Summary: The article reports on important remarks emphasizing the need to be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implementing the new development philosophy, and coordinating high-quality development with high-level security. It stresses adhering to intelligent, green, and integrated development, expanding advanced manufacturing, raising industrial chain self-sufficiency, building a modern industrial system, strengthening the real economy, and supporting Chinese modernization.
Summary: President Xi, presiding over the 27th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, emphasized that combat effectiveness is the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification for advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality. The article elaborates on the theoretical, historical, and practical logic of this standard, stressing the need to defeat operational adversaries, build advanced combat effectiveness, utilize military training, and integrate new quality productive forces with new quality combat effectiveness. It also addresses accelerating intelligent transformation, strengthening system integration, and making solid the talent support of "war," while noting that Western anti-China forces are using every possible means to encircle, suppress, and contain China, with certain countries stirring up trouble in the Taiwan Strait, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea.
Summary: At a seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed the need to smooth dual circulation and enhance the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up by strengthening the domestic major cycle. The article argues that strengthening the domestic major cycle requires expanding domestic demand, improving supply-demand compatibility, accelerating unified national market and factor market reforms, and using the super-large market to attract global resources. It emphasizes achieving self-reliance in science and technology, promoting regional coordination, and accelerating institutional opening up by aligning with high-standard rules such as those in the CPTPP and DEPA. The piece concludes that this approach will enable China to firmly grasp development initiative amid global volatility, forming a virtuous cycle where autonomy and opening up promote each other.
Summary: The article discusses the need to balance "addition" and "subtraction" in science and technology management, citing General Secretary Xi Jinping's demand to deepen reform and improve evaluation systems for basic research. It argues that "addition" involves empowering researchers through autonomy, service guarantees, incentive mechanisms, and oversight, while "subtraction" means reducing micro-management, excessive assessments, and bureaucratic red tape. The piece emphasizes that these reforms aim to let basic research return to exploring the unknown, avoiding both quick-profit seeking and inaction. It concludes that proper management reform is key to stimulating innovation and supporting Chinese modernization.
Summary: The article argues that developing new quality productive forces requires strengthening the principal position of enterprises in innovation, citing General Secretary Xi Jinping's emphasis on building innovation consortia and promoting integrated innovation of industry, academia, research, and application. It explains that different types of enterprises—such as large enterprises, technology-based small-and-medium enterprises, chain-leader enterprises, and gazelle or unicorn enterprises—play distinct roles in future, strategic emerging, and traditional industries, necessitating an innovation ecosystem with suitable "innovation ecological niches" and "innovation ecological networks." The piece calls for improving the policy system by strengthening universal-benefit policies, coordinating industrial and competition policies, and avoiding local governments rushing into something blindly, while clarifying that empowering traditional industries with future technologies is the main battlefield for developing new quality productive forces.
Summary: The article argues that China must shift from "investing in physical assets" to "investing in people" to address demographic trends of fewer children, an aging population, and regional divergence, thereby unlocking a "quality-type" demographic dividend. It cites Marx, a World Bank report, and Nobel laureate Heckman to stress that human capital investment is key to breaking diminishing returns on capital and driving high-quality development. The piece outlines systematic measures for the 15th Five-Year Plan period, including childbirth support, education reform, employment linkage mechanisms, lifelong learning, elderly care optimization, health services, household registration reform, and institutional innovation. It emphasizes that "investing in people" should cover the entire population and life cycle, converting population resources into momentum for economic development amid global competition for talent.
Summary: The article discusses the Ministry of Finance's 2025 budget report, which proposes accelerating the resolution of existing hidden debt while strictly preventing false debt resolution and non-compliant debt resolution. It details four categories of false debt resolution—falsifying ledgers, debt transfer, idle replacement, and delay-and-concealment—and outlines their harms, including violating fiscal discipline and disrupting financial markets. The piece attributes the problem to distorted views on political achievements, utilitarianism, tight fiscal resources, and pressure to meet numerical targets. It recommends consolidating the ideological foundation, adhering to substantive debt resolution, strengthening supervision and accountability, resolving debt through development, and appropriately optimizing macro policies for local government hidden debt resolution.
Summary: The "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation project is an institutional arrangement for advancing law-based society, with the "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan requiring at least 5 such persons per village where conditions permit and exploring cultivation in industry fields. These persons, rooted in local communities, publicize laws and policies, resolve disputes, and guide rule-of-law practice, with over 4.2 million cultivated nationwide as of October 2024. To improve quality, the article calls for standardizing selection, training, assessment, and incentives, expanding coverage to urban communities and emerging fields, and strengthening professional support through mechanisms like the "1 village legal adviser + N Legal Know-How Persons" action.
Summary: The article discusses the phenomenon of "scheming trademarks," where applicants use deceptive wording to mislead consumers about product characteristics, and outlines legal measures to combat this. It highlights the newly revised Trademark Law, which includes provisions for examining deceptive signs, punishing misleading use of registered trademarks with fines, and revoking trademarks if correction is not made. The piece emphasizes tightening registration examination, increasing penalties for illegal acts, and improving complaint and reporting mechanisms, with market regulation departments and courts playing key roles in enforcement. It also notes that the China National Intellectual Property Administration has launched a governance section on the China Trademark Network to solicit clues and publish information on deceptive trademarks declared invalid. The article focuses solely on domestic Chinese legal and regulatory efforts, without mentioning the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: President Xi, presiding over the 27th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, emphasized that combat effectiveness is the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification for advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality. The article elaborates on the theoretical, historical, and practical logic of this standard, stressing the need to defeat operational adversaries, build advanced combat effectiveness, utilize military training, and integrate new quality productive forces with new quality combat effectiveness. It also addresses accelerating intelligent transformation, strengthening system integration, and making solid the talent support of "war," while noting that Western anti-China forces are using every possible means to encircle, suppress, and contain China, with certain countries stirring up trouble in the Taiwan Strait, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea.
Summary: General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed that the view of political achievements is a fundamental question bearing on building the Party for the public and exercising governance for the people, and the Party Central Committee deployed study and education on this matter in February 2026. China Rongtong Asset Management Group Co., Ltd. has integrated this study into its operations, building a "Five-Sphere Integrated Plan" learning system and conducting benchmarking against the correct view to calibrate its value coordinates. The Group's Party Leadership Group has focused on serving the military as its primary mission, providing military medical services to over 1.1 million person-times and receiving over 2.8 million military personnel and their families, while also revitalizing assets for rental housing and expanding inclusive services. It has promoted high-quality development through pragmatism, reform, innovation, and risk prevention, concentrating on key businesses such as real estate, agriculture, hotels, and medical services. Facing the 15th Five-Year Plan, the Group will benchmark against the "three concentrations" of state-owned capital, deepen reforms, and transform the correct view of political achievements into corporate governance effectiveness to contribute to national defense modernization.
Summary: The article argues that artificial intelligence is a strategic technology and engine for new quality productive forces, with Hangzhou having built a full-chain industrial system covering computing power, data, models, and applications. It details Hangzhou's efforts in clustering industrial parks, establishing pilot programs for humanoid robots and sandbox regulation, forming joint bodies for industrial technology breakthroughs with universities, and implementing preferential policies like computing power vouchers. The piece highlights breakthroughs in scientific research, the issuance of the nation's first local regulation on embodied intelligent robots, and the construction of a large-scale liquid-cooled computing power cluster. It also describes regional collaboration across the Yangtze River Delta, with a division-of-labor system involving Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Hefei, as well as policy and talent support measures including a 2.5 billion yuan annual computing power subsidy. The author, identified as Deputy Secretary of the Party Leadership Group and Vice Chairman of the Zhejiang Provincial Association for Science and Technology, concludes that Hangzhou aims to become the nation's first city for AI innovation and development and build a world-class industrial cluster.
Summary: The Direct Party Committee of China Railway Engineering Corporation has established a "1+1" model—comprising a management system and operational checklist—to drive deep integration of Party building and business work, positioning the headquarters as the "first echelon" of the Two Upholds, the "first tier" in leading high-quality development, and the "first window" in showcasing corporate brand image. The model builds a "unified integration" system across five levels, embedding the "First Agenda Item" system into decision-making, focusing on workforce development through ideological, political, professional, and practical training, and serving the masses via grassroots empowerment. It promotes implementation of Party Central Committee decisions through mechanisms like "Policy Interpretation" issues, group-based tackling of tough problems, and "four linkages" Party-masses joint construction activities. The committee also strengthens cadre teams via cultural cultivation, brand building, capacity enhancement, strict enforcement of the Eight-Point Regulation, and a "four regulars and one strict" discipline mechanism, while improving service through ideological work methods, formalism rectification, and "one-stop" services. Safeguards include classified responsibility guidance, a Smart Party Building platform achieving "six modernizations" management, branch assessment rules, and typical example promotion to consolidate integration responsibilities.
Summary: The article, marking the 90th anniversary of Lu Xun's death and the 145th of his birth, discusses how to carry forward the Lu Xun spirit in the new era, highlighting his enduring popularity among youth in the internet age. It emphasizes the responsibility of the Lu Xun research community to socialize research findings and make his image more vivid, while advocating systematic reading of his works to understand his thought, spirit, and art. The author, Vice Chairman of the China Writers Association, stresses learning from Lu Xun's character of disregarding fame and profit for the sake of revolution, his respect for the laws of art, and his dialectical attitude toward Chinese traditional culture, including his firmness combined with complexity. The piece calls for connecting Lu Xun's trivialities with his greatness, neither molding him into an image of cold aloofness nor understanding him in a fragmented manner, and for using the internet's positive significance for dissemination while strengthening guidance.
Summary: The article reviews the realistic drama *Heavy Vessel*, which depicts China's rule-of-law process from 1979 to 1997 through the careers of five law graduates. It traces their journey from grassroots internships, where they confront the gap between textbook law and reality, to later roles in prosecution, adjudication, prison procuratorial work, judicial administration, and criminal defense. The drama highlights how their individual persistence in specific cases, alongside legal revisions like the 1996 Criminal Procedure Law and 1997 Criminal Law, collectively forged institutional progress. It concludes that the "heavy vessel" of the legal system was built through the accumulated, small acts of legal professionals, embodying an era's expectations for fairness, order, and justice.
Summary: At a seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed the need to smooth dual circulation and enhance the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up by strengthening the domestic major cycle. The article argues that strengthening the domestic major cycle requires expanding domestic demand, improving supply-demand compatibility, accelerating unified national market and factor market reforms, and using the super-large market to attract global resources. It emphasizes achieving self-reliance in science and technology, promoting regional coordination, and accelerating institutional opening up by aligning with high-standard rules such as those in the CPTPP and DEPA. The piece concludes that this approach will enable China to firmly grasp development initiative amid global volatility, forming a virtuous cycle where autonomy and opening up promote each other.
Summary: The article argues that the deep integration of artificial intelligence and life sciences is reshaping scientific frontiers, with the United States, European Union, and United Kingdom having elevated this fusion to a core strategic competition position, while China exhibits "breakthroughs at individual points, systemic catch-up." It identifies three structural contradictions—data fault lines, organizational lag, and paradigm disconnect—that hinder progress, and notes that the United States has shifted its AI policy tone toward "deregulation, prioritizing development." The piece concludes by proposing strategic choices for China, including accelerating self-controllable data and computing power foundations, achieving differentiated breakthroughs in key fields, reforming research organization and evaluation systems, and developing agile governance frameworks.
Summary: At the 2026 World Conference on Artificial Intelligence, General Secretary Xi Jinping raised the question of how safety can be guaranteed when algorithms participate in decision-making, which the article addresses by analyzing risks from technical limitations, human cognitive gaps, lagging safety technology, and blurred responsibility boundaries. The article argues that algorithms must not replace human value judgments, advocating a people-centered approach, inclusive and prudent regulation, and a bottom line preventing irreversible harm. It calls for trustworthy technology foundations—explainability, controllability, traceability, and remediability—alongside clarified rights and responsibilities across development, deployment, and frontline use, rejecting "algorithm neutrality" as an excuse. It also stresses societal coordination, public scientific literacy, and global co-governance under China's "Global AI Governance Initiative," concluding that safety depends on human responsibility, not algorithms alone.
Summary: The article argues that token security governance is critical for the success of the "AI+" Action, as tokens have evolved from a technical unit into an economic unit underpinning AI services. It identifies four risks in token transfer services: opaque pricing, service availability, model authenticity, and data security, including potential unauthorized cross-border data flows. The author proposes a governance system involving regulatory gap-filling, content and data security barriers, industry standards, and technological development. The piece emphasizes the need for independent, controllable domestic large models to fundamentally prevent security risks. The author is the Director of the Security Governance Department of the Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology.
Summary: The article discusses the need to enhance refined governance in China's super-large communities, which face structural difficulties such as oversized governance units, insufficient grassroots workforces, and shortcomings in public service facilities. It proposes measures including strengthening Party building-led governance systems, optimizing spatial structures and grid management, innovating policies based on residents' demands, and expanding digital and intelligent governance applications. The author, identified as Deputy Director of the Research Department on Immediate Response to Complaints at the Capital Governance Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, emphasizes seizing the window period of urban renewal to precisely repair functional shortcomings.
Summary: The article argues that China's special equipment safety governance must shift toward preemptive prevention, citing the "15th Five-Year Plan" emphasis on pre-incident governance amid rising equipment numbers and complex risks. It highlights achievements such as sustained safety improvements and institutional consolidation, but identifies weaknesses including inadequate front-end prevention, human-factor accidents (78.19% in 2025), and hollowed-out responsibility implementation. To address these, it proposes establishing risk front-end governance thinking, improving source-management and normalized investigation systems, and pressing down enterprises' primary and regulatory responsibilities. The piece does not mention the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article discusses the General Administration of Sport of China's "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of the Cause of Using Sports to Advance Health," which proposes exploring a new model of sports-medicine integration with coordinated departmental efforts. It argues this integration is key for advancing the forward shift of the health gateway, filling grassroots service shortcomings, and cultivating a national fitness culture. The piece cites progress such as 5.0037 million sports venues, approximately 4 million social sports instructors, and 22 pilot community sports health centers, while acknowledging difficulties including poor departmental coordination and weak grassroots professional support. It recommends improving coordination mechanisms, consolidating professional support through cross-training, and refining technical standards for exercise prescriptions to enhance service quality.
On the new journey, we must be guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, coordinate high-quality development with high-level security, adhere to the direction of intelligent, green, and integrated development, continue to expand and strengthen advanced manufacturing, raise the level of independent and controllable industrial and supply chains, accelerate the building of a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone, consolidate and strengthen the foundation of the real economy, and provide strong support for advancing Chinese modernization.
Return to TopBy: 国防大学中将政治委员 夏志和
When presiding over the 27th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, President Xi emphasized that, in advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality, the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification have always been combat effectiveness. This major thesis profoundly grasps the essential characteristic that the people's army is forever a combat force and that combat effectiveness is forever its lifeline, endows the combat-effectiveness standard with new connotations of the era, defines the value orientation of promoting high-quality development of our military, and elevates our Party's understanding of the laws governing national defense and military modernization to a new height. We must deeply comprehend the far-reaching strategic considerations contained therein, firmly uphold improving combat effectiveness as the starting point and ultimate goal of all our military work and construction, ensure the realization of the centenary goal of military construction on schedule, and accelerate the building of the people's army into a world-class military.
Grasping the essence of victory, deeply comprehending the great significance of combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification
In strengthening the military and rejuvenating the military, the core is being able to fight and win wars; the "strength" of a strong military, in the final analysis, is the strength of combat effectiveness. Standing at the height of the development of the times and the overall strategic situation, focusing on fulfilling the missions and tasks entrusted to the military by the Party and the people, President Xi has established combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification of national defense and military modernization, which contains profound theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic.
The fundamental stance of Marxist military theory. The establishment of the combat-effectiveness standard not only has a deep foundation in military practice, but also originates from the basic laws of army building and governance scientifically revealed by Marxist military theory. From the perspective of the Marxist view of the military, as an armed group carrying out political tasks, the military must have strong strength to defend the interests of its own class and complete the political missions it bears;;its fundamental task of construction is to raise the level of modernization and operational capability of the armed forces, making necessary preparations for responding to wars and armed conflicts. From the perspective of the Marxist view of war, war is a contest of strength, a competition of military power, and a people's war, in order to defeat a powerful enemy, must have a regular, combat-effective army. From the perspective of Marxist military practice theory, the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness are the most active and revolutionary factors driving national defense and military construction, and the most fundamental measure of the effectiveness of military construction is whether it can withstand the test of future wars and defeat the enemy in actual combat. This enlightens us that any modernization construction that departs from the combat-effectiveness standard is ineffective construction and low-quality construction that violates inherent laws and deviates from essential requirements, and that all construction activities of the military must focus on combat effectiveness, serve combat effectiveness, and generate combat effectiveness.
The iron law of the people's army's century-long construction and development. Building consolidated national defense anda strong military is a goal our Party has persistently pursued. During the revolutionary war years, the army fought while building, relying on "millet plus rifles," tempering out strong combat effectiveness in the struggle of blood and fire. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, taking building an excellent modern revolutionary army as the overall goal, it gradually completed the historic transformation from a single armed service to a combination of multiple services and arms, rapidly forming the strength to deter wars and stop wars. Since the reform and opening up, it has unswervingly followed the path of elite troops with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively improving its capability to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks. Entering the new era, the people's army has firmly grasped political army building as the foundation of establishing the military, anchored high-quality development, led new changes with new concepts, guided new layouts with new guidelines, stimulated new momentum with new systems, forged strategic sharp weapons for deterring and defeating enemies, built elite and versatile troops, and our military's modernization level and actual combat capability have improved significantly. This enlightens us that however the war is fought, the army should be built accordingly;;no matter how the conditions of the times change, as long as we always act and fight under the Party's absolute leadership, firmly establish and implement the combat-effectiveness standard, the path of building a strong military with Chinese characteristics will become broader and broader.
The urgent need to respond to national security risks and challenges. Currently, the world has entered a period of turbulence and transformation, and the international strategic pattern, global governance system, and comprehensive national strength competition are undergoing profound and complex evolution, with instability and uncertainty rising significantly. The security situation is becoming increasingly severe. Anti-globalization sentiments are surging, great-power competition is intensifying in all dimensions, unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism are on the rise, and local disorder, local turmoil, and local warfare have become the norm. Crises and conflicts are prone to frequent occurrence. Traditional security threats such as arms races, terrorism, and cybersecurity are intertwined with non-traditional security threats;;in particular, the Ukraine crisis, the Palestine-Israel conflict, and the US-Israel-Iran hostilities not only affect regional security, but also pose severe challenges to global peace and development. The risk of local wars is rising. Western anti-China forces are using every possible means to achieve a goal (千方百计, qian fang bai ji - "thousand ways, every way") to encircle, suppress, and contain China, and certain countries are stirring up trouble in the Taiwan Strait, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea;;the "Taiwan independence" forces stubbornly adhere to separatist positions and take risky provocations, increasing external security pressure. This enlightens us that advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is not something that can be achieved by making a great fuss or fanfare (敲锣打鼓, qiao luo da gu -"strike gong, beat drum") or easily;;although the means and options for safeguarding national security are numerous and varied, military means are always the last-resort means, and we must make the military aspect solid and build up combat effectiveness.
The inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development of our military construction. The "strength" of the capability to strengthen the military and win wars rests on the "high quality" of construction quality. If it cannot contribute to being able to fight and win wars, all construction and development are in vain, let alone high-quality development. In terms of guiding concepts, "placing greater emphasis on focusing on actual combat" is placed first among the strategic guidance of the "five greater emphases," clarifying the foundation and traction of military construction. If our military does not firmly establish the concept of fighting, does not persistently and unremittingly grasp war preparedness, it may become further and further from actual combat the more it develops. In terms of basic tasks, whether it is the modernization of military theory, the modernization of military organizational forms, the modernization of military personnel, the modernization of weaponry and equipment, or the modernization of military governance, all are adaptations to the inherent requirements of modern warfare for military force construction, taking forging strong military capability as the goal orientation. In terms of development paths, focusing on promoting the transformation and upgrading of our military's construction, adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, through integrated advancement and systemic breakthroughs, achieving iterative leaps in operational capability. This enlightens us that the "high" in high-quality development, the key, is high in the level of combat effectiveness, and that only by running the victory-oriented orientation and victory-oriented standard through all constructions can we avoid scattering and deviation, continuously improving quality and efficiency.
Focusing on the key to victory, firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification
Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, President Xi has made war preparedness and war fighting the "first priority," pointed out that"adhering to combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard," emphasized the extreme importance of combat effectiveness, systematically expounded the goal orientation, construction priorities, generation pathways, and development modes of combat effectiveness construction, profoundly revealed the inherent laws of combat effectiveness construction in the new era, providing fundamental guidance for advancing national defense and military modernization with high quality.
Firmly establishing combat effectiveness construction on defeating operational adversaries. Defeating operational adversaries is the realistic target of military training, war preparedness, and combat effectiveness construction, and also a powerful traction for improving the quality and efficiency of military construction. President Xi has issued the question of victory, the question of value, and the question of capability, requiring the entire military to always adhere to building with the standard of being able to win. Regarding goal targeting, he emphasizes closely tracking changes in adversaries, closely following operational adversaries, and grasping military struggle preparations firmly and tightly. Regarding capability orientation, he emphasizes comprehensively improving the capability for war preparedness and war fighting in the new era, effectively shaping the situation, managing crises, deterring wars, and winning wars. Regarding practical orientation, he emphasizes resolutely returning the focus of the entire military's work to war preparedness and war fighting, resolutely eliminating the malady of peace, focusing on the main responsibility and main business of war preparedness and war fighting, and all leading cadres at all levels, especially senior cadres, should be leaders in war preparedness and war fighting. This series of important expositions profoundly reveals the uniqueness of the status of the combat-effectiveness standard, its foundational and fundamental nature in adherence, establishing the baseline for combat effectiveness construction in the new era. We must firmly establish adversary awareness, use adversaries as mirrors to test modernization levels, learn from adversaries as teachers to hone the capability to win, run studying adversaries, benchmarking adversaries, and defeating adversaries through the entire process of war preparedness and war fighting, truly achieving preparedness in peacetime and the ability to fight when encountering the enemy, ensuring that at critical moments we can pull out, go up, and win.
Adhering to the effective supply of advanced combat effectiveness. Advanced combat effectiveness represents the development direction of military transformation, is a new growth point of combat effectiveness, and also the commanding height of advancing national defense and military modernization with high quality. In response to changes in science and technology, changes in warfare, and changes in adversaries, President Xi creatively proposed"accelerating the construction of advanced combat effectiveness," fully reflecting his profound grasp and forward-looking layout of the mechanisms for winning modern wars. It reveals the drivers of development, pointing out that the new round of scientific-and-technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly, with new technologies and new means such as intelligence and unmanned systems being widely used in actual combat, and war forms accelerating their evolution toward informationized and intelligent warfare. It specifies the priorities of development, proposing to expand strategic deterrence forces, strengthen the upgrading and transformation of traditional combat forces and means, promote the large-scale, practical, and systematic development of new-domain and new-quality combat forces, accelerate the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces and counter-capabilities, and build an intelligent military system. It clarifies the pathways of development, requiring strengthening innovation-driven development, accelerating independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, smoothing the chain of transformation from advanced scientific-and-technological achievements to combat effectiveness, and increasing the contribution rate of scientific-and-technological innovation to combat effectiveness. The concept of"advanced combat effectiveness," an original and iconic concept, has expanded the constituent elements and basic forms of combat effectiveness, enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical doctrine on combat effectiveness. We must focus on the construction of advanced combat effectiveness to think about transformation, grasp construction, and make preparations, innovate the modes of combat effectiveness construction and application, improve the mechanisms for the generation, verification, and evaluation of advanced combat effectiveness, and actively seek new advantages in military struggle.
Adhering to making good use of military training, the basic pathway for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Military training is the rehearsal of future wars, an important pathway and lever for improving actual combat capability, and has a tractional role in improving the overall level of military construction. Currently, our military's military training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and holistic improvement, and President Xi requires the entire military to comprehensively advance the transformation and upgrading of military training, comprehensively improve training levels and war-winning capabilities. In terms of guiding principles, he requires that fighting be hard against hard, and training must be real against real;;deeply advance actual-combat training, joint-operation training, science-and-technology-strengthened training, and law-based training, accelerating the construction of a new military training system. In terms of work priorities, he emphasizes vigorously strengthening the cultivation of fighting spirit;;adhering to placing military training at a strategic position, promoting the formation of work orientation, personnel orientation, policy orientation, and public-opinion orientation conducive to strengthening military training and war preparedness. In terms of transformation and development, he proposes strengthening the consistency of war and training, strengthening joint training, strengthening training management, strengthening science-and-technology training, strengthening training support, and strengthening talent support;;developing a joint training system with our military's characteristics, deepening joint training, adversarial training, and science-and-technology training, tempering and exercising the troops in arduous and strict training, in environments approximating actual combat, and in severe and complex military struggles. These important instructions of President Xi have clarified the direction, tasks, and requirements of actual-combat military training, led our military's training to take a major step forward in closely following actual combat and serving actual combat, effectively supporting the improvement of war-preparedness and war-fighting capability and the completion of various major tasks. We must keep the string of actual-combat training taut, tighter and tighter, improve training guidance and working methods, and push all constructions and work to further focus and exert effort on real fighting and real preparedness.
Adhering to promoting the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness. New quality productive forces are the source supply for the development of new quality combat effectiveness, and new quality combat effectiveness provides security guarantees and demand traction for the development of new quality productive forces;;the two share the same technology, interconnected elements, and the same industrial roots. Coordinating development and security, President Xi integrates national defense and military modernization into Chinese modernization, coordinating the advancement of strategic emerging industries and new-type combat forces. Clarifying strategic positioning, strategic capabilities in emerging domains are an important component of the national strategic system and capabilities, bearing on our country's high-quality economic and social development, bearing on national security and the initiative in military struggle, and having important significance for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese modernization. Highlighting strategic priorities, it clarifies focusing on emerging domains such as oceans, outer space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence, improving the capability to manage the oceans, optimizing the layout of aerospace, building a cyberspace defense system, strengthening the overall planning and implementation of major intelligent science-and-technology projects, and increasing the application of advanced achievements. Deploying strategic measures, it emphasizes promoting the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness, improving the mechanisms for agile response and rapid transformation of advanced technologies, and building an innovation ecosystem that is self-reliant and self-strengthening, open and integrated, and full of vitality. Practice has shown that a country's management of emerging domains often only gains a stiff backbone and a say in matters after being transformed into military strength. We must seize the opportunity of the vigorous development of the country's new quality productive forces, have the courage to advance into no-man's-lands, open up new tracks, fully utilize all high-quality resources and advanced achievements of the entire society, and comprehensively improve the integrated strategic capability in emerging domains
Seizing the way to victory, fully liberating and developing combat effectiveness on the new journey
The Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi have made strategic plans for combat effectiveness construction during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. At the critical juncture of the transition and progression of national defense and military modernization, we must resolutely implement President Xi's decisions and deployments, firmly grasp the fundamental landing point of being able to fight and win wars, carry out construction and preparations in accordance with the requirements of war, let all elements of combat effectiveness burst forth, and ensure that the troops can be summoned at a moment's notice, come when called, and win when they fight.
Tempering the political background of"war." Strengthening the military first requires strengthening it politically;;only with political impregnability can there be military invincibility. This requires us to uphold, apply, and develop political army building, this important magic weapon, and guarantee the quality of combat effectiveness with political background. Run the Party's absolute leadership through the entire process. The Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the people's army to always maintain strong cohesion, centripetal force, creativity, and combat effectiveness. We must improve the institutional mechanisms for implementing the chairman-of-the-Central-Military-Commission responsibility system, strengthen the capability of Party organizations at all levels to lead wars and grasp construction, and continuously transform our Party's and our military's political advantages and organizational advantages into victory advantages. Run political forging and tempering through the entire process. The stronger and purer the military, the more combat effective it is. We must unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate hearts and souls, use Xi Jinping's thought on strengthening the military to arm the troops, continuously carry out ideological rectification, normalize political rectification, vigorously grasp the elimination of falsehoods and the fight against fraud in combat effectiveness, ensuring that the quality of all constructions is underpinned, capability is underpinned, and integrity is underpinned. Run the cultivation of fighting spirit through the entire process. War is a contest of materiel, and also a competition of spirit. We must inherit the red genes, maintain the true character of the old Red Army, vigorously cultivate and shape the fighting spirit of possessing indomitable courage and spirit (一不怕苦、二不怕死, yi bu pa ku, er bu pa si -"one, not fear hardship;;two, not fear death"), temper blood and courage in major struggles, forge iron will in urgent, difficult, dangerous, and heavy tasks, hone bravery and fearlessness in tests of life and death, and continuously forge an iron force that dares to fight and is sure to win
Accelerating the intelligent transformation of"war." Currently, intelligent science and technology, with artificial intelligence as the main body, is developing rapidly, triggering chain-like breakthroughs in the military field, urgently requiring us to accelerate the construction of an intelligent military system, step up the improvement of intelligent operational capability, and actively seize the commanding height of the new military revolution. Lead transformation with conceptual innovation. Have the courage to break free from the shackles of traditional war thinking, make breakthroughs toward the new in concepts, advance toward intelligence in competence, continuously enhance the cognitive, innovative, and applicative capabilities regarding artificial intelligence, build a cognitive system compatible with intelligent warfare, and realize the transformation from human-brain-experience-led decision-making to human-machine-integrated decision-making supported by intelligent systems. Drive transformation with key breakthroughs. Seize the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces, concentrate superior resources for tackling key problems, break through key technological bottlenecks, strengthen the military application of unmanned intelligent technologies, accelerate innovation in intelligent operational theory and combat methods, promote the deep empowerment of artificial intelligence to the command chain, the kill chain, and the support chain, seize the initiative and preempt the enemy in the intelligent domain. Support transformation with institutional reshaping. In response to the characteristics of unmanned intelligent technologies, such as rapid updates, rapid equipment upgrades, and rapid entry into actual combat, innovate organizational forms, management methods, and application models, explore and blaze the integrated path of"research, testing, training, and employment," releasing stronger and more efficient operational capability
Strengthening the system integration of"war." Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, a contest between systems, and the requirements of building the system, training the system, and employing the system must be implemented in all constructions and work, with efforts focused on improving system-of-systems operational capability. Building strong unit capability is the foundation. Based on the needs of integrated joint operations, train every operational unit and operational element to be strong and hard, forge reliable combat modules capable of independently executing tasks, and converge the overall advantage of the system through the excellence of unit capabilities. Unifying interconnection standards is the key. Relying on a high-level network information system, determine efficient and concise linking standards, break down information barriers between different domains and different platforms, open up the intelligence, command, firepower, and support chains, realize the full-domain interconnection of operational elements and the seamless linking of different systems. Achieving integration and upgrading is the urgent task. Based on the mechanisms for winning modern wars, promote the efficient integration of mechanized platforms and informationized-and-intelligent platforms, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces, new-quality combat effectiveness and traditional combat effectiveness, promote the functional complementarity and effectiveness stacking of various elements, and achieve a leap in the capability of the operational system-of-systems
Making solid the talent support of"war." People are the core element of combat effectiveness and the decisive factor in modernization construction. Today's informationized and intelligent warfare, seemingly a contest of"steel plates" and"silicon plates," is in essence a reconstruction of the relationship between humans and war, and in the final analysis, still a competition of military talent. Closely combine investment in materiel with investment in people. Transform the tendency of relying one-sidedly on material and technological forces to drive the development of combat effectiveness, place the promotion of people's all-round development in a priority position, attach importance to the construction of institutions and conditions for cultivating people, shaping people, and motivating people, realize a virtuous cycle between talent team construction and modernization construction. Highlight the cultivation of the"four categories of talent." Following the thinking of prioritized development of key talent, systematically advance the cultivation of joint-operations command talent, new-type combat force talent, high-level scientific-and-technological innovation talent, and high-level strategic management talent, grasp talent preparation in key directions and key domains, push the talent team to focus on winning wars and exert force toward the battlefield. Stimulate the motivation and vitality of military personnel. Continuously deepen the reform of military human-resource policies and institutions, vigorously create a favorable environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and employs talent, stimulate the intrinsic motivation of military personnel to devote themselves to the cause of strengthening the military and rejuvenating the military, promote the formation of a vibrant situation in which talent emerges in abundance, everyone fully utilizes their abilities, and all talents are put to optimal use
Return to TopBy: 李鹏
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee that, in building the new development pattern, it is necessary to smooth the dual circulation both domestic and international, to enhance the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up by strengthening the domestic major cycle, and to invigorate domestic reform and development through expanding the international cycle, so as to truly achieve connectivity between domestic and international circuits and mutual promotion between them. At present, the global industrial chain and supply chain are undergoing accelerated restructuring, with the risks of unilateralism, protectionism, and "decoupling and severing supply chains" rising. Our country faces increasingly pronounced uncertainty in the international environment, and must simultaneously handle the dual requirements of managing the domestic cycle and the international cycle, of building a strong domestic market and elevating the level of opening up. The smoother the domestic cycle, the more it can form a gravitational field for global resources and factors; the higher the quality of opening up, the more it can stimulate the potential of the domestic market through competition, cooperation, and knowledge flows.
Strengthening the domestic major cycle, achieving the transformation from passive adaptation to active shaping, and from reliance on scale advantages to formation of systemic advantages
The Chinese economy has already been deeply embedded in the global division of labor system. Strengthening the domestic major cycle, in essence, means shifting from the "away-game competition" that previously relied more on external market opportunities, to the "home-game construction" that relies on one's own market, industry, and innovation systems. Our country places the strategic basis of development on its own strength and internal market. Strengthening the domestic major cycle does not mean turning the focus of development toward a closed endogenous cycle, but rather, by enhancing the internal driving force, innovation capacity, structural resilience, and risk-resistance capability of the economic system, improving our country's bargaining power, resource allocation capability, and risk-handling capability in external opening up, providing a solid foundation and strategic initiative for expanding high-level opening up, achieving the transformation from passive adaptation to active shaping, and from reliance on scale advantages to formation of systemic advantages, and realizing a high-level virtuous interaction between development and security in the course of opening up.
Effectively expand domestic demand, forming more growth-rich market expectations. Consumption is final demand, and is also the foundation for the stable operation of the domestic major cycle. The key to boosting consumption is to enhance residents' consumption capacity through stabilizing employment, increasing income, and improving public services, thereby stabilizing consumption expectations. In accordance with the deployment of our country's 15th Five-Year Plan outline, the focus is on adapting to changes in population structure and consumption patterns, expanding service consumption such as digital-intelligent consumption, green consumption, health and elderly care, cultural tourism, etc., pushing the consumer market from scale expansion toward structural upgrading toward mid-to-high-end consumption. Expanding effective investment should place greater emphasis on improving structure and efficiency, with the focus on combining investment in things with investment in people. Investment in things should channel more funds toward scientific and technological innovation, advanced manufacturing, green and low-carbon development, livelihood security, and security capacity building, avoiding low-level redundant construction and disorderly local competition; investment in people is investment in the country's future productive forces, improving the quality of human capital through higher-quality education, medical care, and public services, providing labor force and income support for industrial upgrading and long-term consumption.
Enhance the compatibility between the supply system and effective demand. The bottlenecks of the domestic major cycle are mainly manifested in that the supply structure and the demand structure do not match, low-end homogeneous supply is relatively excessive, high-quality, diversified, and service-oriented supply is insufficient, and some consumption demand either flows abroad, or potential demand is suppressed, unable to be released into actual effective demand. To solve this problem, it is necessary to adhere to increasing product varieties, improving quality, and creating brands, pushing enterprises to enhance their capabilities in product design, quality control, and brand operation, making supply respond more keenly to various types of consumption demand. Judging from our country's income structure level and actual consumption upgrading situation, the potential demand for the service industry far exceeds the current supply level and quality. The service industry should be made the key field for the compatibility of supply and demand. On the premise of safeguarding basic public services, market access should be orderly relaxed in fields such as education, medical care, elderly care, childcare, culture, sports, and tourism, fully releasing and stimulating market vitality, encouraging society and the market to provide multi-level services, expanding effective supply and high-quality service goods, so that effective supply and effective demand promote each other.
Accelerate the reform process of building the unified national market and improving the factor market system, improving the overall efficiency of resource allocation. A unified, open, competitive, orderly market system is an important institutional foundation for forming new advantages in international competition. Unified market rules, effective protection of property rights, consistent supervision and law enforcement, can significantly reduce transaction costs, enhancing the long-term investment and innovation willingness of business entities. The unified national market is the skeleton of the domestic major cycle. At present, obvious differences in local standards, severe insufficiency in cross-regional law enforcement coordination, hidden market barriers, and numerous obstacles to factor mobility, coupled with unsound normal market entry and exit mechanisms, cause enterprises to face relatively high institutional transaction costs, which not only leads to insufficient capacity utilization in both traditional and emerging industries, but also makes the "involution" problem, where economies of scale are not significant, increasingly prominent. In accordance with the requirements of the national 15th Five-Year Plan outline, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of market access, fair competition, property rights protection, and credit systems, clean up policies that impede the unified market and fair competition, enhance the consistency and predictability of supervision, and establish as soon as possible the foundational institutions of a unified market. Factor market reform is another foundational institution. Among them, establishing an efficient labor and talent market requires simultaneously deepening reforms of the household registration, social security, and public service systems, reducing the cost of cross-regional mobility for talent and labor; improving the multi-level capital market should focus on further raising the proportion of direct financing, guiding capital toward innovative enterprises and key fields; in the emerging data trading market field, it is necessary to accelerate the establishment of rules for property rights, circulation, trading, and security, promoting the lawful and orderly flow of data factors. The higher the efficiency of allocation of various factors, the smoother the domestic major cycle will become, and the market depth of the domestic market and industrial thickness that opening up and cooperation can rely on will be broader and deeper.
Use the domestic major cycle to attract global resources and factors, enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad
Enhancing the autonomy of expanding opening up does not mean reducing connections with the world, still less does it mean seeking security through closure. Rather, it will enable a country, when participating in the international cycle, to possess a stable market hinterland, a complete industrial system, sustained innovation capability, and a voice in shaping rules, able to actively choose the fields of opening up, cooperation partners, and institutional arrangements, without being constrained by short-term external shocks or dependence on a few key links. The report of the 20th CPC National Congress emphasized, "Relying on our country's advantage of a super-large market, using the domestic major cycle to attract global resources and factors, enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, and improving the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation."
Use The super-large market to enhance resource allocation capability. A huge population, rich consumption levels, and broad industrial application scenarios are important strategic resources for our country's participation in international competition. A super-large market can not only amortize R&D costs and accelerate innovation iteration, but also strengthen the long-term expectations of multinational enterprises to deeply cultivate the Chinese market. When domestic enterprises can rely on the domestic market to form capabilities in technology, brands, and standards, opening up will no longer merely mean adapting to the existing international division of labor, but will be able to provide new products, solutions, and market space in cooperation. The larger the market and the more stable its growth, the more leeway our country will have when introducing technology, attracting foreign investment, and conducting industrial chain cooperation, and the more it can convert market attractiveness into bargaining chips in international economic and trade negotiations, transforming domestic demand from a "quantity advantage" into a "structural advantage." Industrial chain advantages will not automatically translate into opening-up advantages. The security and stability of the industrial chain does not mean self-seclusion, but rather reducing single-point dependence through diversified cooperation, and improving overall efficiency through open competition. It is necessary to combine chain-filling and chain-strengthening with opening-up and cooperation, both safeguarding local manufacturing and key links, and expanding cooperation space through platforms such as regional trade agreements and the Belt and Road Initiative.
Achieve Self-reliance and strength in science and technology to enhance the advantages of the modernized industrial system and confidence in market competition. Scientific and technological strength is the key variable determining the autonomy of opening up. If key core technologies remain being controlled by others (受制于人, shou zhi yu ren - "receive, control, at, people") for a long time, it is easy to form passive constraints in links such as technology introduction, equipment procurement, standard setting, and market access. Achieving high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology means, by strengthening basic research, leveraging the advantages of the super-large market and the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide, forming an innovation system that is autonomous, controllable, open, and cooperative, enabling our country to have greater initiative in the choice of technology routes, international cooperation organizations, and directions of industrial upgrading. From the perspective of opening up, the stronger the capability for independent innovation, the more conditions there are for equal cooperation and high-quality introduction. Domestic innovation demand can provide application scenarios for global R&D resources, while international scientific and technological cooperation can in turn enhance domestic innovation efficiency. The positive cycle thus formed helps convert opening-up pressure into innovation momentum, and external competition into opportunities for industrial upgrading and institutional improvement. Our country's advantage of a complete industrial system and strong supporting capabilities is an important foundation for resisting external shocks and maintaining opening-up initiative. A complete industrial system enables our country both to undertake global high-end manufacturing and R&D links, and to provide equipment, technology, and industrial cooperation solutions to other developing countries, forming a diversified, stable international division-of-labor network, helping latecomer countries, especially the vast number of developing countries, accelerate the modernization pace of industrialization and urbanization.
Promote Regional coordination, leveraging the advantages of our country's multi-level opening-up pattern. The domestic major cycle is a nationwide market connectivity and industrial synergy. The eastern region should continue to leverage its advantages in opening-up platforms, innovation resources, and industrial supporting capabilities; the central and western regions should vigorously enhance their capacity to undertake industries, succeeding the advanced or mature industries of the eastern region. Through regional industrial division of labor and collaboration, it is possible both to reduce homogeneous competition and to form a diversified opening-up layout oriented toward different markets and regions, enhancing the overall resilience of our country's opening up. As domestic industrial upgrading progresses, some mature production capacity, intermediate products, high-end equipment, and digital solutions can be aligned with the development needs of other developing countries, deepening industrial chain cooperation with neighboring countries, developing countries, and emerging markets, forming cooperative relationships featuring complementary advantages and stage-by-stage linkage. The central, western, and border regions can rely on ports, border economic cooperation zones, free trade zones, and various cross-border corridors, continuously optimizing border port clearance procedures, deepening investment and economic and trade cooperation with neighboring countries; utilizing logistics networks such as the China-Europe Railway Express and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, promoting the connectivity of transportation, energy, and information infrastructure with neighboring countries and regions, forming inland opening-up highlands with distinctive characteristics, gradually transforming inland regions from the rear of opening up into the frontier of opening up. This kind of cooperation is about jointly building a more stable regional value chain. Through coordination of technology, standards, talent, and services, it expands the market space after our country's industrial upgrading, enhances the industrial capacity of partner countries, and reduces systemic risks in the global supply chain.
Accelerate The improvement of institutional connectivity between domestic and international markets, promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade, facilitating the smooth connection between the two domestic and international markets. The key to our country attracting high-quality foreign investment lies in providing a stable, transparent, and predictable institutional and market environment. High-level opening up has already shifted its focus from opening up based on the flow of goods and factors toward institutional opening up based on rules, regulations, management, and standards. Opportunities should be seized from agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, using platforms such as pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port to conduct stress tests, proactively aligning with high-standard rules in fields such as intellectual property protection, fair competition, government procurement, cross-border data flows, environmental, and labor standards. Fully implement the negative list for foreign investment access, ensure foreign-funded enterprises participate equally in government procurement, standard setting, and market competition in accordance with the law, and guide foreign investment to flow more toward fields such as advanced manufacturing, modern services, R&D innovation, and green low-carbon development. Using the international market as a link to deepen interest connections with trading partners, domestic-foreign trade integration can reduce the institutional costs enterprises face when simultaneously dealing with both domestic and international markets, promote the alignment of domestic and foreign trade products in terms of quality, standards, certification, and supervision, and improve the synergy efficiency of logistics, settlement, and supply chains. Platforms such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded zones, and cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zones can take the lead in carrying out rule alignment and regulatory innovation. Through piloting, institutional arrangements are formed that both conform to high-standard international economic and trade rules and adapt to domestic development needs, enabling the domestic and international cycles to achieve connectivity on a larger scale and at a deeper level, realizing mutual coordination between import and export, between bringing in and going global, and enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad.
Strengthening the domestic major cycle and enhancing the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up, in reality, means winning the "smoothness and elevation" of opening up with the "stability and strength" of the domestic cycle. Looking ahead, strengthening the domestic major cycle must adhere to expanding domestic demand as this strategic basis, improve resource allocation efficiency through the construction of the unified national market, enhance industrial chain resilience through self-reliance and strength in science and technology, align with high-standard economic and trade rules through institutional opening up, expand the space of the international cycle through diversified cooperation, so that our country firmly grasps the initiative of development in the complex and volatile global economy, forming a virtuous cycle in which autonomy and opening up promote each other.
〔The author is Deputy Director of the Department of Economics Teaching and Research, the Party School of the CPC Central Committee (National Academy of Governance)〕
Return to TopBy: 朱培蕾
Scientific and technological work is a highly complex systems engineering endeavor. As part of scientific and technological activities, good science and technology management can optimize resource allocation and stimulate innovation vitality. General Secretary Xi Jinping, at the symposium on strengthening basic research, clearly demanded, "Deepen the reform of the science and technology management system, improve the classified evaluation system suited to the characteristics of basic research, perfect the incentive mechanisms for basic research, reform the methods of research management," and "foster an open, inclusive innovation environment that tolerates failure." This important exposition provides the fundamental guideline and action guide for deepening the reform of science and technology management.
At present, our country is at a critical period of intensive attack in building a powerful nation in science and technology, and there is an urgent need to strengthen basic frontier research and enhance original innovation capability. Grasping well the "addition" and "subtraction" of science and technology management is based on a profound understanding of the laws of scientific research, and tests the level of modernization of the governance system and governance capacity. Adding what should be added to the proper extent, and subtracting what should be subtracted thoroughly, letting basic research truly return to its original essence of exploring the unknown—neither pursuing quick benefits without regard for long-term consequences (急功近利, ji gong jin li - "urgent, seek, immediate, profit"), nor idleness and inaction (消极无为, xiao ji wu wei - "passive, nothing, do, not"). This is not merely a question of the mindset for scientific research work, but even more a question of the overall perspective and the view of political achievements.
Doing the "addition" in the reform of science and technology management has the purpose of "empowering" scientific researchers. It is necessary to summon greater courage to promote the transformation of the functions of science and technology management, adding to the proper extent the management, service, and incentive measures that respect the laws of scientific research, truly stimulating innovation vitality. Doing addition is not simply piling up resources, but placing resources in the correct positions and allocating them in the correct manner. Granting autonomy—giving research institutions and scientists greater autonomy in research, greater power over the allocation of funds, and greater authority to dispatch resources, so that scientific researchers can independently select topics and independently organize research according to the laws of scientific research, achieving "professionals doing professional work." Strengthening service guarantees—government science and technology management departments should, according to the positioning of "grasping strategy, grasping reform, grasping planning, grasping service," carry out policy guidance, shifting the focus of their work from examination and approval to layout, from direct management to professional service, so that when scientific researchers encounter policy problems they can "find the door, get clear answers, and resolve difficulties." Perfecting incentive mechanisms—raising the proportion of funds for scientific research projects used for "people," increasing the intensity of incentives, improving the classified evaluation system suited to the characteristics of basic research, perfecting mechanisms such as representative-work evaluation, long-cycle evaluation, international peer evaluation, and team evaluation, so that scientific researchers have a greater sense of achievement and fulfillment. Strengthening oversight and integrity building—delegating power does not mean letting things go, and it is necessary to simultaneously do the "addition" in oversight means, service guarantees, and policy publicity, ensuring that delegation does not lead to chaos and that vitality remains orderly. In recent years, the state has issued a series of systems concerning the management of research projects and the management of funds, explored the establishment of mechanisms such as fault-tolerant responsibility exemption, which have both regulated the order of scientific research and reserved ample space for trial and error for innovation.
Doing the "subtraction" in research management means subtracting those micro-affairs that should not be managed or cannot be managed well, effectively loosening burdens and reducing loads for basic researchers. Minimize to the greatest extent direct intervention such as dividing money, dividing things, and determining projects, reducing meddling in affairs that are not one's responsibility (越俎代庖, yue zu dai pao - "jump, ritual, substitute, cook") in specific research. Reducing intervention does not mean doing nothing, but rather reforming the methods of research management, shifting the focus of management from "managing processes, managing details" to "managing credibility, managing performance," and shifting the energy of scientific researchers from "catering to assessment" to "pursuing truth." Reduce quantitative assessments that are too numerous and too frequent, such as the number of papers, impact factors, award levels, etc., break the excessive bundling of "hats" with resource allocation, and correct orientation deviations such as "using journals as a substitute for evaluation" and "judging people by their hats." Carry out systematic optimization from the institutional design, practical operational level, and technical methods, reduce repetitive report forms, excessive record-keeping, and unnecessary approval procedures, reduce the excessive formalities and red tape (繁文缛节, fan wen ru jie - "complex, writing, superfluous, ceremony") that shackle innovation, return time to the laboratory, return autonomy to scientific researchers, and return energy to scientific research itself. In recent years, our country has simplified the management procedures for research funds, continuously cleaned up the "Four Onlys" in talent evaluation, delegated the rights to use, dispose of, and benefit from in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements—these reform measures have hit precisely the pain points of research management and effectively released innovation and creativity.
Scientific and technological innovation is bound up with the fortunes of the nation, and the reform of science and technology management is a key move for stimulating the potential for innovation. Only by "subtracting" the stale, rigid institutional and systemic obstacles that bind hands and feet, and "adding" scientific, reasonable science and technology management that respects the laws of scientific research, can innovation vitality fully surge forth and accumulating much to release a powerful force later (厚积薄发, hou ji bo fa - "thick, accumulate, thin, emit"). To deepen the reform of science and technology management, it is necessary to do well both the "addition" of strategic guidance and service guarantees, and the "subtraction" of streamlining administration and delegating power, so that research institutions and scientific researchers can, concentrating fully on a single task without distraction (心无旁骛, xin wu pang wu - "heart, no, side, distraction"), set out with a light load to ensure efficiency (轻装上阵, qing zhuang shang zhen - "light, equipment, go, battle"), solidly using scientific and technological innovation to support and lead Chinese modernization.
Return to TopBy: 黄群慧
The salient feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, and accelerating the development of new quality productive forces requires doing a good job on the big article of innovation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized: "Strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, build innovation consortia with close upstream-and-downstream cooperation, promote the integrated innovation of industry, academia, research, and application, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces." Enterprises are both the main undertakers of technological innovation and the key carriers that promote the deep integration of the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain, and that drive the industrialization and marketization of innovation achievements. Therefore, developing new quality productive forces requires strengthening the principal position of enterprises in innovation.
Grasp the laws of advancing the development of new quality productive forces through enterprise innovation
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out:"New quality productive forces are an advanced productive force quality-state in which innovation plays the leading role, breaks away from traditional economic growth modes and productivity development paths, has high-tech, high-efficiency, high-quality characteristics, and conforms to the new development philosophy." "Quality-state" usually refers to the essential attributes possessed by a thing and their forms of manifestation. "Advanced productive force quality-state" is embodied, against the background of the new round of scientific-and-technological revolution and industrial transformation, in the essential attributes and forms of manifestation of productive forces driven by scientific-and-technological innovation in laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their combinations undergoing leap-and-transition changes. However, only when scientific-and-technological innovation achievements achieve industrialization and scaled application can they truly transform into real productive forces. The development of new quality productive forces requires not only the "quality-state" supported internally by scientific-and-technological innovation-driven, but also the "industry-state" carried externally by industrial development, and the two together constitute the basic requirements for the formation and development of new quality productive forces. This also shows that the innovation upon which the development of new quality productive forces depends includes not only innovation at the scientific-and-technological level, but also innovation at the industry-state-and-model level, and even innovation at the management and institutional level.
Enterprises are both the subjects of scientific-and-technological innovation and the subjects of industrial innovation-and-development, and the scientific-and-technological innovation "quality-state" and the industrial innovation-and-development "industry-state" of new quality productive forces are unified onto enterprises as this innovation subject. Among the multitude of enterprises, due to heterogeneity in mission positioning, scale, resource endowments, organizational capabilities, and innovation models, the innovation activities formed by different enterprises also present relatively large differences in originality, breakthrough-ness, and diffusiveness. That is to say, in the process of advancing the development of new quality productive forces through enterprise innovation, different types and characteristics of enterprises play different functional roles and present different principal positions, and grasping this heterogeneity of enterprise innovation, exploring the laws of enterprise innovation and the laws of industrial development, is an inevitable requirement for advancing the development of new quality productive forces.
Based on dimensions such as scale, industry, years of establishment, and growth speed, enterprises correspondingly have different classifications, and in turn will also correspond to different innovation models, whose innovation activities present different roles in the formation of new quality productive forces and in the process of industrial development. Some research shows that there exist significant differences in the innovation types of enterprises of different scales: large enterprises are more inclined to carry out smooth, cumulative incremental innovation, which is more conducive to advancing the transformation-and-upgrading of traditional industrial sectors; while technology-based small-and-medium enterprises and start-ups are more likely to engage in exploratory and breakthrough innovation activities. The latter usually possess relatively strong technological originality and non-continuity, can break through the constraints of existing technological paths, realize the leap of technological paradigms, which is more conducive to advancing the emergence of future industrial sectors and the rapid growth of strategic emerging industrial sectors.
From the perspective of the industry-state innovation or industrial carrying of new quality productive forces, based on the laws of technological maturity and industrial life cycles, the development of new quality productive forces is embodied in the industry-state innovation-and-development of optimizing-and-upgrading traditional industries, cultivating-and-strengthening strategic emerging industries, and future industries. Specifically, future industries are driven by frontier science-and-technology and original breakthroughs, are in the incubation-and-germination stage of industry, have characteristics such as strategic leading-ness, technological forward-looking-ness, innovation subversiveness, and development uncertainty, and generally high-growth, high-tech small-and-medium enterprises represented by gazelle enterprises, unicorn enterprises, etc. play an important supporting role for the development of future industries. This type of high-tech small-and-medium enterprises mainly undertakes the tasks of technological exploration and trial-and-error, and its innovation is manifested as original subversive innovation centered on knowledge creation and technological breakthroughs, having the characteristic of "creative destruction," which is precisely the technological innovation demand of future industry development. Strategic emerging industries are in the key stage of technological breakthroughs diffusing toward industrialization, their core technological paths have gradually become clear, and through scaled application and industrial ecosystem construction they achieve rapid growth, presenting strategic, growth, and driving characteristics, and in strategic emerging industries, technology-based large-and-medium enterprises represented by chain-leader enterprises, head enterprises play an important innovation-supporting role, these enterprises undertake the functions of industrialization and scaled diffusion of innovation achievements, and their innovation is manifested as incremental diffusion-type innovation connecting technological breakthroughs with industrial upgrading, having the characteristic of "creative accumulation." Traditional industries are based on mature technological systems, are in the mature stage of the industrial life cycle, have characteristics such as technological stability, scaled production, strong industrial foundational-ness, etc., and play an important "stabilizing the overall situation" role in the entire economy, and traditional industries mostly contain large traditional manufacturing enterprises and supporting small-and-medium enterprises, whose innovation presents the incremental upgrading-type innovation characteristic of "new technology empowerment," mainly relying on high-end, intelligent, green, integrated technologies to continuously improve existing technologies and processes, promoting product updating-and-replacement and deep industrial transformation-and-upgrading.
Form an enterprise innovation ecosystem conducive to the development of new quality productive forces
To develop new quality productive forces and strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, the key is to form an ecosystem conducive to enterprise innovation. In this ecosystem, enterprises must be in an "innovation ecological niche" where they can conveniently obtain innovation elements and resources. At the same time, between different enterprises, and between enterprises and other subjects, there must be formed an "innovation ecological network" of efficient collaboration on innovation elements and effective transmission of innovation achievements.
From the perspective of strengthening the effective "innovation ecological niche" of enterprises, it is necessary to raise the position of enterprises in independent innovation within the entire national innovation system and economic development system, establish-and-improve institutional mechanisms that promote the agglomeration of innovation resources such as funds, projects, platforms, data, and talent toward enterprises. In the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, it is necessary to strengthen the leading position of enterprise innovation, promote-and-improve the institutional mechanisms by which enterprises take the lead in undertaking national scientific-and-technological key tasks, building national scientific-and-technological innovation platform bases, and organizing innovation consortia, granting enterprises greater autonomy in formulating technological routes, advancing key tasks, selecting participating units, allocating funding, and incentivizing innovation personnel. In light of the distinctive traits of different enterprises, grant them appropriate ecological niches in the innovation ecosystem, and targeted-ly bring into play the innovation strengths of enterprises. In promoting the development of strategic emerging industries, support more research institutions affiliated to central enterprises to tackle key problems in industry-common technologies and core technologies for industrialization-and-scaling, using technological innovation to support the chain-leader position of central enterprises in the industrial chain. In laying out future industries, it is necessary to cultivate and spawn a large number of technology-based small-and-medium enterprises, create a more inclusive institutional mechanism and social atmosphere that encourage trial-and-error, forming countless "trial-and-error subjects" of subversive innovation.
A good innovation ecological network can effectively connect scientific-and-technological innovation with industrial development, promote the continuous diffusion, absorption, recombination, and re-innovation of innovation resources, knowledge capabilities, and technological achievements among different subjects, realize the continuous evolution from innovation quality-state to industry-state. On the one hand, it is necessary to encourage large head enterprises, chain-leader enterprises to open up supply chain systems, technological platforms, and R&D resources, enhancing the inclusiveness and openness of the innovation network; on the other hand, support small-and-medium enterprises to carry out specialized innovation in segmented fields, and through industrial chain collaboration realize the scaled application of technological achievements. Promote the construction of industrial innovation alliances, common-technology platforms, and knowledge-sharing platforms, promote the efficient flow of innovation resources among enterprises, departments, and industrial chains, accelerate the formation of a collaborative innovation ecosystem with "chain-leader enterprises + specialized-and-sophisticated small-and-medium enterprises" at its core.
Improve the policy system for strengthening the principal position of enterprises in innovation
On the one hand, strengthen the supply of universal-benefit policies, create a policy environment conducive to enterprise innovation and fair competition. The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline has proposed a series of policy measures supporting enterprise innovation, including raising the additional deduction ratio for enterprise R&D expenses, establishing an enterprise R&D reserve fund system, building a science-and-technology financial system adapted to scientific-and-technological innovation, increasing the intensity of government procurement of independent-innovation products, establishing a science-and-technology insurance policy system, strengthening whole-chain protection of intellectual property rights, coordinating-and-promoting the sharing of government data, the opening of public data, and authorized operation, comprehensively advancing the empowerment of digital-intelligence technologies, and so on. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to implement these policies fairly, justly, and pragmatically, gradually improving the policy system for enterprise innovation
On the other hand, adhere to coordinating-and-promoting industrial policies and competition policies, classify-and-implement policies, guide enterprise innovation behavior in light of local conditions and in light of the times. According to the technological innovation characteristics of different types of enterprises, as well as the industrial life cycle stage characteristics of future industries, strategic emerging industries, and traditional industries, targeted-ly implement and withdraw industrial policies, collaboratively improve competition policies, establish effective mechanisms for incentivizing innovation, realize the coordinated development of new-driver industries and traditional-driver industries. At present, China's new drivers represented by artificial intelligence, digital economy, etc. are developing rapidly, while the old drivers mainly consisting of traditional infrastructure and traditional manufacturing are undergoing deep adjustment, indicating that the development of new quality productive forces, whose basic industry-state is the deep transformation-and-upgrading of traditional industries, is not yet sufficient. But attention must be paid to developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, avoid local governments adopting overly strong industrial policies and rushing into something blindly or collectively (一哄而上, yi hong er shang - "one, holler, and, go up"), especially it must be made clear that empowering traditional industries with future technologies and emerging technologies is the main battlefield for developing new quality productive forces, and only when traditional industries achieve deep transformation-and-upgrading can the conversion of old and new drivers truly be realized. For future industries that rely on a large number of gazelle enterprises, unicorn enterprises to conduct trial-and-error exploration, the government must strengthen competition policies, encourage innovation vitality, and government funds can only serve as guiding funds, rather than large-scale direct investment. For strategic emerging industries, the government must not only grasp supporting enterprise scaling through industrial policies, but also avoid excessive competition and involution behaviors caused by policy reasons. In the process of traditional industry transformation-and-upgrading, the leading role of technical standards is prominent, and industrial policies should focus on standard leadership and supporting policies that encourage intelligent, green technologies to empower traditional industries.
(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 吴成钢
Population development is a major matter concerning the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At present, China's population development is presenting trends of fewer children, an aging population, and regional divergence in population growth and decline. The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan explicitly proposes to "adhere to the close integration of benefiting people's livelihoods and stimulating consumption, of investing in physical assets and investing in people." This major strategic deployment provides the guideline for improving the population service system covering the entire population and the entire life cycle, and for supporting Chinese modernization with high-quality development.
People are the most active and most fundamental factor among the productive forces. Marx pointed out that, in order for labor power to acquire specialized skills and techniques, a certain degree of education or training is required. This thesis reveals the significant importance of human capital investment. Viewed from the logic of the times, "investing in people" is the key choice for responding to the transformation of the population situation. The traditional "investing in physical assets" focuses on tangible assets such as land and equipment, relying on factor expansion to drive growth; "investing in people" points toward intangible assets such as knowledge, skills, and health, shifting toward the sustainable logic of innovation-driven development, breaking through the constraint of diminishing returns on capital on the supply side through raising labor productivity, and releasing effective consumption potential on the demand side through enhancing residents' income capacity, forming an endogenous growth momentum of benign mutual promotion between supply and demand. As the population structure undergoes profound changes and the law of diminishing returns on capital becomes increasingly apparent, "investing in people" has become an important engine for driving the transformation of growth momentum and achieving high-quality development. Viewed from a global perspective, "investing in people" has become a universal consensus among countries in responding to population structural changes. A World Bank report points out that, deficits in health, education, and on-the-job skills training will cause low- and middle-income countries to lose 51% of their future labor income. International research shows that, years of education exhibit a significant positive correlation with personal income, but the return rate varies by country and methodology. Analysis by Nobel laureate in economics Heckman of the Perry Preschool Project shows that, the annual rate of return on early childhood education investment can reach 7%—10%. Whoever can take the lead in shifting their strategic focus toward "investing in people" will, to a certain extent, gain the initiative in the new round of global competition. Viewed from the foundation of reality, "investing in people" possesses both urgency and feasibility. The traditional quantitative demographic dividend is gradually receding. By the end of 2025, China's population aged 60 and above reached 320 million people, and during the 15th Five-Year Plan period it will surge to approximately 390 million people; the contradiction of "fewer contributors, more beneficiaries" is placing structural pressure on the pension insurance fund, and the structural contradiction of "difficulty in finding jobs" coexisting with "difficulty in recruiting workers" is becoming increasingly prominent. It must be made clear that, China's population with higher education has reached 250 million people, the average years of education of the new labor force exceeds 14 years, and the total number of skilled workers exceeds 220 million people. The demographic dividend has not disappeared, but is instead accelerating its transformation from the "quantitative type" to the "quality type." The key lies in converting the advantage of human resources into the advantage of talent resources, and "investing in people" is precisely the key link in realizing this conversion.
"Investing in people" should cover the entire population and the entire life cycle. In accordance with the three stages of before entering the labor market, entering the labor market, and exiting the labor market, during the 15th Five-Year Plan period it is necessary to systematically advance from the following aspects, converting population resources into the momentum for promoting high-quality economic development.
With childbirth support as the focus, consolidate the foundation of human capital accumulation. The Heckman curve indicates that, the earlier human capital investment is made, the higher the return. We should vigorously develop the public-interest inclusive childcare service system, reduce family child-rearing costs, and raise women's labor force participation rate. Improve the maternity insurance system, and explore the establishment of a child-rearing subsidy system. Some scholars point out that, reducing the cost of "childbirth, child-rearing, and education" is not simply about controlling prices, but rather about gradually incorporating it into the basic public service list, with the government bearing the primary expenditure responsibility, which both stabilizes consumption expectations, releases domestic demand potential, and also strengthens the capacity for long-term balanced population development
With education priority as the support, forge a talent advantage oriented toward industrial upgrading. Facing the profound reshaping of skill demands by the new round of technological revolution and the wave of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to accelerate the pace of educational modernization, promoting the transformation from the "demographic dividend" to the "talent dividend." Promote the high-quality balanced development of compulsory education, optimize the allocation of educational resources, and narrow urban-rural and regional gaps. Deepen the reform of higher education and vocational education, dynamically adjust the structure of academic disciplines and specialties, strengthen the development of basic disciplines, emerging disciplines, and interdisciplinary disciplines, deepen industry-education integration and school-enterprise cooperation, and focus on enhancing the adaptability of human capital to industrial upgrading. Build a lifelong learning system, establish a personal learning account system, promote the mutual recognition and conversion of learning outcomes, with key support for continuing education and job-transfer training for groups such as migrant workers, veterans, and laid-off and unemployed workers
With employment and entrepreneurship as the guide, smooth the mechanism for realizing the value of human capital. Employment is the bridge through which human capital is converted into real productive forces. Improve the employment-priority policy system, taking stabilizing and expanding employment as the bottom-line goal of economic operation. To resolve the structural contradiction between "difficulty in finding jobs" and"difficulty in recruiting workers," the root cause lies in the mismatch between supply and demand. Improve the linkage mechanism between employment and industry, carry out order-based skills training around fields such as advanced manufacturing and the digital economy, open up the career development channels for skilled personnel and professional technical personnel, and raise workers' bargaining power and total factor productivity. Support entrepreneurship to drive employment, improve services for youth innovation and entrepreneurship, develop new forms of employment, and safeguard the rights and interests of flexible workers
With the entire life cycle as the main line, optimize the mechanism for safeguarding the stock of human capital. "Investing in people" should cover the entire process from birth to old age. In terms of elderly care, accelerate the national pooling of basic old-age insurance, vigorously develop a multi-tiered, multi-pillar old-age insurance system, actively develop the human resources of the elderly, progressively delay the statutory retirement age, and extend the window period of the demographic dividend. In terms of health, advance the construction of a Healthy China, develop smart healthcare, promote the integration of medical care and elderly care, and build a health service system integrating prevention, treatment, and care as one. At the same time, deepen the reform of the household registration system, implement the provision of basic public services based on the place of habitual residence, improve the quality of the citizenization of the agricultural transfer population, and realize the optimal spatial allocation of human capital
With institutional innovation as the safeguard, build a long-term mechanism for sustainable development. Break the path dependence of "valuing things over people," and build a diversified investment pattern with government leadership, market participation, and social coordination. Establish a fiscal investment mechanism adapted to population development, incorporating human capital investment into medium- and long-term fiscal planning. Promote the coordinated synergy of "investing in physical assets" and"investing in people" — the two are not a case of one side increasing while the other decreases (此消彼长, ci xiao bi chang - "this, diminish; that, grow"), but rather human capital needs should be simultaneously assessed in infrastructure construction and major industrial investment, achieving two-way empowerment. Improve the assessment and evaluation system, incorporating core indicators such as labor productivity, employment quality, and residents' income into the evaluation. Against the backdrop of intensifying global competition for talent, it is necessary to implement more proactive, more open, and more effective talent policies, enhance China's attractiveness and influence in international competition for talent, and gather global wisdom with an open posture.
Return to TopBy: 赵全厚
Preventing and resolving the hidden debt risks of local governments is a key measure for coordinating development and security, standardizing local government financing behavior, and promoting high-quality development. The Ministry of Finance's "Report on the Implementation of the Central and Local Budgets for 2025 and the Draft Central and Local Budgets for 2026" issued this year proposes accelerating the resolution of existing hidden debt, strictly preventing false debt resolution and non-compliant debt resolution. At present, all regions are solidly advancing the resolution of existing debt, strictly controlling new hidden debt, debt risks are being alleviated overall, and control effectiveness continues to improve. However, a few regions still harbor a mentality of relying on luck and attitudes of circumventing through adaptation, posing risks of "false debt resolution" and"bookkeeping debt resolution," which violate the original intent of the national debt resolution policy.
False debt resolution, specifically speaking, means falsely resolving hidden debt, referring to local governments, in order to complete hidden debt resolution assessment indicators and avoid accountability, failing to repay debt through compliant means such as genuine increases in revenue and reductions in expenditure, revitalization of assets, and reduction of burdens, but instead through bookkeeping adjustments, idle circulation of funds, project packaging, debt transfer, and other circumventing means, manufacturing a bookkeeping illusion of debt reduction and risk resolution, while debt responsibilities have not been eliminated and fiscal burdens have not been truly alleviated—these are various types of non-compliant behavior.
Judging from some typical cases in regulatory notifications, current false debt resolution mainly manifests as four categories of prominent problems. First, falsifying ledgers to falsely reduce debt, through means such as unauthorized adjustment of debt ledgers, deletion of debt contracts, changing debt attributes, etc., arbitrarily reducing the scale of hidden debt, with bookkeeping data greatly optimized, but the real debt risk has not diminished in the slightest. Second, debt transfer retaining the problem in disguised form, illegally transferring government hidden debt to state-owned enterprises and platform companies, packaging government debt as enterprise operating debt, achieving the government's bookkeeping "debt shedding," but in essence this is risk transfer and hidden danger retention. Third, idle replacement creating the illusion of increased effectiveness, through idle circulation of new and old debt, debt replacement without substantive cash flow support, circular borrowing, and other means, manufacturing the illusion of debt resolution, without forming a true closed loop of debt repayment funds. Fourth, delay and concealment to evade control, adopting extensions, suspension of accounts, arrears, and other means to delay debt repayment for due debts, deliberately concealing debt default risks, evading regulatory inspection and assessment accountability.
False debt resolution appears to be a "numbers problem" or"statement problem," but in reality its hidden dangers are extremely great and its harms are far-reaching. First, false debt resolution seriously violates the principle of seeking truth from facts, breeding poor work styles. False debt resolution not only fails to benefit the standardization of local government financing behavior, but more importantly, it is a manifestation of distorted views on political achievements anda lack of spirit of responsibility. Second, false debt resolution conceals fiscal expenditure responsibilities, increasing the difficulty of local debt governance. False debt resolution only makes bookkeeping subtractions, deferring current debt risks to the future, appearing to complete assessment tasks in the short term, but in reality continuously accumulating existing risks and amplifying future fiscal risks. Third, false debt resolution seriously disrupts the order of financial markets, undermining the regional financial ecosystem. Debt risks and financial risks are highly correlated and mutually transmitted. False debt resolution, through means such as non-compliant reallocation, debt transfer, idle replacement, etc., is in essence disguised non-compliant financing and evasion of debt control, extremely prone to causing financial institutions to misjudge risks, distort pricing, and misallocate lending. Fourth, false debt resolution seriously violates fiscal and economic discipline, touching the red lines and bottom lines of regulation. The Party Central Committee and the State Council have always maintained a high-pressure stance on local government debt control, explicitly prohibiting non-compliant behaviors such as false debt resolution, inaccurate debt resolution, and addition of new hidden debt. False debt resolution breaches the red line of fiscal and economic discipline, violates the iron rules of debt control, and constitutes knowing violation and brazen non-compliance.
The reasons for the existence of false debt resolution include, on the one hand, some local Party and government officials have subjective factors of distorted views on political achievements and utilitarianism at work, simplistically equating debt resolution work with"meeting numerical targets," ignoring substantive risk resolution; there also exist factors such as tight local fiscal resources, lack of revenue increase, expenditure reduction, asset revitalization, etc., and under the dual pressure of"must resolve debt, unable to truly resolve," they attempt, through false debt resolution, to play policy"edge balls" and engage in circumvention to evade regulation.
To fundamentally cure the chaos of false debt resolution, we must adhere to problem orientation, bottom-line thinking, and systematic governance, promoting the substantive resolution of debt risks.
First, consolidate the ideological foundation and correct the orientation of political achievements. Always adhere to the working principles of seeking truth from facts and being pragmatic and realistic, deeply recognize the seriousness and importance of debt control, discard the mentality of relying on luck and the attitude of coping, and thoroughly reverse the erroneous cognition of"valuing bookkeeping, slighting substance." Take substantive burden reduction, risk elimination, and construction of long-term mechanisms as core goals, ensuring that debt resolution work can withstand scrutiny.
Second, adhere to substantive debt resolution, diversified debt resolution, and compliant debt resolution. Carry out compliant replacement of high-interest debt, debt extension and restructuring, continuously reducing financing costs and alleviating short-term debt repayment pressure. Comprehensively sort out idle state-owned assets, low-efficiency assets, and idle resources, through means such as asset disposal, market-oriented operation, etc., forming genuine and stable debt repayment cash flows. At the same time, strive to increase revenue and reduce expenditure; while securing rigid expenditures such as the"three guarantees," strictly control general expenditures, revitalize fiscal stock funds, concentrate fiscal resources to guarantee debt resolution needs, achieving orderly and stable resolution of existing debt.
Third, strengthen supervision and accountability, and build a solid disciplinary red line. Strictly implement the coordinated mechanism of fiscal supervision, audit supervision, and financial regulation, increase the intensity of look-through inspection of debt resolution work, focus on prominent problems such as ledger falsification, debt transfer, idle debt resolution, concealment of risks, etc., and routinely carry out special inspections and rectification. Strictly implement the regulatory accountability mechanism, adhere to a zero-tolerance attitude toward verified false debt resolution problems, seriously pursue accountability and accountability, publicly notify and expose, strengthen warning and deterrence, and completely break the mentality of relying on luck.
Fourth, adhere to"resolving debt through development, developing through debt resolution." The fundamental way out for debt resolution lies in development. Adhere to resolving debt problems through high-quality development, focus on cultivating the real economy, improving industrial quality and efficiency, expanding fiscal sources and increasing revenue, and enhancing fiscal capacity. Make good use of coordinated fiscal and financial policy tools, grasp the rhythm of"exchanging time for space," build a solid foundation for debt risk prevention and control, and achieve a virtuous cycle between debt resolution and burden reduction and high-quality development.
Fifth, appropriately adjust and innovate the macro policies for local government hidden debt resolution. Since the initiation of resolving local government hidden debt in 2018, our country has, according to the actual situation of local debt resolution progress, steadily advanced and continuously optimized relevant policies (such as the county-level debt resolution pilot, the pilot for eliminating hidden debt in the entire region, the"6+4+2" policy, etc.), effectively promoting debt resolution work. At present, local government debt resolution work has entered the final assault phase; we must dynamically track the actual situation of hidden debt resolution in various regions, and in response to some common problems faced in the debt resolution process, on the basis of adhering to the bottom-line requirements of debt resolution and risk prevention, and as circumstances require, appropriately optimize and innovate the macro policies for local government debt resolution, creating a more suitable environment for sustainable development and sustainable debt resolution in all regions.
Return to TopBy: 王慧萍
To enable the spirit of the rule of law to take firm root and flourish (落地生根, luo di sheng gen - "fall, land; grow, root") among the masses, a rule-of-law publicity team that is rooted at the grassroots and close to the people is needed. The "Legal Know-How Person" (法律明白人) cultivation project is an institutional arrangement in the new era for advancing law-abiding conduct by the whole people and building a law-based society, and is an important measure for guiding and regulating social forces to participate in rule-of-law publicity and education. Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council forwarded the "Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Central Propaganda Department and the Ministry of Justice on Carrying Out Rule-of-Law Publicity and Education (2026–2030)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan), which clearly states: "Deeply implement the 'Legal Know-How Person' cultivation project, steadily achieve that at least 5 'Legal Know-How Persons' are present in each village (community) where conditions permit, explore cultivating 'Legal Know-How Persons' in industry fields, and give play to their role as information officers on social conditions and public opinion, propagandists for law and policy, resolvers of disputes and conflicts, and guides of rule-of-law practice." This deployment provides clear guidance for the in-depth implementation of the "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation project during the "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity period.
"Legal Know-How Persons" refer to grassroots cadres and masses who possess relatively good rule-of-law literacy and a certain amount of legal knowledge, actively participate in rule-of-law practice, and are able to play a demonstrative and leading role. In 2007, five departments including the Central Propaganda Department and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the "Opinions on Strengthening the Work of Farmers' Legal Study and Use of Law," proposing that "each farmer family cultivate one Legal Know-How Person." The "Sixth Five-Year Plan of the Central Propaganda Department and the Ministry of Justice on Carrying Out Legal Publicity and Education among Citizens (2011–2015)" clearly proposed "carrying out rural 'Legal Know-How Person' education and training, giving play to their role in conducting legal publicity, legal consultation, and resolving conflicts." Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, documents such as the "Guiding Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Rural Governance" and the "Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Law-Based Rural Areas" have all made clear requirements for implementing the "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation project. In 2021, the "Work Specifications for the Cultivation of Rural 'Legal Know-How Persons' (Trial)" established a unified national institutional framework, promoting the work of cultivating "Legal Know-How Persons" to continue deepening and solidifying. The "Law of the People's Republic of China on Rule-of-Law Publicity and Education," passed in 2025, stipulates: "Judicial administrative departments shall cultivate among grassroots masses personnel who possess relatively good rule-of-law literacy and grassroots work experience and can play a demonstrative role, guide, support, and encourage them to actively carry out rule-of-law publicity and education and take the lead in participating in rule-of-law practice." With the implementation of this law and the deployment of the "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan, the "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation project has gained more solid institutional safeguards.
Unlike professionalized and specialized legal workers, "Legal Know-How Persons" are rooted in local communities, close to the masses, familiar with both social conditions and public opinion and versed in local customs, making them an indispensable bond between rule-of-law resources and grassroots masses. They stand firm in villages, towns, streets, and fields, precisely connecting with the legal needs arising in the production and daily life of the masses, and, combining their own strengths and professional expertise, publicize and interpret laws, regulations, and policies closely related to the masses—such as land transfer, marriage and family, anti-fraud and anti-telecom-scam—in language the masses can understand. Door-to-door visits, market-stall lectures, and teahouse forums can all become scenes for rule-of-law publicity, effectively promoting the transformation of law publicity work from the "indoctrination mode" to the "integration mode," enabling legal knowledge to truly enter the daily lives of the masses. At the same time, "Legal Know-How Persons" guide the masses to participate in villagers' self-governance according to law, express interests and demands according to law, and perform obligations according to law, playing an active role in matters such as the disposal of collective assets and the implementation of policies benefiting the people, becoming an important force in promoting the integration of self-governance, rule of law, and rule of virtue.
Data published by the Ministry of Justice show that, as of October 2024, more than 4.2 million "Legal Know-How Persons" have been cultivated cumulatively nationwide, basically achieving full coverage of administrative villages. While the scale of the "Legal Know-How Person" team continues to expand, how to improve cultivation quality, perfect institutional safeguards, and expand the space for playing their role has become a key issue that needs to be addressed in the next step of work.
Improve management mechanisms and promote the standardized operation of the "Legal Know-How Person" team. The "Work Specifications for the Cultivation of Rural 'Legal Know-How Persons' (Trial)" makes overall provisions for each link including selection, training, use, management, and assessment, and the "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan makes further arrangements for the functional positioning of the "Legal Know-How Person" team. As a rule-of-law team at the side of the masses, "Legal Know-How Persons" come from a wide range of sources and have diverse identities, and the effective play of their role depends on scientific and systematic institutional arrangements; efforts should be made to build a whole-process work system covering each link of selection and appointment, training and education, management and use, assessment and incentives, and work safeguards. First, in the selection link, the channels for selecting talent should be broadened, selecting outstanding personnel with high prestige among the masses, strong sense of responsibility, and familiarity with local conditions, while also paying attention to absorbing personnel with legal professional backgrounds or relatively high legal literacy into the team, and encouraging retired legal workers, graduates of legal majors, and others to actively participate. Adhere to the standardized procedures of mass recommendation, organizational review, and filing for the record, and establish a dynamic talent information database. Second, in the assessment and exit link, a scientific evaluation mechanism should be established, quantifying and detailing the assessment standards, and promptly removing those who are not serious in performing their duties, have illegal or disciplinary violations, or fail to meet assessment standards, achieving "able to enter and able to exit, the excellent enter and the inferior exit," and safeguarding team vitality with institutional rigor. In terms of positive incentives, "Legal Know-How Persons" with outstanding actual performance and high recognition among the masses should be reflected in policy preferences, evaluation of merits and selection of advanced models, and other aspects, strengthening identity recognition and professional honor, and stimulating the radiating effect of "cultivating one, driving a whole area."
Improve the training system and focus on enhancing the ability to perform duties. The "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan makes deployments and arrangements for advancing the quality and efficiency of targeted law publicity, strengthening demand research and judgment, and other aspects. "Legal Know-How Persons" are active at the grassroots frontline for a long time, facing the specific and complex legal problems in the production and daily life of the masses, and whether they can effectively resolve these legal needs depends on whether they possess corresponding legal literacy and the ability to work with the masses. The cultivation of "Legal Know-How Persons" should be based on reality, focusing on improving precision and effectiveness. In terms of training content, emphasis should be placed on the cultivation of rule-of-law thinking, methods of mass work, communication and mediation skills, the application of legal documents, the study of typical cases, and grassroots governance practice, among other content, helping "Legal Know-How Persons" improve their ability to analyze problems according to law, respond to demands, and resolve conflicts. In terms of training methods, relying on platforms such as the "Legal Know-How Person" online school, build a training system integrating online and offline. Actively use digital means, relying on tools such as the law publicity cloud platform to provide "Legal Know-How Persons" with legal retrieval, case references, and online learning support. In terms of practical carriers, all localities should, in light of local conditions (因地制宜), explore practical paths with their own characteristics. For example, some localities use intangible cultural heritage paper-cutting as a carrier, innovatively cultivating a "intangible cultural heritage Legal Know-How Person" team, deeply integrating traditional craftsmanship with the spirit of the rule of law, promoting the integration of rule-of-law culture with local characteristic culture. In addition, attention should also be paid to strengthening the support of professional forces; the "1 village (residence) legal adviser + N Legal Know-How Persons" action deployed by the Ministry of Justice and the National Law Publicity Office aims to combine the professional advantages of village (residence) legal advisers with the local advantages of "Legal Know-How Persons," forming an overall joint force for promoting grassroots governance according to law. Through this mechanism, "Legal Know-How Persons" can receive timely professional guidance when encountering complex legal problems.
Expand coverage scope and extend service touchpoints and fields. The "Ninth Five-Year" law publicity plan clearly requires exploring the cultivation of "Legal Know-How Persons" in industry fields. At present, China's urbanization rate continues to rise, urban communities have dense populations, diverse interests, and diverse demands, and legal needs in emerging fields are also constantly emerging. This requires that the "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation work actively adapt to the profound changes in grassroots social structure and further extend service touchpoints and fields. Urban communities should, in light of their own characteristics, focus on groups such as community party members, owners' committee members, building floor leaders, retired legal-related practitioners, and volunteer backbone elements, and carry out law publicity and front-end prevention of conflicts around prominent issues such as property governance, preventing telecommunications and network fraud, high-altitude falling objects, and elderly fraud. At the same time, actively promote the extension of "Legal Know-How Person" cultivation to schools, industrial parks, new economic organizations, new social organizations, new employment groups, and other fields, continuously expanding coverage, enhancing penetration, striving to achieve that wherever the masses are, rule-of-law services follow, meeting the growing diversified rule-of-law needs of urban and rural grassroots. In addition, mechanisms for departmental coordination, regional cooperation, and resource sharing should also be improved, promoting the linkage of "Legal Know-How Persons" with grid workers, people's mediators, village (residence) legal advisers, and other forces, achieving timely discovery of needs, precise supply of services, and tracking and feedback of results, making rule-of-law services more accessible and balanced.
Return to TopBy: 高峰
A trademark is a mark that distinguishes the source of goods and carries the reputation of an enterprise, and the principle of good faith is the fundamental principle to be followed in applying for registration and use of trademarks. In recent years, a phenomenon of "scheming trademarks" has appeared on the market, namely, a small number of trademark applicants set up cognitive traps through means such as word combinations and semantic design, deliberately guiding consumers to misunderstand the source, quality, function, and other characteristics of the designated goods, thereby seeking improper competitive advantages and commercial interests. For example, some business operators register words that describe product craftsmanship, quality, specifications, and place of origin as trademarks, and on packaging prominently use them through means such as font size and layout design, deliberately blurring the boundary between the trademark and the true attributes of the product; some use means such as character splitting and semantic splicing to intentionally create cognitive bias among consumers. These acts alienate trademarks into "tricks" that mislead consumers, infringing upon consumers' right to know and right to fair dealing, and also disrupting the order of trademark administration.
"Scheming trademarks" mislead through verbal suggestion and are highly covert. In the registration examination link, examination authorities make comprehensive judgments in accordance with the law around distinctive characteristics, conflicts with prior rights, and whether they constitute prohibited signs. However, the deceptiveness of many "scheming trademarks" lies not in the sign itself, but in the misleading effect produced after it is combined with the goods category and usage scenario, and sometimes in the registration link it is difficult to make an accurate judgment based solely on the literal meaning of the sign. In terms of the cost of illegality, by relying on the sales growth and product premium brought by misleading trademarks, business operators are often able to obtain relatively large amounts of improper benefits, whereas the original system lacked direct and sufficient regulatory basis for acts that mislead the public occurring after a trademark has been approved for registration and in the actual use link. In recent years, the rule-of-law construction in China's trademark field has continued to advance. At the legislative level, in June this year, the 23rd session of the 14th NPC Standing Committee voted to pass the newly revised Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Trademark Law"), making systematic institutional arrangements targeting phenomena such as "scheming trademarks" from links such as examination and registration, complaints and reports, and liability for illegal acts. At the law enforcement level, intellectual property law enforcement departments have made misleading acts of using trademarks in combination with product names and promotional slogans a key target of rectification, handling a number of registered trademarks that were used in violation of regulations by deceiving and misleading the public through false descriptions. At the judicial level, people's courts have clarified judicial positions through adjudication of cases, making clear that where a "scheming trademark" used on approved goods is deceptive and likely to cause the public to misidentify, it shall be declared invalid. The above measures have laid a good foundation for strengthening the standardized registration and use of trademarks. On this basis, further strengthening the law-based rectification of "scheming trademarks" requires proceeding from the following aspects.
Further tighten the gate of registration examination. Trademark registration is the first procedure for a trademark to obtain legal confirmation, and is also an important link for preventing problematic trademarks from entering the market at the source. If a misleading trademark fails to be identified during the examination link and is approved for registration, subsequent law enforcement and judicial links will face greater pressure for correction. According to Article 15 of the newly revised Trademark Law, signs that are "deceptive, likely to cause the public to misidentify the characteristics of goods such as quality, craftsmanship, raw materials, or place of origin" may not be registered or used as trademarks. In specific examination, whether a certain sign is deceptive often requires a comprehensive judgment combining the trademark's wording, the designated goods category, and the usual manner of use. On the basis of the Guiding Opinions on Examination and Adjudication of Deceptive Trademarks, further improve examination standards, innovate examination rules, and proceeding from the cognition of ordinary consumers, examine whether its use on relevant goods and services has a sufficiently obvious risk of misleading, with special attention to problems related to trademarks in livelihood fields such as food and medicine, and resolutely reject trademark applications that are likely to mislead consumers. At the same time, trademark agency institutions play an important role in trademark registration applications. Some agency institutions, knowing full well that the trademarks clients apply for are misleading or of a hoarding nature, still accept the business, objectively abetting the spread of "scheming trademarks." In this regard, the filing system for institutions and practitioners should be strictly implemented, illegal agency acts should be pursued for liability in accordance with the law, preventing agency institutions from becoming boosters of "scheming trademarks."
Increase the intensity of punishment for illegal acts. The newly revised Trademark Law makes clear provisions for the act of "using a registered trademark in a manner that misleads the public": "Where a registered trademark is used in a manner that misleads the public, the department responsible for trademark law enforcement shall order correction within a specified period; where the illegal business turnover is 50,000 yuan or more, a fine of not more than five times the illegal business turnover may be imposed; where there is no illegal business turnover or the illegal business turnover is less than 50,000 yuan, a fine of not more than 250,000 yuan may be imposed. Where correction is not made within the specified period, the trademark administration department of the State Council shall revoke its registered trademark." This provision, by distinguishing the severity of illegal circumstances and setting differentiated disposal measures, balances deterrence and punishment with tolerance and correction, reflecting the concept of prudent regulation and precise law enforcement. In law enforcement practice, market regulation departments in various localities should accurately apply the law, and further refine matters such as the calculation caliber of business turnover, the specific discretion of the fine range, and the judgment standard for "failure to correct within the specified period." At the judicial level, for cases with obvious subjective malice anda relatively wide scope of influence, factors such as the enterprise's misleading profits, the scope of goods circulation, and the scale of consumer harm should be comprehensively considered, civil compensation amounts should be determined in accordance with the law, forming a strong deterrent, so that those who deceive consumers under the guise of trademarks are severely punished in accordance with the law.
Improve the complaint and reporting mechanism. The use of trademarks involves the interests of the broad masses of consumers, and the deceptiveness of "scheming trademarks" often can only be fully exposed in market circulation. Consumer complaints and reports are a means of individual rights protection, and also an important force for initiating administrative supervision procedures and promoting market purification. The newly revised Trademark Law adds a provision that, for the illegal act of using a registered trademark in a manner that misleads the public, any unit or individual has the right to complain or report to the department responsible for trademark administration work. In the first half of this year, the China National Intellectual Property Administration has launched a "scheming trademark" governance section on the China Trademark Network, continuously publishing information on deceptive trademarks that have been declared invalid ex officio, and soliciting from society clues to problems of using registered trademarks to deceive and mislead the public. Market regulation departments in various localities should further improve rapid verification and feedback mechanisms for complaints and reports, handle clues verified as true in accordance with the law and in a timely manner, and inform reporting persons of the handling results. At the same time, post-hoc correction procedures such as trademark invalidation declarations should be effectively connected with the complaint and reporting mechanism, preventing problematic trademarks from persisting for a long time and continuing to harm consumer rights, forming a working chain of timely discovery, rapid verification, and law-based handling.
Return to TopBy: 国防大学中将政治委员 夏志和
When presiding over the 27th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, President Xi emphasized that, in advancing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces with high quality, the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification have always been combat effectiveness. This major thesis profoundly grasps the essential characteristic that the people's army is forever a combat force and that combat effectiveness is forever its lifeline, endows the combat-effectiveness standard with new connotations of the era, defines the value orientation of promoting high-quality development of our military, and elevates our Party's understanding of the laws governing national defense and military modernization to a new height. We must deeply comprehend the far-reaching strategic considerations contained therein, firmly uphold improving combat effectiveness as the starting point and ultimate goal of all our military work and construction, ensure the realization of the centenary goal of military construction on schedule, and accelerate the building of the people's army into a world-class military.
Grasping the essence of victory, deeply comprehending the great significance of combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification
In strengthening the military and rejuvenating the military, the core is being able to fight and win wars; the "strength" of a strong military, in the final analysis, is the strength of combat effectiveness. Standing at the height of the development of the times and the overall strategic situation, focusing on fulfilling the missions and tasks entrusted to the military by the Party and the people, President Xi has established combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification of national defense and military modernization, which contains profound theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic.
The fundamental stance of Marxist military theory. The establishment of the combat-effectiveness standard not only has a deep foundation in military practice, but also originates from the basic laws of army building and governance scientifically revealed by Marxist military theory. From the perspective of the Marxist view of the military, as an armed group carrying out political tasks, the military must have strong strength to defend the interests of its own class and complete the political missions it bears;;its fundamental task of construction is to raise the level of modernization and operational capability of the armed forces, making necessary preparations for responding to wars and armed conflicts. From the perspective of the Marxist view of war, war is a contest of strength, a competition of military power, and a people's war, in order to defeat a powerful enemy, must have a regular, combat-effective army. From the perspective of Marxist military practice theory, the generation and improvement of combat effectiveness are the most active and revolutionary factors driving national defense and military construction, and the most fundamental measure of the effectiveness of military construction is whether it can withstand the test of future wars and defeat the enemy in actual combat. This enlightens us that any modernization construction that departs from the combat-effectiveness standard is ineffective construction and low-quality construction that violates inherent laws and deviates from essential requirements, and that all construction activities of the military must focus on combat effectiveness, serve combat effectiveness, and generate combat effectiveness.
The iron law of the people's army's century-long construction and development. Building consolidated national defense anda strong military is a goal our Party has persistently pursued. During the revolutionary war years, the army fought while building, relying on "millet plus rifles," tempering out strong combat effectiveness in the struggle of blood and fire. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, taking building an excellent modern revolutionary army as the overall goal, it gradually completed the historic transformation from a single armed service to a combination of multiple services and arms, rapidly forming the strength to deter wars and stop wars. Since the reform and opening up, it has unswervingly followed the path of elite troops with Chinese characteristics, comprehensively improving its capability to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks. Entering the new era, the people's army has firmly grasped political army building as the foundation of establishing the military, anchored high-quality development, led new changes with new concepts, guided new layouts with new guidelines, stimulated new momentum with new systems, forged strategic sharp weapons for deterring and defeating enemies, built elite and versatile troops, and our military's modernization level and actual combat capability have improved significantly. This enlightens us that however the war is fought, the army should be built accordingly;;no matter how the conditions of the times change, as long as we always act and fight under the Party's absolute leadership, firmly establish and implement the combat-effectiveness standard, the path of building a strong military with Chinese characteristics will become broader and broader.
The urgent need to respond to national security risks and challenges. Currently, the world has entered a period of turbulence and transformation, and the international strategic pattern, global governance system, and comprehensive national strength competition are undergoing profound and complex evolution, with instability and uncertainty rising significantly. The security situation is becoming increasingly severe. Anti-globalization sentiments are surging, great-power competition is intensifying in all dimensions, unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemonism are on the rise, and local disorder, local turmoil, and local warfare have become the norm. Crises and conflicts are prone to frequent occurrence. Traditional security threats such as arms races, terrorism, and cybersecurity are intertwined with non-traditional security threats;;in particular, the Ukraine crisis, the Palestine-Israel conflict, and the US-Israel-Iran hostilities not only affect regional security, but also pose severe challenges to global peace and development. The risk of local wars is rising. Western anti-China forces are using every possible means to achieve a goal (千方百计, qian fang bai ji - "thousand ways, every way") to encircle, suppress, and contain China, and certain countries are stirring up trouble in the Taiwan Strait, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea;;the "Taiwan independence" forces stubbornly adhere to separatist positions and take risky provocations, increasing external security pressure. This enlightens us that advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is not something that can be achieved by making a great fuss or fanfare (敲锣打鼓, qiao luo da gu -"strike gong, beat drum") or easily;;although the means and options for safeguarding national security are numerous and varied, military means are always the last-resort means, and we must make the military aspect solid and build up combat effectiveness.
The inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development of our military construction. The "strength" of the capability to strengthen the military and win wars rests on the "high quality" of construction quality. If it cannot contribute to being able to fight and win wars, all construction and development are in vain, let alone high-quality development. In terms of guiding concepts, "placing greater emphasis on focusing on actual combat" is placed first among the strategic guidance of the "five greater emphases," clarifying the foundation and traction of military construction. If our military does not firmly establish the concept of fighting, does not persistently and unremittingly grasp war preparedness, it may become further and further from actual combat the more it develops. In terms of basic tasks, whether it is the modernization of military theory, the modernization of military organizational forms, the modernization of military personnel, the modernization of weaponry and equipment, or the modernization of military governance, all are adaptations to the inherent requirements of modern warfare for military force construction, taking forging strong military capability as the goal orientation. In terms of development paths, focusing on promoting the transformation and upgrading of our military's construction, adhering to the integrated development of mechanization, informatization, and intelligence, through integrated advancement and systemic breakthroughs, achieving iterative leaps in operational capability. This enlightens us that the "high" in high-quality development, the key, is high in the level of combat effectiveness, and that only by running the victory-oriented orientation and victory-oriented standard through all constructions can we avoid scattering and deviation, continuously improving quality and efficiency.
Focusing on the key to victory, firmly establishing combat effectiveness as the fundamental orientation and the standard for verification
Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, President Xi has made war preparedness and war fighting the "first priority," pointed out that"adhering to combat effectiveness as the sole fundamental standard," emphasized the extreme importance of combat effectiveness, systematically expounded the goal orientation, construction priorities, generation pathways, and development modes of combat effectiveness construction, profoundly revealed the inherent laws of combat effectiveness construction in the new era, providing fundamental guidance for advancing national defense and military modernization with high quality.
Firmly establishing combat effectiveness construction on defeating operational adversaries. Defeating operational adversaries is the realistic target of military training, war preparedness, and combat effectiveness construction, and also a powerful traction for improving the quality and efficiency of military construction. President Xi has issued the question of victory, the question of value, and the question of capability, requiring the entire military to always adhere to building with the standard of being able to win. Regarding goal targeting, he emphasizes closely tracking changes in adversaries, closely following operational adversaries, and grasping military struggle preparations firmly and tightly. Regarding capability orientation, he emphasizes comprehensively improving the capability for war preparedness and war fighting in the new era, effectively shaping the situation, managing crises, deterring wars, and winning wars. Regarding practical orientation, he emphasizes resolutely returning the focus of the entire military's work to war preparedness and war fighting, resolutely eliminating the malady of peace, focusing on the main responsibility and main business of war preparedness and war fighting, and all leading cadres at all levels, especially senior cadres, should be leaders in war preparedness and war fighting. This series of important expositions profoundly reveals the uniqueness of the status of the combat-effectiveness standard, its foundational and fundamental nature in adherence, establishing the baseline for combat effectiveness construction in the new era. We must firmly establish adversary awareness, use adversaries as mirrors to test modernization levels, learn from adversaries as teachers to hone the capability to win, run studying adversaries, benchmarking adversaries, and defeating adversaries through the entire process of war preparedness and war fighting, truly achieving preparedness in peacetime and the ability to fight when encountering the enemy, ensuring that at critical moments we can pull out, go up, and win.
Adhering to the effective supply of advanced combat effectiveness. Advanced combat effectiveness represents the development direction of military transformation, is a new growth point of combat effectiveness, and also the commanding height of advancing national defense and military modernization with high quality. In response to changes in science and technology, changes in warfare, and changes in adversaries, President Xi creatively proposed"accelerating the construction of advanced combat effectiveness," fully reflecting his profound grasp and forward-looking layout of the mechanisms for winning modern wars. It reveals the drivers of development, pointing out that the new round of scientific-and-technological revolution and military revolution is developing rapidly, with new technologies and new means such as intelligence and unmanned systems being widely used in actual combat, and war forms accelerating their evolution toward informationized and intelligent warfare. It specifies the priorities of development, proposing to expand strategic deterrence forces, strengthen the upgrading and transformation of traditional combat forces and means, promote the large-scale, practical, and systematic development of new-domain and new-quality combat forces, accelerate the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces and counter-capabilities, and build an intelligent military system. It clarifies the pathways of development, requiring strengthening innovation-driven development, accelerating independent innovation and original innovation in national defense science and technology, smoothing the chain of transformation from advanced scientific-and-technological achievements to combat effectiveness, and increasing the contribution rate of scientific-and-technological innovation to combat effectiveness. The concept of"advanced combat effectiveness," an original and iconic concept, has expanded the constituent elements and basic forms of combat effectiveness, enriched and developed the Marxist theoretical doctrine on combat effectiveness. We must focus on the construction of advanced combat effectiveness to think about transformation, grasp construction, and make preparations, innovate the modes of combat effectiveness construction and application, improve the mechanisms for the generation, verification, and evaluation of advanced combat effectiveness, and actively seek new advantages in military struggle.
Adhering to making good use of military training, the basic pathway for generating and improving combat effectiveness. Military training is the rehearsal of future wars, an important pathway and lever for improving actual combat capability, and has a tractional role in improving the overall level of military construction. Currently, our military's military training has entered a new stage of all-round transformation and holistic improvement, and President Xi requires the entire military to comprehensively advance the transformation and upgrading of military training, comprehensively improve training levels and war-winning capabilities. In terms of guiding principles, he requires that fighting be hard against hard, and training must be real against real;;deeply advance actual-combat training, joint-operation training, science-and-technology-strengthened training, and law-based training, accelerating the construction of a new military training system. In terms of work priorities, he emphasizes vigorously strengthening the cultivation of fighting spirit;;adhering to placing military training at a strategic position, promoting the formation of work orientation, personnel orientation, policy orientation, and public-opinion orientation conducive to strengthening military training and war preparedness. In terms of transformation and development, he proposes strengthening the consistency of war and training, strengthening joint training, strengthening training management, strengthening science-and-technology training, strengthening training support, and strengthening talent support;;developing a joint training system with our military's characteristics, deepening joint training, adversarial training, and science-and-technology training, tempering and exercising the troops in arduous and strict training, in environments approximating actual combat, and in severe and complex military struggles. These important instructions of President Xi have clarified the direction, tasks, and requirements of actual-combat military training, led our military's training to take a major step forward in closely following actual combat and serving actual combat, effectively supporting the improvement of war-preparedness and war-fighting capability and the completion of various major tasks. We must keep the string of actual-combat training taut, tighter and tighter, improve training guidance and working methods, and push all constructions and work to further focus and exert effort on real fighting and real preparedness.
Adhering to promoting the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness. New quality productive forces are the source supply for the development of new quality combat effectiveness, and new quality combat effectiveness provides security guarantees and demand traction for the development of new quality productive forces;;the two share the same technology, interconnected elements, and the same industrial roots. Coordinating development and security, President Xi integrates national defense and military modernization into Chinese modernization, coordinating the advancement of strategic emerging industries and new-type combat forces. Clarifying strategic positioning, strategic capabilities in emerging domains are an important component of the national strategic system and capabilities, bearing on our country's high-quality economic and social development, bearing on national security and the initiative in military struggle, and having important significance for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese modernization. Highlighting strategic priorities, it clarifies focusing on emerging domains such as oceans, outer space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence, improving the capability to manage the oceans, optimizing the layout of aerospace, building a cyberspace defense system, strengthening the overall planning and implementation of major intelligent science-and-technology projects, and increasing the application of advanced achievements. Deploying strategic measures, it emphasizes promoting the efficient integration and two-way pull of new quality productive forces and new quality combat effectiveness, improving the mechanisms for agile response and rapid transformation of advanced technologies, and building an innovation ecosystem that is self-reliant and self-strengthening, open and integrated, and full of vitality. Practice has shown that a country's management of emerging domains often only gains a stiff backbone and a say in matters after being transformed into military strength. We must seize the opportunity of the vigorous development of the country's new quality productive forces, have the courage to advance into no-man's-lands, open up new tracks, fully utilize all high-quality resources and advanced achievements of the entire society, and comprehensively improve the integrated strategic capability in emerging domains
Seizing the way to victory, fully liberating and developing combat effectiveness on the new journey
The Party Central Committee, the Central Military Commission, and President Xi have made strategic plans for combat effectiveness construction during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. At the critical juncture of the transition and progression of national defense and military modernization, we must resolutely implement President Xi's decisions and deployments, firmly grasp the fundamental landing point of being able to fight and win wars, carry out construction and preparations in accordance with the requirements of war, let all elements of combat effectiveness burst forth, and ensure that the troops can be summoned at a moment's notice, come when called, and win when they fight.
Tempering the political background of"war." Strengthening the military first requires strengthening it politically;;only with political impregnability can there be military invincibility. This requires us to uphold, apply, and develop political army building, this important magic weapon, and guarantee the quality of combat effectiveness with political background. Run the Party's absolute leadership through the entire process. The Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the people's army to always maintain strong cohesion, centripetal force, creativity, and combat effectiveness. We must improve the institutional mechanisms for implementing the chairman-of-the-Central-Military-Commission responsibility system, strengthen the capability of Party organizations at all levels to lead wars and grasp construction, and continuously transform our Party's and our military's political advantages and organizational advantages into victory advantages. Run political forging and tempering through the entire process. The stronger and purer the military, the more combat effective it is. We must unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate hearts and souls, use Xi Jinping's thought on strengthening the military to arm the troops, continuously carry out ideological rectification, normalize political rectification, vigorously grasp the elimination of falsehoods and the fight against fraud in combat effectiveness, ensuring that the quality of all constructions is underpinned, capability is underpinned, and integrity is underpinned. Run the cultivation of fighting spirit through the entire process. War is a contest of materiel, and also a competition of spirit. We must inherit the red genes, maintain the true character of the old Red Army, vigorously cultivate and shape the fighting spirit of possessing indomitable courage and spirit (一不怕苦、二不怕死, yi bu pa ku, er bu pa si -"one, not fear hardship;;two, not fear death"), temper blood and courage in major struggles, forge iron will in urgent, difficult, dangerous, and heavy tasks, hone bravery and fearlessness in tests of life and death, and continuously forge an iron force that dares to fight and is sure to win
Accelerating the intelligent transformation of"war." Currently, intelligent science and technology, with artificial intelligence as the main body, is developing rapidly, triggering chain-like breakthroughs in the military field, urgently requiring us to accelerate the construction of an intelligent military system, step up the improvement of intelligent operational capability, and actively seize the commanding height of the new military revolution. Lead transformation with conceptual innovation. Have the courage to break free from the shackles of traditional war thinking, make breakthroughs toward the new in concepts, advance toward intelligence in competence, continuously enhance the cognitive, innovative, and applicative capabilities regarding artificial intelligence, build a cognitive system compatible with intelligent warfare, and realize the transformation from human-brain-experience-led decision-making to human-machine-integrated decision-making supported by intelligent systems. Drive transformation with key breakthroughs. Seize the construction of unmanned intelligent combat forces, concentrate superior resources for tackling key problems, break through key technological bottlenecks, strengthen the military application of unmanned intelligent technologies, accelerate innovation in intelligent operational theory and combat methods, promote the deep empowerment of artificial intelligence to the command chain, the kill chain, and the support chain, seize the initiative and preempt the enemy in the intelligent domain. Support transformation with institutional reshaping. In response to the characteristics of unmanned intelligent technologies, such as rapid updates, rapid equipment upgrades, and rapid entry into actual combat, innovate organizational forms, management methods, and application models, explore and blaze the integrated path of"research, testing, training, and employment," releasing stronger and more efficient operational capability
Strengthening the system integration of"war." Modern warfare is a confrontation between systems, a contest between systems, and the requirements of building the system, training the system, and employing the system must be implemented in all constructions and work, with efforts focused on improving system-of-systems operational capability. Building strong unit capability is the foundation. Based on the needs of integrated joint operations, train every operational unit and operational element to be strong and hard, forge reliable combat modules capable of independently executing tasks, and converge the overall advantage of the system through the excellence of unit capabilities. Unifying interconnection standards is the key. Relying on a high-level network information system, determine efficient and concise linking standards, break down information barriers between different domains and different platforms, open up the intelligence, command, firepower, and support chains, realize the full-domain interconnection of operational elements and the seamless linking of different systems. Achieving integration and upgrading is the urgent task. Based on the mechanisms for winning modern wars, promote the efficient integration of mechanized platforms and informationized-and-intelligent platforms, manned combat forces and unmanned combat forces, new-quality combat effectiveness and traditional combat effectiveness, promote the functional complementarity and effectiveness stacking of various elements, and achieve a leap in the capability of the operational system-of-systems
Making solid the talent support of"war." People are the core element of combat effectiveness and the decisive factor in modernization construction. Today's informationized and intelligent warfare, seemingly a contest of"steel plates" and"silicon plates," is in essence a reconstruction of the relationship between humans and war, and in the final analysis, still a competition of military talent. Closely combine investment in materiel with investment in people. Transform the tendency of relying one-sidedly on material and technological forces to drive the development of combat effectiveness, place the promotion of people's all-round development in a priority position, attach importance to the construction of institutions and conditions for cultivating people, shaping people, and motivating people, realize a virtuous cycle between talent team construction and modernization construction. Highlight the cultivation of the"four categories of talent." Following the thinking of prioritized development of key talent, systematically advance the cultivation of joint-operations command talent, new-type combat force talent, high-level scientific-and-technological innovation talent, and high-level strategic management talent, grasp talent preparation in key directions and key domains, push the talent team to focus on winning wars and exert force toward the battlefield. Stimulate the motivation and vitality of military personnel. Continuously deepen the reform of military human-resource policies and institutions, vigorously create a favorable environment that recognizes, loves, respects, and employs talent, stimulate the intrinsic motivation of military personnel to devote themselves to the cause of strengthening the military and rejuvenating the military, promote the formation of a vibrant situation in which talent emerges in abundance, everyone fully utilizes their abilities, and all talents are put to optimal use
Return to TopBy: 中国融通资产管理集团有限公司党组书记、董事长 李文清
General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly pointed out that the question of the view of political achievements is a fundamental question, bearing on building the Party for the public and exercising governance for the people. In February 2026, the Party Central Committee deployed and carried out the study and education on establishing and practicing the correct view of political achievements, providing important guidance for Party members and leading cadres on the new journey to calibrate their value coordinates and temper their practical responsibility. At present, the centralized study and education has come to an end, and the study, implementation, and implementation of its lessons are continuing to deepen. As a key state-owned backbone enterprise shouldering the special mission of serving the military, China Rongtong Asset Management Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China Rongtong Group) bears a major political responsibility in serving the national strategy, supporting the strengthening of the military and the armed forces, and realizing the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets. Since the launch of the study and education, the Group's Party Leadership Group has insisted on putting its duties and mission into the process, advancing study, examination, and rectification as an integrated whole, continuously deepening theoretical understanding, correcting the direction of practice, and leading the enterprise's high-quality development with the correct view of political achievements.
Adhere to learning to forge the soul, calibrating the value coordinates for undertaking work and starting businesses
Party spirit is the cornerstone for Party members and leading cadres to establish themselves, build their careers, voice their positions, and cultivate their virtue. When the view of political achievements goes wrong or deviates, the root cause lies in the loosening of Party spirit cultivation and the stirring of selfish thoughts and distracting ideas. For Party members and leading cadres in state-owned enterprises, Party spirit is not an abstract moral slogan, but is concretely embodied in the political stance of safeguarding state-owned assets, the mission and responsibility of serving the strengthening of the military, and the value pursuit of keeping the workers and masses in mind. Upholding the Party's leadership and strengthening Party building are the "roots" and the "soul" of state-owned enterprises. To establish the correct view of political achievements, the foremost task is to strengthen theoretical armed forces, temper Party spirit cultivation, and tighten the "master switch" of worldview, outlook on life, and values.
The Party Leadership Group of China Rongtong Group uses the Party's innovative theories of the new era to unite hearts and forge souls, striving to rectify the source and consolidate the foundation ideologically. It insists on taking the study and implementation of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on establishing and practicing the correct view of political achievements as the fundamental guideline, building a "Five-Sphere Integrated Plan" learning system comprising leaders leading study by example, layered and categorized research study, special Party lecture guided study, negative typical case warning study, and online-offline assisted study, fully leveraging the leading and promoting role of the Party Leadership Group Theoretical Learning Center Group. It incorporates the correct view of political achievements into the "first agenda" of Party organizations at all levels and into the education and training of Party members and leading cadres, centering on "who I am, for whom, relying on whom, and how to act" for deep study, careful comprehension, firm belief, and resolute practice. All Party members and leading cadres have profoundly understood the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments" and resolutely achieved the "Two Upholds". It insists on taking benchmarking and examination as an important lever for calibrating deviations in the view of political achievements, adhering to the two-way approach of positive guidance and negative warning, using cases as mirrors, using cases to promote rectification, building a three-dimensional, full-coverage learning matrix, promoting the extension of study and education from the "key minority" to the "overwhelming majority", conducting in-depth benchmarking and examination against the requirements of the correct view of political achievements, sorting out risk shortcomings around key areas, establishing problem lists and rectification ledgers, implementing cancellation management, guiding Party membersand leading cadres to cultivate the value orientation of "national mission, military sentiment, military style, heroic complex" in the integrated advancement of study, examination, and rectification, and the good atmosphere of ideological unity, goal alignment, action synchronization, and practical responsibility across the entire Group continues to consolidate.It insists on taking personal practice as the ultimate foothold for establishing and practicing the correct view of political achievements, carrying forward the fine work style of "going down to the grassroots at four levels", implementing the system of contact points at the grassroots level, organizing Party members and leading cadres to go deep into the front line of serving the military and the grassroots front line for investigation and research, setting up classrooms at project sites and service stations, promoting the transformation of study and education achievements into practical actions for serving the strengthening of the military and promoting enterprise reform and development, and the political penetration and work execution capability of leading bodies at all levels in implementing the decisions and deployments of higher-level authorities has significantly strengthened
Theoretical maturity is the foundation of political maturity, and political firmness stems from theoretical sobriety. The conclusion of the study and education period is not the endpoint of ideological transformation, but a new starting point for normalized tempering and improvement. It is necessary to continue consolidating and expanding the effectiveness of learning, integrating the education of the correct view of political achievements into daily work and regular practice, promoting the realization of normalized, long-term effectiveness. The key is to coordinate centralized education with regular education, solving ideological problems with solving practical problems, embedding the education of the view of political achievements into the entire process of Party spirit education, continuously examining and correcting budding and tendency problems in the view of political achievements, guiding Party membersand leading cadres to always maintain strategic resolve, ensuring that the direction of enterprise reform and development does not deviate and that the enterprise advances steadily and far
Adhere to mission traction, anchoring the fundamental purpose of benefiting the people
The people's standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of our Party. Whether political achievements are good or not, ultimately depends on whether the people are satisfied and whether the masses have gained tangible benefits. For central state-owned enterprises, practicing benefiting the people requires both fulfilling the universal responsibility of serving social livelihood and, more importantly, finding the anchoring point of the mission based on one's own functions. China Rongtong Group was born with the political mission of serving the military. Practicing benefiting the people, the most fundamental and most direct manifestation is doing high-quality service for the military, which is determined by the political attributes of the enterprise. In evaluating the political achievements of the enterprise, the contribution to serving the military, the satisfaction of officers and soldiers, and the improvement of service support capability should be taken as important criteria for testing work, implementing the awareness of the purpose into each support mission, each service item, and each practical matter
The Party Leadership Group of China Rongtong Group firmly grasps benefiting the people as this value yardstick, adhering to the organic unity of serving the military and serving the people, focusing on efforts from two dimensions. On the one hand, it upholds the duty of serving the military, doing solid and meticulous work in serving the military. It adheres to systematic thinking and strengthens system building, promoting the transformation of military service from scattered support to systematic support, from passive response to active supply, holding work promotion meetings on improving the quality and efficiency of military service, organizing special seminars, introducing special measures for improving the quality and efficiency of military service and for benefiting military personnel, implementing quality expansion and capacity enhancement actions, improving multi-level, normalized military-enterprise docking mechanisms, proactively docking with military support needs, optimizing service processes, compressing response cycles. It coordinates resources such as hotels, housing, travel, and medical care, building a military-benefit service system covering officers and soldiers' food, housing, travel, and medical needs, upgrading exclusive service products, cumulatively providing military medical services to more than 1.1 million person-times, receiving more than 2.8 million person-times of military personnel and their families, effectively transforming resource advantages into support effectiveness. On the other hand, based on resource endowments, it serves the people with heart and sentiment. It promotes the docking of multiple business formats with national strategies and the practical needs of the masses, revitalizing stock idle real estate resources and converting them into rental housing, helping new citizens and young people have a place to live; serving food security and rural revitalization with modern agriculture and improved seed breeding, driving local industrial development and mass employment; promoting the sinking of high-quality medical resources to the grassroots, expanding inclusive medical services for grassroots masses to alleviate the difficulty of seeing a doctor; activating consumer markets through innovative business and travel scenarios, optimizing human resources services to broaden employment channels, strengthening media and publishing business formats to enrich cultural supply, actively carrying out student aid and assistance actions, doing practical public welfare work for the people, and the social responsibility and contemporary mission of central state-owned enterprises continues to be prominently demonstrated
Practicing the people's standpoint values sustained, long-term effort. China Rongtong Group will, based on the Group's resource advantages, run high standards and strict requirements through the entire service chain, continuously improve the quality and efficiency of service support, systematically summarize mature experience and practices, polish the Rongtong service brand, strive to make "when in need, turn to Rongtong; service you can trust" become a common consensus among military officers, soldiers, and the masses, and concretely embody the political achievements of benefiting the people in the sense of gain of service recipients
Adhere to the practical work orientation, promoting high-quality development to take root and yield results
Correct political achievements are not shouted out, but are truly achieved through solid work. As an important material and political foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, state-owned enterprises, in establishing and practicing the correct view of political achievements, must ultimately land on promoting high-quality development. It is necessary to coordinate well the dialectical relationships between development and security, stock revitalization and incremental expansion, visible achievements and latent achievements, both grasping current operations well, and doing more work that lays the foundation and benefits the long term; both holding the bottom line of various risks firmly, and daring to reform, innovate, and develop new quality productive forces, promoting the preservation and appreciation of assets with a pragmatic and truth-seeking work style
The Party Leadership Group of China Rongtong Group adheres to seeking progress while maintaining stability and systematic policy implementation, focusing on efforts from three dimensions. First, activate the general engine of high-quality development with pragmatism and truth-seeking. It adheres to driving increments with the revitalization of stock, optimizing quality with increments, coordinating the classified disposal and quality-improved operation of stock assets, focusing on product upgrading to enhance effective supply, refined operation to expand support capacity, centering on key businesses such as real estate operation, agricultural planting, hotel services, medical services, military cultural creativity, highlighting the brand concept of "quality, safety, trustworthiness", concentrating efforts on building strong brands such as "China Rongtong·Rong e Rent", "Rongtian", "Rongtian Hotel", "Military Personnel Service Cooperative", continuously releasing the potential value of assets, making the characteristics of connotative, intensive, sustainable development more distinct. Second, cultivate new advantages for high-quality development with reform and innovation. It continuously deepens the reshaping of systems and mechanisms, firmly grasps business integration, institutional reform, management improvement, and the overall governance efficiency and core competitiveness of the enterprise have steadily improved. It actively promotes green, low-carbon development, vigorously cultivates key industries such as smart green spaces, smart green farms, smart professional services, smart clean manufacturing, drives key core technology research with market demand, plans and advances the technical system, product spectrum, and industrial layout as an integrated whole, implements the Group's "artificial intelligence+" action plan, based on the advantages of central state-owned enterprises' industrial innovation scenarios, strengthens deep industry-university-research cooperation, promotes technology empowerment for the cultivation and growth of emerging industries and the renewal and upgrading of traditional industries, and the industrial upgrading system driven by digital intelligence and driven by innovation is gradually being constructed. Third, consolidate the hard foundation for high-quality development with courageous responsibility. It adheres to consolidating security in development, seeking development in security, deeply advancing asset investment and renovation, improving intrinsic safety levels. It carries out normalized all-round hidden danger investigation, whole-chain rectification and governance, whole-domain penetrating supervision, improving the whole-chain risk prevention and control system. It closely tracks risk points such as investment decisions, asset disposal, bidding and procurement, continuously improving internal control mechanisms. It adheres to tackling historical legacy bottlenecks and difficulties with the spirit of nailing nails, comprehensively using legal, market, and other means to tackle and resolve them, stabilizing the basic foundation of business operations, and the security governance pattern of closed-loop risk prevention, systematic hidden danger rectification, and tackling historical difficult problems is gradually taking shape
To promote high-quality development, it is necessary to continuously advance quality reform, efficiency reform, and driving force reform, improving the distinctive modern enterprise system. Facing the 15th Five-Year Plan, China Rongtong Group will, with the formulation and implementation of development planning as the traction, benchmark against the "three concentrations" of state-owned capital to optimize business layout, deepen reforms in key areas such as investment empowerment, market expansion, asset management, digital transformation, promote the deep integration of Party building with production and operation. It will optimize the assessment "baton", increase the weight of work that lays foundations and benefits the long term such as serving the military, technological innovation, risk prevention and control, adhere to drawing the blueprint to the end, working session after session, transforming the correct view of political achievements into the institutional effectiveness of corporate governance, creating practical achievements that can withstand the test of practice, the people, and history, contributing Rongtong's strength to the modernization of national defense and the armed forces
Return to TopBy: 胥伟华
At present, the great changes unseen in a century is accelerating in its evolution, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating in breakthroughs, and global AI technological innovation has entered an unprecedented period of vitality, which contains enormous opportunities yet also faces governance challenges.Artificial intelligence, as a strategic technology leading the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, is an important engine for cultivating new quality productive forces and reshaping regional core competitiveness.
Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, Hangzhou, based on the national industrial layout, has been developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, adhering to the coordinated synergy of institutional innovation, scenario traction, and ecosystem building, continuously revitalizing the stock of the digital economy and activating the increment of artificial intelligence, having built a full-chain industrial system covering computing power, data, models, and applications, having landed multiple national-level innovation carriers, achieving a full-domain layout of key tracks in future industries, and attaining phased results in the development of the artificial intelligence industry.
The clustering and agglomeration of industrial clusters has advanced in an orderly manner, and the echelon pattern has basically taken shape. Hangzhou's various sci-tech innovation platforms and industrial parks have differentiated their layout of AI sub-fields, with computing power R&D, open-source algorithms, intelligent hardware, intelligent manufacturing, and other segments precisely landed, with the agglomeration advantages of humanoid robots and general-purpose artificial intelligence industries standing out, and linkage development channels having been established with local advanced manufacturing. Relying on the advantages of local legislation, pilot programs for humanoid robots, the low-altitude economy, and "sandbox regulation" have been established, the rapid confirmation mechanism for intellectual property rights has been optimized, infringement compensation standards have been raised, and the local industry standard system has been improved.
Integrating the sci-tech innovation forces of Zhejiang University, Westlake University, and others, joint bodies for industrial technology breakthroughs have been formed, with long-term scientific research projects such as the underlying frameworks of large models and brain-inspired algorithms laid out. The "posting tasks and awarding contracts" (揭榜挂帅) research mechanism has been implemented, with the domestic substitution of servo motors, perception sensors, and high-efficiency inference chips advanced in stages. A three-tier innovation platform system of frontier scientific research, pilot-scale maturation, and industry-specific models has been built, the local open-source ecosystem has been strengthened, public datasets have been improved, and the problem of homogenization among general-purpose models has been tackled. Preferential policies such as the additional deduction for R&D expenses and computing power vouchers have been implemented, leading enterprises have been guided to open up core resources. Adhering to the parallel pursuit of independent innovation and opening up to the outside world, proactively engaging with the global open-source community, deeply participating in the formulation of international standards, the echelon pattern has basically taken shape, and the core competitiveness of industrial clusters has been continuously enhanced.
Scientific research and tackling of key problems has continued to achieve breakthroughs, with the advantages of distinctive tracks standing out. The three provincial-level laboratories of Zhijiang, Westlake, and Liangzhu have precisely aligned with future industry tracks to carry out targeted tackling, respectively deepening their work in core fields such as intelligent computing, brain-inspired intelligence, and synthetic biology. Hangzhou has vigorously cultivated its local open-source innovation ecosystem, landed AI governance pilot programs, issued the nation's first local regulation focusing on the field of embodied intelligent robots, built a large-scale liquid-cooled computing power cluster, achieved continued breakthroughs in scientific research, and effectively alleviated the developmental imbalance problem of "strong algorithms, weak hardware" (算法强、硬件弱).
Upgrading the AI segment of the Hangzhou National Data Element Comprehensive Pilot Zone, actively promoting the differentiated layout of regions such as the Chengxi Sci-Tech Innovation Corridor, Binjiang, and Qiantang, optimizing the layout of the Chengxi liquid-cooled computing power cluster, opening up the dedicated computing power dispatch network of the Yangtze River Delta, clarifying the sub-tracks of each pilot zone, and establishing a cross-district-and-county "industrial enclave" benefit-sharing mechanism. Special incentive policies have been introduced, leading enterprises have been promoted to share computing power, data, and scenario resources, ensuring the R&D needs of hard-tech startups, smoothing the connection channels between pilot-scale testing and industrialization, and improving the efficiency of transforming scientific and technological achievements. Leading the construction of a division-of-labor system with staggered positioning across the Yangtze River Delta, forming a collaborative pattern of Shanghai's basic research, Hangzhou's open-source commercialization, and Nanjing's and Hefei's hardware supporting. Unifying regional mutual recognition standards for computing power, data, and talent, promoting the cross-regional universal use of innovation vouchers, building an integrated computing power dispatch platform, regularly opening up five real-world scenarios of intelligent manufacturing, low-altitude logistics, smart healthcare, humanoid robots, and brain-computer rehabilitation, breaking down institutional barriers to cross-regional cooperation, with the advantages of distinctive tracks standing out.
Policy and factor guarantee has continued to be consolidated, and the talent support system has been gradually improved. Relying on the achievements of Digital Zhejiang construction, Hangzhou has accumulated massive amounts of compliant data and real-world application scenarios, providing solid support for the development of the AI industry. In July 2024, Hangzhou issued the "Several Measures to Support the High-Quality Development of the Entire Artificial Intelligence Industry Chain" (杭政办函〔2024〕40号), coordinating an annual 2.5 billion yuan in computing power voucher subsidies, with the maximum subsidy ratio reaching 30%, and superimposed with innovation voucher policies, continuously reducing enterprise R&D costs. The policy system covers the entire industrial process, and relying on the data exchange and scenario innovation centers, an industrial transformation closed loop of "R&D—validation—landing—iteration" has been constructed.
Implementing a tiered and categorized talent cultivation project, building a four-in-one support system of policy, carriers, capital, and talent, adapting to the development needs of the hard-tech industry. Precisely introducing top-tier talents in frontier fields from around the world, providing one-stop guarantees for research funding, housing, and children's schooling, simplifying the residence approval procedures for foreign talents. Promoting local universities to add AI interdisciplinary programs, jointly building industry-education integration training bases with leading enterprises, and targeted cultivation of interdisciplinary engineering talents. Resolutely breaking the "four only" criteria(四唯), increasing support for youth scientific research projects, expanding industrial talent apartment supply, and improving supporting services for entrepreneurship incubation and investment and financing. Optimizing the layout of municipal-level sci-tech innovation funds, establishing special AI sub-funds, extending the investment cycle for hard-tech, implementing fault-tolerance mechanisms for early-stage investment, and guiding social capital to deeply cultivate frontier sci-tech innovation fields. Hangzhou's sci-tech innovation support funds have increased year after year, top-tier strategic scientists from around the world and interdisciplinary engineering talents integrating AI with multiple industries have continued to gather, and the long-term talent retention mechanism has gradually developed and improved.
Hangzhou, anchoring the important mission of cultivating new quality productive forces and leading the development of future industries, will comprehensively benchmark against and actively advance the"Artificial Intelligence+" action, coordinate development and security, autonomy and openness, continuously fill the shortcomings of the industrial chain, optimize the innovation ecosystem across the entire region, strive to create the nation's first city for AI innovation and development, build a world-class artificial intelligence industrial cluster, and contribute replicable and scalable Hangzhou practices and Hangzhou solutions to the nation's high-quality development of artificial intelligence.
(The author is Deputy Secretary of the Party Leadership Group and Vice Chairman of the Zhejiang Provincial Association for Science and Technology.)
Return to TopOnly by promoting the deep integration of Party building and business work can the Party building work of Party organs find its correct positioning. The Direct Party Committee of China Railway Engineering Corporation (hereinafter referred to as "China Railway") has adhered to the principle that Party building work starts from business considerations and that business work starts from Party building considerations, explored and established a "1+1" (i.e., "management system + operational checklist") model for integrating Party building and business work, led the headquarters in thoroughly implementing the Party Central Committee's decisions and deployments, and fully leveraged China Railway's exemplary and leading role as the the Two Upholds (两个维护) first echelon, the first tier in leading high-quality development, and the first window in showcasing the corporate brand image.
Systematically build the system, lay a solid foundation for integration. Based on the functional positioning of the central enterprise headquarters, a "unified integration" management system for Party building and business has been established from five levels: value orientation, main objectives, integration dimensions, operational pathways, and safeguard measures. Closely adhering to the corporate value of "creating quality brands," the work orientation of "coexisting in symbiosis, promoting each other in mutual advancement" has been clarified, with the goal of building a "model headquarters that reassures the Party Central Committee and satisfies employees and the masses," focusing on the three major dimensions of "centering on the core mission, building the workforce, and serving the masses," forming an "unified implementation" operational checklist containing 10 key tasks and 3 safeguard measures. In the dimension of centering on the core mission, the "First Agenda Item" system has been embedded throughout the entire process of decision-making and implementation, safeguarding the headquarters' positioning as the "first echelon"; in the dimension of building the workforce, the focus is on tempering Party members and cadres through ideological refinement, political training, professional development, and practical exercise, enhancing the combat effectiveness of the "first tier"; in the dimension of serving the masses, the emphasis is on serving, supporting, and empowering grassroots masses, polishing the image of the "first window," and through the advancing step by step or in stages (层层递进, ceng ceng di jin - "layer, layer, step, step") progression of "integration dimension — operational pathway — practical effect," achieving deep integration of Party building and business work.
Closely center on the overall situation, grasp the direction of integration. Bearing in mind the "great matters of the state," a full-chain mechanism of research and deployment, vigorous implementation, supervision and inspection, timely reporting, and follow-up evaluation has been established, promoting the implementation of the Party Central Committee's requirements at the "first kilometer" of the enterprise. Deeply study policies and seize opportunities, centering on the Party Central Committee's deployments to promote the integration of learning and application, compiling and issuing 28 issues of the "Policy Interpretation," extensively carrying out Pioneer Lecture Hall, Party Member Lecture Hall, and Youth Lecture Hall activities, guiding Party members and cadres to identify the direction of endeavor, opportunities for layout, and business entry points from central policies. Party building linkage tackles key and difficult issues, centering on business priorities to plan Party building tasks, issuing 9 issues of the "Reminders on Key Work Implementation" to unify thinking and pace, through mechanisms such as group-based tackling of tough problems and "posting challenges and accepting assignments" guiding Party members to focus on key tasks such as deepening reform, risk prevention and control, improving quality and efficiency, and building a platform of "I Offer Good Suggestions for the Enterprise" to pool the driving force for development. Party-masses joint construction amplifies momentum, promoting Party branches to carry out "four linkages" Party-masses joint construction activities of theoretical joint learning, work joint action, problem joint resolution, and achievement joint output, with internal joint construction breaking down "departmental walls," significantly improving cross-departmental coordination efficiency, and external joint construction expanding the "concentric circles," achieving complementary business advantages and aligned convergence.
Build a strong cadre team, consolidate the support for integration. Deeply cultivate the cultural core, inherit the "pioneer opening roads" culture, build the "eight cultures" system of pillar, learning and research, execution, benefit, innovation, compliance, integrity, and harmony, implement 30 measures for creating a model headquarters, and strengthen the benchmarking consciousness of a World Fortune 500 enterprise headquarters. Build a brand matrix, anchor the overall brand, deepen the construction of "one branch, one brand," formulate the "Brand Building Work Guidelines," cultivate more than 20 distinctive sub-brands, promote the embedding of brand connotations into business processes and behavioral norms, transforming them into tangible effectiveness in Party members' performance of duties. Enhance comprehensive capabilities, formulate opinions on capacity and work style building, strengthen Party spirit tempering through activities such as reviewing the Party admission oath and observing "political birthdays," advocate everyone giving reports and everyone giving Party lectures, improve the quality and effectiveness of organizational life, organize 3 training classes on learning theory, improving capability, and strengthening work style, hold "Excellence Forums" on topics of situation education, policy interpretation, and AI technology application, promoting Party members and cadres to enhance their comprehensive capabilities. Temper a rigorous work style, continuously reinforce the embankment of the the Eight-Point Regulation (八项规定), strictly enforce the "seven stresses and seven strengths" employee code of conduct, strictly guard against the "thirteen daily-prone violation and discipline risk points," establish a "four regulars and one strict" mechanism for rectifying conduct and discipline of regular education, regular reminders, regular supervision, regular supervision over implementation, and strict investigation and punishment of problems, closely watch holiday time points to carry out 18 supervision inspections using the "four no-directs and two direct" method, and through compiling the "Discipline Education Reader," carrying out Integrity Culture Publicity Week and Warning Education Week activities, build a solid line of defense for integrity.
Focus on serving the masses, enhance the practical effectiveness of integration. Do solid ideological and political work to unite people's hearts, innovate the "four talks, five visits, six discussions" ideological and political work method, carry out questionnaire surveys on urgent difficulties and concerns, implement the "ten measures" for whole-process care of employees' career development, and through practical measures such as running summer childcare classes for employees' children and providing psychological counseling, place care into the hearts of employees. Empower grassroots development and reduce burdens, persisting with constancy and perseverance (持之以恒, chi zhi yi heng - "hold, continue, with, constant") in rectifying formalism, streamline headquarters documents and meetings, closely adhere to a correct view of political achievements to improve and perfect the institutional system. Strengthen wholehearted service to solve problems, implement the "four go-down-to-the-grassroots" system, promote "one-stop" service for approved matters, implement the systems of "first-asker responsibility, one-time notification, and completion within a time limit," and grassroots satisfaction with the headquarters has significantly improved.
Improve safeguard mechanisms, consolidate integration responsibilities. Consolidate the primary responsibility for Party building work, provide classified guidance for different entities such as the headquarters, Party school, and regional headquarters, build a closed loop of clarifying responsibilities, fulfilling responsibilities, and supervising responsibilities; formulate the "Assessment Rules for Party Branches' Upgrading and Advancement," integrate the requirement of "promoting high quality with high standards, leading subordinates by setting examples from above" into six major modules of political leadership, organizational construction, education and training, Party conduct and clean governance, mass organization work, and striving for excellence, giving play to the baton role of assessment. Smart Party building improves efficiency, launch the Smart Party Building Platform of the Direct Party Committee, embed the branch assessment system, achieve "six modernizations" management of online system management, digitalized basic information, anytime theoretical learning, visualized work dynamics, penetrating daily supervision, and precise assessment and evaluation, ensuring problems are discovered early and corrected early. Typical examples provide exemplary leadership, promote the experience of integrating Party building and business work, give play to the radiating effect of "cultivating one, driving a whole area."
(Direct Party Committee of China Railway Engineering Corporation)
Return to TopBy: 阎晶明
2026 marks the 90th anniversary of Lu Xun's death and the 145th anniversary of his birth. As early autumn approaches, activities related to Lu Xun are increasing day by day, forming a considerable cultural upsurge. In late August, in Shanghai, the city where Lu Xun spent the last nine years of his life, the awards ceremony for the ninth Lu Xun Literature Prize was held, and Lu Xun Literature Week also commenced at the same time. Throughout Hongkou District, signs and activity previews related to Lu Xun and literature can be seen everywhere. The importance of Lu Xun to a city's culture, and the love that a city's citizens hold for Lu Xun — Shanghai can be said to be the most infectious in this regard. The Shanghai Lu Xun Memorial Hall is located in a park, and the park's name is Lu Xun Park; Lu Xun's tomb is situated beside the memorial hall, and nearest to it is Shanghai's having a great reputation (久负盛名, jiu fu sheng ming - "long, endure, abundant, fame") Hongkou Stadium. Every year on October 19, the Lu Xun Cultural Foundation, led by Lu Xun's eldest grandson Zhou Lingfei, holds a public memorial ceremony there to honor the worthy forebear and carry forward the Lu Xun spirit. Standing before Lu Xun's tomb, which adjoins the stadium, one always recalls Lu Xun's words: "Whenever I watch a sports meet, I often think this way: the victor is certainly respectable, but those competitors who, though lagging behind, still refuse to stop until they reach the finish line, and the spectators who, upon seeing such competitors, grow solemn and do not laugh — these are precisely the backbone of China's future." Understanding this statement also serves as a very vivid "annotation" for understanding the Lu Xun spirit.
In the internet age, the love that the broad masses of young people hold for Lu Xun has been displayed to an extremely great extent, and the more this is so, the more one is reminded of the responsibility of the Lu Xun research community. There is a need to socialize research findings, and a need to use research and interpretation to make Lu Xun's image more vivid and more full-bodied. During his lifetime, Lu Xun always paid attention to youth, cared about youth, and showed concern for youth. This is reflected in the fact that he not only enthusiastically helped young people in their creative work and studies, but also provided professional guidance and even financial support in newspaper and periodical editing and book publishing, and moreover treated with magnanimity the harmless lapses of young people, forgiving their mistakes that, even if deliberate, still possessed the quality of being correctable. What Lu Xun was able to do, even if placed in today's context, is equally admirable. There is much for us to learn.
A century later, the times have undergone tremendous changes. In an era of rapid internet development, against the background of increasingly frequent cultural exchanges and clashes on the international stage, and under the situational demands that the enhancement of comprehensive national strength must be matched by cultural development, how to understand the value and significance of China's outstanding traditional culture in contemporary China, and how to analyze and judge the quality and strengths and weaknesses of Chinese traditional culture from a contemporary perspective and viewpoint, has become extremely urgent and important. Under these circumstances, how to understand Lu Xun's attitude toward Chinese traditional culture, how to place Lu Xun's thought and spirit within a broader spatial and temporal perspective for research, and how to influence the cognition of the general public — these are topics to which the Lu Xun research community should pay particular attention.
Entering September, I participated in a symposium held at the Beijing Lu Xun Museum, whose theme was how to carry forward and promote the Lu Xun spirit in the new era. In the internet age, Lu Xun's popularity has not only not diminished, but has shown a trend of growth. Among literati from ancient times to the present, there are two major "internet celebrities" — one is Su Dongpo, and the other is Lu Xun. Whether they are a thousand years away from us or a hundred years distant, people's enthusiasm for activating them through the internet is exceptionally high, and topics are constantly being renewed. Under such circumstances, how to carry forward the Lu Xun spirit particularly requires discussion. We need a Lu Xun who is vivid, lively, and full of approachability, but we even more need to truly understand Lu Xun's thought, appreciate Lu Xun's works, and perceive Lu Xun's character.
Contemporary youth possess enthusiasm for studying and understanding Lu Xun, and the Lu Xun research community has the responsibility to make the greatest efforts to carry forward the Lu Xun spirit, understand Lu Xun's art, and socialize it.
Carrying forward the Lu Xun spirit in the new era should focus on new circumstances and new transformations. For example, regarding how to understand and grasp the relationship between Lu Xun and Chinese traditional culture — throughout Lu Xun's life, the reasons why he aroused misunderstanding in others, or engaged in tit-for-tat struggles with his polemical opponents, leaving behind endless debate and commentary, were varied. But if one were to make a rough tally, the proportion of cases where written battles were triggered by differing understandings of certain elements and cores of Chinese traditional culture, resulting in estrangement between individuals, is very large. This point is extremely worthy of in-depth research. In addition, we must understand the practical significance and contemporary value of Lu Xun, and understand the firmness and complexity of his ideological practice. This firmness combined with complexity can sometimes even manifest as a contradiction, and this contradiction, during Lu Xun's lifetime, already gave rise to much discussion and even controversy. He did indeed tell young people to "read less, or even not at all, Chinese books," but on the other hand, he himself was deeply versed in Chinese traditional culture and did a great deal of work in academic research and the collation of classical texts. On the one hand he emphasized the principle of "taking what we need" (拿来主义), while at the same time, in his creative work, he placed greater emphasis on Chinese style. His particular fondness for his own short story "Kong Yiji" was because it was not only concise in length, but also artistically bore no traces of foreign fiction. In his youth he admired the Byronic poets, but on the other hand, from China's outstanding traditional culture and from worthy forebears, he saw the hope of the nation and the country. He said: "From ancient times, we have had people who work doggedly, people who work with all their might, people who plead for the people, and people who sacrifice themselves in pursuit of truth" — such people "are the backbone of China."
To carry forward the Lu Xun spirit in the new era, one must learn from his character of disregarding fame and profit for the sake of revolution. For the sake of struggle, he could devote himself exclusively to writing essays, unconcerned about the pitying voices, whether well-intentioned or not, over his abandonment of the title of "novelist." At the same time, he extremely respected the laws of art, and particularly emphasized that literature is first and foremost literature. He stressed that the creator himself should be a revolutionary, while also remembering that what one is engaged in is artistic creation.
To carry forward the Lu Xun spirit in the new era, one must pay close attention to the positive significance of the internet for the dissemination of Lu Xun culture, while at the same time strengthening guidance, and should seek out the necessary connections with Lu Xun's thought, spirit, and art from the ordinary life of the common people. The reason Lu Xun is great lies not in how rich and colorful his life was, nor in how many anecdotes and tales he had, but in the fact that he was the standard-bearer of China's New Culture Movement, and at the same time the advocate and leader of revolutionary literature and art. His great spirit of patriotism, his spirit of criticism that forgave none, his spirit of relentless self-dissection, his profound thought, and his noble personal character and literary character — all of these are worthy of our study, research, inheritance, and promotion.
Lu Xun emphasized the diverse forms and qualities that human beings, as human beings, necessarily, inevitably, and certainly possess. When we discuss carrying forward the Lu Xun spirit, we also need to employ such dialectics and induction. We should neither mold Lu Xun into an image of cold aloofness, nor understand Lu Xun in a fragmented or gossipy manner. Only when his trivialities are connected with his greatness can the Lu Xun full of the warmth of everyday life leap off the page and move people. The Lu Xun of the internet is vivid and lively, and the various discussions about Lu Xun even provide new topics and new inspiration for Lu Xun research. But Lu Xun's greatness is ultimately embodied in his works and flows forth in his writing. Reading Lu Xun should be advocated, and the best way to read is systematic reading and holistic reading — allowing fragmented reading and heated discussion to spark interest in and love for Lu Xun, and then entering the spiritual world of the writer, thinker, and revolutionary to draw from it the strength to move forward. Only through devoted reading, profound comprehension, and personal experience can we truly obtain this.
There will always be endless topics concerning Lu Xun, and the topic of Lu Xun and youth is also one worthy of in-depth exploration and in-depth discussion. Deriving intellectual enlightenment, spiritual inspiration, and artistic enjoyment from Lu Xun is a fortunate thing.
(The author is Vice Chairman of the China Writers Association)
Return to TopBy: 肖立辉
In this hot late summer, the realistic drama Heavy Vessel, which presents the contemporary rule-of-law process of our country, has been continuously airing with great popularity on CCTV and online platforms, sparking extensive social discussion.The drama takes as its entry point the career trajectories of five graduates of political science and law colleges — Chen Yizhong, Xia Yingjie, Zhang Lihui, Yu Gaoyuan, and Lu Zeming — and, through the adjudication of 11 typical cases adapted from real case files of different eras and the portrayal of a community of legal professionals, depicts the historical process from 1979 to 1997 during which our country's socialist legal system was restored and rebuilt, the judicial system was gradually improved, and legal practice continued to deepen.
It begins with one "why" after another. The story opens around 1979 with a life-shaking experience of Chen Yizhong. As a teenager, because he personally witnessed a case, he felt for the first time, in a real and concrete way, that law is not cold provisions on the pages of books, but can decide a person's life or death, a family's fate. When the doubts in the case could not receive a reasonable explanation, the question at the bottom of his heart was: if the facts have not been fully ascertained, how exactly should the law make its judgment? At this time, China was undergoing a historical turning point. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, rectifying mistakes and returning to the right course (拨乱反正, bo luan fan zheng - "disturb, chaos; correct, return to normal") was carried out in an all-round way, and the construction of the legal system was restored and rebuilt. The drama does not use grand historical narration to tell the audience "what happened in the era," but instead lets a young man, starting from his confusion over a case, slowly walk into the law. This approach instead gives history warmth, beginning with one "why" after another.
Entering the reality of grassroots justice. In the early 1980s, five young people entered the university of political science and law. At that time, their understanding of law mostly came from textbooks, cases, and classroom discussions. It was not until they went to grassroots internships that they truly came into contact with what law looks like in reality. The conditions of grassroots courts were not good, and the judicial order was still being gradually established. A seemingly simple case, once at the scene, was often far more complicated than a classroom case. Behind a case there might be a family, or it might involve contradictions accumulated over many years, and it would also be affected by local personal-relationship networks. A series of grassroots cases such as the Liu Erlin case made them realize, for the first time, in a real and concrete way, that law being written into provisions is only the first step; when actually handling cases, what one faces is always specific people and specific matters. The perseverance of the old presiding judge Zhang Encheng, and the confusion the young people faced when handling cases, were both reminding them: the value of law is not merely writing provisions completely, but, more importantly, whether in a specific case it can truly be implemented in practice. During this period, "handling matters according to law" was no longer merely an abstract slogan, but began to enter the lives of ordinary people, and also entered the cases they faced every day.
How to truly make good use of the law. In the mid-to-late 1980s, after graduation, the five young people took up different legal posts. Leaving the classroom, they quickly discovered that, although the legal provisions in books were clear, actually using them was not that simple. Very often, handling a case could not rely only on one provision, but also required looking at evidence, looking at facts, and also facing various pressures in reality. Chen Yizhong had made mistakes in handling cases, and had also experienced collisions between ideals and reality. One specific case after another made him realize that a prosecutor must first of all face evidence, rather than first having a conclusion and then going to search for reasons that could support the conclusion. When Xia Yingjie encountered cases with insufficient evidence, he had also borne considerable pressure, but he insisted that one could not convict a person because of external pressure or personal judgment. These experiences made him increasingly clear that adjudication, in the end, must return to facts and evidence. After Zhang Lihui entered the post of prison procuratorial work, she came into contact with a large number of specific supervision matters. She gradually discovered that legal supervision was not merely checking whether procedures had been completed, but, more importantly, discovering problems in the details of work and promoting the resolution of problems. After Yu Gaoyuan entered the field of judicial administration, he faced another kind of complexity. He needed to constantly seek balance among institutional requirements, judicial operation, and real-world pressures, and because of this, he more directly felt that a system truly functioning was not as simple as it appeared on paper. Lu Zeming chose the path of a lawyer. He faced the even more direct pressures in criminal defense, and gradually came to realize that if the right to defense was only written into the provisions of law, its significance remained limited. Only when, in specific cases, there were lawyers willing to persist, daring to raise different opinions, could this right truly play its role. The five people took different paths, and the problems they encountered were also different, but they all began to repeatedly face the same question: once there is law, how, exactly, can one truly make good use of it?
The law itself also needs continuous improvement and development. Entering the 1990s, the work of the five people gradually was no longer limited to specific cases; they began to participate in legal practice from a broader scope. Chen Yizhong re-entered legal research and law-revision work. The young man who had once repeatedly asked in case handling, "How should this case be handled?" began to think further: if similar problems kept appearing in reality, did the law itself also need to change? Zhang Lihui, together with Guo Dajie and others, pursued cases over a long period; in the process of searching for new evidence, reorganizing facts, they increasingly clearly saw that legal supervision was not merely checking conclusions that had already been made. Lu Zeming continued to engage in criminal defense. What he did still looked like one specific piece of defense work after another, but as judicial practice continued to develop, providing defense for parties was increasingly becoming an indispensable link in criminal proceedings. After Yu Gaoyuan entered the field of judicial administration, he began to observe judicial work from the perspective of institutional operation. What he saw was no longer merely a certain case, but how judicial organs operated, how institutions were implemented, and the distance that still existed between institutional design and actual work. Xia Yingjie, meanwhile, continued to work at the front line of adjudication. For him, fairness and justice were not a grand concept, but had to be implemented in every case in his hands. At this time, the questions they were concerned about had already changed. In the past, they had more often asked "is there law?"; now they began to question:whether the law itself was reasonable, whether procedures were complete, whether rights could be guaranteed, whether supervision could truly play its role.
Legal professionals jointly promote the progress of the legal system. In 1996, the Criminal Procedure Law was revised; in 1997, the Criminal Law was revised. The experiences the five people had had in different posts during this period also became connected with the improvement of systems such as the Criminal Law and the Criminal Procedure Law. Some case corrections also gradually gained more specific procedures and bases. Experiences originally scattered across one case after another, one choice after another, ultimately began to settle into institutional changes, and entered legal texts. Looking back, this kind of change was in fact very meaningful. The progress of law, in the end, is presented in one law after another and one institution after another, but these changes did not appear out of thin air. Very often, what pushed institutions forward was precisely the persistence of legal workers in one specific case after another. Chen Yizhong's questioning, Xia Yingjie's insistence, Zhang Lihui's perseverance, Yu Gaoyuan's weighing of options, Lu Zeming's defense — none of these were earth-shaking heroic stories. What they did was, more often than not, things within their own posts: seriously handling one case, insisting on one judgment, pointing out one problem, or saying one more sentence that ought to be said for a party. These choices, looked at individually, might seem very small, and it might even be difficult to see at the time what changes they would bring. But when many legal professionals made similar choices in different posts, these tiny acts of persistence might slowly converge, influence judicial practice, and also push the legal system continuously forward.
This is precisely where Heavy Vessel is most worth savoring. It does not write this process of judicial progress as a straight, smooth, bump-free road, but lets the audience see that this "heavy vessel" was formed through collision after collision. The five people walked from the same classroom toward different lives; they were like five different kinds of vessels, different in form, different in use, but together bearing an era's expectations for fairness, order, and justice. The so-called "heavy vessel" is both the continuously improving legal system and the belief in the rule of law that countless legal professionals, with their youth, ideals, and practice, forged bit by bit. If legislation is the furnace fire that casts vessels, then judicature is the iron hammer that repeatedly forges the vessel, and those ordinary cases, ordinary parties, and the perseverance of ordinary legal professionals are the cold water that tempers this "heavy vessel" again and again. Law, in the end, must land in people's lives, and the rule of law, in the end, must also be guarded by people.
Return to TopBy: 李鹏
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee that, in building the new development pattern, it is necessary to smooth the dual circulation both domestic and international, to enhance the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up by strengthening the domestic major cycle, and to invigorate domestic reform and development through expanding the international cycle, so as to truly achieve connectivity between domestic and international circuits and mutual promotion between them. At present, the global industrial chain and supply chain are undergoing accelerated restructuring, with the risks of unilateralism, protectionism, and "decoupling and severing supply chains" rising. Our country faces increasingly pronounced uncertainty in the international environment, and must simultaneously handle the dual requirements of managing the domestic cycle and the international cycle, of building a strong domestic market and elevating the level of opening up. The smoother the domestic cycle, the more it can form a gravitational field for global resources and factors; the higher the quality of opening up, the more it can stimulate the potential of the domestic market through competition, cooperation, and knowledge flows.
Strengthening the domestic major cycle, achieving the transformation from passive adaptation to active shaping, and from reliance on scale advantages to formation of systemic advantages
The Chinese economy has already been deeply embedded in the global division of labor system. Strengthening the domestic major cycle, in essence, means shifting from the "away-game competition" that previously relied more on external market opportunities, to the "home-game construction" that relies on one's own market, industry, and innovation systems. Our country places the strategic basis of development on its own strength and internal market. Strengthening the domestic major cycle does not mean turning the focus of development toward a closed endogenous cycle, but rather, by enhancing the internal driving force, innovation capacity, structural resilience, and risk-resistance capability of the economic system, improving our country's bargaining power, resource allocation capability, and risk-handling capability in external opening up, providing a solid foundation and strategic initiative for expanding high-level opening up, achieving the transformation from passive adaptation to active shaping, and from reliance on scale advantages to formation of systemic advantages, and realizing a high-level virtuous interaction between development and security in the course of opening up.
Effectively expand domestic demand, forming more growth-rich market expectations. Consumption is final demand, and is also the foundation for the stable operation of the domestic major cycle. The key to boosting consumption is to enhance residents' consumption capacity through stabilizing employment, increasing income, and improving public services, thereby stabilizing consumption expectations. In accordance with the deployment of our country's 15th Five-Year Plan outline, the focus is on adapting to changes in population structure and consumption patterns, expanding service consumption such as digital-intelligent consumption, green consumption, health and elderly care, cultural tourism, etc., pushing the consumer market from scale expansion toward structural upgrading toward mid-to-high-end consumption. Expanding effective investment should place greater emphasis on improving structure and efficiency, with the focus on combining investment in things with investment in people. Investment in things should channel more funds toward scientific and technological innovation, advanced manufacturing, green and low-carbon development, livelihood security, and security capacity building, avoiding low-level redundant construction and disorderly local competition; investment in people is investment in the country's future productive forces, improving the quality of human capital through higher-quality education, medical care, and public services, providing labor force and income support for industrial upgrading and long-term consumption.
Enhance the compatibility between the supply system and effective demand. The bottlenecks of the domestic major cycle are mainly manifested in that the supply structure and the demand structure do not match, low-end homogeneous supply is relatively excessive, high-quality, diversified, and service-oriented supply is insufficient, and some consumption demand either flows abroad, or potential demand is suppressed, unable to be released into actual effective demand. To solve this problem, it is necessary to adhere to increasing product varieties, improving quality, and creating brands, pushing enterprises to enhance their capabilities in product design, quality control, and brand operation, making supply respond more keenly to various types of consumption demand. Judging from our country's income structure level and actual consumption upgrading situation, the potential demand for the service industry far exceeds the current supply level and quality. The service industry should be made the key field for the compatibility of supply and demand. On the premise of safeguarding basic public services, market access should be orderly relaxed in fields such as education, medical care, elderly care, childcare, culture, sports, and tourism, fully releasing and stimulating market vitality, encouraging society and the market to provide multi-level services, expanding effective supply and high-quality service goods, so that effective supply and effective demand promote each other.
Accelerate the reform process of building the unified national market and improving the factor market system, improving the overall efficiency of resource allocation. A unified, open, competitive, orderly market system is an important institutional foundation for forming new advantages in international competition. Unified market rules, effective protection of property rights, consistent supervision and law enforcement, can significantly reduce transaction costs, enhancing the long-term investment and innovation willingness of business entities. The unified national market is the skeleton of the domestic major cycle. At present, obvious differences in local standards, severe insufficiency in cross-regional law enforcement coordination, hidden market barriers, and numerous obstacles to factor mobility, coupled with unsound normal market entry and exit mechanisms, cause enterprises to face relatively high institutional transaction costs, which not only leads to insufficient capacity utilization in both traditional and emerging industries, but also makes the "involution" problem, where economies of scale are not significant, increasingly prominent. In accordance with the requirements of the national 15th Five-Year Plan outline, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of market access, fair competition, property rights protection, and credit systems, clean up policies that impede the unified market and fair competition, enhance the consistency and predictability of supervision, and establish as soon as possible the foundational institutions of a unified market. Factor market reform is another foundational institution. Among them, establishing an efficient labor and talent market requires simultaneously deepening reforms of the household registration, social security, and public service systems, reducing the cost of cross-regional mobility for talent and labor; improving the multi-level capital market should focus on further raising the proportion of direct financing, guiding capital toward innovative enterprises and key fields; in the emerging data trading market field, it is necessary to accelerate the establishment of rules for property rights, circulation, trading, and security, promoting the lawful and orderly flow of data factors. The higher the efficiency of allocation of various factors, the smoother the domestic major cycle will become, and the market depth of the domestic market and industrial thickness that opening up and cooperation can rely on will be broader and deeper.
Use the domestic major cycle to attract global resources and factors, enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad
Enhancing the autonomy of expanding opening up does not mean reducing connections with the world, still less does it mean seeking security through closure. Rather, it will enable a country, when participating in the international cycle, to possess a stable market hinterland, a complete industrial system, sustained innovation capability, and a voice in shaping rules, able to actively choose the fields of opening up, cooperation partners, and institutional arrangements, without being constrained by short-term external shocks or dependence on a few key links. The report of the 20th CPC National Congress emphasized, "Relying on our country's advantage of a super-large market, using the domestic major cycle to attract global resources and factors, enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, and improving the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation."
Use The super-large market to enhance resource allocation capability. A huge population, rich consumption levels, and broad industrial application scenarios are important strategic resources for our country's participation in international competition. A super-large market can not only amortize R&D costs and accelerate innovation iteration, but also strengthen the long-term expectations of multinational enterprises to deeply cultivate the Chinese market. When domestic enterprises can rely on the domestic market to form capabilities in technology, brands, and standards, opening up will no longer merely mean adapting to the existing international division of labor, but will be able to provide new products, solutions, and market space in cooperation. The larger the market and the more stable its growth, the more leeway our country will have when introducing technology, attracting foreign investment, and conducting industrial chain cooperation, and the more it can convert market attractiveness into bargaining chips in international economic and trade negotiations, transforming domestic demand from a "quantity advantage" into a "structural advantage." Industrial chain advantages will not automatically translate into opening-up advantages. The security and stability of the industrial chain does not mean self-seclusion, but rather reducing single-point dependence through diversified cooperation, and improving overall efficiency through open competition. It is necessary to combine chain-filling and chain-strengthening with opening-up and cooperation, both safeguarding local manufacturing and key links, and expanding cooperation space through platforms such as regional trade agreements and the Belt and Road Initiative.
Achieve Self-reliance and strength in science and technology to enhance the advantages of the modernized industrial system and confidence in market competition. Scientific and technological strength is the key variable determining the autonomy of opening up. If key core technologies remain being controlled by others (受制于人, shou zhi yu ren - "receive, control, at, people") for a long time, it is easy to form passive constraints in links such as technology introduction, equipment procurement, standard setting, and market access. Achieving high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology means, by strengthening basic research, leveraging the advantages of the super-large market and the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide, forming an innovation system that is autonomous, controllable, open, and cooperative, enabling our country to have greater initiative in the choice of technology routes, international cooperation organizations, and directions of industrial upgrading. From the perspective of opening up, the stronger the capability for independent innovation, the more conditions there are for equal cooperation and high-quality introduction. Domestic innovation demand can provide application scenarios for global R&D resources, while international scientific and technological cooperation can in turn enhance domestic innovation efficiency. The positive cycle thus formed helps convert opening-up pressure into innovation momentum, and external competition into opportunities for industrial upgrading and institutional improvement. Our country's advantage of a complete industrial system and strong supporting capabilities is an important foundation for resisting external shocks and maintaining opening-up initiative. A complete industrial system enables our country both to undertake global high-end manufacturing and R&D links, and to provide equipment, technology, and industrial cooperation solutions to other developing countries, forming a diversified, stable international division-of-labor network, helping latecomer countries, especially the vast number of developing countries, accelerate the modernization pace of industrialization and urbanization.
Promote Regional coordination, leveraging the advantages of our country's multi-level opening-up pattern. The domestic major cycle is a nationwide market connectivity and industrial synergy. The eastern region should continue to leverage its advantages in opening-up platforms, innovation resources, and industrial supporting capabilities; the central and western regions should vigorously enhance their capacity to undertake industries, succeeding the advanced or mature industries of the eastern region. Through regional industrial division of labor and collaboration, it is possible both to reduce homogeneous competition and to form a diversified opening-up layout oriented toward different markets and regions, enhancing the overall resilience of our country's opening up. As domestic industrial upgrading progresses, some mature production capacity, intermediate products, high-end equipment, and digital solutions can be aligned with the development needs of other developing countries, deepening industrial chain cooperation with neighboring countries, developing countries, and emerging markets, forming cooperative relationships featuring complementary advantages and stage-by-stage linkage. The central, western, and border regions can rely on ports, border economic cooperation zones, free trade zones, and various cross-border corridors, continuously optimizing border port clearance procedures, deepening investment and economic and trade cooperation with neighboring countries; utilizing logistics networks such as the China-Europe Railway Express and the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor, promoting the connectivity of transportation, energy, and information infrastructure with neighboring countries and regions, forming inland opening-up highlands with distinctive characteristics, gradually transforming inland regions from the rear of opening up into the frontier of opening up. This kind of cooperation is about jointly building a more stable regional value chain. Through coordination of technology, standards, talent, and services, it expands the market space after our country's industrial upgrading, enhances the industrial capacity of partner countries, and reduces systemic risks in the global supply chain.
Accelerate The improvement of institutional connectivity between domestic and international markets, promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade, facilitating the smooth connection between the two domestic and international markets. The key to our country attracting high-quality foreign investment lies in providing a stable, transparent, and predictable institutional and market environment. High-level opening up has already shifted its focus from opening up based on the flow of goods and factors toward institutional opening up based on rules, regulations, management, and standards. Opportunities should be seized from agreements such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, using platforms such as pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port to conduct stress tests, proactively aligning with high-standard rules in fields such as intellectual property protection, fair competition, government procurement, cross-border data flows, environmental, and labor standards. Fully implement the negative list for foreign investment access, ensure foreign-funded enterprises participate equally in government procurement, standard setting, and market competition in accordance with the law, and guide foreign investment to flow more toward fields such as advanced manufacturing, modern services, R&D innovation, and green low-carbon development. Using the international market as a link to deepen interest connections with trading partners, domestic-foreign trade integration can reduce the institutional costs enterprises face when simultaneously dealing with both domestic and international markets, promote the alignment of domestic and foreign trade products in terms of quality, standards, certification, and supervision, and improve the synergy efficiency of logistics, settlement, and supply chains. Platforms such as pilot free trade zones, comprehensive bonded zones, and cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zones can take the lead in carrying out rule alignment and regulatory innovation. Through piloting, institutional arrangements are formed that both conform to high-standard international economic and trade rules and adapt to domestic development needs, enabling the domestic and international cycles to achieve connectivity on a larger scale and at a deeper level, realizing mutual coordination between import and export, between bringing in and going global, and enhancing the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad.
Strengthening the domestic major cycle and enhancing the autonomy of expanding high-level opening up, in reality, means winning the "smoothness and elevation" of opening up with the "stability and strength" of the domestic cycle. Looking ahead, strengthening the domestic major cycle must adhere to expanding domestic demand as this strategic basis, improve resource allocation efficiency through the construction of the unified national market, enhance industrial chain resilience through self-reliance and strength in science and technology, align with high-standard economic and trade rules through institutional opening up, expand the space of the international cycle through diversified cooperation, so that our country firmly grasps the initiative of development in the complex and volatile global economy, forming a virtuous cycle in which autonomy and opening up promote each other.
〔The author is Deputy Director of the Department of Economics Teaching and Research, the Party School of the CPC Central Committee (National Academy of Governance)〕
Return to TopBy: 王小理
At present, the deep cross-integration of AI (artificial intelligence) and life sciences is rewriting the cognitive frontiers of science and technology from two directions.On the one hand, from AlphaFold cracking the century-old problem of protein folding, to diffusion models designing functional proteins that have never existed in nature, to "AI scientists" that autonomously propose hypotheses and design experiments—AI is redefining "what is life," "how to understand life," and "who can design life." On the other hand, the astonishing complexity of living systems is also posing a deep challenge to the underlying logic of AI, which excels at statistical correlation but finds it difficult to reach causal mechanisms. When the speed of technological breakthroughs outpaces the rhythm of governance framework updates, an urgent question of the era has already emerged: Facing this paradigm revolution, how do we harness it, rather than be harnessed by it?
The answer first depends on a sober judgment of the current global competitive landscape. The fusion of AI and life sciences is at a critical stage of moving from laboratory breakthroughs toward industrial capability advancement. The essence of the competition is no longer a performance contest of algorithms on academic leaderboards, but a systemic contest composed of "foundation model capability—computing power and data infrastructure—dominance over governance rules." Whoever first gains an advantage in each key link of this system will grasp core initiative in the technological landscape of the next generation of life sciences and biomanufacturing. Technological pathways are accelerating toward convergence, evolving from fragmented task-specific models toward general-purpose large biological models. Diffusion models and flow matching have become one of the important dominant paradigms in protein design; foundation models, through unified pre-training across multiple data types, are pushing multidimensional biological data such as genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes toward a unified framework; AI scientists and self-driving laboratories are becoming reality, forming a full-process closed loop of "proposing hypotheses—experimental verification—analysis and feedback—iterative modeling," fundamentally reshaping the traditional paradigm of biological research. Technological convergence means that first movers can rapidly establish structural advantages or technological barriers through the positive cycle of data and models, while the catch-up costs for latecomers will escalate at an exponential rate.
Strategic competition among major powers has already accelerated. Relevant countries and regions have elevated the cross-integration of AI and life sciences to the core position of strategic competition. The United States, guided by the"Genesis Plan" and related legislation, is integrating supercomputers and unique data assets of national laboratories, constructing a systematic deployment from top-level design, policy safeguards, to infrastructure. The European Union has issued the AI Applied Strategy and the AI Strategy in Science, and a strategic system with technological sovereignty as its banner and "AI+life sciences" as its breakthrough point has rapidly taken shape. The United Kingdom, with its AI Adoption Plan for Life Sciences, emphasizes pragmatism and precision, focusing on innovation-friendly environments such as "regulatory sandboxes." In contrast, China's layout exhibits the characteristics of "breakthroughs at individual points, systemic catch-up": in fields such as protein structure prediction and genomic analysis, it has already approached the international frontier, but the underlying biological data governance remains trapped in the phenomenon of "data silos," and self-controllable foundational large models for biology have not yet established industry standards or ecosystem dominance—these remain structural shortcomings constraining the overall capability level.
While the technological race and geopolitical competition unfold simultaneously, generative AI has made "designing life" a reality, and has also opened a Pandora's box of unpredictable safety and ethical concerns. Since 2025, the World Health Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, among others, have intensively rolled out governance frameworks and policy guidelines, attempting to delineate rule boundaries for this technological transformation. However, just as some of the world's top AI scientists are warning with more urgent tone that AI biosafety risks are accelerating accumulation, the United States has shifted its AI policy tone from risk management significantly toward "deregulation, prioritizing development." The narrative tension between "prosperity" and "safety" reflects deep divergences among major powers in governance priorities, and is pushing the governance of this technological fusion toward a crossroads full of uncertainty.
The deep-seated predicament manifests as three structural contradictions. First, the data fault line: the conflict between the "manual workshop" of traditional scientific research and the "industrial assembly line" of AI-era research. Data is the cornerstone of the deep fusion of AI and life sciences, but the production model of traditional biological data revolves around specific scientific hypotheses, exhibiting characteristics of small samples, strong design, high heterogeneity, and suffering from a serious "positive bias"—negative data is rarely reported. This forms a fundamental conflict with the large-scale, standardized, low-noise data required by AI. Even more thorny is that data is scattered across various institutions, with unclear rights and responsibilities, inconsistent standards, lacking long-term maintenance across project cycles and sustainable supply mechanisms; the massive generation of synthetic data further blurs the cognitive boundary between real data and virtual data. Problems in data production, collection, storage, circulation, and use transmit layer by layer, constituting the most fundamental bottleneck constraining this fusion. Second, organizational lag:the mismatch between "small science" and "large engineering." The deep fusion of AI and life sciences requires simultaneously managing the massive computation of large model training, the scaled operations of high-throughput experiments, the systematic governance of cross-modal data, and multi-link validation from algorithms to clinical practice—small and scattered research organizations have generally become difficult to sustain (难以为继, nan yi wei ji - "difficult, can, maintain, continue"). The continuous maintenance of large-scale datasets, the iterative updating of foundation models, and the stable operation of automated experimental platforms all possess the attributes of systematic layout, existing in deep contradiction with the logic of science-and-technology resource allocation based on short-term project units. At the level of research evaluation, carefully curated datasets, high-quality open-source models, and widely adopted algorithmic toolkits—contributions that advance the field—often find it difficult to gain due recognition within the current evaluation system. Third, paradigm disconnect:the chasm between AI statistical correlation and causal inference. Current AI, based on statistical correlation, relies on the "closed-world assumption," and excels at "black-box prediction"; whereas life sciences pursue the laws of causal inference, confront open dynamic systems, and require explainable knowledge. The disconnect between the two is not a local technical deficiency but a systemic conflict at the paradigm level. If AI can only output predictions without revealing mechanisms, it remains a black box outside the system of scientific knowledge, difficult to integrate into the accumulation and evolution of life science theory. This does not mean AI is "useless" in life sciences, but rather that it cannot go further on the existing paradigm alone. Life sciences are not only an application scenario for AI, but also a "tempering ground" for AI's self-evolution—forcing AI to move from correlation toward true causal inference, from closed toward open, from black box toward transparency.
The strategic choice requires finding a dynamic equilibrium between opportunities and constraints. The two-way convergence of AI and life sciences is both a technological revolution and an organizational revolution of the scientific research system, a systematic test of national strategic capability. To seize this opportunity, one must both heighten the sense of urgency in grasping the strategic window period and maintain strategic sobriety in riding the momentum to prevail
Accelerate the construction of a self-controllable data and computing power foundation. Establish a national-level biological data governance framework, improve rights definition, metadata standards, and quality traceability mechanisms throughout the entire data lifecycle, advance pilot projects for "biological data safe harbors," achieving compliant aggregation and controlled flow of data; build dedicated intelligent computing platforms for life sciences, avoiding the efficiency loss of general-purpose computing power on biological data; create autonomous research systems with an AI-and-experiment closed loop, forging a new national heavy weapon in the field of life sciences
Focus on key scientific and technological fields to achieve differentiated breakthroughs. Tackle foundation models in key fields such as protein design, single-cell analysis, virtual cells, and digital organs; fully leverage China's unique endowments in population diversity, massive clinical data, rich species resources, and a complete industrial manufacturing system, forming differentiated advantages in distinctive tracks such as "AI+biomedicine" and"AI+biomanufacturing," avoiding competing with advantaged countries in "parameter wars" over general-purpose large models
Reform the scientific research organization and evaluation system. Establish cross-integrated innovation platforms integrating computing power, data, and automated experimentation, replacing short-term project-based investment with sustained and stable support; at the evaluation level, recognize the academic value of benchmark datasets, open-source models, and algorithmic toolkits, and for engineering and technical personnel engaged in supporting work such as data governance and platform operations, establish assessment mechanisms centered on service effectiveness and actual contributions; at the technical review level, promptly issue technical review guiding principles for AI-assisted drug development
Develop agile governance and risk prevention and control systems. Do a good job of institutional articulation between AI safety regulation and biotechnology application regulation, establishing a governance framework of "classification and grading, dynamic adjustment, pluralistic co-governance"—low-risk tiers apply routine scientific research ethics management, medium-risk tiers implement filing and periodic safety assessments, and high-risk research involving pathogen modification and the like implements pre-approval and full-process monitoring; establish an AI biosafety monitoring and early warning platform, formulate technical standards for filing and tracing AI-generated biological sequences; develop safety alignment and ethics embedding technologies, ensuring that AI model behavior remains consistent with human ethical values; deeply participate in "AI+biosafety" governance, enhancing voice and influence in the formulation of international rules
Return to TopBy: 王雨君
In July, at the opening ceremony of the 2026 World Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the four great questions of the era regarding artificial intelligence. Among them, "When algorithms participate in decision-making, how can safety be guaranteed," directly strikes at the safety pain point after artificial intelligence deeply intervenes in the real-world decision-making chain. Today's algorithms are already far more than simple information-processing tools; they have been deeply embedded in many fields such as government affairs processing, financial risk control, clinical medical care, judicial assistance, autonomous driving, and public resource allocation. Used properly, algorithms can significantly improve governance efficiency and optimize resource allocation; but once the safety defense line is breached, they may cause imbalance in fairness, damage to individual rights and interests, and even induce systemic risks. How to fully release the technological dividends brought by algorithms while effectively preventing all kinds of risks and hidden dangers, achieving seeking benefits and avoiding harms (趋利避害, qu li bi hai - "seek profit; avoid harm") and safety with controllability, is a real-world task we must answer well.
Technological innovation has always been a double-edged sword (双刃剑, shuang ren jian - "double blade sword"). The safety risks brought by algorithm participation in decision-making are formed by the superimposition of multiple factors. First, they come from the inherent technical limitations of the algorithms themselves. Algorithms rely on data and models to carry out computations, naturally carrying a "black-box attribute," making the decision-making and reasoning process difficult to trace intuitively or explain clearly; once deviations appear in output results, locating the root cause of the problem is often very difficult. Biases and flaws hidden in training data will also be inherited and amplified by the model, ultimately transformed into unfair decisions in real-world scenarios. The real world is complex and ever-changing; training data is only a limited sample. A model may perform stably within the scenarios covered by training, but when facing long-tail scenarios, sudden emergencies, and data distribution drift, it is prone to judgment errors. Second, there are the objective cognitive limitations of humans. Risk identification is built on the basis of roughly commensurate capabilities. When algorithms outperform humans in certain professional judgments, users often find it very difficult to conduct substantive verification of algorithm outputs; if you cannot understand it, you cannot question it, and if you cannot verify it, you have no way to exercise oversight. This is not a matter of subjective attitude, but an objective predicament brought about by capability gaps. Third, the supply of safety technology is relatively lagging. The capabilities of artificial intelligence models are expanding rapidly, but safety research overall remains in a catching-up position; sitting idly waiting for safety technology to mature naturally is no different from letting risks lie exposed. Finally, the boundaries of rules and responsibilities are blurred. After algorithms intervene in decision-making, which judgments belong to human discretion and which come from model computation — the boundaries are easily confused; when rights and interests are damaged, the responsible subjects are difficult to clarify, and if the accountability mechanism is absent, safety will hang in the air. This is precisely the core crux of algorithmic decision-making safety risks. From this we must be clear: algorithms can only output reference conclusions and can never replace human value judgments and final discretion
Value orientation is the fundamental yardstick of algorithm safety. The foremost thing is to uphold the people-centered concept and the purpose of intelligent goodness, firmly guarding the principal position of human decision-making and the authority of final review. Throughout the entire process of algorithm research and development, training, and landing applications, human rights and interests, social fairness, and public safety should all be placed in a priority position, discarding the one-sided thinking of "technology first." Development and safety are not an oppositional relationship; safety is the premise of development, and development is the guarantee of safety. We must adhere to the regulatory approach of inclusive and prudent, category-based and tiered supervision: for ordinary application scenarios, encourage technological innovation and simplify access requirements; for high-risk scenarios involving personal rights and interests, major property, and public interests, the access threshold must be raised, taking "whether the damage consequences can be restored to their original state through post-hoc relief" as an important yardstick, guarding the safety bottom line of not occurring irreversible harm. This bottom line does not look at the probability of event occurrence, nor does it look at the number of affected people; even if a small number of individuals suffer infringement at the level of life or freedom because of algorithmic decisions, it is equally unacceptable
To guarantee the safety of algorithmic decision-making, we must consolidate the trustworthy technology foundation, achieving that algorithm operating mechanisms are explainable, behavioral boundaries are controllable, decision-making processes are traceable, and damage consequences are remediable. Explainability focuses on making the reasoning chain understandable andnd traceable; controllability requires that algorithm out-of-bounds behavior can be intervened in and stopped in a timely manner; traceability means that after an incident, one can locate the link and identify the subject; remediability means earnestly guaranteeing the right to know, the right to object, the right to apply for manual review, and the right to appeal for relief of individuals affected by algorithmic decisions. We must continuously tackle key technologies such as algorithm explainability, risk tracing, bias correction, and safety protection, improve the systems for dynamic algorithm monitoring, real-time early warning, and emergency response, implement full-process record-keeping for high-risk decisions, compress vulnerabilities from the technical level, and reduce decision-making deviations. At the same time, we must also break the myth of technological omnipotence; relying on technology alone cannot resolve all safety problems. Looking toward the long term, the emergence of future superintelligence will also bring brand-new challenges that exceed the boundaries of existing human cognition, which is also a proposition that needs to be thought about and studied in advance at the safety level
Beyond technology, we must further clarify rights and responsibilities. Algorithm participation in decision-making is, in essence, a partial delegation of power to the technological system; where there is power, there must be constraints, and where there is decision-making, there must be responsibility. The entire chain of algorithms involves multiple subjects such as development, deployment and use, frontline application, and supervision, and it must never be allowed that "the algorithm made the decision, but no one bears responsibility." Developers must shoulder the source responsibility, conduct solid model safety assessments, and must not use "algorithm neutrality" as an excuse for exemption from liability; deployment and use units must implement their primary responsibility , conduct adaptation assessments in light of business scenarios, and put manual checks into real effect; frontline staff must adhere to "whoever uses it bears responsibility," especially in highly sensitive fields such as healthcare and justice, where algorithm outputs must not be simply copied and directly used as decision-making basis. Model iterative updates must undergo re-evaluation, putting an end to the practice of one-time certification being valid for life. Regulatory departments should improve standards and rules, implement the systems of filing, evaluation, and spot-checking for high-risk algorithms. In dispute resolution, the burden of proof should be reasonably allocated, with the party in possession of system operation information bearing the obligation to explain and provide evidence, connecting the entire chain of pre-incident prevention, in-incident monitoring, and post-incident relief, and resolutely putting an end to using "the algorithm did it" to evade human responsibility
Preventing algorithm risks also cannot be separated from coordination at the societal level. The general public should focus on improving their own scientific and technological literacy, enhancing their understanding of algorithm operating logic, learning to identify risks brought by algorithms, strengthening their awareness and ability to defend their rights, and building up the social foundation for preventing algorithm risks
Algorithm risks have no national borders, and safety guarantees also require global coordinated co-governance. No country can mind only one's own interests or staying out of trouble (独善其身, du shan qi shen - "alone be good; its body"), and no matter how complete the protection of a single country, it is difficult to block the cross-border flow of risks. China's proposed "Global AI Governance Initiative," adhering to a people-centered approach and intelligent goodness, has relevant international resolutions and action plans continuously consolidating global consensus. Promoting mutual learning of rules, interoperability of standards, and joint warning of risks, and bridging the digital and intelligence divide, are the proper meaning of building solid global algorithm safety
Returning to the question of the era at the opening: when algorithms participate in decision-making, how can safety be guaranteed? The answer does not lie in algorithms, but in humans. Algorithm trustworthiness must not stop at slogans; the key depends on the combined force of responsible research and development, application checks, institutional safeguards, social participation, and global coordination. We must guard the institutional gate of reversibility, re-reviewability, and accountability, allowing the pace of technological participation to adapt to the capacity of human control. Adhering to safety first and seeking benefits and avoiding harms , only then can the technological dividends of artificial intelligence be fully released on a safe and controllable track
Return to TopBy: 石霖
In August 2025, the State Council issued the "Opinions on Deeply Implementing the 'AI+' Action," making systematic arrangements for the deep integration of artificial intelligence with thousands of industries, guiding large models to accelerate their journey from the laboratory to the front lines of industry, with various intelligent applications emerging in large numbers. In this process, a seemingly microscopic yet actually critical technical element has drawn increasing attention — this is the token (词元). As the basic unit of large model operation, the token is both the smallest unit by which artificial intelligence processes language and increasingly the basic carrier for metering, circulation, and pricing of artificial intelligence services. However, various disorders have successively surfaced at token "transfer stations," and the security governance of tokens is becoming a mandatory question that must be answered to enable the "AI+" initiative to advance steadily and far.
Why Is It So Important
The connotation of the token has undergone a transformation. In the past, the token was mainly a technical concept, mostly used in model research and development and backend operations, attracting little outside attention. With the rise of the "model-as-a-service" model, billing based on token usage has become the mainstream business model for artificial intelligence services. Every interaction between a user and a model, every invocation of an intelligent application, corresponds behind the scenes to real, tangible token consumption. The token has thus transformed from a purely technical unit of measurement into an economic unit that carries value and connects supply and demand.
The status of the token has risen markedly. Under the guidance of the "AI+" Action, whether it be intelligent customer service, code generation, document processing, or decision support, the operation of the vast majority of artificial intelligence applications is built upon continuous token invocations. The token sits at the bottom of the artificial intelligence value chain, originating from model supply and underpinning application demand across thousands of industries. According to data published by the National Data Administration, China's daily token invocation volume has grown more than a thousandfold in two years. It can be said that the token has already become the foundation for the development of "AI+."
The risks associated with tokens are complex and intertwined. Driven by vigorous demand, intermediary services such as token transfer and token distribution have emerged in large numbers. While lowering the threshold for use and invigorating market supply, they have also made the token circulation chain longer, more complex, and more opaque. Once quality problems or security vulnerabilities arise in token supply, the impact is often not limited to a single application, but rather spreads and propagates along the chain, subsequently affecting the overall effectiveness of artificial intelligence in empowering the real economy.
Real-World Challenges
Vast demand has given rise to layers of division of labor, and token transfer has emerged as the times require. Token transfer often relies on third-party platforms, which purchase token quotas for different large models from upstream suppliers and then resell them to downstream developers and enterprises, thereby lowering the threshold for using different models on a single platform and also obtaining certain price advantages. However, this link sits between supply and demand, has a relatively long chain, and lacks regulation, causing various disorders to concentrate here. Overall, the risks can be summarized into the following four categories.
First, the risk of opaque pricing. Token services are a new thing — invisible and intangible, with relatively complex billing rules defined unilaterally by the service provider. Key criteria such as how input and output are segmented, whether cache hits and failed retries are billed, are often insufficiently disclosed, making it difficult for users to verify their actual consumption and the basis for billing. The ambiguous space in the billing link is thus exploited, with incidents such as inflated usage reports, arbitrary price adjustments, and luring users with prices far below cost only to make up for it in the billing link occurring from time to time. These behaviors may seem to harm only individual users, but in reality they continuously erode the trust foundation of the token service market.
Second, the risk of service availability. The service entities behind transfer platforms vary widely in technical and operational capabilities, and upstream supply stability is insufficient. Incidents of service interruptions, rate limiting and speed reduction, interface failures, and even "absconding with the money" have already occurred, causing the downstream applications they support to be hindered as well, and in severe cases bringing entire business chains to a halt. As token services become embedded in scenarios such as office work, research and development, customer service, and production scheduling, whether supply can remain stable is no longer merely an operational issue for a single enterprise, but a foundational issue bearing on the continuous operation of intelligent applications and the security resilience of the digital economy.
Third, the risk of model authenticity. Token services have strong technical concealment; users can usually only see the model name labeled by the platform and find it difficult to verify the actual model and version being invoked. Some platforms may provide services under the name of high-performance models while actually connecting to models with weaker capabilities, or may switch model versions or adjust routing strategies without the user's knowledge, causing output quality and capability to shrink. Models "passing off inferior goods as superior" not only directly harms user rights and interests, but also affects downstream business judgment, eroding the trust foundation of the token service market.
Fourth, the risk of data security. The token service chain is also the chain through which data flows. The content users input when invoking models often involves trade secrets, personal information, and even sensitive data, which must pass through transfer platforms before reaching upstream models. Every additional link in the chain accumulates another measure of risk of data losing control, and some platforms even retain, analyze, and resell user data. What deserves particular vigilance is that domestic users accessing overseas models often do so through transfer intermediaries, and data may flow out of the country without the user's knowledge at all. This has already exceeded the scope of commercial misconduct and touched upon data sovereignty and national security. The larger the token economy grows, the heavier the weight of compliant data circulation and secure controllability becomes.
Building a Diverse, Collaborative Security Governance System
In the face of the various risks exposed by token services, no single measure can suffice. It is necessary to coordinate development and security, promote multi-party participation and coordinated effort, and build a complete security governance system.
Promote regulatory gap-filling, bringing new business forms into the governance field of vision. Token transfer and distribution are new things accompanying the rise of the token economy, and most currently operate along the margins of the existing regulatory framework. We should adapt to technological and industrial development, promptly fill regulatory blanks, study bringing transfer services and the like into value-added telecommunications services, improve registration of information such as service entities, access methods, and service content, solidify the primary responsibility of platforms, and reverse the situation where entities are hidden and accountability is difficult to pursue. At the same time, promote the establishment of traceable and auditable mechanisms for token invocation, so that key links such as service quality, billing basis, and data flow have traces to follow and evidence to verify, providing strong support for in-process monitoring and post-hoc accountability.
Adhere to bottom-line thinking, building solid barriers for content and data security. Content and data security are two red lines that cannot be crossed in token security governance. In terms of content security, regulations related to generative artificial intelligence should be strictly implemented, ensuring that the responsibility for content security of model services provided through all channels is actually fulfilled, and resolutely curbing the dissemination of illegal and harmful information through transfer channels. In terms of data security, superior laws such as the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law should be strictly followed, data cross-border flows should be regulated, and acts such as unauthorized retention, resale of user data, and illegal causing of data to leave the country should be severely punished in accordance with the law, effectively safeguarding data security and national security.
Strengthen the guiding role of standards, promoting industry self-discipline through professional support. Governance requires not only rigid constraints, but also professional guidance and industry self-discipline. The China Academy of Information and Communications Technology has, relying on the China Artificial Intelligence Industry Development Alliance, launched the "Token (Token) Service Security Commitment," organizing the first batch of enterprises to sign the commitment, promoting the formation of a basic consensus in the industry on standardized operation and secure service. On this basis, efforts should be accelerated to improve token service security standards and evaluation systems, promote the transformation of commitment requirements into executable, verifiable industry norms, explore the establishment of a trusted list, and promote effective articulation between government regulation, professional support, and industry self-discipline.
Token security governance is not the responsibility of any single party, but depends on the coordinated advancement of industry, academia, research, and application stakeholders. Research institutions and backbone enterprises should be encouraged to jointly tackle key technologies such as token security and trusted scheduling, compressing the survival space of black-and-gray industries through technological progress. Of more fundamental significance is vigorously developing independent, controllable, secure, and trustworthy domestic large models, accelerating the construction of a security computing power and model supply system based on one's own capabilities. Only when the foundation of independent supply becomes increasingly solid can token services achieve independent controllability, and can security risks at the source be fundamentally prevented. The leading and driving role of backbone enterprises should be fully leveraged, promoting the formation of an industrial ecosystem featuring multi-party coordination, standardization, and order, so that the token economy can advance steadily and far, truly becoming a solid and reliable development foundation for "AI+."
(The author is Director of the Security Governance Department of the Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology)
Return to TopBy: 王阳亮
In the course of China's rapid urbanization, due to factors such as the influx of large populations, the surge in housing demand, and traditional real estate development models, some large cities have formed new spaces such as super-large communities in newly built areas. The "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting High-Quality Development of Cities" explicitly proposes "strengthening governance of special areas such as super-large communities." As China's urban development shifts from the stage of large-scale incremental expansion to a stage mainly focused on stock improvement and efficiency enhancement, solving the governance difficulties of such super-large communities and improving the level of refined governance are of great significance.
Super-large communities mainly have three characteristics. First, their population size is huge, mobility is strong, and the composition of the population is complex. Many super-large communities were, to a certain extent, built in the early stage to address social housing needs, as livelihood housing projects. Their residential populations range from ten thousand to even over one hundred thousand people, with a relatively high proportion of migrant populations and strong population mobility. Community residents differ significantly in age, occupation, income, and cultural background. Second, the spatial scope is vast, residential density is high, and the size of the governance unit is overly large. Such super-large residential districts are mostly products of early centralized development models, covering vast overall areas with contiguous zones, with generally high floor-area ratios and residential population densities, large physical spatial spans, and broad jurisdictional scopes, making the service radius of grassroots governance far larger than that of ordinary communities. Third, the stakeholders are diverse, property rights forms are complex, and governance unit types are mixed. Super-large communities encompass multiple types of housing property attributes and community types, including not only resettlement housing, public rental housing, and commercial housing communities, but also different zones such as original work-unit communities, industrial parks, and high-end residential areas; the property attributes and daily management entities of each zone differ, forming a composite community form interwoven with multiple subjects, multiple types, and multiple property rights.
Super-large community governance faces more prominent structural difficulties compared with ordinary community governance. First, the volume of governance services continues to grow, while the adequacy of the allocation of grassroots work forces is insufficient. From the practice of grassroots governance operations, super-large communities have huge population bases and complex daily governance affairs, but the allocation standards for grassroots work forces have not kept pace with the growth in population and governance volume. Currently, super-large communities with populations of around 30,000 people typically have only 1–2 neighborhood committees set up; some super-large communities even cover more than 5,400 households with a permanent population of nearly 20,000 people, yet are equipped with only about 20 community workers. Each community worker must routinely serve nearly a thousand residents, while also undertaking work tasks delegated downward from various departmental lines, resulting in heavy daily workloads and great transactional pressure, which to a certain extent constrains the effectiveness of refined, routine, and full-coverage community services. Second, there are shortcomings in infrastructure and public service supporting facilities, and the adequacy of the supply-demand match for livelihood services needs improvement. Affected by objective factors such as early development and construction standards and overall planning sequencing, many super-large communities are relatively lagging in the construction of public service facilities such as transportation road networks, rail transit, education and medical care, cultural and sports resources, and "elderly and children" supporting facilities, once experiencing problems such as job-housing imbalance and poor commuting, forming typical development characteristics such as "traffic-jammed cities." In recent years, various localities have continuously increased investment and filled supporting facility shortcomings, but the single service supply model dominated by the government is difficult to fully adapt to residents' diversified, personalized, and high-quality livelihood needs, and there remains a certain gap between service supply and the expectations of the masses. Third, the multi-subject collaborative governance system is not yet sound, and the overall effectiveness of grassroots governance needs improvement. Super-large communities have many types of livelihood demands with broad coverage; governance matters such as renovation of old residential communities, parking order management, and medical, elderly care, and childcare services mostly involve multi-level, multi-department coordination, and some still involve historical legacy factors, making it difficult for grassroots sub-district and community forces alone to effectively coordinate and resolve them. Currently, the division of powers and responsibilities, coordination mechanisms, and deliberation channels among various governance subjects still need improvement, with some areas experiencing insufficiently smooth coordination and linkage and insufficient joint force, leading to slow progress in resolving some livelihood governance issues and insufficiently robust long-term resolution mechanisms. We should seize the window period of urban renewal and quality upgrading, apply systematic measures, precisely repair the functional shortcomings of super-large communities, and use meticulous and detailed work (绣花功夫, xiu hua gong fu - "embroider, flower, skill") to improve the refined level of community governance.
Improve the super-large community governance system led by Party building, and strengthen the organizational mechanism for sinking resources downward. To address the governance landscape of super-large communities characterized by dense populations, diverse demands, and complex subjects, it is necessary to rely on Party building to integrate resources from all parties and build a governance system that is connected from top to bottom, coordinated, and efficient. First, strengthen the leading role of grassroots Party organizations. Anchoring the governance goal of joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits, coordinate the forces of residents, property management, merchants, functional departments, and other parties, and transform the Party organization's political and organizational advantages into effectiveness in resolving complex governance difficulties. Second, improve the hierarchical organizational governance structure. Comprehensively promote the construction model of functional area Party committees, break through hierarchical barriers, and achieve unimpeded governance directives and efficient and coordinated resource allocation. Third, promote the precise sinking and implementation of governance resources. Relying on area Party committees to coordinate various governance resources within their jurisdictions, promote the sinking of management focus, service matters, and law enforcement forces to the grassroots level in all dimensions, precisely match the governance needs of super-large communities, resolve the prominent problems of mismatched grassroots powers and responsibilities, unmatched resources, and weak governance forces, and comprehensively enhance grassroots joint governance effectiveness.
Optimize the spatial structure of super-large communities, and increase the granularity of grid-based management. Targeting the governance shortcomings of super-large communities, such as high population agglomeration, overly large management volume, and excessively long service radii, it is necessary to make efforts in both spatial restructuring and grid refinement, consolidating the spatial foundation for refined governance. First, scientifically optimize the boundaries of grassroots governance units. Combining with the optimization and adjustment work of sub-district and township administrative divisions, based on actual conditions such as spatial layout, population size, and service carrying capacity within jurisdictions, reasonably delimit the jurisdictional scope of communities, and solve the problems of excessively large jurisdiction scope and insufficient management coverage in super-large communities. Second, learn from advanced experience to promote unit splitting and optimization. Orderly split super-large communities with excessive size and governance loads, create medium-and-small-sized governance units with moderate scale, convenient services, and efficient management, adapting to refined service needs. Third, refine the precise implementation of micro-grid governance. Comprehensively carry out governance shortcoming investigations in communities with populations of over ten thousand, precisely implement work such as filling public service shortcomings and micro-renovation of public spaces down to micro-grid units, focus on livelihood pain points such as optimization of traffic micro-circulation, expansion of educational and medical resources, standardization of parking order, and enhancement of emergency response capabilities, and systematically fill the long-accumulated historical arrears in facilities and governance.
Take the demands of the masses as the guide, and promote innovation in policies and mechanisms. Super-large community governance has diverse elements, intertwined contradictions, and complex problems, requiring adherence to a livelihood-oriented approach, focusing on the demands of the masses, and breaking through governance difficulties through mechanism innovation. First, adhere to a livelihood-oriented approach and implement precise policies. Based on the overall situation of high-quality development of megacities, focus on super-large communities with concentrated demands and weak foundations, abandon extensive governance models, and establish systematic handling thinking for complex governance problems that cross fields and levels. Second, build a multi-subject collaborative deliberation platform. Drawing on Beijing's reform experience of "whistle-blowing and reporting" and"immediate response to complaints", relying on the policy window period of urban renewal, build special deliberation and coordination platforms for complex governance issues, smooth the closed-loop channels of grassroots demand reporting, cross-departmental consultation, and municipal-level empowerment and supervision. Third, promote small-scale, mechanism-based innovation. Centering on the "key small matters" of people's livelihood with high frequency concern among the masses, carry out precise governance innovation, increase investment in governance resources for super-large communities, continuously sort out and summarize replicable and promotable governance experiences, promote the transformation of super-large community governance from passive handling to active governance and refined governance, and create model examples of organic renewal and governance in urban grassroots areas.
Expand digital and intelligent application scenarios, and effectively enhance the effectiveness of precise community governance and refined services. Based on the characteristics of super-large communities, such as large governance volume, broad service scope, and high management difficulty, empower grassroots governance with digital technology to improve quality and efficiency and reduce burdens on the grassroots. First, build an integrated digital and intelligent governance foundational platform. Relying on modern information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence, build dedicated community digital and intelligent governance platforms, integrate core data such as population, housing, and public facilities, establish standardized shared databases, open portals for collecting public sentiment and demands, and achieve visualization of the overall situation and precision of public sentiment and demands. Second, innovate intelligent grassroots governance methods. Connect with the city brain intelligent system, use digital means such as remote inspection, data early warning, intelligent dispatch, and model deduction to replace traditional manual reporting and household-by-household investigation models, effectively reduce repetitive and mechanical work at the grassroots level, and lower administrative operating costs. Third, build a digital convenience service system. Relying on digital and intelligent platforms to integrate community convenience resources such as supermarkets, medical and elderly care, and childcare and trusteeship services, build online convenience service complexes, empower grassroots governance with precise digital services, achieve technology-assisted governance and digital benefits for the people, and comprehensively enhance the refined and intelligent level of community governance.
(The author is Deputy Director of the Research Department on Immediate Response to Complaints, Capital Governance Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 李文炜
Special equipment refers to equipment that poses a relatively high danger to personal and property safety, including boilers, pressure vessels (including gas cylinders), pressure pipelines, elevators, hoisting machinery, passenger ropeways, large amusement facilities, and special motor vehicles used within factories (sites).. As of 2025, the total number of special equipment in China has reached 24.4169 million units, of which elevators have exceeded 12.31 million units and gas cylinders have reached 315 million. The "Special Equipment Safety Law of the People's Republic of China" clearly states: "Special equipment safety work must adhere to the principles of safety first, prevention foremost, energy conservation and environmental protection, and comprehensive governance." The"15th Five-Year Plan" for the modernization of the emergency response system emphasizes the need to "adhere to putting the people first and life first, adhere to the holistic approach to national security, adhere to coordinating development and safety, take ensuring high-quality development with high-level safety as the theme, take promoting the transformation of governance models toward pre-incident prevention as the main line, take reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force, and comprehensively enhance the capacities for disaster reduction and prevention, disaster resistance and fortification, and disaster relief and response." Currently, various risks and hidden dangers are interwoven and superimposed, the safety production situation is severe and complex, and promoting the transformation of the special equipment safety governance model toward pre-incident prevention is a practical necessity for coordinating development and safety.
In recent years, China's special equipment safety governance system has been continuously improved and governance capacity has been steadily upgraded. Against the backdrop of a significant increase in the total amount of equipment, the safety situation has achieved sustained stability and improvement, and governance results have been highly remarkable. First, safety control effectiveness has been continuously consolidated, and the safety bottom line has been firmly held. As the stock of special equipment continues to expand, supervisory pressure keeps rising, but through normalized strict supervision and precise risk prevention and control, the quality and effectiveness of safety governance have continued to improve. The industry as a whole has not experienced major or extraordinarily serious safety accidents, and the frequency of accidents and the number of fatalities have declined in tandem; while the scale of equipment continues to expand, safety indicators have achieved steady improvement, fully confirming the scientific nature and effectiveness of special equipment safety governance work. Second, the institutional system has become increasingly complete, and the foundation of governance has been continuously consolidated. Relying on the deepening of the rule-of-law construction for special equipment safety, the level of standardized governance in the industry has been comprehensively improved. The dual prevention mechanism of risk classification and control and hidden danger investigation and governance has been implemented across the board, andthe normalized work system of "daily control, weekly inspection, monthly scheduling" has been comprehensively promoted, thoroughly reversing the previous extensive and passive supervision situation.At the same time, enterprises' primary responsibility for safety has been pressed down layer by layer, andthe chain of responsibility from principal persons in charge to frontline operators has been continuously tightened, and enterprises' awareness and capacity to proactively manage safety and prevent risks have significantly improved, building a safety responsibility system with clear rights and responsibilities and closed-loop control. Third, special rectification has been advanced in depth, and the effectiveness of hidden danger governance has become prominent. Focusing on high-risk areas such as elevators, gas cylinders, and pressure pipelines, the country has solidly carried out a series of special work including the three-year special rectification action for special equipment safety, thespecial rectification for urban gas safety, andthe three-year action for elevator safety foundation-building, targeting and tackling chronic industry problems, investigating and eliminating major hidden dangers, andeffectively governing a number of long-standing systemic and stubborn safety hazards. A series of practices have fully proven that by proactively moving the prevention and control threshold forward and grasping whole-process control firmly, special equipment safety risks are completely preventable, controllable, and governable.
While the effectiveness of special equipment safety governance continues to emerge, it is still necessary to recognize that the current special equipment safety governance system remains insufficiently complete, with prominent manifestations being the weakness of the pre-incident prevention link, insufficient front-end prevention and control, andthe overall governance still not having completely escaped the operational state of passive response. First, there are deviations in the governance philosophy of pre-incident prevention, and governance inertia has not yet been eradicated. Special equipment operates for long periods under high temperature, high pressure, and high speed conditions, with inherently high risks, strong hidden dangers, and strong accident suddenness, but some regulatory entities and business operators lack sufficient pre-incident risk thinking, long continuing the traditional governance model of post-incident rectification and post-incident accountability. Some enterprises replace proactive prevention with passive compliance, emphasizing hidden danger rectification over risk prediction, emphasizing post-incident handling over source governance, and failing to conduct in-depth research and judgment or sufficient prevention and control of potential and nascent risks, making it difficult for the safety governance threshold to truly move forward. Second, there are shortcomings in pre-incident risk prevention and control capacity, andthe precision of source governance is insufficient. Analyzing the statistics of special equipment accidents in 2025, 78.19% of accidents throughout the year were caused by human factors such as non-standard use and improper operation, exposing the inadequate implementation of pre-positioned prevention work such as pre-job training for practitioners, daily management and control, andstandardized operation. At the same time, a certain proportion of accidents are related to substandard intrinsic safety of equipment, of varying quality or standards (参差不齐, can ci bu qi - "diverse, uneven; not even") in maintenance quality, andcomplex external operating environments, reflecting loopholes in refined pre-incident management and control throughout the entire life cycle of equipment, anddeficiencies in source prevention and process pre-control capacity. Third, the implementation of pre-incident prevention responsibility has been somewhat hollowed out, andclosed-loop governance has not yet taken shape. Some local jurisdictions and industry departments lack strong initiative in pre-incident supervision, emphasizing post-incident accountability anddisposal, withnormalized pre-positioned investigation and risk research and judgment mechanisms not being sound. Some enterprises have a tendency to emphasize development over safety, withpre-incident foundational work such as safety investment, personnel training, daily investigation, andnormalized maintenance becoming mere formality, andthe closed-loop system for early detection, early intervention, andearly governance of hidden dangers has not been effectively implemented, andthe effectiveness of pre-incident prevention governance has not been fully released. Facing the above challenges, it is urgent to promote the transformation of the special equipment safety governance model toward pre-incident prevention.
Firmly establish the governance philosophy of pre-incident prevention and reverse the inertia of passive governance. First, establish the thinking of risk front-end governance. Based on the characteristics of high risk, full coverage, and long-cycle operation of special equipment, shift the focus of governance from accident handling and hidden danger rectification forward to risk identification and source management andcontrol, bring all potential risks into the normalized governance perspective, andfundamentally change the governance mentality of emphasizing the post-incident over the pre-incident. Second, correct one-sided governance cognition. Abandon the two erroneous tendencies of absolute attribution of responsibility andpassive avoidance of responsibility; neither simply conduct linear backward deduction andaccountability for complex risk accidents, nor relax managementandcontrol standards on the grounds that risks objectively exist, supporting risk front-end management with objective, systematic, andprudent governance cognition. Third, strengthen the awareness of prevention governance among all personnel. Carry out normalized safety governance education for enterprise practitioners, grassroots supervisory personnel, andlocal jurisdiction management personnel, press down the pre-incident prevention responsibilities of each post, promote the transformation of safety governance from being primarily driven by administrative measures to being primarily driven by proactive prevention, andbuild a solid foundation for the special equipment pre-incident governance system from the ideological level.
Improve the institutional system for pre-incident prevention and build a long-term mechanism for source governance. First, improve the source risk managementandcontrol system. Strictly implement the whole-life-cycle management system for special equipment, relying on the dual prevention mechanism, conduct systematic risk research andjudgment on key links such as equipment use, maintenance, renovation, anddecommissioning, establish graded andclassified risk lists, andachieve dynamic risk managementandcontrol andadvance intervention. Second, consolidate the normalized investigationandgovernance system. Fully implement the working mechanism of "daily control, weekly inspection, monthly scheduling," transform hidden danger investigationandgovernance from periodic rectification into normalized pre-positioned governance, promote enterprises to establish self-inspection, self-correction, closed-loop pre-incident prevention andcontrol processes, andeliminate the accumulation of hidden dangers andamplification of risks at the institutional level. Third, improve the pre-incident supervisionandassessment system. Incorporate the implementation of pre-incident prevention into safety assessment andinspection priorities, weaken post-incident accountability for accident outcomes, strengthen performance evaluation of pre-positioned governance duties, andse institutional constraints to force all parties to proactively prevent andproactively govern, forming an institutionalized governance model of early risk detection, early hidden danger governance, andearly problem elimination.
Press down the chain of responsibility for implementing pre-incident prevention and enhance the effectiveness of systematic collaborative governance. First, press down enterprises' primary responsibility for pre-incident governance. Relying on the provisions for the primary responsibility of special equipment, refine the front-end prevention duties of principal persons in charge, safety management personnel, andfrontline posts, improve internal mechanisms for hidden danger warning, investigation, andreporting, encourage frontline personnel to proactively identify front-end risks, andreduce the increment of hidden dangers from the source of production anduse. Second, implement regulatory pre-incident governance duties. Promote the transformation of the supervision model from post-incident accountability toward pre-incident guidance, pre-incident service, andpre-incident managementandcontrol, establish a scientific duty-performing mechanism of due diligence exemption andnduty-dereliction accountability, throughnormalized door-to-door assistance, risk guidance, andhidden danger alerts, precisely prevent various nascent andtendency-type safety problems. Third, strengthen local jurisdiction pre-incident coordinated governance. Local jurisdictions need to incorporate special equipment safety into the overall layout of grassroots governance, implement the requirements of "three managements and three responsibilities," improve the mechanism of multi-department coordinated pre-positioned research and judgment, joint investigation, and risk consultation, break through regulatory barriers in pre-incident governance, comprehensively fill shortcomings in grassroots front-end prevention and control, and build a new pattern of special equipment safety governance that is full-coverage, front-end-oriented, and systematic.
Return to TopBy: 贠菲菲
The "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of the Cause of Using Sports to Advance Health" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guiding Opinions") issued by the General Administration of Sport of China clearly proposes "advancing the forward shift of the health gateway, consolidating ideological consensus, innovating institutional mechanisms, and exploring the establishment of a new model of using sports to promote health featuring highly coordinated efforts among departments such as sports, health and wellness, education, culture and tourism, and civil affairs, as well as broad participation from the whole of society." This deployment effectively connects the chain of sports fitness and medical health services, integrates the advantages of resources in both directions, breaks down development barriers caused by industry segmentation and field disconnection, and provides an action guide for advancing the integration of sports and medicine to a deeper level and a broader scope. Based on the overall situation of building a Healthy China, promoting the effective implementation of sports-medicine integration at the grassroots level is a key measure for exploring a new model of using sports to promote health, and also an important practice for enhancing the effectiveness of grassroots social governance and improving people's well-being.
Actively exploring new paths for sports-medicine integration is an important lever for serving the Healthy China strategy and consolidating the foundation of people's livelihoods under Chinese modernization, and is of great significance. First, it is an institutional innovation for improving the health governance system and advancing the forward shift of the health gateway. Faced with the public health challenges of an aging population and a high incidence of chronic diseases, the traditional post-hoc governance model led by medical treatment can no longer adapt to the health needs of the full life cycle. Sports-medicine integration breaks down barriers between the sports and health and wellness fields, integrates the advantages of active intervention through scientific exercise and professional safeguards from medical health, incorporates physical fitness monitoring, risk assessment, exercise intervention, and rehabilitation guidance into the entire process of health management, promotes the transformation of health governance from passive diagnosis and treatment to active prevention, and builds a comprehensive, normalized health governance pattern. Second, it is a pragmatic path for filling the shortcomings of grassroots services and improving the quality and efficiency of public health services. Scientific exercise is an inclusive, efficient, and sustainable means of health intervention. Through the sports-medicine integration mechanism, professional resources such as exercise prescriptions, fitness interventions for chronic diseases, and scientific fitness guidance are sunk to the grassroots level, effectively making up for the service shortcomings of grassroots public health that emphasize treatment over prevention, continuously optimizing the physical functions of the masses, improving the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control and rehabilitation care, and bringing high-quality, equitable health services directly to communities, benefiting every household (千家万户, qian jia wan hu - "thousand, family, ten thousand, household"). Third, it is an important project for cultivating a national fitness culture and accumulating momentum for modernization driven by people's livelihoods. Sports-medicine integration helps the masses establish the scientific concept that "exercise is good medicine," guides them to master methods of autonomous health management, and promotes the normalization of healthy lifestyles. The overall improvement of the population's health literacy and physical fitness levels can continuously activate the vitality of social development, consolidate the foundation of national health, and provide solid livelihood security for Chinese modernization.
In recent years, China has continuously promoted the national fitness and Healthy China strategies, and sports-medicine integration has accordingly steadily entered a new stage. In terms of hardware facilities, national fitness service carriers have achieved full coverage. As of the end of 2025, the country had 5.0037 million sports venues, with per capita sports venue area reaching 3.11 square meters, and the layout of fitness facilities in urban and rural areas has been continuously optimized, effectively solving problems such as the shortage of grassroots fitness resources and the difficulty of implementing health services, building a solid platform for sinking characteristic sports-medicine integration services such as physical fitness monitoring, exercise intervention for chronic diseases, and rehabilitation care to the grassroots level, and achieving precise alignment between sports resources and public health services. In terms of talent development, the professional capacity of grassroots services has continued to rise. The country currently has approximately 4 million social sports instructors, the proportion of people regularly participating in physical exercise has reached 38.52%, and the proportion of people meeting or exceeding the national physical fitness standard has reached 84.9%. The atmosphere for national fitness has become increasingly strong, and the public's demand for scientific exercise has continued to climb, effectively promoting the iterative upgrading of sports-medicine integration services and gradually building a full-chain professional service system integrating screening and assessment, exercise prescriptions, chronic disease intervention, and rehabilitation guidance, greatly improving the refined and professional level of grassroots public health services. In terms of pilot innovation, the integrated development service model has become increasingly mature. Relying on the pilot layout, 22 community sports health centers across the country continue to serve grassroots residents. All localities, based on grassroots governance and people's health needs, continue to optimize service processes, innovate service scenarios, and improve operating mechanisms, exploring and forming a number of replicable and promotable grassroots sports-medicine integration service paradigms, accumulating valuable practical experience for advancing sports-medicine integration across the country at the national level and deepening the practice of using sports to promote health.
It must still be recognized that the current development of sports-medicine integration still faces some difficulties. For example, coordination and linkage between departments are not smooth enough, cross-sector linkage mechanisms have not yet been fully established, and the combined force of resource coordination is insufficient; grassroots professional support is weak, practitioners lack composite capabilities, and there are gaps in the implementation and follow-up of exercise prescriptions and long-term guidance; the service standard system is not yet complete, operational support mechanisms are lacking, and the value of physical fitness and health data has not been fully exploited and utilized. Based on the current situation, it is urgent to optimize governance approaches, make up for development shortcomings, and transform the phased exploration results into a long-term public service system with full coverage and full-process empowerment.
Improve coordination mechanisms and enhance the efficiency of resource coordination. Local governments can incorporate sports-medicine integration into national fitness, basic public health, and annual livelihood work, and clarify the lead department and the responsibilities of all parties. Sports departments should leverage their advantages in venue resources, physical fitness monitoring, and fitness guidance; health and wellness departments should do a good job in medical assessment, risk screening, and referral support; and education, civil affairs, and other departments should promote project implementation based on the service targets. Departmental linkage should enter daily operations, coordinating project arrangements and fund use through regular consultations, promoting the connection of necessary information on the premise of legal compliance, and evaluating work effectiveness based on improvements in the public's physical fitness. Street communities can establish mechanisms for collecting needs and dispatching resources, bringing services to the side of key groups. Fiscal investment should pay more attention to sustainable operations, supporting community health institutions, medical teams, and sports social organizations to jointly provide chronic disease intervention, training companionship, and follow-up assessment, so that grassroots services have stable sources and long-term support.
Consolidate professional support and enhance grassroots service capacity. Using sports to promote health requires practitioners to possess both medical risk awareness and scientific training capabilities. Medical schools, sports colleges, and vocational colleges can strengthen cooperation, incorporating sports medicine, health-related physical fitness, and chronic disease management into the talent cultivation process, enhancing students' ability to understand different knowledge systems and solve practical problems. For in-service medical personnel and social sports instructors, cross-training and joint practical training arrangements should be improved, and according to the Guiding Opinions, job capability requirements and continuing education content should be refined, so that training results are linked to job placement. At the grassroots level, collaborative teams can be formed relying on community health service centers, hospital rehabilitation departments, and public sports venues, with professionals jointly completing risk screening and program formulation and continuously evaluating during the training process. Universities, hospitals, and communities can also jointly build teaching and research bases, develop applicable courses around common chronic diseases, so that talent cultivation and grassroots needs promote each other, and professional knowledge flows more smoothly into communities and families.
Improve technical standards and enhance the quality of exercise intervention. The practical effect of exercise prescriptions depends on clear guidance, professional explanation, and continuous adjustment. An authoritative and updatable exercise prescription library should be gradually improved around different ages, physical conditions, and disease risks, with clear provisions on exercise intensity, duration, and adjustment conditions, while also indicating the scope of application and risk warnings. Carriers such as community sports health centers and scientific fitness clinics need to form basic construction and service standards, so that staffing, work processes, and safety responsibilities have a basis to follow. National physical fitness monitoring information can be orderly connected with residents' electronic health records, improving data utilization efficiency on the basis of unified indicator calibers, while strictly protecting personal information. Each prescription should be accompanied by plain-language explanations, on-site guidance, and regular re-evaluation, with timely corrections based on physical changes. Only by allowing assessment results to enter program formulation and training feedback to drive program optimization can scientific exercise continuously improve the public's physical fitness, and sports-medicine integration will take root in daily life through one concrete service after another.
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