premise, ensuring both that the sources of data supply are diverse and that public data, enterprise data, and personal data can be supplied efficiently and normatively, and also ensuring that the supplied data can be effectively collected, stored, governed, and processed, ultimately forming data products and services with market value, releasing the value of data factors. The quality of data supply essentially depends on whether various types of datasets can have relatively clear data holding rights, use rights, and management rights; whether they can circulate and trade efficiently and normatively; have clear and undisputed revenue distribution plans; and adhere to the bottom line of data security. High-quality datasets can be directly used for artificial intelligence model training or directly purchased by data users to realize value monetization. At the same time, strive to eliminate the blocking points and choke points in realizing the qualitative change of data supply. Although the work of public data opening and government information sharing has made considerable progress in the past few years, it is an indisputable fact that they started late and development lags behind. At the same time, the collection, storage, development and utilization of enterprise data and personal data also face choke points such as unwillingness to supply, reluctance to supply, and inability to supply, and the problem of difficulty in obtaining high-quality source data will exist for a long time. The process from the introduction, implementation to deep public acceptance of systems in emerging fields is bound to be a long, tortuous, and difficult process. When enterprises generally worry about the security and legal risks of data transactions, paying for data and investing will inevitably be significantly constrained, and the implementation of the structural separation system for data property rights will still take time. The high threshold of capital investment and the long cycle of value transformation for constructing high-quality datasets used for artificial intelligence model training and development are also a choke point restricting enterprise investment. Relevant investment involves high costs in multiple links such as software and hardware investment for data collection, data cleaning and processing, data annotation, data governance and quality management, data infrastructure construction, data compliance and security, etc.
Combine policy guidance and market leadership. Data supply is a long-term, systematic task. In the stage where the value of data factors has not yet been efficiently released, policy guidance is particularly critical. According to the classification of data source units, public data supply will be accelerated under the framework of existing policy systems, as excellent cases in more scenarios in public fields such as meteorology, transportation, human resources and social security take the lead in "running" (跑起来). For enterprise data, it is necessary to continuously release positive signals by strengthening the implementation of the structural separation system for data property rights, guiding and incentivizing more enterprises to pay for data and invest in data. The supply of personal data focuses on solving the problem of personal information privacy protection. Through policy guidance and support, we must continuously consolidate the data security infrastructure, technical means, and governance system for personal information security. As the path to realizing the value of data supply becomes further clarified, more and more business entities will have the willingness, motivation, and courage to invest in large-scale data collection, storage, governance, and utilization. The focus of policy will also shift from basic system construction, scenario guidance, direct support, etc., to tools and means such as building platforms, creating ecosystems, and bottom-line supervision, ensuring that the market can play the fundamental and decisive role in allocating data resources.
(The author is the vice president of the National Data Development Research Institute (国家数据发展研究院).)
Return to TopBy: 蒋敏娟
At present, artificial intelligence is embedding itself into thousands of industries at an unprecedented speed, becoming an important engine for developing new quality productive forces (新质生产力). However, the training of large models, the implementation of industry applications, and the iteration of intelligent systems all rely on high-quality massive data. Data is often compared to the “fuel” of artificial intelligence, but low-quality, fragmented, and non-compliant data cannot drive model progress; on the contrary, it amplifies algorithmic bias, generates false information, and brings security risks. Therefore, deeply understanding the strategic significance of building high-quality datasets, and grasping their foundational, urgent, and comprehensive value, is an important proposition that must be properly answered to ensure the stable and far-reaching development of artificial intelligence.
From the perspective of the technological development laws of artificial intelligence itself, high-quality datasets are the foundation and prerequisite for breaking through its development bottlenecks. The breakthroughs in artificial intelligence rely on the three cornerstones of algorithms, computing power, and data. In recent years, China has made significant progress in algorithm innovation and computing power deployment, but the shortcomings at the data level still exist. In fact, although the massive scale of public data on the internet is enormous, it is filled with noise, bias, duplication, and false information. Training models with such data can easily lead to “hallucinations,” bias, and even the risk of losing control. At the same time, high-value industry data has long been scattered among different entities, lacking unified standards, standardized annotation, and continuous updating mechanisms, forming various forms of “data silos” (数据孤岛). Without high-quality datasets, no matter how advanced the algorithms or how powerful the computing power, it is difficult for them to play a role. Building high-quality datasets means systematically carrying out work such as data collection, cleaning, denoising, annotation, augmentation, alignment, and quality inspection, constructing standardized datasets covering text, images, audio, video, and other modalities, multiple fields, and multiple scenarios. Only by firmly establishing this technical foundation can we ensure that the iteration of artificial intelligence technology does not deviate from the laws of technological development and does not fall into low-level repetition.
From the deep logic of market-oriented reform of data elements, high-quality datasets are the key carrier for optimizing data governance and releasing the value of data elements. For data to truly become a factor of production, it cannot stop at raw records; it must undergo governance, processing, and annotation to form high-quality datasets that are circulable, tradable, and privacy-protecting. Currently, systems for data rights confirmation, pricing, and circulation are still being explored. Building high-quality datasets can precisely become a “pilot project” for the marketization of data elements. By establishing a data quality evaluation system, a tiered classification standard, and a compliant circulation mechanism, high-quality datasets can enter the market in the form of products and assets, stimulate the enthusiasm of the data supply side, and drive the development of emerging service industries such as data cleaning, annotation, auditing, and security. More importantly, building high-quality datasets can force the improvement of data governance capabilities. By clarifying the responsible entities and compliance standards for each link such as data collection and annotation, it promotes the formation of a traceable and auditable closed loop of data governance, providing operable institutional guarantees for the healthy development and standardized application of artificial intelligence, and avoiding systemic risks caused by data quality issues.
From the perspective of the practical needs of artificial intelligence empowering thousands of industries, high-quality datasets are an important element in promoting the implementation of the “AI+” (人工智能+) action. The essence of “AI+” is not to pile up technological concepts, but to embed artificial intelligence into production processes, management decisions, and service systems to achieve cost reduction, quality improvement, efficiency enhancement, and innovation. However, the business logic, data forms, and compliance requirements of different industries vary widely, making it difficult for general large models to directly adapt to specific scenarios. Only by relying on high-quality, highly relevant, and highly annotated industry datasets can we train professional models that truly understand the industry, the business, and the scenario. In the medical field, high-quality medical imaging and electronic medical record datasets are prerequisites for the implementation of assisted diagnosis and drug research models; in financial risk prevention and control, time-series complete, precisely annotated, and long-cycle transaction datasets directly determine the recognition ability of anti-fraud models; in the field of autonomous driving, high-quality video datasets covering various road conditions, weather, and edge scenarios are even the lifeblood of safety driving models. Currently, many industries in China still lack public and standardized datasets, leading to practical difficulties such as “data shortage,” “annotation difficulty,” and “slow adaptation” during the implementation of the “AI+” action. Accelerating the construction of high-quality datasets for key industries and promoting the orderly opening and secure sharing of public data, industry data, and enterprise data are precisely the key to unblocking the empowerment channel of “AI+.”
From the strategic landscape of global technological competition, high-quality datasets are a must-win area for enhancing China’s international competitiveness in artificial intelligence. The global competition in artificial intelligence, at a deep level, is a contest of data governance capability and data quality. At the present stage, major developed countries are competing to seize the dominant power of global data governance rules, and are taking data as a core strategic resource to accelerate forward-looking deployment. China has the advantages of a super-large market scale and massive data resources. If it cannot transform these into high-quality, high-value, machine-readable datasets, it may be constrained by others in international competition. Building high-quality datasets helps to construct an autonomous and controllable data foundation for artificial intelligence, and is an inevitable requirement for supporting the iterative upgrading of artificial intelligence technology and achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.
(The author is a professor at the School of Government, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院大学政府管理学院).)
Return to TopBy: 高凯
UAV swarm operations can be simplistically understood as a series of actions including reconnaissance, control, strike, and support conducted by multiple batches, multiple sorties, and multiple directions of UAVs around a predetermined mission. Trajectory planning is the key to resolving conflicts between actions and strengthening coordination and synergy. Understanding the methods and means of trajectory planning can help to better understand, design, and thus win informationized and intelligent wars.
First, time-domain-based control. That is, using the unidirectional flow of time, deconstruct the combat mission, decompose it into different combat actions, use time as the axis to plan the specific action routes and key time nodes of individual UAVs, thereby avoiding action conflicts.
This is the most commonly used and most mature method of battlefield coordination. Its core is to formulate a coordination plan table, and based on the combat actions specified in the table, number, code, and program the UAVs, thereby achieving trajectory planning and precise control. This method requires clarifying parameters such as the altitude, speed, and direction of UAV flight at a given moment; it requires a large amount of programming data, and the accuracy of the UAV trajectory is proportional to the fineness of time division. Once planned, no remote communication or real-time data interaction is needed to complete UAV swarm formation flight. This method has strong anti-jamming capability but insufficient flexibility and poor ability to cope with changes in battlefield situation. It is suitable for the formation of single UAVs or small groups of UAVs and for actions such as using UAV swarms to strike high-value targets.
Second, speed-based control. That is, by specifying the flight speed of different UAVs to plan and control the trajectory of the UAV swarm. Because speed is a vector with direction and magnitude, by controlling speed, orderly formation and actions of the UAV swarm in three-dimensional space can be completed.
Speed-based control can be further divided into absolute and relative speed control. Absolute speed control means specifying the flight speed and direction of each UAV in the swarm at each time period or time point, without requiring remote control or real-time communication between swarm members to complete trajectory planning and formation flight, but its ability to cope with unexpected situations is weak, suitable for carrying out simple combat missions. Relative speed control means setting a "lead aircraft" in the swarm and specifying the "speed difference" of each "wingman" relative to the "lead aircraft", and through real-time information interaction achieving overall orderly formation flight and mission execution based on the lead aircraft's trajectory, which can well cope with battlefield emergencies.
Third, distance-based control. That is, a method of planning UAV trajectory or controlling formation flight by specifying the inter-UAV distance during flight or the distance from obstacles or landmark points. Inter-UAV distance control is a relative distance control method, while distance control from obstacles or landmark points is an absolute distance control method.
Inter-UAV distance control adopts two methods: adjacent UAV distance control and "lead aircraft-wingman" distance control. Adjacent UAV distance control means controlling the formation by specifying the distance between two adjacent UAVs. "Lead aircraft-wingman" distance control means specifying the "lead aircraft" in the UAV swarm. This "lead aircraft" can be either a real "lead aircraft" or a virtual "lead aircraft". The distance between UAVs at different positions and the lead aircraft is used to control the entire formation flight, thereby planning the trajectory. This method has relatively high requirements for inter-UAV data transmission and communication capabilities. Different from the relative distance control method, absolute distance control controls formation flight by continuously measuring the trajectory points specified in a three-dimensional topographic map, thereby completing the mission.
Fourth, grid-based control. That is, a method of trajectory planning and formation flight control by dividing the battlefield airspace into many grids, only specifying the grid areas and tasks to be completed for UAV activities, with specific actions organized autonomously by the UAVs within the grids.
This control method is similar to the "kill box" combat concept. It uses horizontal, vertical, and altitude dimensions to divide the entire battlefield space into several combat grids, specifying the tasks to be completed in each grid, obstacles to avoid, targets to strike, and time of use, etc. UAVs in different combat grids do not interfere with each other. Under conditions of limited algorithms and computing power, adopting this method can "deconstruct" the huge UAV swarm combat problem into multiple small UAV swarm groups conducting self-organized combat in different grids. The small UAV swarm groups in different grids can flexibly use time-domain, speed, or distance-based planning according to the nature of the mission, suitable for large-scale, multi-task, multi-type UAV swarm control.
Fifth, model-based control. That is, a method of planning UAV swarm trajectories and controlling formation flight using technologies such as big data prediction and large model generation. This method requires support from data, algorithms, and computing power.
In terms of data, it is necessary to collect flight parameters of UAVs of different types and weights under different weather conditions such as wind, rain, fog, and different terrain conditions such as desert, hills, and plains during routine training, competitions, actual combat, and equipment experiments, to provide support for model construction. In terms of algorithms, based on the similarity between the aggregation, swarming, and foraging behaviors of bees, fish schools, ants, etc., and the search, defense, assembly, attack actions of UAV swarms, algorithms such as ant colony algorithm, particle swarm algorithm, artificial potential field, and their hybrid algorithms can be flexibly adopted to provide an architecture for model construction. In terms of computing power, attention should be paid to both the high-end computing power support of "cloud computing" and the application of low-end computing power such as "edge computing", achieving computing power upgrade from "cloud" to "edge", making trajectory planning and formation flight more accurate and more real-time.
Return to TopBy: 杨珍妮
FPV, originally referring to the flight technology of remotely operating unmanned aerial vehicles from a "first-person perspective," was initially used mainly in the field of model aircraft competition. In recent years, as FPV drones employing this technology have been employed on a large scale in local conflicts and have become an important force for low-altitude assault and precision strike on the modern battlefield, FPV has become a military term used as a substitute designation for unmanned aerial vehicles that employ "first-person perspective" flight technology.
First, the modular structure is suited to the building-block assembly model.
The modular, open architecture of FPV drones endows them with highly flexible and free assembly characteristics. Their physical structure is simple; the entire machine adopts a modular architecture. There is no complex embedded integration among components such as the frame, flight controller, video transmission system, motor, and battery, and assembly can be completed without specialized tools. Each component uses standardized physical interfaces; the interfaces are universal and specifications are interoperable, avoiding the use restrictions of "dedicated machines for dedicated purposes." All components that meet universal standards and come from different sources can be arbitrarily interchanged and assembled. At the same time, the parts and components of FPV drones come mainly from the civilian supply chain, with broad procurement channels and controllable costs. Especially in a wartime environment, they are not subject to export control restrictions for military materials, offering the advantages of high accessibility and strong substitutability.
Based on the above characteristics, compared with traditional tactical drones, which feature integrated design, complex structures, and closed supply chains, FPV drones can achieve tailored mission function customization through building-block assembly, thereby becoming general-purpose aerial combat platforms.
Second, building-block assembly is suited to multi-scenario mission customization.
Based on the modular architecture of FPV drones, both their hardware and software possess a high degree of reconfigurability.
In terms of hardware, through targeted replacement, modification, and upgrading of physical components, their tactical functions can be adjusted, enabling the rapid "assembly" of customized special-purpose FPV drones tailored to specific targets and battlefield environments. For example, by replacing with high-power motors and large-diameter high-speed propellers, and adding interception nets, a high-speed interceptor drone capable of anti-drone operations can be "assembled"; by swapping in a high-power powertrain and mounting a shaped-charge warhead, an anti-armor FPV drone can be "assembled"; by equipping an infrared thermal imaging camera and adding a low-light night vision lens, an FPV drone capable of performing night reconnaissance missions can be "assembled"; by adding a fiber optic cable, a fiber-optic drone capable of physically resisting electronic jamming can be manufactured.
In terms of software, by modifying flight control parameters, loading intelligent algorithm modules, and other methods, the flight characteristics of FPV drones can be dynamically optimized, raising their level of intelligent combat capability. Relying on the visual matching debugging programs carried by the FPV, plug-and-play functional expansion and algorithm deployment can be achieved without writing underlying code. The flight control system supports pre-storing or on-site loading of algorithm modules, and running algorithms can be dynamically switched according to mission requirements, rapidly adapting to different usage scenarios. For example, by equipping an AI image recognition module, it can read pre-stored target image features and autonomously identify and lock onto high-value targets such as armored vehicles; by equipping a visual navigation algorithm module, it can rely on real-scene imagery to complete flight navigation in place of satellite positioning under conditions of strong electromagnetic interference or GPS denial; by equipping a terminal autonomous attack module, when the UAV enters the target's terminal attack range or when communication is interrupted, the module automatically starts and takes over the control system, relying on onboard visual acquisition of real-time images, compares them with preset target features to lock strike points, dynamically optimizes the flight trajectory, and autonomously completes the strike.
In hardware and software, the advantage of building-block assembly lies in decomposing the functions of weapon equipment into independent functional modules. The same FPV platform can be rapidly disassembled, replaced, and flexibly combined according to battlefield environment and mission requirements. This mission-driven capability for rapid functional reconfiguration is precisely the core advantage that distinguishes FPV drones from traditional drones in achieving customized empowerment.
Third, LEGO-style customization drives transformation in combat forms.
The LEGO-style customization of FPV drones reconstructs the generation logic and application methods of combat forces from the ground up, driving a systematic transformation of combat forms.
In tactical application, the LEGO-style customization of FPV drones breaks through the operational limitations of traditional tactical drones, which have fixed platform functions and are suited only to single missions. It deeply empowers squad-level combat units, enhancing their actual combat capability to independently execute diverse missions. By swapping different functional modules on the same FPV airframe, it is possible to switch between reconnaissance, strike, damage assessment, and other mission modes within minutes. Squad-level combat units do not need to carry multiple specialized drones to handle different missions, greatly compressing the time required for multi-mission transitions in traditional operations. Squad-level combat units can autonomously decide the equipment configuration and attack method to complete a mission based on real-time battlefield conditions, without needing to report up the chain of command and wait for artillery or aviation fire support. They can independently complete the entire process of "detection—decision—strike—assessment," achieving a "reconnaissance-strike closed loop." Tactical decision-making authority is delegated to the most basic combat units, fully unleashing the tactical autonomy of on-the-spot battlefield disposition. FPV drones are portable and easy to assemble, and can accompany the unit and be pushed forward, taking off at any time during maneuvering, infiltration, and other processes to perform reconnaissance and strike missions, achieving deep integration of aerial firepower with mobile assault and enhancing manned-unmanned teaming effectiveness.
In terms of offense-defense patterns, the feature of FPV drones that allows functional customization according to mission requirements expands their combat boundaries, forces iteration of traditional defense systems, and reshapes the game pattern of battlefield offense and defense. By modifying the power system, expanding the battery capacity, and changing the payload, their penetration range can be extended, enabling full-depth long-range precision strikes that break the boundary between the front line and the rear. By replacing different warheads and optimizing flight performance, they can effectively strike scattered targets inside fortifications, bunkers, and buildings, compressing the survival space of static defenses. By performing on-site modifications according to mission needs, the same platform can freely and rapidly switch among reconnaissance, strike, jamming, and other mission modes. While greatly increasing the speed of equipment adaptation, the reconnaissance-strike closed-loop cycle is compressed to the minute level, accelerating the rhythm of offense-defense confrontation.
In terms of means of warfare, the low cost and high cost-effectiveness of FPV drones are driving war to shift from a blitzkrieg pursuing victory in the first battle and a quick decision to a war of attrition characterized by prolonged stalemate aimed at weakening the enemy's war potential. The blitzkrieg emphasizes breaking the enemy's system through high-speed maneuver to achieve a quick decision and victory. Its foundation for victory lies in a roughly equal cost-exchange ratio between the two sides and a limited rate of resupply for high-value equipment.
However, the components of FPV drones all adopt civilian standardized universal components. They are low in price, and both sides in a conflict can afford extremely high attrition rates. This is the economic foundation for waging a protracted war of attrition. The modular architecture enables the same platform, by swapping different types of warheads, to possess the capability to destroy high-value targets such as tanks, radars, and air defense systems, converting the low-cost advantage into high-cost-effectiveness combat power, achieving an operational effect of "using cheap to exhaust expensive" (以廉耗贵). Relying on the civilian supply chain, large quantities of various components can be procured, and coupled with the characteristics of modular design and rapid assembly, the resupply speed of FPV drones is greatly increased. Both sides in combat can quickly replenish losses, possessing resilience for sustained operations. The superposition of these three factors dismantles the foundation for blitzkrieg's quick-decisive victory, and the war evolves into a drone war of attrition that competes in production scale and resupply efficiency, forming a pattern of sustained confrontation where low-cost equipment supports high-intensity attrition.
The customized empowerment model of FPV drones is a new path for equipment development under high-intensity confrontation environments, driven by battlefield demands and enabled by technological innovation. It elevates the FPV drone from a fixed-configuration consumable to a reconfigurable general-purpose combat platform that can dynamically evolve according to mission needs, redefining the development logic of weapon equipment: shifting from "finalizing the whole machine design and batch equipping" to "modular design and on-demand assembly."
Return to TopBy: 王博实
In the National Museum of China, a highly iconic revolutionary relic is treasured — the "Proclamation of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (中国工农红军布告)" issued on May 22, 1935, by Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Zhu De. This mimeographed document, 36.5 cm in height and 36 cm in width, although its paper surface has slightly yellowed after 91 years of the passage of time, the 156-character six-character rhyming text remains neat, clear, and 力透纸背 (lì tòu zhǐ bèi - "strength penetrates the back of the paper," vigorous and powerful writing). As a historical relic that for the first time put forward the concept of the "Long March" in a formal official proclamation, this small mimeographed sheet is not only a key political mobilization order before the Central Red Army broke through the natural barrier of the Dadu River, but also a programmatic model for the people's army's political work, mass work, and ethnic work, carrying the original aspiration and mission and the fundamental principle of army building that the people's army has adhered to since its inception.
The birth of this proclamation originated from a life-or-death choice during the Central Red Army's Long March. In January 1935, the Zunyi Conference was held, which in fact established Comrade Mao Zedong's leading position in the Party Central Committee and the Red Army, and the Chinese Revolution ushered in a great life-or-death turning point. Subsequently, the Central Red Army crossed the Chishui River four times and skillfully crossed the Jinsha River, completely breaking out of the encirclement, pursuit, interception, and blockade of the Kuomintang's several hundred thousand troops, and its spearhead directly pointed at the natural barrier of the Dadu River. At this time, the Red Army was in a life-or-death predicament: ahead, the Sichuan army had heavily fortified the line along the Dadu River; behind, Xue Yue's 100,000 pursuing troops pressed in relentlessly; Chiang Kai-shek clamored to make the Red Army a "second Shi Dakai," vainly attempting to encircle and annihilate the Red Army on the south bank of the Dadu River. And spanning between the Red Army and the Dadu River was the Yi ethnic area of the Greater and Lesser Liangshan mountains stretching for several hundred li. In modern times, the Yi people had long suffered dual oppression from Kuomintang warlords and local slave owners, creating a deep estrangement between the Yi and Han peoples.
Before the Red Army entered the area, the Kuomintang reactionaries widely spread rumors that "the Red Army burns, kills, and loots," inciting hostile sentiments. The Red Army's vanguard units encountered obstruction and harassment many times, and there were even instances of weapons being seized and supplies being detained. Faced with this situation, the Red Army always adhered to the nature and purpose of the people's army, resolutely abandoned the barbaric practice of "clearing the way by force" typical of old armies, and chose to break down the estrangement with the Party's ethnic policies, strict military discipline, and sincere attitude. This proclamation 应运而生 (yìng yùn ér shēng - "arise at the opportune moment," emerge as the times require), laying a solid political foundation and mass base for the Red Army to break through the predicament.
This short proclamation of 26 sentences in six-character verse, seemingly a wartime notice to reassure the people, in fact contains the core logic of the people's army's political army building. Its historical value and theoretical significance have long transcended time and space, leaving precious spiritual wealth in multiple dimensions.
This proclamation thoroughly broke the inherent pattern of old regime proclamations being obscure, stiff, and officialese. It adopted the form of six-character verse that was 耳熟能详 (ěr shú néng xiáng - "familiar to the ear and can be recited," well-known from repeated hearing) and easy to read aloud for the Yi people, transforming the Party's political propositions and the Red Army's revolutionary purpose into popular language that the masses could understand, remember, and spread. Particularly important is that the proclamation for the first time in the form of a formal official document put forward the important expression: "The Red Army's ten-thousand-li Long March, irresistible 势如破竹 (shì rú pò zhú - "like splitting bamboo," with irresistible force)," elevating the previous strategic shift into a revolutionary journey with clear political goals and firm ideals and convictions, endowing military actions with distinct political attributes, and achieving a high degree of unity between political leadership and military action.
The proclamation opened by stating its core position: "The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army liberates the weak and small ethnic groups; all Yi (the 'Yi people' and 'Yi tribes' in the proclamation refer to the Yi ethnic group) and Han commoners are brothers and flesh and bone." This was the first time the Chinese Communist Party's policy of ethnic equality, in the form of a public official document, made a solemn declaration to the minority ethnic masses, putting into practice the principle of "all ethnic groups are equal." The proclamation denounced the heinous crimes of the Sichuan warlords who "oppress the Yi people too cruelly," and solemnly declared the Red Army's disciplinary requirements: "Military discipline is very strict, not a thread or a grain is touched; grain is bought fairly, payment is made in full." With the most straightforward language, it drew a clear line between the Red Army and all old armies. It was precisely by taking the policy of ethnic equality proclaimed in this proclamation as the core guide that there came the 千古佳话 (qiān gǔ jiā huà - "eternal fine tale," a story praised through the ages) of the "Yi Lake Covenant (彝海结盟)" between Chief of General Staff Liu Bocheng and the leader of the Yi Guji clan (果基家支), Xiao Yedan (小叶丹). The Red Army not only passed smoothly through the hundred-li Yi area without any hindrance, but also won the sincere support of the Yi people, sowed the revolutionary flames locally, and formed the first Yi people's revolutionary armed force.
The proclamation was not only a notice to reassure the people, but also a revolutionary mobilization order directed at the broad masses. The text explicitly called out: "All our Yi people, do not doubt or shrink back; quickly unite together, and jointly expel the warlords." It clearly expounded that the Red Army's revolutionary goal was not only to achieve a strategic shift, but also to overthrow the reactionary rule of imperialism and feudal warlords, and to liberate the toiling masses of all China. It deeply bound the Red Army's military actions with the liberation struggle of the people, transforming the process of strategic shift into a process of propagating revolutionary propositions, mobilizing the masses, and sowing revolutionary flames. It was precisely by relying on this fundamental stance of rooting in the people and uniting with the people that the Red Army, under extremely difficult conditions, broke through the enemy's encirclement, pursuit, interception, and blockade time and again, and finally achieved the great victory of the Long March.
The fundamental principles of political leadership, ethnic equality, and the mass line established by this proclamation not only won precious strategic time for the Red Army to smoothly pass through the Yi area, forcefully cross the Dadu River, and miraculously capture the Luding Bridge, but also provided a fundamental guide for the Red Army's subsequent passage through multiple ethnic areas such as Tibetans, Hui, and Qiang during the Long March, becoming a fine tradition of the people's army's political work and mass work, deeply integrated into the bloodline of the people's army.
Return to TopOn July 4, 2026, the academic symposium on Developing New Forms of Intelligent Economy (发展智能经济新形态), jointly hosted by the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People’s Government Beijing Office (广西壮族自治区人民政府驻北京办事处) and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Federation of Social Sciences (广西壮族自治区社会科学界联合会) among others, was held in Beijing. Experts and scholars from universities and research institutes gathered to conduct in-depth discussions on frontier topics including the connotation and characteristics of the intelligent economy, international comparisons, pathways for regional coordination, and human-machine collaborative governance, offering suggestions and advice (建言献策) for promoting the healthy and orderly development of the intelligent economy and serving the building of the China-ASEAN Community with a Shared Future (中国—东盟命运共同体).
Huang Chen (黄琛), Secretary of the Party Leadership Group and Director of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People’s Government Beijing Office (广西壮族自治区人民政府驻北京办事处), pointed out in his address that Guangxi closely follows the national strategy, has issued the Guangxi Deeply Implement “AI+” Three-Year Action Plan (2026–2028) (《广西深入实施“人工智能+”三年行动方案（2026—2028年）》), landed the China-ASEAN National Artificial Intelligence Application Cooperation Center (中国—东盟国家人工智能应用合作中心), and formally established the differentiated development path of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN” (北上广研发+广西集成+东盟应用). Guangxi possesses the unique triple advantages of geography, humanities, and corridors facing ASEAN. The Pinglu Canal (平陆运河) will achieve navigation in September, opening the shortest sea-access corridor for the Southwest, substantially reducing freight distances from the western regions to ASEAN, and providing physical support for the cross-border flow of digital technology and intelligent industries. Based on the capital’s high ground of scientific innovation resources, the Beijing Office has built a regular Beijing-Guangxi platform for scientific innovation docking, promoting the continuous agglomeration of frontier algorithms, computing resources, and high-end industrial projects in Guangxi, and providing intelligent solutions to the ASEAN market. At the level of industrial implementation, Guangxi adheres to three core development logics: adhere to integration as the foundation, deeply applying intelligent technology to empower Guangxi’s ten local pillar and characteristic industries such as the sugar industry and non-ferrous metals, and tap into 291 typical industry transformation scenarios; adhere to coordination as the path, establishing a cross-regional industry-university-research innovation linkage mechanism to open up the entire industrial chain of algorithm research and development, hardware integration, and scenario implementation, solving the problem of fragmented regional scientific innovation resources; adhere to win-win orientation, innovatively launching the cross-border collaborative model of “ASEAN sets the questions, Guangxi posts the bounties, and partners claim them” (东盟出题、广西发榜、合作揭榜), jointly building standardized intelligent application scenarios around cross-border trade, smart ports, and multilingual services. Currently, Guangxi’s core AI industry output value has exceeded 89 billion yuan, and 208 AI industry projects have been signed. The Beijing Office will continue to play a bridging role, linking national expert think tanks, improving the “3+N” (3+N) collaborative mechanism for investment attraction, and guiding scientific innovation resources to embed deeply into Guangxi’s industrial system, transforming the location advantages of the southward corridor into competitive advantages for the intelligent economy.
He Zhongguo (何忠国), President of Study Times (学习时报社), pointed out in his address that this year’s Government Work Report (《政府工作报告》) for the first time proposed “building new forms of intelligent economy” (打造智能经济新形态), deploying new infrastructure projects such as ultra-large-scale intelligent computing clusters and computing-electricity coordination, deepening and expanding “AI+” (人工智能+), and promoting the accelerated popularization of new-generation intelligent terminals and agents. Currently, the intelligent economy has moved from concept to reality, deeply restructuring production methods, lifestyles, and governance models. Domestically, innovation sources represented by Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area are continuously achieving breakthroughs in core technology research and development, with the innovation ecosystem increasingly maturing; receiving areas represented by Guangxi are actively exploring intelligent technology integration applications and institutional opening. Internationally, cooperation and competition in the field of artificial intelligence are unfolding in parallel, and China-ASEAN digital economy cooperation is 方兴未艾 (fāng xīng wèi ài - “just rising and not yet ceased,” flourishing and still developing). Developing the intelligent economy requires both frontier breakthroughs and scenario implementation; both independent innovation and open cooperation. The development path of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN” proposed by Guangxi precisely responds to the proposition of this era. At the academic level, artificial intelligence is driving a paradigm shift in research, injecting new vitality into the innovation of philosophy and social sciences. At the same time, it is necessary to clearly recognize that issues such as data security, ethical norms, and cross-border governance are becoming increasingly prominent, requiring collaborative research and proper handling by academia and industry.
Liu Wenqiang (刘文强), Secretary of the Party Committee and Vice President of the China Center for Information Industry Development (中国电子信息产业发展研究院), delivered a keynote speech on “Taking the Intelligent Economy as the Lead, Accelerating the Promotion of AI+ Manufacturing.” Regarding the definition of the concept of new forms of intelligent economy, he believes that the intelligent economy is a new economic form with artificial intelligence as the core engine, high-quality data as the key element, and relying on new-generation information technology to achieve human-machine collaboration and autonomous decision-making. The concepts of intelligent economy, information economy, and digital economy are both connected and distinct. The information economy is spawned by information technology, centered on information transmission and processing; the digital economy is spawned by digital technology, centered on data circulation and processing; the intelligent economy is spawned by artificial intelligence technology, centered on algorithm training and intelligent generation, breaking through the scope of traditional information and data and creating entirely new value. Currently, the intelligent economy is still in its primary stage. The new forms of intelligent economy mainly include artificial intelligence terminals, “AI+ software innovation,” AI-driven optimization of production manufacturing processes and enterprise organizational restructuring, “AI+ consumer experience,” and AI-native aspects. In the future, it will evolve from basic intelligence to enhanced intelligence and native intelligence. Agents, embodied intelligence, drones, etc., will give rise to a large number of new industries, new business formats, and new models, representing the development direction of new quality productive forces (新质生产力). Regarding the transformation of the manufacturing industry led by the intelligent economy, he believes that in the past, manufacturing production processes relied on “human control,” and now they are shifting toward “intelligent control” and “data-driven.” The widespread application of agents is driving a leap in production methods and decision-making models. Industrial agents and industrial intelligent operating systems are jointly building a new paradigm of industrial intelligence. Regarding thoughts and suggestions on promoting “AI+ manufacturing” in Guangxi, he proposed that Guangxi’s development of “AI+ manufacturing” has advantages such as rich characteristic industry scenarios, agglomeration of data and innovation platforms, and a unique location facing ASEAN, but it also faces challenges such as insufficient local AI service providers, unbalanced regional development, and intensified external competition. The core for Guangxi to further promote the development of “AI+ manufacturing” is to build an AI-empowered manufacturing system with Guangxi characteristics, following the path of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN,” focusing on the ASEAN market, and promoting two-way empowerment between intelligent industrialization and industrial intelligence. Focusing on ten major industries, concentrating on six major areas — industry, enterprise, scenario, product, region, facility — and following the three-step approach of “1 year to lay the foundation, 3 years to take shape, 5 years to leap forward,” within five years achieve an AI coverage rate of over 80% in pillar industries, a core industry output value of 180 billion yuan, cultivate 200 local service providers, create 200 benchmark scenarios, form 200 iconic products, build 200 high-quality data sets, with differentiated layouts in 14 cities, and build an AI hub for intelligent manufacturing facing ASEAN.
Zhang Xiao (张晓), Deputy Director of the China Internet Network Information Center (中国互联网络信息中心) and Expert Group Member of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum, delivered a speech on “Three Major Characteristics of the Intelligent Economy, Three International Paths, and Three Suggestions for Guangxi.” She proposed that competition in the intelligent economy is an overall contest of “technology + market + system.” As China’s “bridgehead” for opening up and cooperating with ASEAN, Guangxi has obvious location advantages. Seizing the strategic opportunity of “Guangxi integration” is not only key to Guangxi’s high-quality development but also an important node for China’s intelligent economy to expand southward. In this regard, she put forward three suggestions for developing the intelligent economy. First, act as a “converter” for multilingual AI, filling the gap in global large models’ support for smaller languages, and relying on computing power and manufacturing foundations to export fine-tuned, adapted models and intelligent manufacturing equipment to ASEAN. Second, act as an “interface” for mutual trust in cross-border rules, piloting a “Data Cross-Border Safe Harbor” (数据跨境安全港) and proposing regional solutions regarding emerging rules for AI governance. Third, act as a “connector” for long-term regional cooperation, building an AI for Science platform to respond to common challenges in ASEAN, while strengthening local capacity building through joint laboratories and training programs, relying on China’s open-source ecosystem to help ASEAN adapt AI models at low cost, and jointly cultivating the soil for the regional intelligent economy.
Zhang Wenkui (张文魁), Researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council (国务院发展研究中心), delivered a speech on “The New Ecosystem of Computing-Network Synergy Will Define the New Forms of Digital Intelligent Economy.” He proposed that the connotation of the current new forms of intelligent economy, local development paths, and their impact on the social economy need in-depth exploration. He believes that the core of the new forms of intelligent economy is the new ecosystem of computing-network synergy, and the new ecosystem of computing-network synergy will define the new forms of intelligent economy. Its implementation path may rely on technical standards and application programming interface (API) connections rather than pure equity control. As a new general-purpose technology, the innovation diffusion of artificial intelligence will last for decades. Guangxi should seek differentiated positioning in the long chain of AI, based on resource endowments such as minor metals, and lay out in sub-chains of AI, such as the data industry, to achieve leapfrog development.
Yin Ximing (尹西明), Director of the Department of Public Administration and Researcher at the School of Management, Beijing Institute of Technology, and member of the Expert Group of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s “15th Five-Year Plan” (工信部“十五五”规划专家组), delivered a speech on “How to Leverage Scenario Advantages and Cultivate New Forms of Intelligent Economy According to Local Conditions.” He believes that currently, the global intelligent economy is undergoing two major paradigm shifts: from “language intelligence” to “physical AI,” and from single-point technological breakthroughs in great-power rivalry to competition in industrial ecosystem. The depth of integration between AI and real economy scenarios affects whether manufacturing can move from scale expansion to value creation. He believes that Guangxi needs to grasp three key levers for cultivating new forms of intelligent economy. First, cultivate AI-native enterprises. Some local enterprises in Guangxi have combined open-source models with steel and non-ferrous metal industrial design to achieve scaled growth, confirming the value of scenarios. Second, build a full-domain scenario innovation industrial ecosystem. The elements of large models are upgrading from “computing power, algorithms, data” to “computing power, algorithms, data, scenarios,” with scenarios becoming the key to activating the former three. Major comprehensive scenarios and future industry scenarios with small entry points but high value can be planned. Third, consolidate the foundation of data elements and agents. Relying on the 25 high-quality data sets already built in Guangxi, learn from the experience of data exchanges in advanced regions, and promote the linkage between data and scenarios. He believes that cultivating new forms of intelligent economy according to local conditions should focus on three key points. First, elevate the strategic status of scenarios, treating them as a new productive force element and a new type of policy tool after data and technology, and plan a batch of strategic, tractional scenarios. Second, deepen two-way linkage with ASEAN, coordinate domestic and ASEAN markets, and centrally open a batch of high-value, high-standard “China scenarios” before going overseas, helping local enterprises “create and become strong,” while attracting ASEAN enterprises to come to Guangxi for innovation and entrepreneurship. Third, face the four major challenges of core technology bottlenecks, poor data circulation, insufficient scenario openness, and lack of agile governance systems, and avoid three major misunderstandings: campaign-style construction that “emphasizes hardware over ecology,” unchecked growth that “emphasizes technology over governance,” and homogenized competition that “emphasizes attraction over cultivation.” He proposed that at the national level, theoretical exploration and top-level design of the intelligent economy should be strengthened, clarifying the functional positioning of each region in the unified national market. At the local level, evaluation standards of “scenario first, actual results king” should be established, using solving actual pain points and driving new business formats as the yardstick for attracting investment and talent. With enterprises as the main body, leverage the driving role of chain-leading enterprises, open scenarios, empower platforms, and activate the momentum of small and medium-sized enterprises. Deepen regional coordinated counterpart support, exchanging high-quality scenarios for technology and talent cooperation. Relying on the China-ASEAN National AI Application Cooperation Center, strengthen joint capacity building of intelligence, contribute Chinese solutions, and transform scenario advantages into tangible achievements in the intelligent economy.
Wang Nan (王楠), Professor at the School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, delivered a speech on “Beijing’s Practice in Building the Intelligent Economy and Industrial Coordination Facing ASEAN.” She believes that as the cradle of the national AI industry, Beijing relies on four key levers to build a complete industrial system. First, consolidate the computing power and data foundation, comprehensively plan regional public computing platforms, and explore market-based trading of data elements relying on the Beijing International Data Exchange. Second, use scenarios to drive technology implementation, implement the “open competition mechanism” (揭榜挂帅) to open benchmark scenarios in government affairs, healthcare, manufacturing, etc., promoting effective alignment between technology supply and industrial demand. Third, build a symbiotic innovation ecosystem of large and small enterprises, universities, and research institutes, and set up AI industry funds to support start-ups. Fourth, establish an inclusive and prudent governance system, piloting first in data security and algorithm ethics, coordinating development and regulation. Beijing’s complete scientific innovation chain provides experience that Guangxi can draw on. To achieve gradient coordination through the division of labor of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN” and transform cross-regional scientific innovation division of labor into tangible industrial productivity, four major problems need to be solved. First, establish a standardized technology transfer process, creating a closed loop of “ASEAN demand identification — domestic technology matching — joint development — local lightweight deployment,” eliminating information barriers between supply and demand. Second, complete model localization adaptation and transformation, optimize general large models for ASEAN’s multilingual and multicultural habits, and launch low-cost, lightweight industry models. Third, create replicable benchmark scenarios, focusing on areas such as smart ports, cross-border supply chains, cross-border e-commerce, etc., to form standardized solutions and achieve large-scale overseas expansion. Fourth, improve cross-border institutional alignment, establish coordination rules in fields such as cross-border data flow, intellectual property protection, and mutual recognition of industry standards, providing stable institutional expectations for enterprises going overseas.
Yang Peng (杨鹏), expert member of the China-ASEAN National AI Application Cooperation Center and founder of Beijing Qiyu Zhijie Technology Co., Ltd. (北京奇遇智界科技有限公司), delivered a speech titled “AI-Driven Productivity Leap and Production Relations Transformation — From Frontline Practice to Exploration of China-ASEAN Cooperation Pathways.” Combining real industry cases, he explained the impact of AI on productivity and production relations transformation. Based on frontline practice, he proposed leveraging the China-ASEAN National AI Application Cooperation Center to create a “One-Person Company (OPC) going overseas” (一人公司出海) model, integrating domestic high-end talent with agent capabilities, providing one-stop full-chain services, attracting top-tier single-person scientific innovation entities to gather in Guangxi, and significantly reducing cross-border collaboration costs. He proposed that human-machine integration will expand the boundaries of human capabilities and reconstruct value judgment standards. AI greatly increases productivity, breaking traditional scarcity-based pricing logic. In this regard, it is necessary to coordinate development efficiency and social equity, link multiple disciplines such as economics, sociology, and political science for interdisciplinary research, preemptively assess transformation risks, and continuously improve the China-ASEAN intelligent industry coordination system relying on platforms like the China-ASEAN Expo.
Guo Xiaojie (郭晓杰), Researcher at the Institute of Economics, Hebei Academy of Social Sciences (河北省社会科学院), summarized four experiences of Hebei in AI-empowered culture around “AI + culture.” First, deeply tap green computing power endowments and build a supporting system for cultural and creative computing power. Second, promote the digitization and assetization of cultural resources. Third, deeply cultivate the digitization track of intangible cultural heritage. Fourth, upgrade the data annotation industry and improve the layout of talent cultivation and attraction. She proposed that Guangxi can learn from this development path of “computing power foundation + digital assets + characteristic scenarios + industrial clusters,” combining the multicultural resources of the Zhuang region and ASEAN to build an AI cultural industry system facing Southeast Asia.
Yu Dianfan (余典范), Professor at Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, delivered a speech on “Releasing the Value of the Intelligent Economy through Human-Machine Collaboration.” He believes that human-machine collaboration is the lever for building new forms of intelligent economy. The core dividend of human-machine collaboration is not reducing employment, but empowering workers and broadening service boundaries. The single mindset of “job substitution” should be abandoned, promoting workers to transform into subjects of intelligent co-building and sharing. Discussing the new production relations of human-machine collaboration, he believes that in the division of labor, standardized repetitive tasks are handled by AI, while matters involving major decisions and high risks are led by humans. Humans and machines need continuous two-way learning to build long-term competitiveness. Income distribution and risk governance directly affect whether the industry can develop sustainably. He believes that at the current stage, the development focus should shift from pure technological expansion to organizational efficiency and total factor productivity improvement, achieving that humans have innovation ability, machines have operational boundaries, industries have efficient coordination, and development balances fairness, allowing workers to share the dividends of intelligence.
Zhou Shubin (周树斌), Researcher at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University (内蒙古师范大学), delivered a speech on “Practical Pathways for the Integrated Application of Intelligent Technology to Facilitate the Assetization of Cultural Resources.” He believes that the intelligent application of cultural heritage in ethnic regions currently faces three dilemmas: fragmentation of cultural resources, scattered technology application, and difficulty integrating culture into the socio-economic ecology. Breakthroughs urgently need to be sought from the perspective of synergy between intelligent technology and governance. The intelligent promotion of cultural heritage is a synergistic process of deep coupling among five major systems: culture, industry, ecology, society, and institutions. The three pathways of cultural tourism integration, ecological wisdom, and cultural space release value from three dimensions — economic momentum, ecological quality, and social identity — respectively. This model can balance the four major goals of economic growth, ecological protection, cultural inheritance, and ethnic unity, and is a characteristic development path that suits the actual conditions of ethnic regions.
Tang Kai (汤凯), Deputy Dean and Associate Professor of the Business School, Zhengzhou University (郑州大学商学院), delivered a speech on the topic “Opportunities for Less-Developed Regions in the Intelligent Economy Era and the Risk of Regional Divergence.” He proposed that China’s intelligent economy is developing rapidly, with core industry scale, number of enterprises, and other indicators far exceeding expectations. However, as a knowledge-intensive industry, the intelligent economy has strong talent siphon effects, network effects, and scale effects. If less-developed regions do not find their correct positioning, it may exacerbate regional divergence with developed regions. He believes that the core lever lies in talent cultivation and attraction. High-quality higher education resources should be tilted toward less-developed regions, supporting the differentiated development of the intelligent economy with talent.
Xiao Zhongyi (肖忠意), Professor at the Business School, Southwest University of Political Science and Law (西南政法大学商学院), delivered a speech on “Local Practice Paths and Ecological Construction of the Intelligent Economy.” He believes that the foundation for developing the intelligent economy is still being consolidated. Some industries exhibit the stage characteristics of relatively low conversion from technology deployment investment to value output. Three value logics need to be emphasized: first, the vertical logic of data connection and value creation, avoiding technological involution; second, the horizontal logic of industrial coordination, solving the “bottleneck” (卡脖子) dilemma; third, the closed-loop iterative logic of commercial value, ensuring that after technology implementation, it can create social value. He believes that developing the intelligent economy requires not only acting with passion but also maintaining a clear mind to “cultivate the ecology.”
Shan Yingji (单英骥), President of the Shaanxi Gechuang Economic Development Research Institute (陕西革创经济发展研究院), delivered a speech on “Leading International Cooperation with Scenario Opening to Promote High-Quality Development of Guangxi’s Intelligent Economy.” He pointed out that Guangxi is located at the forefront of China-ASEAN cooperation and is a key hub connecting domestic technology supply with the ASEAN application market. Based on the coordinated layout of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN,” scenario opening is not simply releasing market resources, but an active path of attracting talent with “gathering industries through scenarios, attracting technology through markets, and pooling resources through opening,” and is also an important lever for implementing the regional coordination model. Based on this, he proposed practical advancement ideas from three dimensions. First, systematically open scenario resources across the entire domain, build a systematic and normalized supply mechanism, sort out high-value scenarios, and open scenarios in industrial manufacturing, smart agriculture, digital cultural tourism, cross-border trade, etc., in layers, attracting high-quality AI innovation entities to gather, forming a virtuous cycle. Second, steadily expand institutional opening in rules, regulations, management, standards, etc., relying on platforms such as the Pilot Free Trade Zone and the China-ASEAN National AI Application Cooperation Center, focusing on key areas such as cross-border data flow, foreign investment access, intellectual property protection, and standard mutual recognition to improve institutional supply, implement a dual-list dynamic update mechanism of “scenario list + system list” (场景清单+制度清单), forming a closed loop of “scenario opening attracts projects, institutional innovation ensures operation, results drive institutional iteration.” Third, establish a normalized collaborative cooperation mechanism, transforming cooperation traffic into development increment, driving the agglomeration of supporting formats such as data annotation and intelligent computing, attracting leading AI enterprises to set up regional delivery centers in Guangxi, promoting the transformation of local digital service entities from technology application to technology output, and ultimately forming a virtuous ecosystem of “scenario opening gathers resources, international cooperation promotes upgrading, industrial upgrading strengthens opening.”
Jiang Ming (蒋明), President of the Guangxi Artificial Intelligence Education Society (广西人工智能教育学会), delivered a speech on the theme “Seizing Opportunities from New Forms of Intelligent Economy, Building a New Highland of AI Industry Talents.” He pointed out that autonomous agents and new-generation intelligent terminals are deeply penetrating thousands of industries (千行百业). ASEAN faces challenges such as weak networks, complex languages, and talent shortages. Lightweight intelligent terminals and industry agents adapted to local scenarios are important opportunities for Guangxi to seize the regional digital economy track. He believes that open-source, open, autonomous, and controllable technical architectures should be promoted, and a local AI system adapted to China-ASEAN digital governance norms should be built. At the practical level, he introduced the Guilin AI Education and Training Center (桂林市人工智能教育培训中心), co-built by the Guangxi AI Education Society. This center is based in Guangxi, serves the whole country, radiates to ASEAN, adopts a three-in-one model of “training + solutions + incubation,” focuses on real industry needs and real application scenarios, cultivates practical talents, and fully implements the path of “R&D in Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou + Integration in Guangxi + Application in ASEAN.” He stated that the society will continue to play a bridging role, using AI education and training as a carrier to contribute to deepening China-ASEAN AI application cooperation and innovation, helping Guangxi seize the opportunities of intelligent economy development, and building a highland for AI talents and industry facing ASEAN.
(Zhang Liu (张流), Wang Lü Xiunan (王吕秀南), Zhu Rusheng (朱汝胜))
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