Summary: The statement outlines a strategic framework for the "new journey," integrating national rejuvenation with the global changes of the century. It calls for implementing the "Five-Sphere Integrated Plan" and the "Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy," while fully adopting a new development philosophy to build a new development pattern and promote high-quality development. The text reaffirms a foreign policy dedicated to safeguarding world peace and promoting common development. It urges advancing the Global Development, Security, Civilization, and Governance Initiatives to build a community with a shared future for mankind. The overall message emphasizes injecting positive energy into global peace and development through these coordinated domestic and international efforts.
Summary: The article emphasizes Xi Jinping's directives on strengthening institutional supply for emerging technological fields such as AI, embodied robotics, and low-altitude economy, positioning these as critical to China's high-quality development. It outlines principles including party leadership, people-centered governance, innovation-driven growth, and balanced oversight. The piece advocates for flexible legislative approaches, including local experimentation and "small, fast" laws, alongside enhanced cross-border coordination in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. It frames institutional advancement as essential for securing competitive advantage and shaping international rules amid global competition.
Summary: The Politburo meeting acknowledged that China's economy faces challenges such as weak demand relative to supply, structural differentiation, and external shocks, but reaffirmed confidence and called for "intensifying efforts to expand domestic demand and optimize supply." The analysis identifies a short-term contradiction of insufficient aggregate demand (供强需弱) and a long-term contradiction of the potential growth rate lagging its optimal level due to suboptimal economic structures. To address these, the article advocates for a "three-policy coordination" combining stabilization, growth, and structural policies. Specific tools include breaking "structural stickiness," promoting technological innovation and new quality productive forces, and implementing a more proactive fiscal policy with a moderately loose monetary policy. The author is the director of the Institute of Industrial Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Summary: The article emphasizes the importance of proactive risk prevention and maintaining a sense of urgency in governance, drawing on traditional Chinese wisdom and Xi Jinping’s call to integrate development and security. It urges officials to adopt holistic, forward-looking thinking, identifying risks early and converting response mechanisms from post-hoc handling to preemptive measures. The piece stresses the need for precise, targeted action and learning from past incidents to strengthen systemic governance. It warns against complacency and superficial planning, advocating for bottom-line and extreme-scenario thinking to avert cascading crises. Ultimately, it ties these principles to safeguarding high-quality development and national stability.
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Summary: The article outlines China's 15th Five-Year Plan for circular economy development, issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, emphasizing resource security, carbon peak goals, and new growth drivers. It details measures across six areas: institutional systems, source reduction, waste valorization, reuse industries, recycling networks, and industrial upgrading. Targets include raising the resource recycling industry's output to 8 trillion yuan by 2030. The author is the president of the China Circular Economy Association. No mention is made of the United States or bilateral relations.
Summary: The article reports that China's air conditioner exports to the EU surged 43.2% year-on-year in the first half of 2026, driven by extreme heat and the country's complete industrial system, which enables rapid production and tailored solutions like easy-install mobile units. It attributes this success to China's shift from traditional advantages to innovation-driven growth, citing the "15th Five-Year Plan" focus on building a manufacturing powerhouse. The piece recommends enhancing independent innovation, securing resilient supply chains, and curbing "involution-style" competition to prevent domestic rivalry from spilling overseas. It concludes that China's modernized industrial system positions the country as a global "stabilizer" for supply chains, fulfilling global consumer demand.
Summary: The article argues for strengthening institutional and legislative supply ("制度供给") for emerging sectors like AI, embodied robots, and low-altitude economy to match technological breakthroughs and unlock new quality productive forces. It cites President Xi Jinping's directives emphasizing the need to accurately anchor the direction of AI for good, precisely grasp regulatory standards, and improve measures to prevent loss of control. The piece outlines principles of party leadership, people-centered governance, innovation-driven development, and a "prudent and inclusive" regulatory approach, advocating for "small and fast" legislation and sandbox mechanisms. It highlights Guangdong Province's pioneering legislative efforts as a model and proposes using the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as a breakthrough for cross-border rule alignment to enhance China's global governance influence.
Summary: The article discusses China's consultative democracy, comprising seven interrelated channels—party, people's congress, government, CPPCC, people's organizations, grassroots, and social organizations—and emphasizes the need for their coordinated cooperation to enhance overall effectiveness, as stressed by Xi Jinping and outlined in the 15th Five-Year Plan. It argues that such coordination is both necessary and feasible due to shared goals, complementary functions, and overlapping content and participants. The piece proposes establishing mechanisms for unified Party leadership, regular inter-channel linkage, resource integration, coordinated adoption and feedback of consultative outcomes, and joint cultivation of theory and consultative culture. These mechanisms aim to build a systematic, efficient socialist consultative democracy that ensures public participation and rights. No reference is made to the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: A second draft of the People's Republic of China Medical Security Law was submitted for review to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in April 2026, aiming to establish the nation's first foundational law in this field. The legislation seeks to integrate fragmented regulations into a unified framework to address challenges within the multi-tiered medical security system (basic insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance). It formally codifies institutional connections, safeguards citizen rights, and strengthens coordinated governance among medical services, insurance, and pharmaceuticals. The draft also establishes institutionalized fund risk control mechanisms, including balanced budget responsibilities for coordinating regions and stricter patient identity verification for designated medical institutions. Future implementation will rely on big-data smart monitoring, normalized flying inspections, and linking credit records to fund usage to ensure financial sustainability.
Summary: The Politburo acknowledged the economy's "new momentum and improved structure" but stressed the need to address "difficulties and challenges" with confidence to promote high-quality development. The analysis identifies two main contradictions: short-term aggregate demand falling short of supply, and long-term potential growth rate lagging its optimal level due to structural imbalances. To tackle these, the article advocates a "three-policy coordination" of stability policies (expanding domestic demand), growth policies (boosting total factor productivity), and structural policies (optimizing economic structures). Specific measures include implementing a more proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy, alongside tasks from the 15th Five-Year Plan such as industrial upgrading and tech innovation. It also calls for deep reforms, including shifting local government assessment criteria toward consumption and people's livelihoods, to achieve dynamic supply-demand balance at a higher level.
Summary: The article summarizes how China National Coal Group (China Coal) has implemented Xi Jinping’s 2016 speech on Party building in state-owned enterprises over the past decade, emphasizing Party leadership as the core of strategic direction and management. It reports the company's efforts in energy security, including supplying 1.75 billion tons of coal during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and conceding 113 billion yuan in profits, alongside a green transition with nearly 10 GW of new energy capacity. The piece details reform outcomes, such as doubling assets and revenue, with net profit rising from 1.58 billion yuan to a peak of 45.6 billion yuan and ROE reaching 17.51%, driven by regional and specialized restructuring. It outlines internal governance, including a “3+1” cadre talent system, over 2,600 grassroots Party organizations, and strict anti-corruption measures that eliminated 6,781 intermediary firms. The article concludes that this Party-led integration ensures the company fulfills its duties as a national energy SOE, aligning with the broader goals of Chinese-style modernization.
Summary: The article, authored by the Party Committee of China Huadian Group Finance Company, outlines how this central enterprise-affiliated non-bank financial institution implements Xi Jinping's directives on finance serving the real economy. The company reports providing over 7.6 billion yuan in energy supply guarantee funds during peak demand periods and over 21.9 billion yuan in 2025 to support strategic emerging industries like hydrogen and energy storage. It emphasizes integrating Party leadership into corporate governance, pursuing digital transformation through AI applications, and maintaining a people-centered approach in financial services. The piece frames these efforts as serving China's national energy security strategy and contributing to Chinese-style modernization.
Summary: The article presents the China Huadian Corporation Qinghai Branch's official statement on adopting a correct view of political achievements, emphasizing practical work and serving the people. It outlines commitments to ideological education, political discipline, and ecological protection while advancing clean energy projects, including a major solar base and hydrogen initiatives. The piece stresses high-quality development through innovation, such as smart storage and new energy technologies, alongside strict party governance and anti-corruption measures. No specific officials are named; the text is attributed to the branch's party committee. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article provides a historical overview of Chinese art created over the past 90 years to commemorate the Red Army's Long March, tracing its evolution from wartime sketches to contemporary multimedia works. It connects this artistic legacy to official rhetoric, citing Mao Zedong's characterization of the Long March as a "declaration, propaganda team, and seeder," and Xi Jinping's 2016 statement that "each generation has its own Long March." The piece argues that successive artistic paradigms—from revolutionary realism to individualistic perspectives and modern reinterpretations—serve to sustain the Long March spirit as a dynamic ideological tool for contemporary political legitimacy. Written by a vice president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the summary frames these artworks as a "visual narrative spectrum" of key historical events used to reinforce the current "Chinese Dream" goals. The text does not discuss the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article reflects on the author's two visits to Xichang, capital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, describing his initial concerns about post-poverty development and his pleasant surprise five years later. He highlights the region's agricultural prosperity, with grape farming significantly raising household incomes, and the careful restoration of the ancient Jianchang city, done in a "repair-as-original" manner without large-scale demolition. The piece emphasizes the cultural and emotional significance of the old city as a symbol of local heritage and nostalgia. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article, written by the Secretary-General of the Henan Provincial People's Congress Standing Committee, reflects on the philosophical wisdom embedded in ancient Chinese oracle bone script characters for life stages—birth, aging, illness, death, fortune, and adversity. It argues that these symbols reveal a resilient, nature-aligned worldview: life is inherently upward-striving, aging is a natural completion, illness teaches appreciation for health, and death is accepted as a cyclical process. The author emphasizes that understanding these characters encourages people to live with humility, perseverance, and reverence for each stage of life. Ultimately, he presents this ancient wisdom as a timeless guide for personal conduct and as a way to preserve Chinese civilization's core values. The piece does not address U.S.-China relations.
Summary: Chen Wei, President of China Agricultural University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, articulated in an article the necessity of transforming modern agriculture and advancing "New Agricultural Science" education in the context of the "15th Five-Year Plan." He highlighted how technology-driven shifts (such as smart farming, urban agriculture, and industrial integration) are redefining agriculture, creating new demands for interdisciplinary talent. Chen called for systemic reforms in agricultural universities to bridge the gap between outdated curricula and industry needs, while underscoring food security as a core challenge. He cited Xi Jinping's directives on cultivating talent with both professional skill and a deep commitment to agriculture, positioning the New Agricultural Science initiative as the key strategic solution. The ultimate goal, he stated, is to build a talent pipeline that supports China's agricultural modernization and national strength.
Summary: The article addresses China's critical bottleneck in high-end scientific instruments, citing President Xi Jinping's directives to overcome the "two-headed outside" problem and achieve self-reliance in research tools. It highlights severe import dependence—over 80% of high-end analyzers are imported, with the U.S. dominating more than one-third of the global market and holding 12 of the top 20 global manufacturers. The piece outlines central and local policy responses, including the "15th Five-Year Plan" deployment and the launch of a new international journal, while proposing four strategies: boosting R&D, refining regional industrial clusters, fostering industrial ecosystems, and enhancing performance through AI integration. Ultimately, it argues that overcoming this dependence is vital for technological self-reliance and supply chain security, given that market forces alone are insufficient to address the long-cycle, high-risk challenges.
Summary: The article, authored by the Director of the Rural Social Affairs Promotion Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, emphasizes the importance of building civilized rural customs to support rural revitalization, citing Xi Jinping's call to shape both material and spiritual civilization. It outlines achievements such as the nationwide establishment of over 600,000 practice centers for the new era, the reduction of high bride prices (e.g., a 36% decrease in Ningxia), and the revitalization of cultural heritage through programs like "Village BA" and "Village Evening." The piece calls for sustained efforts in ideological education, cultural resource preservation, and the normalization of customs reform, including party-member leadership and village regulations. No mention is made of the United States or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: The article argues that China's urbanization has shifted from rapid expansion to stock-quality improvement, requiring urban renewal to follow cyclical patterns in development, economy, industry, and infrastructure. It notes that with urbanization reaching 67.89%, many buildings and municipal facilities built in the late 20th century are entering aging cycles, necessitating full-cycle management and cycle-based special planning. The piece recommends a diversified, sustainable investment and financing system that uses equity funds, bank credit, and securitization tools like REITs to support long-term projects. It also calls for a modern, multi-stakeholder governance system that leverages public participation and digital technologies to resolve community-level issues. The text does not mention specific officials or U.S.-China relations.
Summary: This article, authored by the Party Secretary of West China Clinical Medical College (West China Hospital) of Sichuan University, argues that public hospital reform must adhere to the principle of public welfare. It cites General Secretary Xi Jinping’s instructions on maintaining the basic positioning of public welfare and breaking the profit-seeking mechanism, alongside directives from the 20th Party Congress and the “15th Five-Year Plan.” While acknowledging recent achievements in policy frameworks, service accessibility, and price adjustments, the article highlights persistent challenges in staffing, fiscal investment, and pricing mechanisms. It proposes deepening reforms through dynamic staffing management, service-oriented pricing adjustments, salary system reforms, and comprehensive supervision to solidify the public welfare orientation.
Summary: Xiamen Municipal Party School marked its 70th anniversary, highlighting its achievements in cadre education, including roughly 5,000 training sessions for about 200,000 participants and the development of signature courses like the "Learning Path" theme classroom. The school reported research outputs of 264 projects and 79 decision-consulting reports, securing 33 approvals from provincial-level or higher leaders, alongside cross-strait academic activities. It also emphasized faculty expansion to 117 staff, including 45 full-time teachers with 75.6% holding doctorates. Looking ahead, the school pledged to uphold its mission of "educating talents for the Party and offering advice for the Party" while promoting the special economic zone spirit.
On the new journey ahead, we must coordinate the overall strategy of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the major changes unseen in a century unfolding in the world, and comprehensively advance the great struggle, the great project, the great cause, and the great dream. We must promote coordinated implementation of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four Comprehensives strategic layout, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, accelerate the building of a new development pattern, and solidly promote high-quality development. We must uphold the foreign policy purpose of safeguarding world peace and promoting common development, promote the implementation of the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Civilization Initiative, and the Global Governance Initiative, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and inject more positive energy into world peace and development.
Return to TopBy: 广东省人大常委会党组书记、主任 黄楚平
Currently, a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is developing in depth, and new fields and new tracks represented by artificial intelligence, embodied robots, and the low-altitude economy are accelerating their rise, becoming key engines for promoting high-quality development and shaping new momentum and new advantages. General Secretary Xi Jinping, standing at the height of the overall cause of the Party and the state, made important arrangements specifically on "strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks" at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee in 2024, put forward important requirements during his inspection of Guangdong in November 2025, and emphasized at the opening ceremony of the 2026 World Artificial Intelligence Conference and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance in July this year that "the more AI technology development advances at a breathtaking pace (一日千里, yī rì qiān lǐ - "a thousand li in a single day," advancing at tremendous speed), the more firmly the direction of upward goodness and benefiting humanity must be anchored, the more precisely the yardstick of regulatory governance must be grasped, and the more promptly measures to prevent loss of control must be improved," providing fundamental guidance and injecting powerful momentum for us to grasp the global trend of scientific and technological development and improve the governance system for emerging and future industries.
Deeply understanding the great significance of strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
New fields and new tracks have distinctive characteristics such as strong technological frontier nature, broad scenario expansion, and deep cross-border integration, posing all-round challenges to traditional legal frameworks and regulatory models. Strengthening institutional supply in this regard is both an inevitable requirement for conforming to the trend of the scientific and technological revolution and ensuring safe industrial development, and a strategic measure for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity and enhancing discourse power in international rules.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is an inherent requirement for conforming to industrial and technological transformation. As global scientific and technological innovation enters an unprecedentedly dense and active period, frontier technologies represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information, biotechnology, new energy, and new materials are emerging in groups, continuously giving rise to new industries, new models, and new momentum. The exponential explosion of technological breakthroughs, the integrative fission of industrial forms, and the revolutionary renewal of factor systems are profoundly rewriting the underlying logic of productive forces. If the matching relations of production, governance rules, and factor allocation systems lag behind or are absent, institutional barriers will inevitably form, impeding the full release of new quality productive forces. Practice has proven that technological breakthrough is the first-move piece, and institutional supply is the ballast stone. Only by adapting to technological change with systematic institutional innovation can we seize the strategic commanding heights of global industrial competition. Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is essentially about building new production relations more compatible with new quality productive forces, removing institutional and mechanistic obstacles constraining scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading, providing fundamental guarantees for revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, and opening broad space for the vigorous development of new quality productive forces.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is key support for building a modern industrial system. New fields and new tracks are new pillars and growth poles of the modern industrial system. Through a series of institutional designs such as improving the coordinated development mechanism of industrial chains, perfecting the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide for tackling key core technologies, and building an inclusive and prudent regulatory framework, the bottlenecks in the entire industrial chain from technological research and development, pilot-scale transformation to large-scale application are removed, guiding advanced production factors such as capital, talent, and data to concentrate in high-end segments of the industry. Practice has proven that lagging institutional supply is a key bottleneck in the development of emerging industries. Taking the all-space intelligent unmanned system across sea, land, and air as an example, this field covers three major industries: unmanned driving vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and unmanned vessels, involving multiple legal issues such as airspace resource use, right-of-way allocation, operational supervision, liability determination, data algorithms, and privacy protection. The liability determination for unmanned driving vehicles still needs further clarification in law, the management of airspace suitable for unmanned aerial vehicle flight still needs refinement, and there is no special legislation in the field of unmanned vessels. By strengthening institutional supply, institutional obstacles can be precisely removed, transaction costs reduced, and competition order regulated, loosening constraints and reducing burdens for the large-scale commercial landing of emerging industries and providing guarantees.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is a strategic choice for winning the initiative in international competition and participating in global governance. The world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century. International industrial and technological competition is unprecedentedly fierce, with the focus increasingly concentrated on the dominance and discourse power of new fields and new tracks. Whoever can first build an institutional system, rules and standards, and governance model adapted to new fields and new tracks will seize the commanding heights of the scientific and technological revolution, the dominance of industrial development, and the discourse power of international rules. Conversely, if institutional supply lags behind, one may fall into the passive situation of "technology has broken through, but industries cannot grow" and "innovation leads, but rules are controlled by others." In addition, the technological research and development, industrial collaboration, and market expansion of new fields and new tracks are all deeply embedded in the global industrial chain and innovation chain, with obvious internationalization characteristics. Developed economies have successively elevated the development of emerging industries and future industries to national strategies, seeking to lead the formulation of international standards through domestic rule practice by enriching legislative, policy, and standard toolkits, and seizing the initiative in global rule blank areas and game-playing periods. Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is precisely about building institutional advantages that conform to international practice, lead the trend of the times, and have Chinese characteristics, and striving for the initiative in the future development of new fields and new tracks.
Accurately grasping the principles and concepts for strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks must adhere to the correct direction, follow scientific laws, and highlight key links, ensuring that institutional design is precise, effective, pragmatic, and useful.
Adhering to the Party's overall leadership and firmly grasping the correct political direction. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Strengthening the Party's leadership over all work—this requirement is not empty or abstract; it must be implemented and reflected in all aspects and links." Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks must deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," enhance the "Four Consciousnesses," strengthen the "Four Confidences," and achieve the "Two Upholds," running Party leadership through the entire process of institutional design, implementation, and supervision, ensuring that institutional supply always advances along the direction guided by General Secretary Xi Jinping, always serves the country's major strategic needs, and always conforms to the fundamental requirements of Chinese-style modernization.
Adhering to putting the people first and reflecting the public attribute of governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, "To test the effectiveness of all our work, ultimately we must see whether the people have truly received benefits, whether the people's lives have truly improved, and whether the people's rights and interests have truly been protected." The core fields of this round of scientific and technological revolution include artificial intelligence, biological manufacturing, quantum technology, and others, which naturally have strong public goods attributes and are deeply reshaping production methods, distribution patterns, and social structures. They are conducive to consolidating the material foundation of the whole society, but may also bring problems such as employment polarization, distribution imbalance, and development gaps. They cannot simply be left to spontaneous market dominance; institutional supply is needed to promote technology for good. This requires taking the satisfaction of the people's yearning for a better life as the starting point and foothold, perfecting the rule system for new production factors participating in distribution, improving artificial intelligence algorithm governance rules, and guiding platforms and technology enterprises to assume distribution responsibility mechanisms, so that new technologies and new industries better serve the improvement of the people's quality of life and the promotion of people's comprehensive development.
Adhering to innovation-driven development and serving the development of new quality productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "The notable feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, including innovation at the level of technology and business models, as well as innovation at the level of management and institutions." New fields and new tracks are the most active and dense fields of innovation. Continuing to use existing regulatory logic will not only compress the space for enterprise technological trial and error and scenario innovation, but also hinder the layout of production factors in frontier fields, missing the strategic window for industries to change tracks and overtake. Therefore, institutional supply in this regard must closely focus on the main line of serving innovation, encouraging innovation, and protecting innovation, resolutely removing all ideological obstacles and institutional barriers constraining innovation, perfecting systems for intellectual property protection, transformation of scientific and technological achievements, incentives for scientific researchers, and market-based allocation of factors, building an institutional environment that encourages exploration, tolerates failure, and is open and inclusive, so that institutional supply always keeps pace with the rhythm of technological change and maximally stimulates the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of various innovation entities.
Adhering to inclusiveness and prudence and focusing on coordinating development and security. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, "Future industries have rapid technology iteration, many influencing factors, and high decision-making risks, placing higher demands on our leadership capacity and governance level." New fields and new tracks have the characteristics of large growth potential, strong uncertainty, and wide risk spillover. On the one hand, their development laws are still being explored; from technological breakthroughs to scenario implementation, from model exploration to industrial maturity, they often go through a long process of repeated market trial and error and continuous iteration. On the other hand, disruptive breakthroughs in frontier technologies are accompanied by endogenous risks; barbaric development may bring algorithm abuse, privacy leakage, ethical anomie, and other problems. Only by respecting science and conforming to laws in institutional design, balancing innovation inclusiveness and risk prevention and control, adopting flexible governance methods such as "sandbox regulation," "trigger-based" regulation, and "observation period" management, both leaving sufficient trial-and-error space for technology iteration and industrial cultivation and building institutional defense lines for science and technology ethics and data security in advance, can we ensure the safety and controllability of key fields such as technology, data, industrial chains, and supply chains, and ensure that emerging industries and future industries develop steadily and far-reachingly and healthily.
Effectively giving play to the important role of legislation in institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
New fields and new tracks are essentially a systematic transformation covering adjustment of production methods, reshaping of governance models, and breakthroughs in institutional mechanisms, and are a concrete form of further comprehensively deepening reform extending to the frontier of productive forces and institutional blank areas. The deeper reform enters the deep-water zone and uncharted territory, the more it cannot do without the guidance, regulation, and guarantee of the rule of law; the more disruptive the industrial transformation, the more it needs systematic and predictable institutional supply. Legislation, as the highest level and most authoritative form of institutional supply, can fundamentally solve the problems of legitimacy, stability, systematization, and fairness of institutional supply for new fields and new tracks. By strengthening legislation for new fields and new tracks, this frontier reform is comprehensively brought onto the track of the rule of law, achieving a high degree of unity between reform decisions and legislative decisions, and providing a stable, clear, and predictable good institutional environment for the accelerated growth of new fields and new tracks.
Clarifying a legislative path combining short-term and long-term from a strategic height. New fields and new tracks often mean breakthroughs in existing legal rules. Due to the great difficulty and long cycle of comprehensive legislation, it is difficult to meet the urgent needs of related industrial development, making it necessary to adopt a legislative path combining short-term and long-term. On the one hand, actively encourage local innovation, give play to the exploratory and supplementary functions of local legislation, especially make good use of the legislative adaptation power of special economic zones, and formulate local regulations or government rules 因地制宜 (yīn dì zhì yí - "adapt measures to local conditions") around the development of local emerging and future industries; on the other hand, timely summarize local experience, amend relevant laws, and when conditions mature, carry out special legislation in this field. For example, the all-space intelligent unmanned system involves the Road Traffic Safety Law, the Highway Law, the Civil Aviation Law, the Maritime Traffic Safety Law, the Maritime Law, and other relevant laws. In recent years, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Hefei, Zhuhai, Suzhou and other places have all issued local regulations around autonomous driving and the low-altitude economy, making provisions on the legal status, industrial development, accident liability, and data sharing of unmanned vehicles. At the national level, the Civil Aviation Law has been amended, and the Road Traffic Safety Law is being amended, making provisions on legal issues in the fields of unmanned aerial vehicles and automobiles, solving the problems of fragmentation of local legislation and regional barriers. In the long run, it is suggested to timely study and carry out special legislation in the field of unmanned systems, build systematic and comprehensive legal rules that balance safety and efficiency for the all-space operation model of coordinated sea, land, and air and the collaborative industrial ecology, and take the lead in launching a Chinese solution in the governance of all-space intelligent unmanned systems.
Strengthening institutional innovation in key areas and key links. New fields and new tracks have diverse technological routes and complex industrial formats. It is necessary to anchor key links for precise force application, driving the overall advancement of the new track ecosystem through key breakthroughs in institutional innovation. As the country's largest economic province and a strong manufacturing province, Guangdong Province has ranked first in the country for 9 consecutive years in regional innovation capacity. The "Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou" innovation cluster jumped to the top of the global innovation cluster ranking last year. The total number of high-tech enterprises exceeds 77,000, accounting for 15.4% of the country. The core scale of the artificial intelligence industry exceeds 300 billion yuan, accounting for about one-quarter of the country. The low-altitude economy development index ranks first in the country. Civil unmanned aerial vehicle production accounts for more than 90% of the country. Consumer-grade drones account for 70% of the global market share. Industrial robot and service robot production both rank first in the country. The demand for rule of law in new fields and new tracks is more urgent. The Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial People's Congress has specifically formulated a special legislative plan for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system, adopting a "1+N+X" legislative model, coordinating provincial and municipal legislative resources, systematically strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks, taking the lead in the country in issuing the Regulations on Promoting High-Quality Development of the Manufacturing Industry, and after the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee, taking the lead in formulating the Science and Technology Innovation Regulations, clarifying about 40 pioneering institutional measures to loosen constraints and reduce burdens for scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and is accelerating the formulation of the Artificial Intelligence Development Promotion Regulations, the Low-Altitude Economy Development Regulations, the Data Regulations, the Intelligent Connected Vehicle Development Promotion Regulations, and others. In legislation, attention will be paid to building a full-chain innovation institutional system with deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application, unblocking the transformation channel from laboratory to market, innovating the application scenario supply mechanism of government guidance and market operation, perfecting the circulation rules of data elements, strengthening institutional innovation in the regulation of legal rights and obligations of new business forms, data privacy storage and protection, and actively building an industrial ecology of innovative large, medium, and small enterprises developing in an integrated manner.
Exploring legislative techniques adapted to new fields and new tracks. In response to the characteristics of high subdivision and rapid development of new fields and new tracks, oriented by precision, lightweight, and efficiency, carry out "small incision, small and quick" legislation, focus on precise entry into a single core problem, enact as many articles as needed, and set as many articles as are useful, providing targeted rule of law supply for the development of new quality productive forces. Explore a "forward-looking + inclusive" flexible legislative paradigm, set flexible clauses, authorization clauses, and transitional clauses in legislation, reserving institutional space for future technology iteration and model innovation. Establish a "sandbox regulation" legal mechanism, allowing specific regions and specific enterprises to carry out innovation pilots within a controllable scope, and exempting them from the application of some current regulations during the pilot period. Build institutional mechanisms that encourage innovation and tolerate failure, and provide legal protection for exploratory and experimental behavior as long as it does not violate mandatory legal provisions or harm public interests. Establish and improve a dynamic legislative adjustment mechanism, routinely carry out post-legislative evaluation and timely cleaning and revision, flexibly adjust institutional design according to the evolution of business forms, and enhance the pertinence, applicability, and operability of regulations.
Establishing and improving a smooth and efficient legislative response mechanism. The technical routes, business models, and application scenarios of emerging fields are all in rapid evolution, and the speed of industrial development often leads the rhythm of institutional supply. This requires opening green channels for legislative projects urgently needed by industrial development and eagerly anticipated by innovation entities, and accelerating the process of project establishment, drafting, and deliberation. The key to collecting rule of law needs at the industrial frontier is to give full play to the role of "direct trains" for public opinion such as grassroots legislative contact points and deputies' industrial liaison stations, run the gathering of industrial wisdom and listening to enterprise demands through the entire process of legislation for new fields and new tracks, extensively collect enterprises' sticking points, blocking points, and practical suggestions in technology implementation, scenario opening, standard connection, and intellectual property protection, sort out the objective boundaries of technology, the real pain points of business forms, and the difficult points of risk prevention and control, promote the transformation of vivid frontline industrial practices and development experience into specific institutional design of laws and regulations, effectively solve problems such as rule disconnection and institutional idling, promote legislation for new fields and new tracks to deeply fit the reality of industrial development, fully condense consensus among business entities, and achieve resonance between the legislative process and industrial development.
Using the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as a breakthrough to enhance cross-border coordination of institutional supply. Currently, the global rule system for emerging fields is in a key window period of accelerated reconstruction. Steadily expanding institutional opening up in rules, regulations, management, and standards, actively deepening connection with international high-standard rules, and actively participating in international rule consultations on global digital governance, artificial intelligence governance, and biosafety governance are conducive to enhancing China's discourse power and influence in the formulation of international rules. As the only region in China with cross-border factor flows, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is also one of the regions with the strongest economic vitality and the highest degree of openness, and has the foundation and conditions to provide pioneering demonstration for China's cross-border governance of new fields and new tracks. The national "15th Five-Year Plan" outline clearly deploys "deepening the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, strengthening rule connection and mechanism alignment in scientific and technological innovation, economic development, public services, and other aspects, and strengthening rule of law guarantees." It is suggested to support Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in strengthening rule and mechanism connection in the fields of artificial intelligence governance, cross-border data flow, intellectual property protection, and qualification mutual recognition, promoting efficient and convenient flow of factors and deep industrial collaboration within the Bay Area, and with the help of Hong Kong and Macao's internationalized pilot verification, legal services, standard certification, ethical review, and other high-end services, gradually export Bay Area rules into global governance consensus, accumulating experience for China's participation in global frontier industry governance.
Return to TopBy: 陈彦斌
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee pointed out when convening a meeting to analyze the current economic situation that since the beginning of this year, "China's economy has shown a development trend of new momentum and optimized structure." At the same time, it also emphasized that "we must attach great importance to the difficulties and challenges in economic operation, strengthen confidence, rise to the challenge, make good use of various opportunities and advantages, and promote high-quality development to proceed steadily and far." Although China's current economic operation still faces challenges such as strong supply and weak demand, structural divergence, and external shocks, these are mainly problems arising in the course of development and transformation, which can be gradually solved by improving the macroeconomic governance system and enhancing the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance. The supporting conditions and basic trends for China's economy to maintain long-term improvement have not changed, and the macro policy toolbox still contains abundant policy instruments and ample policy space. We should maintain strategic resolve for high-quality development, deeply analyze the principal contradictions in macroeconomic operation, clarify the implementation logic of macro policies, and through macro policies exerting force and improving effectiveness, continuously consolidate and expand the trend of the economy continuing to move toward the new, the optimized, and the improved.
The current macroeconomy is generally operating steadily
In the first half of this year, China's GDP growth rate was 4.7%, with economic operation within a reasonable range. The actual growth rate was basically on par with the potential growth rate, continuing the favorable trend of a narrowing output gap over the past two years, with supply-demand matching continuously improving and the stability of economic operation steadily strengthening. In the first half of the year, GDP increment reached 3.6 trillion yuan, a record high for the same period in the past five years, continuing to maintain a leading position in its contribution rate to global economic growth and continuing to serve as the main engine and stabilizer of world economic growth. China's economic growth rate remains ahead among major economies worldwide.
The macroeconomic operation in the first half of the year showed multiple highlights. First, the profitability of industrial enterprises improved markedly, with profits of industrial enterprises above the designated size growing 18.7 percent year on year. Second, prices rose moderately, with CPI up 1.0 percent year on year, consistent with the goal of "prices recovering reasonably." Third, the investment structure was optimized, with investment in high-tech industries growing 4.6 percent year on year, of which investment in the manufacturing of aircraft, spacecraft, and equipment grew 23.3 percent. Fourth, exports grew rapidly, with goods trade exports growing 13.4 percent and high-tech product exports growing 39 percent. Fifth, important macroeconomic indicators such as the surveyed urban unemployment rate and the scale of foreign exchange reserves performed well.
Taken together, China's economy has solid fundamental support and, in the face of external fluctuations and internal transformation pressures, has demonstrated strong resilience, laying a solid foundation for the second half of the year to coordinate the expansion of domestic demand, optimize supply, and prevent risks.
Difficulties and challenges in current macroeconomic operation
The meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee emphasized that "we must attach great importance to the difficulties and challenges in economic operation." This judgment realistically points out the difficulties and challenges existing in current economic operation, requiring us to strengthen confidence, rise to the challenge, and promote high-quality development to proceed steadily and far. According to the aggregate supply-aggregate demand analytical framework, the current macroeconomic operation mainly faces the following two types of difficulties and challenges.
From the short-term perspective, China's macroeconomic aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply, manifesting as the contradiction of strong supply and weak demand. The supply side of China's economy is growing well; in the first half of the year, the added value of industries above the designated size grew 5.4 percent year on year, and the added value of high-tech manufacturing grew 13.3 percent year on year. The demand side, especially household consumption, needs to be strengthened; in the first half of the year, total retail sales of consumer goods grew 1.3 percent year on year. As a result, the macroeconomy exhibits the contradiction of strong supply and weak demand. Weak demand is a stage-specific problem formed by the superposition of multiple factors including cyclical adjustment, the external environment, and institutional mechanisms. First, the development path formed in the past that emphasized production and investment has a certain inertia, and localities have not yet fully established evaluation mechanisms and assessment systems that take consumption and people's livelihoods as important orientations. Second, the deep adjustment of the real estate market, unstable expectations of residents' income, rising willingness for precautionary saving, and remaining shortcomings in the supply of social security and public services—these factors together suppress the release of residents' consumption potential. Third, exports have maintained a relatively high growth rate, but their driving effect on investment and consumption is weak. In the process of the export structure upgrading toward high-tech products, the capital-intensive characteristics of the high-end manufacturing industry chain have strengthened, and the ability of exports to absorb employment and drive residents' wage growth has declined to some extent; some foreign trade enterprises, out of the need for secure global industry chain layout, have increased overseas investment and imports of high-end equipment, and coupled with the fact that industrial dividends are mainly concentrated in leading high-tech enterprises, the spillover effect of exports on household consumption and investment by small and medium-sized enterprises has weakened. Fourth, new drivers of growth are growing rapidly, but their driving effect on domestic demand is weak. At present, new drivers of growth are growing relatively quickly and are mainly concentrated in the manufacturing production link, with insufficient extension of the industry chain and limited capacity for labor absorption. The supporting terminal livelihood industries such as digital consumption, cultural tourism, health and wellness, and green services are still inadequately cultivated, channels for residents to increase income and grow wealth have not yet been broadened, and the wealth effect for residents has not yet been fully released.
From the long-term perspective, China's macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, causing the potential growth rate to be below its reasonable level, manifesting as the contradiction of aggregate supply being below the optimal level. The reasonable level of the potential growth rate is the potential growth rate under the optimal macroeconomic structure, and it is the ideal economic growth rate of an economy. In the long run, for the macroeconomy to achieve a higher level of dynamic supply-demand equilibrium, the potential growth rate should strive to move closer to its reasonable level. In the first half of the year, China's reasonable level of the potential growth rate was approximately 5.5 percent, about 0.7 percentage points higher than the potential growth rate, showing that there is still some room for the potential growth rate to improve. The reason is that the macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, making it difficult for aggregate supply to reach its optimal level. In recent years, with the continued exertion of measures such as supply-side structural reform and demand-side management, macroeconomic structures including the industrial structure, demand structure, and income distribution structure have been continuously optimized. Taking the industrial structure as an example, the transformation and upgrading index released by the National Bureau of Statistics has shown a continuous upward trend in recent years, indicating that the industrial structure is continuously optimizing. However, China's economy is still in the process of transformation, and the macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, which also makes it difficult for the potential growth rate to reach a reasonable level. It is precisely against this background that the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline has included "structural adjustment" as an important component of improving the macroeconomic governance system.
Relying solely on countercyclical short-term stabilization policies cannot resolve the above two principal contradictions. We should, in accordance with the deployment of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party to "improve the macroeconomic governance system," coordinate the three types of policies—stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies—and promote the "integration of three types of policies" in macro policy, achieving stable short-term operation and long-term stable growth under an optimal economic structure. Specifically, two key points should be grasped. First, actively use structural policies to focus on optimizing the macroeconomic structure and expanding space for raising the potential growth rate. Second, steadily advance the major task deployments in the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline regarding industrial upgrading and scientific and technological innovation, and actively yet prudently promote stable economic growth.
Key directions and specific tasks of macro policies in the next stage
Deconstructing the principal contradictions of the macroeconomy along the two dimensions of the short term and the long term helps to see through the surface of current economic operation problems, anchor their deep-seated cruxes, and thereby provide a more solid logical basis for precise policy implementation. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee's requirement that macro policies "intensify efforts to expand domestic demand and optimize supply" is precisely a systematic deployment made with a view to the principal contradictions in both the short term and the long term. "Expanding domestic demand" anchors the principal contradiction of insufficient aggregate demand in the short term, while "optimizing supply" anchors the principal contradiction of aggregate supply being below the optimal level in the long term. Planning and implementing macro policies based on the principal contradictions in economic operation can enhance the precision of macroeconomic regulation and policy effectiveness from the root. Specifically, macro policies need to exert coordinated force from the three dimensions of stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies, forming a policy combination that integrates the short term and the long term and is logically rigorous and self-consistent.
Actively use structural policies to break "structural stickiness." The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline emphasizes "improving the macro-control target system, coordinating short-term and medium- and long-term goals, aggregate balance and structural adjustment," further elevating the importance of optimizing the economic structure in the macro-control target system and providing broader space for structural policies. The goal of structural policies is to optimize the aggregate demand structure, supply structure, industrial structure, income distribution structure, and so forth, breaking the "structural stickiness" caused by structural imbalances. Along with the continued exertion of supply-side structural reform, China's economic structure has been continuously optimized. Structural policies should focus on breaking "structural stickiness" and creating a favorable environment for raising the potential growth rate. First, optimize the investment structure, increasing the share of productive investment and private investment. Second, optimize the debt structure, reducing the debt repayment pressure on enterprises. Third, optimize the income distribution structure, increasing the income of middle- and low-income groups.
Actively use growth policies to promote the potential growth rate moving closer to its reasonable level. Growth policies help stimulate the endogenous driving force of economic growth, thereby better achieving high-quality development. On the one hand, growth policies provide core impetus for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system; on the other hand, growth policies provide fundamental support for deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and accelerating the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Through growth policies to further stimulate development potential, it is necessary to promote technological innovation, human capital accumulation, and the cultivation of new quality productive forces, so that the potential growth rate gradually approaches a reasonable level; deeply implement the "artificial intelligence+" action, actively promote breakthroughs in frontier technologies and the development of future industries, focus on building new pillar industries, continuously promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system. Two points need attention. First, in the process of developing new quality productive forces through growth policies, localities should not all rush in at once; new quality productive forces should be developed according to local conditions. Second, while adhering to a long-term policy orientation, growth policies should also take into account short-term impacts, adopt employment-friendly industrial policies, focus on stabilizing and expanding employment, and actively guard against the employment pressure that may be brought by the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence.
Actively use stabilization policies to expand domestic demand and promote aggregate demand moving closer to aggregate supply. In the first half of the year, monetary policy and fiscal policy, as the two pillars of stabilization policies, exerted coordinated force, and macro policies achieved positive results in supporting the sound operation of the macroeconomy. To do a good job in economic work in the second half of the year, it is necessary to follow the deployment of this Political Bureau meeting to promote macro policies to "exert force and improve effectiveness," especially to "implement a more proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy, fully leverage the effectiveness of various existing policies, promptly plan and introduce pragmatic and effective incremental policies, and increase the intensity of countercyclical adjustment," and at the same time "optimize the implementation of fiscal-financial coordination policies to promote domestic demand." Fiscal policy needs to "accelerate the progress of fiscal expenditure and the use of bond funds, and vigorously advance the construction of the 'two major projects' and the work of the 'two new programs.'" At the same time, actively implement the requirement deployed in the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline to "optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure and reasonably increase the proportion of public service expenditure in fiscal expenditure," laying a more solid foundation for boosting household consumption. Monetary policy should, on the basis of further unblocking the transmission mechanism, comprehensively use various policy tools and continue to promote the overall social financing cost to remain at a low level. With the active cooperation of structural policies and growth policies, the transmission efficiency of monetary policy and fiscal policy will be significantly improved, thereby effectively driving the growth of household consumption and enterprise investment.
Promote the coordinated exertion of stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies to achieve dynamic supply-demand equilibrium at a higher level. Stabilization policies should anchor aggregate demand, smooth short-term fluctuations through countercyclical adjustment, and focus on expanding domestic demand; growth policies should anchor aggregate supply, providing sustained impetus for long-term growth by improving total factor productivity; structural policies should anchor the macroeconomic structure, promoting the achievement of dynamic equilibrium between aggregate supply and aggregate demand at a higher level by optimizing various macroeconomic structures. In order to ensure that the three major types of policies can truly form a joint force, the cooperation of deep-level reforms is also needed, with reforms in the statistical system and the incentive mechanisms for local governments being particularly critical. By actively shifting the assessment orientation toward "emphasizing consumption and people's livelihoods," it is possible to promote stabilization policies to devote their main energy to boosting aggregate demand, and to promote growth policies and structural policies to devote their main energy to effective supply that matches residents' needs, achieving dynamic supply-demand equilibrium at a higher level.
In general, stabilization policies should anchor aggregate demand, smoothing short-term fluctuations through countercyclical adjustment; growth policies should anchor aggregate supply, providing impetus for long-term growth by improving total factor productivity; structural policies should anchor the macroeconomic structure, breaking "structural stickiness" by optimizing various structures and creating conditions for the transmission of stabilization policies and growth policies. The three have their own focuses and support each other, jointly forming a systematic, integrated, coordinated, and efficient policy combination, and only then can dynamic supply-demand equilibrium be achieved at a higher level. In the face of problems such as insufficient short-term demand and long-term structural imbalance in current economic operation, this macro policy framework that combines the short term and the long term with clear logic can effectively address the two principal contradictions, consolidate the foundation for long-term development while stabilizing short-term growth, and promote China's economy to continue improving steadily and proceed steadily and far.
(The author is the Director of the Institute of Industrial Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 白鹭
Being prepared for adversity is the enduring way of governing a state. Strengthening awareness of potential dangers and remaining vigilant in times of peace are important tenets of China's fine traditional culture and a major principle consistently upheld by our Party in governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly pointed out that we must adhere to coordinating development and security, strengthen awareness of opportunities and risks, establish bottom-line thinking, estimate difficulties more fully, think about risks more deeply, focus on plugging loopholes and strengthening weak links, make the first move and fight the initiative battle, and effectively prevent and resolve various risks and challenges. In the face of intertwined and叠加 risks and hidden dangers, the key lies in adhering to prevention first and source control, promoting the transformation from post-incident handling to pre-incident prevention, and responding to the uncertainty of the development environment with the certainty of proactive risk prevention and resolution.
A skilled chess player seeks the overall momentum; an unskilled one seeks only individual pieces. Various risks often do not appear in isolation but are intertwined and linked, forming a risk complex. This requires leading cadres to have in their minds a panoramic picture of risks and hidden dangers across all fields and aspects, to break free from the limitations of single-point and single-field thinking, to place work safety within the broader context of economic and social development, to integrate safety prevention and control into the entire process and all fields of development, to coordinate industry supervision with territorial responsibility, to balance immediate special rectification with long-term institutional development, and to improve mechanisms for risk assessment, risk prevention and control coordination, and risk prevention and control responsibility. Be vigilant against hidden and derivative risks, promptly block the channels of transformation between risks in different fields, effectively prevent the chain linkage and cumulative叠加 of various risks, avoid "treating the head when the head aches and treating the foot when the foot hurts," and prevent local risk failures from affecting the overall situation. For accidents that have already occurred, one should be good at learning from each experience, drawing inferences from one case to another, and treating every hazard disposal and every hidden danger exposure as an opportunity to examine governance shortcomings.
Before placing a piece, first consider its changes. Correctly predicting risks is the prerequisite for preventing risks and the key to seeking the initiative. The root cause of many safety accidents lies in some leading cadres' weak awareness of risks and lack of bottom-line thinking, or being satisfied with the current state of no incidents and being unaware or belatedly aware of long-accumulated risks and hidden dangers, or reducing risk assessment to mere formality, only passively responding when risks erupt, hastily fighting fires, and causing major disasters. Risk prevention and control cannot rely on "mending the fold after the sheep are lost," but rather on making response plans with bottom-line thinking and extreme-scenario thinking, conducting more forward-looking assessment of budding and tendency problems, having more predictive understanding of risks and uncertain factors, continuously improving the ability to scientifically foresee changes and promptly perceive risks, and achieving early identification, early warning, early detection, and early disposal. Conduct risk assessment on a regular basis, capture potential crises from subtle signs, combine risk response practice with regular review and reflection, dig deep into institutional loopholes, responsibility gaps, and regulatory blind spots, practice the concept of "better to guard ten times and find nothing than to fail once and lose everything," truly resolve problems when they are still budding and before they become disasters, avoid small risks evolving into large risks, local risks evolving into systemic risks, and economic risks evolving into political risks, and firmly grasp the initiative in risk prevention and control.
The wise person's consideration must weigh both advantages and disadvantages. The "first" in making the first move lies not only in grasping things early and small and preventing problems before they arise, but also in making precise moves and seizing the initiative. If advance deployment is mere going through the motions, and when things happen one grabs at eyebrows and beards indiscriminately, then at the moment when every second counts in emergency response, one will fall into the predicament of a "false first move" where one appears to take the lead but is actually passive everywhere. Leading cadres must see through phenomena to grasp the essence, comprehensively and objectively analyze the nature and category of risks, achieve clarity in mind, implement classified measures, and precisely defuse bombs, effectively controlling the situation and resolving crises. One must learn to play the piano and grasp the ox's nose simultaneously, clarify priorities, grasp key points, move the gate forward to the most concentrated and weakest links of risk, always place people first and life first, and fight both the prepared battle of preventing and resisting risks and the strategic initiative battle of turning danger into safety and crisis into opportunity. At the same time, one must clearly recognize that risks and hidden dangers are recurrent and stubborn, adhere to using cases to promote governance and reviewing for self-reflection, achieve the effect of handling one case, warning a whole area, and governing a whole domain, promote the transformation of individual case experience and lessons into regular governance effectiveness, and drive the overall improvement of governance standards through case-based governance.
Not being trapped lies in early planning; not being exhausted lies in early preparation. On the new journey, the heavier the development tasks, the more leading cadres must always maintain awareness of potential dangers, make preparations before the rain when "the mountain rain is about to come," discern the subtle when "the wind rises from the duckweed," and with a sense of responsibility that is always concerned, achieve accurate identification of changes, scientific response to changes, and proactive pursuit of changes, always firmly grasp the initiative in development and hold the safety bottom line for high-quality development.
Return to TopBy: 朱黎阳
The National Development and Reform Commission has issued the "15th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Circular Economy" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), which systematically maps out the overall thinking, key tasks, and safeguard measures for the development of China's circular economy over the next five years. The "15th Five-Year Plan" period is a critical period for China's high-quality development and also a decisive period for achieving the carbon peak target. The circular economy shoulders new missions and undertakes new responsibilities: it must both build a solid line of defense for security under the backdrop of tightening resource supply, and expand the space for green development under the guidance of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, and moreover cultivate new growth drivers in the overall context of economic transformation and upgrading. Correctly understanding and grasping the main directions of attack for the development of China's circular economy during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period is of great significance for promoting high-quality development, safeguarding national resource security, and achieving the carbon peak target on schedule.
Building a multi-dimensional institutional system for the circular economy.
The construction of China's circular economy institutional system has gone through a process from single-point breakthroughs to systematic integration. A number of special regulations have been issued for waste electrical and electronic products, end-of-life motor vehicles, and other items, and more than 600 relevant national standards have been formulated and improved covering energy conservation, water conservation, material conservation, and waste reuse. A complete system of laws, regulations, and standards, together with clear institutional mechanisms, constitutes the "four beams and eight pillars" (sì liáng bā zhù - "four beams, eight pillars," the main supporting framework) for the circular economy to proceed steadily and far. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to adhere to a systematic approach and accelerate the improvement of a circular economy institutional system featuring complete laws and regulations, smooth institutional mechanisms, and strong policy safeguards.
At the level of laws and regulations, strengthen the application of results from law enforcement inspections of the Circular Economy Promotion Law, and actively promote the revision of the law. Accelerate the revision of supporting regulations such as those on the recycling of renewable resources. Deepen the extended producer responsibility system. Improve the statistical evaluation system. At the standards level, accelerate the establishment of a national technical committee for circular economy standardization, and systematically build a full-chain standards system covering green design, clean production, standardized recycling, and efficient utilization. At the level of comprehensive policies, coordinate funds at all levels and from all types of sources to support the construction of key projects, and guide financial institutions to increase investment and financing efforts; continue to implement tax incentives for the comprehensive utilization of resources and the "reverse invoicing" policy, and strengthen safeguards for factors such as land use and energy use. At the same time, actively promote Chinese products and technologies to "go global," and give a Chinese voice in the formulation of global rules.
Comprehensively promoting source reduction in key areas.
As the primary principle of the circular economy, reduction runs through the entire chain of production, circulation, and consumption, with the core being to synergistically reduce resource consumption, pollutant emissions, and waste generation from the source. Taking lightweight automotive design as an example, through the substitution of lightweight materials and structural optimization, vehicle body weight can be reduced by 20%–30%, saving 1–2 tons of fuel over the full life cycle. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to make coordinated efforts at the product end, the industry end, and the consumption end to comprehensively build a solid foundation for reduction.
At the product end, promote green design. Systematically embed requirements for energy conservation, water conservation, material conservation, ease of recycling, and low pollution from the source of R&D and design. Guide enterprises to give priority to selecting renewable, degradable, non-toxic, and harmless green materials, and improve the level of product modularization, disassemblability, and recyclability. At the industry end, promote cleaner production. Continue to deepen mandatory cleaner production audits in key industries. Guide enterprises to accelerate the elimination of outdated processes and equipment, and promote the application of new technologies and new processes for energy conservation, water conservation, and material conservation. Explore the construction of "zero-waste" mines. At the consumption end, emphasize green guidance. Vigorously advocate a simple, moderate, green, and low-carbon lifestyle. Deeply advance the "bamboo instead of plastic" promotion campaign and the green transformation of express delivery packaging, and strengthen whole-chain governance of excessive product packaging. Guide consumers to consciously choose energy-saving, water-saving, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly products and services.
Striving to improve the level of waste resource utilization.
As the core link of the circular economy, resource utilization is currently a key pathway for making up for the insufficiency of primary resources and safeguarding the supply of strategic resources. In 2025, China's recovery and utilization volume of major renewable resources exceeded 410 million tons, of which the utilization volume of scrap steel was approximately 260 million tons. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is appropriate to adopt category-based measures based on the industrial, agricultural, urban construction, and other fields, and accelerate the improvement of the level of resource utilization.
Strengthen the efficient circular utilization of industrial resources. Strengthen the classified disposal and resource utilization of bulk industrial solid waste, and steadily promote large-scale consumption and utilization. Expand the utilization channels of tailings, coal gangue, fly ash, smelting slag, and others in the production of building materials, road construction, and landfilling, and improve the level of extraction of valuable components. Deepen the ecological circular development of agriculture and forestry. Expand the "five uses" (wǔ liào - "five materials," referring to the five utilization pathways of straw: fertilizer, feed, fuel, base material, and raw material) utilization of straw, and promote the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure. Advance the energy-oriented and material-oriented utilization of forestry residues, garden waste, and others. Promote three-dimensional management models. Improve the level of high-value utilization of urban waste. Carry out an upgrade campaign for "urban mining" demonstration bases to promote industrial agglomeration and development. Improve the level of refined and high-value utilization of end-of-life motor vehicles, waste electrical and electronic products, and others. Vigorously promote green construction throughout the entire process of engineering construction, and strengthen the classified collection, transportation, and resource utilization of construction waste. Accelerate the circular utilization of solid waste such as the "new three items" (xīn sān yàng - "new three items," referring to new energy vehicles, power batteries, and photovoltaic products). Consolidate the primary responsibility of power battery and new energy vehicle manufacturers for recycling, and build a full-life-cycle recycling and utilization system for new energy vehicle power batteries. Formulate management measures for the recycling and utilization of decommissioned wind power and photovoltaic equipment, and issue standard conditions for the comprehensive utilization industry. Strive to promote the resource utilization of waste from new types of infrastructure such as computing facilities.
Continuously expanding the scale of the reuse industry.
Reuse emphasizes extending the service life of products through repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and other means without changing the basic form and function of the product, thereby maximizing the efficiency of resource utilization. Compared with resource utilization, reuse is a higher level of circularity, as it preserves the energy and labor already invested in the product manufacturing process and avoids the resource consumption of repeated manufacturing. At present, China's reuse industry is at a critical period of scale development, with the annual output value of the remanufacturing industry increasing to nearly 200 billion yuan and the transaction volume of second-hand goods reaching 1.69 trillion yuan. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to coordinate both domestic and international markets, and around the four major levers of product remanufacturing, second-hand commodity circulation, the promotion and application of recycled materials, and the import of overseas recycled raw materials, take multiple measures to continuously expand the scale of the reuse industry.
Promote high-level remanufacturing. Promote the remanufacturing of high-end equipment such as tunnel boring machines, industrial robots, and high-end machine tools. Strengthen R&D of advanced technologies such as additive manufacturing, and improve the evaluation and certification system for remanufactured products by category. Regulate the circulation of second-hand goods. Establish and improve rules for quality appraisal, evaluation, and trading of second-hand goods. Promote the standardized development of second-hand trading platforms, and strengthen platforms' review of commodity information and quality control. Encourage the development of business forms such as community "flea markets." Improve the after-sales service and rights protection mechanisms for second-hand goods. Strengthen the promotion and application of recycled materials. Guide key products such as household appliances, automobiles, and batteries to increase the proportion of recycled materials such as plastics. Strengthen R&D of application technologies for recycled materials. Coordinate the import of overseas recycled raw materials. Accelerate the improvement of the whole-chain working mechanism for import and utilization, optimize approval and management processes, steadily expand the categories of compliant imports, promote the standardized utilization of high-quality overseas recycled resources, and form a "dual-source complementarity" with the domestic recycling system.
Building a waste recycling network by category.
In the past two years, driven by the "two new" actions (liǎng xīn - "two new," referring to large-scale equipment renewal and trade-ins of consumer goods), the construction of the recycling network has entered the fast track of quality improvement and capacity expansion. Across the country, more than 29,000 intelligent community recycling facilities for renewable resources have been added cumulatively, and the supply and marketing cooperative system has newly built and renovated more than 4,000 standardized and normalized recycling stations. As the front-end foundation for the efficient operation of the entire circular economy chain, the coverage breadth and operational efficiency of the recycling network directly determine the scale and quality of subsequent resource utilization. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to further strengthen refined collection on the industrial side, promote standardized recycling from the social side, and improve the recycling capacity of key categories, thereby opening up the "first mile" of resource circular utilization.
Promote refined management and effective recycling on the industrial side. In the industrial field, strengthen closed-loop management throughout the entire process, consolidate enterprise responsibilities, and implement classified collection and storage. In the agricultural field, improve collection and transport capacity, build livestock and poultry manure collection and treatment facilities according to local conditions, improve the straw storage, transport, and supply system, and cultivate specialized third-party service entities. Improve the recycling layout at the social level. Improve the hierarchical layout of "recycling outlets + sorting centers." Accelerate the construction of recycling stations and transfer facilities with composite functions such as classified recycling, sorting and transfer, and resource-oriented pretreatment. Promote the new model of "Internet + recycling." Accelerate the building of national functional recycling and utilization platforms. Build specialized closed-loop recycling chains for key categories. Accelerate the construction of a number of large-scale, modern regional sorting centers for bulk renewable resources such as scrap steel and non-ferrous scrap metals. Promote the establishment of reverse recycling systems by production enterprises for automobiles, household appliances, batteries, and others. Smooth the specialized recycling networks for decommissioned wind power and photovoltaic equipment and decommissioned computing facilities.
Accelerating industrial upgrading and quality improvement.
At present, China has formed a resource recycling and utilization industry characterized by the circular utilization of various types of waste, with an annual output value of approximately 5 trillion yuan. The Plan also sets the goal of reaching an output value of 8 trillion yuan for the resource recycling and utilization industry by 2030. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to adhere to a problem-oriented, innovation-driven approach, make sustained efforts in industrial upgrading, and promote the optimization of industrial layout, the improvement of technology, processes, and equipment, and the development of specialized services.
Optimize the industrial layout. Establish and improve a production capacity monitoring and early warning mechanism, guide social capital to enter rationally and orderly, and prevent state-owned enterprises that are not in their main responsibility and main business at the central and local levels from entering the resource recycling industry in a disorderly manner. Eliminate outdated production capacity in accordance with laws and regulations, and prevent a rush of blind investment and low-level redundant construction. Strengthen technological breakthroughs. Around links such as refined sorting of waste, efficient smelting, and high-value processing, break through a number of key technical bottlenecks, and promote the deep application of new-generation information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things in the field of the circular economy. Expand service business forms. Develop professional services such as circular economy consulting, design, certification, and testing, and cultivate a number of comprehensive circular economy service providers with strong competitiveness. Develop the platform economy in the field of the circular economy, and strengthen the cultivation of circular economy talent. Strengthen industry supervision. Implement standardized management of the comprehensive utilization industry for renewable resources. Improve the cross-departmental joint law enforcement working mechanism, and strengthen the crackdown on illegal acts such as illegal recycling, illegal dismantling, and illegal dumping.
(The author is the President of the China Circular Economy Association.)
Return to TopBy: 崔琳
This summer, Chinese air-conditioning products have been selling well in the European market. Data from the General Administration of Customs shows that in the first half of 2026, China's air-conditioning exports to the EU grew by 43.2% year-on-year, hitting a record high for the same period in history, of which imports by France, the Netherlands, and Belgium doubled year-on-year, and exports of installation-free mobile air conditioners increased by more than 70%. In recent years, "Made in China" products with superior quality and favorable prices have frequently "broken out of the circle" in the global market, with product innovation, demand-capturing ability, brand influence, and core competitiveness continuously strengthening. A series of products such as air conditioners and new-energy vehicles, relying on technological upgrading and green, low-carbon advantages, continue to win favor in overseas markets. The latest data from the National Bureau of Statistics shows that in the first half of 2026, China's total goods imports and exports reached 25.5 trillion yuan, of which exports grew by 13.4% and imports grew by 22.1%. Against the backdrop of slowing global trade growth, China's imports and exports still demonstrate strong resilience. High-quality Chinese products are accelerating their global expansion, continuously satisfying the aspirations of people around the world for a better life. This "two-way journey" between supply and demand not only reflects the advantages of China's complete industrial system, but also embodies the "China speed" of rapidly responding to market demand, and further bears witness to the acceleration of the transformation of China's old and new growth drivers.
The advantages of a complete industrial system nurture strong industrial manufacturing capabilities. China is the only country in the world possessing all industrial categories in the United Nations industrial classification, with the added value of manufacturing accounting for nearly 30% of the global share, and the overall scale ranking first in the world for 15 consecutive years, making it a truly worthy manufacturing powerhouse. Looking at the air-conditioning industry, in 2025 China's air-conditioning output reached 267 million units, with complete-machine production capacity accounting for 80% of the global share, forming a supply pattern in which core components such as compressors, heat exchangers, and motors are independently matched and supported, with upstream and downstream industries integrated and coordinated. When the European heatwave struck, facing surging market demand, Chinese enterprises, relying on the complete industrial system, were able to rapidly organize production and allocate resources within a short period, completing the entire process from parts procurement to complete-machine shipment, and through convenient logistics solutions represented by the China-Europe Railway Express, delivered the coolness of "Made in China" to millions of households, fully demonstrating the industrial system integration advantages based on China's complete industrial system.
Deep cultivation of global market segments has forged agile demand-response capabilities. Market demand changes rapidly, consumers in different regions have differentiated preferences, and different countries also have varying requirements for product energy efficiency and environmental standards. The overseas surge in orders for Chinese air conditioners appears on the surface to be an incidental phenomenon under extreme high-temperature weather, but in essence it is the inevitable result of Chinese enterprises' long-term deep cultivation of overseas markets and precise capture of demand. For a long time, constrained by restrictions on building facade renovation and high installation costs, air-conditioning coverage in Europe has remained relatively low. Chinese enterprises did not retreat because of this; instead, targeting pain points such as "difficulty in drilling holes and high installation costs," they launched installation-free, plug-and-play mobile air conditioners, easy-to-install air conditioners that can be disassembled with "a single screw" without damaging walls, and environmentally friendly air conditioners that meet the EU's top-tier energy consumption standards and adapt to low-carbon development needs... From exporting products to exporting solutions, Chinese air conditioners have solved a series of problems such as "whether they exist," "whether they are good," and "whether they are fast," satisfying European consumers' demand for convenient and efficient cooling. Today's Made in China, in the process of precisely embedding into local consumption scenarios, is gradually forming a strong supply capability of "customized on demand, rapid response."
The transformation of old and new growth drivers is accelerating. At present, China's comparative advantages in international competition are shifting from traditional factors to innovation-driven ones, and the economy is steadily accelerating toward being new and superior. In the first half of 2026, the contribution rate of new growth drivers to economic growth exceeded 40%, and traditional industries are achieving quality improvement and upgrading through digital-intelligent transformation and the accumulation of innovative technologies. Starting from assembly and processing, China's air-conditioning industry, after long-term accumulation and innovation, is realizing the butterfly transformation from "following" to "running alongside" and "leading." The air-conditioning refrigeration compressor is the "core heart" of the air conditioner. Although China's compressor production capacity accounts for 90% of the global share, this technology was once constrained by others. After more than 30 years of vigorous catch-up, Chinese enterprises, relying on independent innovation, have achieved breakthroughs in key technologies and led the formulation of two international standards for compressors. In addition, in frontier fields such as variable-frequency control and intelligent interconnection, Chinese air-conditioning enterprises have also made early deployments, with continuously increasing product added value. What is commendable is that this innovation capability exists not only in "large industries" but is also concentrated in "small commodities." Also selling well in Europe alongside air conditioners are multiple "cooling artifacts" precisely improved according to European user needs, such as portable sun-protection umbrellas integrating sun protection, cooling, and humidification functions, and sun hats with built-in fans, allowing Made in China to embed into daily life scenarios in a "small but beautiful" form and meet people's livelihood needs.
Manufacturing is the foundation of the nation and the bedrock of a strong country. The popularity of Chinese air conditioners overseas is a microcosm of the continuous upgrading of the inherent advantages of Made in China. The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan emphasizes "adhering to focusing the efforts of economic development on the real economy," proposing goals such as accelerating the building of a manufacturing powerhouse, maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing, and constructing a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as the backbone. At present, China's manufacturing industry is undergoing a critical leap from large to strong, and comparative competitive advantages are also gradually shifting from traditional factors to high-end factors such as technology, brand, and standards. Against the backdrop of accelerated breakthroughs in the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the technology, markets, and experience accumulated by Made in China over the past decades are being transformed into industrial competitiveness and sustainability in unprecedented ways. This process will also face certain risks and challenges, and therefore efforts should be made in the following aspects.
First, comprehensively enhance independent innovation capabilities and continuously foster new quality productive forces. Focus on weak links in the industrial chain and supply chain, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, improve the institutional mechanisms for collaborative research between industry, academia, and research, and promote deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation. Aim at diversified, differentiated, and continuously upgrading consumer demand, make forward-looking deployments in frontier technology research and development, enhance technology reserves, provide sustained momentum for product innovation and iteration, and promote the transformation of the manufacturing industry toward intelligent, green, and integrated directions.
Second, fully leverage the advantages of the complete industrial system and build an efficient, coordinated, safe, and controllable industrial chain and supply chain system. Relying on China's complete range of industrial supporting capabilities, strive to build an upstream-downstream coordinated production-supply chain ecosystem, improve the modern infrastructure system, unblock the bottlenecks and sticking points in the industrial chain and supply chain, reduce institutional transaction costs, fully leverage the advantages of economies of scale, integrated innovation, and rapid production capacity response, and enhance the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain.
Third, strive to build a healthy competitive order and prevent and resolve "involution-style" competition. In the process of good products going global, special attention should be paid to the risk of "externalization of involution." By strengthening antitrust and anti-unfair competition enforcement, guide enterprises to shift from price competition to competition in quality, technology, and brand. At the same time, improve the promotion mechanism for healthy and orderly industrial development, promote the transformation of industrial policies toward inclusive and functional directions, create a fair, transparent, and predictable market environment for enterprises, and effectively promote high-quality development of enterprises.
Facts have proven that good products speak for themselves. Relying on strong supply capabilities, China has become the "stabilizer" of the global production and supply chain. Chinese products that are "new and superior" are winning the recognition of world consumers and contributing to satisfying real people's livelihood needs. Looking to the future, a China that upholds the concept of openness and win-win cooperation and deeply participates in globalization will add more certainty to world economic development with a vibrant and resilient modern industrial system.
Return to TopBy: 广东省人大常委会党组书记、主任 黄楚平
At present, a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is developing in depth. New fields and new tracks represented by artificial intelligence, embodied robots, and the low-altitude economy are accelerating their rise, becoming key engines for promoting high-quality development and shaping new momentum and new advantages. General Secretary Xi Jinping, standing at the height of the overall development of the Party and the country's undertakings, made important arrangements specifically on "strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks" at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party in 2024, further put forward important requirements when inspecting Guangdong in November 2025, and emphasized at the opening ceremony of the 2026 World Artificial Intelligence Conference and High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance in July this year that "the more AI technology develops 一日千里 (yī rì qiān lǐ - "a thousand li in a day," advancing at tremendous speed), the more firmly the direction of upward goodness and benefiting humanity must be anchored, the more precisely the scale of regulatory governance must be grasped, and the more promptly measures to prevent loss of control must be improved," providing us with fundamental guidance and injecting strong momentum for grasping the global trend of scientific and technological development and improving the governance system for emerging and future industries.
Deeply understand the great significance of strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
New fields and new tracks have distinctive characteristics such as strong technological frontier nature, broad scenario expansion, and deep cross-border integration, posing all-round challenges to the traditional legal framework and regulatory model. Strengthening institutional supply in this regard is both an inevitable requirement for conforming to the trend of the scientific and technological revolution and ensuring safe industrial development, and a strategic measure for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity and enhancing discourse power in international rules.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is an inherent requirement for conforming to industrial and technological change. As global scientific and technological innovation enters an unprecedentedly dense and active period, frontier technologies represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information, biotechnology, new energy, and new materials are emerging in groups, continuously giving rise to new industries, new models, and new momentum. The exponential explosion of technological breakthroughs, the integrative fission of industrial forms, and the revolutionary renewal of the factor system are profoundly rewriting the underlying logic of productive forces. If the matching production relations, governance rules, and factor allocation systems lag behind or are absent, institutional barriers will inevitably form, impeding the full release of new quality productive forces. Practice has proven that technological breakthrough is the first move, and institutional supply is the ballast stone. Only by adapting to technological change with systematic institutional innovation can we seize the strategic commanding heights of global industrial competition. Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is essentially about building new production relations more compatible with new quality productive forces, removing institutional and mechanistic obstacles constraining scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading, providing fundamental guarantees for revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading, and opening broad space for the vigorous development of new quality productive forces.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is key support for building a modern industrial system. New fields and new tracks are new pillars and growth poles of the modern industrial system. Through a series of institutional designs such as improving the coordinated development mechanism of the industrial chain, perfecting the new nationwide system for tackling key core technologies, and building an inclusive and prudent regulatory framework, the bottlenecks in the entire industrial chain from technological research and development, pilot-scale transformation to large-scale application are removed, guiding advanced production factors such as capital, talent, and data to gather toward the high-end links of the industry. Practice has proven that lagging institutional supply is a key bottleneck in the development of emerging industries. Taking the sea-land-air full-space intelligent unmanned system as an example, this field covers three major industries: unmanned driving vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and unmanned vessels, involving multiple legal issues such as airspace resource use, right-of-way allocation, operational supervision, liability determination, data algorithms, and privacy protection. The liability determination for unmanned driving vehicles still needs to be further clarified in law, the management of airspace suitable for unmanned aerial vehicle flight still needs to be refined, and there is no special legislation in the field of unmanned vessels. By strengthening institutional supply, institutional obstacles can be precisely removed, transaction costs reduced, and competition order regulated, loosening constraints and providing guarantees for the large-scale commercial landing of emerging industries.
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is a strategic choice for winning the initiative in international competition and participating in global governance. The world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century. International industrial and technological competition is unprecedentedly fierce, with the focus increasingly concentrated on the dominance and discourse power of new fields and new tracks. Whoever can first build an institutional system, rules and standards, and governance model adapted to new fields and new tracks will seize the commanding heights of the scientific and technological revolution, the dominance of industrial development, and the discourse power of international rules. Conversely, if institutional supply lags behind, one may fall into the passive situation of "technology has broken through, but the industry cannot grow" and "innovation leads, but rules are controlled by others." In addition, the technological research and development, industrial collaboration, and market expansion of new fields and new tracks are deeply embedded in the global industrial chain and innovation chain, with obvious internationalization characteristics. Developed economies have successively elevated the development of emerging industries and future industries to national strategies, seeking to lead the formulation of international standards through domestic rule practice by enriching legislative, policy, and standard toolboxes, and seizing the initiative in global rule blank areas and game periods. Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks is precisely about building institutional advantages that conform to international practice, lead the trend of the times, and have Chinese characteristics, and striving for the initiative in the future development of new fields and new tracks.
Accurately grasp the principles and concepts for strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks must adhere to the correct direction, follow scientific laws, and highlight key links, ensuring that institutional design is precise, effective, pragmatic, and useful.
Adhere to the Party's overall leadership and firmly grasp the correct political direction. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "the requirement of strengthening the Party's leadership over all work is not empty or abstract; it must be implemented and reflected in all aspects and links." Strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks must deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the "two establishments," enhance the "four consciousnesses," strengthen the "four confidences," and achieve the "two safeguards," running Party leadership through the entire process of institutional design, implementation, and supervision, ensuring that institutional supply always advances in the direction guided by General Secretary Xi Jinping, always serves the country's major strategic needs, and always conforms to the fundamental requirements of Chinese-style modernization.
Adhere to putting the people first and reflect the public attribute of governance. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that "the test of the effectiveness of all our work ultimately depends on whether the people have truly received benefits, whether the people's lives have truly improved, and whether the people's rights and interests have truly been guaranteed." The core fields of this round of scientific and technological revolution include artificial intelligence, biological manufacturing, quantum technology, and others, which naturally have strong public goods attributes and are deeply reshaping production methods, distribution patterns, and social structures. They are conducive to consolidating the material foundation of the whole society, but may also bring problems such as employment polarization, distribution imbalance, and development gaps. They cannot simply be left to spontaneous market dominance; it is necessary to promote the goodness of technology through institutional supply. This requires taking the satisfaction of the people's yearning for a better life as the starting point and foothold, improving the rule system for new production factors to participate in distribution, perfecting the governance rules for artificial intelligence algorithms, and guiding platforms and technology enterprises to assume distribution responsibility mechanisms, so that new technologies and new industries better serve the improvement of the people's quality of life and the promotion of people's comprehensive development.
Adhere to innovation-driven development and serve the development of new quality productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "the notable feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, including both innovation at the level of technology and business models and innovation at the level of management and institutions." New fields and new tracks are the most active and dense fields of innovation. Following the existing regulatory logic will not only compress the space for enterprise technological trial and error and scenario innovation, but also hinder the layout of production factors in frontier fields, missing the strategic window for the industry to change tracks and overtake. Therefore, institutional supply in this regard must closely focus on the main line of serving innovation, encouraging innovation, and protecting innovation, resolutely remove all ideological obstacles and institutional barriers constraining innovation, improve systems such as intellectual property protection, transformation of scientific and technological achievements, incentive for scientific researchers, and market-based allocation of factors, build an institutional environment that encourages exploration, tolerates failure, and is open and inclusive, so that institutional supply always keeps pace with the rhythm of technological change, and maximally stimulates the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of various innovation subjects.
Adhere to being inclusive and prudent, and pay attention to coordinating development and security. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that "future industries have rapid technology iteration, many influencing factors, and high decision-making risks, placing higher demands on our leadership ability and governance level." New fields and new tracks have the characteristics of great growth potential, strong uncertainty, and wide risk spillover. On the one hand, their development laws are still being explored. From technological breakthrough to scenario landing, from model exploration to industrial maturity, they often go through a long process of repeated market trial and error and continuous iteration. On the other hand, disruptive breakthroughs in frontier technologies are accompanied by endogenous risks. Barbaric development may bring algorithm abuse, privacy leakage, ethical anomie, and other problems. Only by respecting science and conforming to laws in institutional design, balancing innovation tolerance and risk prevention and control, adopting flexible governance methods such as "sandbox regulation," "trigger-based" regulation, and "observation period" management, leaving sufficient trial-and-error space for technology iteration and industrial cultivation while building institutional defense lines for science and technology ethics and data security in advance, can we ensure the safety and controllability of key fields such as technology, data, industrial chain, and supply chain, and ensure the steady and healthy development of emerging industries and future industries.
Effectively give play to the important role of legislation in institutional supply for new fields and new tracks
New fields and new tracks are essentially a systematic change covering adjustment of production methods, reshaping of governance models, and breakthroughs in institutional mechanisms, and are a concrete form of further comprehensively deepening reform extending toward the frontier of productive forces and institutional blank areas. The deeper reform enters the deep water zone and uncharted territory, the more it cannot do without the guidance, regulation, and guarantee of the rule of law. The more disruptive the industrial change, the more systematic and predictable institutional supply is needed. As the highest level and most authoritative form of institutional supply, legislation can fundamentally solve the problems of legitimacy, stability, systematization, and fairness of institutional supply for new fields and new tracks. By strengthening legislation for new fields and new tracks, this frontier reform is comprehensively brought onto the track of the rule of law, achieving a high degree of unity between reform decisions and legislative decisions, and providing a stable, clear, and predictable good institutional environment for the accelerated growth of new fields and new tracks.
Clarify the legislative path combining short-term and long-term from a strategic height. New fields and new tracks often mean breakthroughs in existing legal rules. Due to the great difficulty and long cycle of comprehensive legislation, it is difficult to meet the urgent needs of relevant industrial development. It is necessary to adopt a legislative path combining short-term and long-term. On the one hand, actively encourage local innovation, give play to the exploratory and supplementary functions of local legislation, especially make good use of the legislative adaptation power of special economic zones, and formulate local regulations or government rules 因地制宜 (yīn dì zhì yí - "adapt measures to local conditions," to act according to circumstances) around the development of local emerging industries and future industries; on the other hand, timely summarize local experience, amend relevant laws, and carry out special legislation in this field when conditions are mature. For example, the sea-land-air full-space intelligent unmanned system involves relevant laws such as the Road Traffic Safety Law, the Highway Law, the Civil Aviation Law, the Maritime Traffic Safety Law, and the Maritime Law. In recent years, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Hefei, Zhuhai, Suzhou and other places have all issued local regulations around autonomous driving and the low-altitude economy, making provisions on the legal status, industrial development, accident liability, and data sharing of unmanned vehicles. At the national level, the Civil Aviation Law has been amended, and the Road Traffic Safety Law is being amended, making provisions on legal issues in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles and automobiles, solving the problems of fragmentation of local legislation and regional barriers. In the long run, it is suggested to timely study and carry out special legislation in the field of unmanned driving, build systematic and comprehensive legal rules that balance safety and efficiency for the sea-land-air linked full-space operation model and collaborative industrial ecology, and take the lead in launching a Chinese solution in the governance of the full-space intelligent unmanned system.
Strengthen institutional innovation in key areas and key links. New fields and new tracks have diverse technological routes and complex industrial formats. It is necessary to anchor key links and exert force precisely, driving the overall advancement of the new track ecosystem through key breakthroughs in institutional innovation. As the country's largest economic province and a strong manufacturing province, Guangdong Province has ranked first in the country for 9 consecutive years in regional innovation capability. The "Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou" innovation cluster jumped to the top of the global innovation cluster ranking last year. The total number of high-tech enterprises exceeds 77,000, accounting for 15.4% of the country. The core industry scale of artificial intelligence exceeds 300 billion yuan, accounting for about one-quarter of the country. The low-altitude economy development index ranks first in the country. Civil unmanned aerial vehicle production accounts for more than 90% of the country. Consumer-grade drones account for 70% of the global market share. Industrial robot and service robot production both rank first in the country. The legal needs for new fields and new tracks are more urgent. The Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial People's Congress (广东省人大常委会) has specially formulated a special legislative plan for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system, adopting the "1+N+X" legislative model, coordinating provincial and municipal legislative resources, systematically strengthening institutional supply for new fields and new tracks, taking the lead in the country in issuing the Regulations on Promoting High-Quality Development of the Manufacturing Industry, and after the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party, taking the lead in formulating the Regulations on Scientific and Technological Innovation, clarifying about 40 pioneering institutional measures to loosen constraints and reduce burdens for scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and other aspects. It is currently accelerating the formulation of the Regulations on Promoting the Development of Artificial Intelligence, the Regulations on the Development of the Low-Altitude Economy, the Data Regulations, and the Regulations on Promoting the Development of Intelligent Connected Vehicles. In legislation, attention will be paid to building a full-chain innovation institutional system with deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application, unblocking the transformation channel from laboratory to market, innovating the application scenario supply mechanism of government guidance and market operation, improving the circulation rules of data elements, strengthening institutional innovation in the regulation of legal rights and obligations of new business formats, data privacy storage and protection, and actively building an industrial ecology for the integrated development of innovative large, medium, and small enterprises.
Explore legislative techniques adapted to new fields and new tracks. In response to the characteristics of high segmentation and rapid development of new fields and new tracks, oriented toward precision, lightweight, and efficiency, carry out "small incision, small and agile" legislation, focus on precise entry into a single core issue, establish as many provisions as needed, and determine as many useful provisions as possible, providing targeted legal supply for the development of new quality productive forces. Explore the "forward-looking + inclusive" flexible legislative paradigm, set flexible clauses, authorization clauses, and transitional clauses in legislation, reserving institutional space for future technology iteration and model innovation. Establish a "sandbox regulation" legal mechanism, allowing specific regions and specific enterprises to carry out innovation pilots within a controllable scope, and exempting the application of some current regulations during the pilot period. Build institutional mechanisms that encourage innovation and tolerate failure, and provide legal protection for exploratory and experimental behavior as long as it does not violate mandatory legal provisions or harm public interests. Establish and improve a dynamic legislative adjustment mechanism, regularly carry out post-legislative evaluation and timely cleaning and revision, flexibly adjust institutional design according to the evolution of business formats, and enhance the pertinence, applicability, and operability of regulations.
Establish and improve a smooth and efficient legislative response mechanism. The technical routes, business models, and application scenarios of emerging fields are all in rapid evolution, and the speed of industrial development often leads the rhythm of institutional supply. This requires opening green channels for legislative projects urgently needed by industrial development and eagerly anticipated by innovation subjects, and accelerating the process of project establishment, drafting, and review. The key to collecting legal needs at the industrial frontier is to give full play to the role of "direct trains" for public opinion such as grassroots legislative contact points and industry liaison stations of people's congress deputies, run the gathering of industrial wisdom and listening to enterprise demands through the entire process of legislation for new fields and new tracks, extensively collect the card points, blockage points, and practical suggestions of enterprises in technology landing, scenario opening, standard connection, and intellectual property protection, sort out the objective boundaries of technology, the real pain points of business formats, and the difficult points of risk prevention and control, promote the transformation of vivid frontline industrial practice and development experience into specific institutional design of laws and regulations, effectively solve problems such as rule disconnection and institutional idling, promote legislation for new fields and new tracks to deeply fit the actual industrial development and fully condense the consensus of business entities, and achieve resonance between the legislative process and industrial development at the same frequency.
Use the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as a breakthrough to enhance cross-border coordination of institutional supply. At present, the global rule system for emerging fields is in a key window period of accelerated reconstruction. Steadily expanding institutional opening-up in rules, regulations, management, and standards, actively connecting with international high-standard rules in depth, and actively participating in international rule consultations on global digital governance, artificial intelligence governance, and biosafety governance are conducive to enhancing China's discourse power and influence in the formulation of international rules. As the only region in China with cross-border factor flow, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is also one of the regions with the strongest economic vitality and the highest degree of openness. It has the foundation and conditions to provide pioneering demonstration for China's cross-border governance of new fields and new tracks. The national "15th Five-Year Plan" outline clearly deploys "deepening the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, strengthening rule connection and mechanism docking in scientific and technological innovation, economic development, public services and other aspects, and strengthening legal guarantees." It is suggested to support the three places of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in strengthening rule and mechanism connection in fields such as artificial intelligence governance, cross-border data flow, intellectual property protection, and qualification mutual recognition, promoting efficient and convenient flow of factors within the Bay Area and deep industrial collaboration, and with the help of Hong Kong and Macao's internationalized pilot verification, legal services, standard certification, ethical review and other high-end services, gradually export Bay Area rules into global governance consensus, accumulating experience for China's participation in global frontier industry governance.
Return to TopBy: 张斌
China’s consultative democracy includes party consultation, people’s congress consultation, government consultation, CPPCC consultation, people’s organization consultation, grassroots consultation, and social organization consultation. It is an organic whole in which all consultation channels not only have their own irreplaceable advantages but also complement and reinforce one another. General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed that “coordination and cooperation among all consultation channels should be strengthened, so as to achieve unity of goals, form joint force, and continuously raise overall effectiveness.” The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan makes special arrangements for strengthening coordination and cooperation among all consultation channels as an important part of developing socialist democracy. Strengthening coordination and cooperation among all consultation channels not only helps all consultation channels carry out consultation activities in a standardized and orderly manner in accordance with laws, regulations, and their respective procedures, and form a socialist consultative democracy system with reasonable procedures, complete links, and efficient operation through mutual connection and articulation, but also helps smooth the channels through which different interest demands enter the decision-making process, promote mutual coordination of policies and measures, and effectively safeguard the people’s rights to be informed, to participate, to express, and to oversee.
The consistency of the seven consultation channels in goals and principles, the complementarity of their functional characteristics, and the interconnectedness of their content and subjects give coordination and cooperation a full political foundation and practical conditions, making it both highly necessary and practically feasible. First, there is consistency in goals and principles. Consultative democracy is an important institutional arrangement through which the Communist Party of China leads the people in effectively governing the country and ensuring that the people are masters of the country. All consultation channels must uphold the Party’s overall leadership, unswervingly follow the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics, and, in accordance with the nature and orientation defined by the Constitution, laws, and their respective procedures, ensure that consultation is carried out with institutions to rely on, rules to observe, regulations to follow, and order to maintain. They must uphold democratic consultation, equal deliberation, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and understanding and tolerance, and strive to create a sound consultation atmosphere. This consistency in goals and principles is the political foundation and logical premise of coordination and cooperation. Second, there is complementarity in functional characteristics. Party consultation is an important democratic form through which the Communist Party of China conducts direct political consultation with democratic parties; people’s congress consultation focuses on deepening consultation in legislative work and giving play to the role of people’s congress deputies in consultative democracy; government consultation focuses on advancing scientific, democratic, and law-based decision-making; CPPCC consultation focuses on giving play to the role of the special consultative body and making two-way efforts in offering suggestions for governance and building consensus; people’s organization consultation focuses on better organizing and representing the masses they contact to participate in public affairs; grassroots consultation focuses on better solving the people’s practical difficulties and problems and promptly resolving conflicts and disputes; social organization consultation covers new business forms and new groups and fills the governance shortcomings in emerging fields. The seven consultation channels are complementary in functional characteristics, and through effective coordination and cooperation they can better realize complementary advantages and superimposed effectiveness, achieving full coverage of consultation in national governance, social governance, and grassroots governance. Third, there is interconnectedness in content and subjects. In terms of consultation content, all consultation channels have both their own emphases and overlapping areas. The major policies of the state and important local arrangements are not only important topics for party consultation but also common concerns of people’s congress consultation, government consultation, and CPPCC consultation. Practical issues involving the vital interests of the masses are not only the focus of grassroots consultation but also important content of people’s organization consultation and social organization consultation. In terms of participating subjects, there is also overlap in the actual operation of the participating subjects of all consultation channels. For example, CPPCC members include not only members of democratic parties but also Party and government leading cadres, heads of people’s organizations, representatives of social organizations, and representatives of grassroots masses. The seven consultation channels are interconnected in content and subjects, and through effective coordination and cooperation they can reduce operating costs, improve consultation efficiency, and enhance the decision-making reference value of consultation outcomes.
As an important form of whole-process people’s democracy, consultative democracy not only has complete participatory practice but also requires complete institutional procedures. We should establish and improve a comprehensive, multi-level, and smoothly connected coordination and cooperation mechanism, promote the shift of all consultation channels from relatively independent operation to systematic coordination and organic cooperation, and continuously release the overall effectiveness of consultative democracy.
Improve the working system for Party leadership over the building of consultative democracy.
To strengthen coordination and cooperation among all consultation channels, the foremost task is to uphold the Party’s overall leadership and the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, and give play to the Party’s core leadership role in commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties. Party committees at all levels should incorporate the building of consultative democracy into overall work deployment and important agendas, further clarify what to consult, with whom to consult, how to consult, and how to apply consultation outcomes in each consultation channel, and coordinate the formation of institutional norms and working rules respectively. On this basis, establish a working mechanism featuring unified leadership of Party committees, division of responsibilities among all consultation channels, and active participation of all sectors of society, carry out unified planning and unified deployment of all types of consultative democracy activities, promote the classified and graded organic embedding of relevant content into the various tasks of the people effectively managing state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs in accordance with the law, promptly study and solve important issues in coordination and cooperation, and coordinate and promote the orderly development of the work of all consultation channels.
Improve the mechanism for normalized connection and linkage of consultation activities.
Promoting normalized and institutionalized connection among all consultation channels in agenda setting, plan formulation, consultation priorities, frequency requirements, and other aspects helps realize that each performs its own duties and displays its own strengths while also cooperating and reinforcing each other, forming a joint force for consultative democracy. First, coordinate the determination of consultation topics, uphold and improve the system under which Party committees lead and all relevant parties participate in formulating and organizing the implementation of annual consultation plans, and separately clarify topics around the central work of the Party and the state and in light of the characteristics of each consultation channel, ensuring that each has its own emphasis while making concerted efforts in the same direction. Second, strengthen coordination of time nodes, reasonably arrange the timing of all types of consultation activities, so that consultation activities of different channels are orderly connected and advanced in echelons. Third, strengthen procedural connection and matching, promote all consultation channels to clarify the connection requirements for each link such as formulating consultation plans, determining consultation content, selecting consultation participants, and carrying out consultation activities, and establish and improve consultation chains that are independent and complete yet interconnected and coordinated with each other.
Improve the mechanism for resource integration and utilization among all consultation channels.
Coordinating and advancing resource integration to achieve information sharing, platform compatibility, and human resource sharing among all consultation channels can effectively promote complementary advantages and solve problems such as resource dispersion and duplicate activities caused by poor information flow between different consultation channels. First, coordinate the establishment and improvement of the system for keeping informed of situations and understanding policies. Party committees, governments, and relevant departments should explore centralized briefings to all consultation channels, make institutional arrangements for relevant comrades to introduce situations and exchange views, and provide convenience and create conditions for all consultation channels to carry out consultation activities in a targeted manner. Second, study the consultation methods and platforms of all consultation channels, improve methods such as proposals, research, inspection, meetings, demonstration, hearings, publicity, evaluation, consultation, the Internet, public opinion surveys, and democratic oversight, build platforms for dialogue, exchange, and sincere discussion in light of actual conditions, and explore the comprehensive application of methods and platforms that are common and shareable. Third, promote the comprehensive application of the comparative advantages of all consultation channels. In the process of drafting some important laws and regulations, the government may, as appropriate, hear opinions at the CPPCC; where government consultation involves the interests of specific groups, strengthen communication and consultation with relevant people’s organizations, social organizations, and representatives of the masses; the CPPCC should give full play to the role of people’s organizations and their members from relevant sectors, organize people’s organizations to participate in consultation, inspection, research, and other activities, and closely connect the special committees with people’s organizations; make institutional arrangements for democratic parties to express opinions and make suggestions in the name of their own parties at the CPPCC.
Improve the mechanism for coordinated adoption, implementation, and feedback of consultation outcomes.
Conducting coordinated research, classified handling, integrated supervision, and centralized feedback on opinions submitted by all consultation channels, and forming a stratified, classified, and closely connected process of adoption, implementation, and feedback, can better integrate and give play to the role of all types of consultation outcomes and avoid homogeneous suggestions and dispersed efforts. First, coordinate research and analysis. Party committees, governments, and relevant departments may, in the decision-making process, proactively request relevant consultation channels to provide consultation outcomes separately, or carry out consultation with respective emphases around relevant themes. Conduct coordinated research and comprehensive analysis of consultation outcomes submitted by all consultation channels, and use them as important references for decision-making. Second, integrated adoption and implementation. Important opinions and suggestions from different consultation channels that leaders have instructed to implement may be incorporated in a coordinated manner into the supervision matters of Party and government departments; those studied and adopted by Party and government departments may be incorporated in a coordinated manner into work agendas. Third, classified and centralized feedback. Regarding whether consultation outcomes from all consultation channels are adopted, how much is adopted, how they are adopted, and how implementation is progressing, centralized summaries may be conducted separately according to different consultation channels, and classified feedback methods may be studied and explored.
Improve the mechanism for theoretical research on consultative democracy and cultivation of consultation culture.
Theoretical research helps clarify the functional roles of all consultation channels and the theoretical logic of their commonality and complementarity, while consultation culture focuses on cultivating the common values of all consultation channels. Both are important supports for promoting coordination and cooperation. On the one hand, strengthen theoretical research on consultative democracy, set up research topics in the field of philosophy and social sciences, and promote special research on coordination and cooperation among all consultation channels. On the other hand, promote all consultation channels to inherit the excellent political culture of the Chinese nation such as inclusiveness and seeking common ground while reserving differences, uphold the principle of “good things should be discussed, and the affairs of all should be discussed by all,” create a sound consultation atmosphere of speaking freely, expressing one’s views, being rational and measured, and acting lawfully and in accordance with rules, promote the full expression and in-depth exchange of different thoughts and viewpoints, jointly cultivate a socialist consultation culture with Chinese characteristics that suits the times and tasks, and form a favorable environment conducive to the mutual coordination of all consultation channels and the joint advancement of the building of consultative democracy.
Return to TopBy: 刘志松
In April 2026, the Medical Security Law of the People's Republic of China (Draft) (hereinafter referred to as the second draft for review) was submitted for a second review at the 22nd session of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People's Congress, marking another important step in the formulation of the first foundational and overarching law in China's medical security field. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the reform of the universal medical security system has been continuously advanced, the quality of insurance participation has improved significantly, and the people's sense of gain from medical security has been notably enhanced. As of the end of 2025, the number of basic medical insurance participants reached 1.33 billion, with the participation rate consolidated at 95%. Introducing dedicated legislation is an important measure in the field of medical security legislation that adheres to the unity of reform and rule of law, and codifies mature and finalized reform achievements into legal institutions.
The current medical security system's main legal basis is the Social Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 2010, which contains a dedicated chapter on basic medical insurance for employees. The institutional arrangements for urban and rural resident medical insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance are scattered across laws, regulations, and normative documents such as the Basic Medical and Health Care and Health Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China, the Interim Measures for Social Assistance, the Regulations on Social Insurance Administration, and the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Security Funds, with no unified law yet to clarify the functional positioning and interrelationships of the various systems. After years of reform, China has formed a multi-tiered medical security system with basic medical insurance as the main body, critical illness insurance as a supplement, medical assistance as the bottom line, and commercial health insurance, charitable donations, and mutual medical aid developing in coordination. Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, and Shanghai Municipality have enacted local regulations in the medical security field, accumulating experience for piloting and trailblazing before unified national-level legislation. Against this backdrop, elevating mature and finalized institutional arrangements to national legal norms and establishing the unity and standardization of the medical security system through legal means has become an objective need for institutional development. Judging from the current state of institutional operation and the legislative process, medical security legislation should focus on responding to the following issues.
Integrating multi-tiered medical security system resources through unified legislation.
At present, China has established a multi-tiered medical security system with basic medical insurance as the main body, critical illness insurance as a supplement, and medical assistance as the bottom line. The outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan also explicitly sets forth the task of "improving the multi-tiered medical security system." However, the functional positioning and articulation methods among the tiers have long lacked unified legal norms. The basic medical insurance system itself has the problem of employee medical insurance and urban and rural resident medical insurance belonging to different frameworks, with different financing methods, benefit levels, and management mechanisms; the articulation between critical illness insurance and basic medical insurance, and the coordination between medical assistance and other security systems, still encounter unsmooth situations in practice; the various security entities are supervised by different departments, and cross-departmental coordination mechanisms are not sufficiently clear. This pattern not only affects the overall effectiveness of institutional operation, but also makes it difficult to fully integrate medical insurance, medical services, pharmaceuticals, and other resources at the institutional level, potentially affecting participants' expectations of institutional stability. An important task of this legislation is to clarify the status and articulation mechanisms of the various systems within the multi-tiered medical security system, providing legal tools for solving the problem of institutional fragmentation. After the law makes framework provisions, it is still necessary to open up the articulation channels between tiers at the operational level. For example, basic medical insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance need to establish information-sharing mechanisms in areas such as the identification of assistance recipients and fee settlement; the standardized development of supplementary tiers such as commercial health insurance and charitable donations also requires further clarification of regulatory rules and measures.
Confirming and safeguarding citizens' medical security rights and interests in legal form.
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China clearly stipulates that citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society in cases of old age, illness, or loss of the ability to work. As the basic law in the medical security field, one of the important goals of the Medical Security Law is to safeguard citizens' legitimate rights and interests in medical security by regulating medical security relationships. For a long time, citizens' medical security in China has been more reflected as policy-based institutional arrangements; what benefits participants can enjoy, what obligations they need to undertake, and through what channels they can seek relief when rights are damaged lack clear legal definition, which to a certain extent affects participants' accurate understanding of their own rights and obligations, and is also detrimental to the standardized and orderly operation of the system. In the process of dedicated legislation, not only should safeguarding citizens' legitimate rights and interests in medical security be taken as a basic requirement, but the principled provisions of the Constitution should also be refined, clarifying citizens' rights and obligations to participate in basic medical insurance in accordance with the law and to enjoy corresponding medical security benefits in accordance with regulations. On this basis, supporting mechanisms for rights protection should be further improved. For example, when participants have disputes with administrative agencies over benefit determination, fee settlement, reimbursement ratios, and other matters, there need to be clearer appeal procedures and resolution mechanisms; the information disclosure and statement-of-reasons systems for medical insurance policies need further improvement in practice, so as to promote the complete realization of medical security rights and interests.
Strengthening the coordinated development and governance of the "three medicines" through legal means.
The coordinated development and governance of the "three medicines" (medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals) is an important aspect of deepening the reform of the pharmaceutical and health care system, but in the past period, the boundaries of rights and responsibilities among the relevant parties have not been sufficiently clear, and advancing the work has lacked adequate legal basis from higher-level laws. The second draft for review further clarifies the reform requirements concerning the coordination of the "three medicines" — medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals — adding "promoting the coordinated development and governance of medical security with medical services and pharmaceuticals" to the duties of people's governments at or above the county level. It also clarifies that when the medical security administrative department of the State Council proposes temporary adjustment plans for the scope of fund payments in emergency situations, it should not only listen to the opinions of the health and health departments but also the opinions of the drug regulatory department. These provisions are aimed at breaking down barriers between departments at the institutional level, enabling medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals to operate in coordination within a unified legal framework. After the law makes principled provisions, it is necessary to further implement the requirements of "three medicines" coordination into specific institutional arrangements. At present, at the national level, a consultation mechanism for the coordinated development and governance of the "three medicines" has been established, composed of the National Health Commission, the National Healthcare Security Administration, and others. In the process of implementing the law, the operating rules of this consultation mechanism should be further improved, so that functions such as cross-departmental policy coordination, coordination of major matters, deliberation and decision-making, and supervision and implementation have legal basis. At the same time, institutional arrangements for information connectivity and regulatory linkage among the "three medicines" should be improved, strengthening the coordinated cooperation of medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals within their respective scopes of duties, and transforming the law's principled provisions into operable institutional norms.
Establishing an institutionalized fund risk control mechanism.
Medical security funds are the people's "money for seeing doctors" and "money for saving lives." Ensuring the safe and sustainable operation of funds is the foundation of the operation of the medical security system. At present, risk control of medical security funds mainly relies on means such as budget management and routine supervision, which have played an important role in ensuring the overall stable operation of funds. However, as insurance coverage continues to expand, benefit levels gradually improve, and payment method reform advances in depth, the subjects using funds are increasingly diverse, the chain of fund flow continues to extend, and the complexity of risk prevention and control is also increasing. How to further establish and improve an institutionalized risk control mechanism on the basis of existing work, so that fund operation is more stable and sustainable, is one of the key issues that legislation needs to respond to. The second draft for review makes two modifications and improvements in strengthening fund management and use. First, it stipulates that people's governments in pooled regions establish risk control mechanisms for basic medical insurance funds, constructing medium- and long-term revenue-expenditure balance mechanisms and emergency response mechanisms, aimed at addressing the risk of revenue not covering expenditure that may arise in resident medical insurance in some regions, and consolidating the responsibility of pooled regions for revenue-expenditure balance. Second, it clarifies that designated medical and pharmaceutical institutions should strictly implement management provisions such as real-name medical treatment and drug purchase in accordance with the requirements for the management and use of medical security funds. Within this institutional framework, further refinement is still needed in technical means and regulatory mechanisms. In terms of intelligent monitoring, reliance should be placed on the nationally unified medical insurance information platform to accelerate the construction of an intelligent supervision system for medical insurance funds, promoting the transformation of medical insurance fund supervision from manual random sampling and review to comprehensive, full-process, and full-link intelligent monitoring based on big data, improving the medical insurance standardization system, and making monitoring coverage more comprehensive and early warning more precise. In terms of supervision methods, effective practices such as flight inspections should be further institutionalized and normalized. In terms of credit management, exploration should be made to link the credit records of institutions and individuals with the use of medical insurance funds, promoting the linkage of credit rating evaluation results of designated medical and pharmaceutical institutions with the frequency of supervision and inspection and the discretion in handling, and achieving the organic unity of fund safety and institutional operation through scientific institutional design.
Return to TopBy: 陈彦斌
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee pointed out when convening a meeting to analyze the current economic situation that since the beginning of this year, "China's economy has shown a development trend of new momentum and improved structure." At the same time, it also emphasized that "we must attach great importance to the difficulties and challenges in economic operation, strengthen confidence, rise to meet difficulties, make good use of various opportunities and advantages, and promote high-quality development to proceed steadily and far." Although China's current economic operation still faces challenges such as strong supply and weak demand, structural divergence, and external shocks, these are mainly problems arising in the course of development and transformation, which can be gradually resolved by improving the macroeconomic governance system and enhancing the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance. The supporting conditions and basic trends for China's economy to maintain long-term improvement have not changed, and the macro policy toolbox still contains abundant policy instruments and ample policy space. We should maintain strategic resolve for high-quality development, deeply analyze the principal contradictions in macroeconomic operation, clarify the implementation logic of macro policies, and through macro policies exerting force and improving effectiveness, continuously consolidate and expand the trend of the economy continuing to move toward the new, the improved, and the good.
The current macroeconomy is generally operating stably
In the first half of this year, China's GDP growth rate was 4.7%, with economic operation within a reasonable range. The actual growth rate was basically on par with the potential growth rate, continuing the good trend of a narrowing output gap over the past two years, with supply-demand matching continuously improving and the stability of economic operation steadily strengthening. In the first half of the year, GDP increment reached 3.6 trillion yuan, a record high for the same period in the past five years, and its contribution rate to global economic growth continued to maintain a leading position, continuing to serve as the main engine and stabilizer of world economic growth. China's economic growth rate continues to lead among major global economies.
The macroeconomic operation in the first half of the year showed multiple highlights. First, the profitability of industrial enterprises improved significantly, with profits of industrial enterprises above the designated size growing 18.7% year-on-year. Second, prices rose moderately, with CPI rising 1.0% year-on-year, consistent with the goal of "prices recovering reasonably." Third, the investment structure was optimized, with investment in high-tech industries growing 4.6% year-on-year, of which investment in the aviation, spacecraft, and equipment manufacturing industry grew 23.3%. Fourth, exports grew rapidly, with goods trade exports growing 13.4% and high-tech product exports growing 39%. Fifth, important macro indicators such as the surveyed urban unemployment rate and the scale of foreign exchange reserves performed well.
Taken together, China's economy has solid fundamental support and, in the face of external fluctuations and internal transformation pressures, has demonstrated strong resilience, laying a solid foundation for coordinating the expansion of domestic demand, optimizing supply, and preventing risks in the second half of the year.
Difficulties and challenges in current macroeconomic operation
The meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee emphasized that "we must attach great importance to the difficulties and challenges in economic operation." This judgment realistically points out the difficulties and challenges existing in current economic operation, requiring us to strengthen confidence, rise to meet difficulties, and promote high-quality development to proceed steadily and far. According to the aggregate supply-aggregate demand analytical framework, the current macroeconomic operation mainly faces the following two types of difficulties and challenges.
In the short term, China's macroeconomic aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply, manifesting as the contradiction of strong supply and weak demand. The supply side of China's economy is growing well, with the added value of industries above the designated size growing 5.4% year-on-year in the first half of the year, and the added value of high-tech manufacturing growing 13.3% year-on-year. The demand side, especially household consumption, needs to be strengthened, with total retail sales of consumer goods growing 1.3% year-on-year in the first half of the year. As a result, the macroeconomy exhibits the contradiction of strong supply and weak demand. Weak demand is a stage-specific problem formed by the superposition of multiple factors including cyclical adjustment, the external environment, and institutional mechanisms. First, the development path formed in the past that emphasized production and investment has a certain inertia, and localities have not yet fully established evaluation mechanisms and assessment systems that take consumption and people's livelihoods as important orientations. Second, the deep adjustment of the real estate market, unstable expectations of residents' income, rising willingness for precautionary saving, and shortcomings in the supply of social security and public services have together suppressed the release of residents' consumption potential. Third, exports have maintained a relatively high growth rate, but their driving effect on investment and consumption is weak. In the process of the export structure upgrading toward high-tech products, the capital-intensive characteristics of the high-end manufacturing industry chain have strengthened, and exports' ability to absorb employment and drive residents' wage growth has declined; some foreign trade enterprises, out of the need for secure global industry chain layout, have increased overseas investment and imports of high-end equipment, and coupled with industrial dividends being mainly concentrated in leading high-tech enterprises, the spillover effect of exports to household consumption and small and medium-sized enterprise investment has weakened. Fourth, new growth drivers are growing rapidly, but their driving effect on domestic demand is weak. Currently, new growth drivers are growing relatively quickly and are mainly concentrated in the manufacturing production segment, with insufficient industry chain extension and limited labor absorption capacity. The supporting terminal livelihood industries such as digital consumption, cultural tourism, health and wellness, and green services are still inadequately cultivated, channels for residents to increase income and grow wealth have not yet been broadened, and the wealth effect for residents has not yet been fully released.
In the long term, China's macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, causing the potential growth rate to be below its reasonable level, manifesting as the contradiction of aggregate supply being below the optimal level. The reasonable level of the potential growth rate is the potential growth rate under the optimal macroeconomic structure, which is the ideal economic growth rate of an economy. In the long run, for the macroeconomy to achieve a higher level of dynamic supply-demand equilibrium, the potential growth rate should strive to move closer to its reasonable level. In the first half of this year, the reasonable level of China's potential growth rate was approximately 5.5%, about 0.7 percentage points higher than the potential growth rate, showing that there is still some room for the potential growth rate to improve. The reason is that the macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, making it difficult for aggregate supply to reach its optimal level. In recent years, with the continued efforts of supply-side structural reform and demand-side management measures, macroeconomic structures such as the industrial structure, demand structure, and income distribution structure have been continuously optimized. Taking the industrial structure as an example, the transformation and upgrading index released by the National Bureau of Statistics has shown a continuous upward trend in recent years, indicating that the industrial structure is continuously optimizing. However, China's economy is still in the process of transformation, and the macroeconomic structure has not yet reached an optimal state, which also makes it difficult for the potential growth rate to reach a reasonable level. It is precisely against this background that the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline has included "structural adjustment" as an important component of improving the macroeconomic governance system.
Relying solely on countercyclical short-term stabilization policies cannot resolve the above two principal contradictions. We should, in accordance with the deployment of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party to "improve the macroeconomic governance system," coordinate the three types of policies—stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies—and promote the "integration of the three policy categories" to achieve stable short-term operation and long-term stable growth under an optimal economic structure. Specifically, two key points should be grasped. First, actively use structural policies to focus on optimizing the macroeconomic structure and expanding space for raising the potential growth rate. Second, steadily advance the major task deployments in the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline regarding industrial upgrading and scientific and technological innovation, and actively yet prudently promote stable economic growth.
Key directions and specific tasks of macro policies in the next stage
Deconstructing the principal contradictions of the macroeconomy along both short-term and long-term dimensions helps to see through the surface of current economic operation problems, anchor their deep-seated cruxes, and thereby provide a more solid logical basis for precise policy implementation. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee meeting's requirement that macro policies "intensify efforts to expand domestic demand and optimize supply" is precisely a systematic deployment made with a view to the principal contradictions in both the short term and the long term. "Expanding domestic demand" anchors the principal contradiction of insufficient short-term aggregate demand, while "optimizing supply" anchors the principal contradiction of long-term aggregate supply being below the optimal level. Planning and implementing macro policies based on the principal contradictions of economic operation can enhance the precision of macroeconomic regulation and policy effectiveness from the root. Specifically, macro policies need to exert coordinated force from the three dimensions of stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies, forming a policy combination that integrates short-term and long-term considerations and is logically rigorous and self-consistent.
Actively use structural policies to break "structural stickiness." The "15th Five-Year Plan" outline emphasizes "improving the macro-control target system, coordinating short-term and medium- and long-term goals, aggregate balance and structural adjustment," further elevating the importance of optimizing the economic structure in the macro-control target system and providing broader space for structural policies. The goal of structural policies is to optimize the aggregate demand structure, supply structure, industrial structure, income distribution structure, and others, breaking the "structural stickiness" caused by structural imbalances. Along with the continued efforts of supply-side structural reform, China's economic structure has been continuously optimized. Structural policies should focus on breaking "structural stickiness" and creating a good environment for raising the potential growth rate. First, optimize the investment structure and increase the proportion of productive investment and private investment. Second, optimize the debt structure and reduce enterprises' debt repayment pressure. Third, optimize the income distribution structure and increase the income of middle- and low-income groups.
Actively use growth policies to promote the potential growth rate moving closer to its reasonable level. Growth policies help stimulate the endogenous driving force of economic growth, thereby better achieving high-quality development. On the one hand, growth policies provide core momentum for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system; on the other hand, growth policies provide fundamental support for deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and accelerating the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Through growth policies to further stimulate development potential, it is necessary to promote technological innovation, human capital accumulation, and the cultivation of new quality productive forces, so that the potential growth rate gradually approaches a reasonable level; deeply implement the "artificial intelligence+" action, actively promote breakthroughs in frontier technologies and the development of future industries, focus on building new pillar industries, continuously promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system. Two points need attention. First, in the process of developing new quality productive forces through growth policies, localities should not all rush in at once; they should develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions. Second, while adhering to long-term policy positioning, growth policies should also take into account short-term impacts, adopt employment-friendly industrial policies, focus on stabilizing and expanding employment, and actively guard against the employment pressure that may be brought by the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence.
Actively use stabilization policies to expand domestic demand and promote aggregate demand moving closer to aggregate supply. In the first half of the year, monetary policy and fiscal policy, as the two pillars of stabilization policies, worked in coordination, and macro policies achieved positive results in supporting the sound operation of the macroeconomy. To do a good job in economic work in the second half of the year, it is necessary to follow the deployment of this Political Bureau meeting, promote macro policies to "exert force and improve effectiveness," especially to "implement a more proactive fiscal policy and a moderately loose monetary policy, fully leverage the effectiveness of various existing policies, promptly plan and introduce pragmatic and effective incremental policies, and increase the intensity of countercyclical adjustment," and at the same time "optimize the implementation of fiscal-financial coordination policies to promote domestic demand." Fiscal policy needs to "accelerate the progress of fiscal expenditure and bond fund utilization, and vigorously advance the construction of 'two major projects' and the work of 'two new initiatives.'" At the same time, actively implement the requirement deployed in the "15th Five-Year Plan" outline to "optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure and reasonably increase the proportion of public service expenditure in fiscal expenditure," laying a more solid foundation for boosting household consumption. Monetary policy should, on the basis of further unblocking transmission mechanisms, comprehensively use various policy tools and continue to promote the comprehensive social financing cost remaining at a low level. With the active cooperation of structural policies and growth policies, the transmission efficiency of monetary policy and fiscal policy will be significantly improved, thereby effectively driving the growth of household consumption and enterprise investment.
Promote the coordinated exertion of stabilization policies, growth policies, and structural policies to achieve dynamic supply-demand equilibrium at a higher level. Stabilization policies should anchor aggregate demand, smooth short-term fluctuations through countercyclical adjustment, and focus on expanding domestic demand; growth policies should anchor aggregate supply, providing sustained momentum for long-term growth by improving total factor productivity; structural policies should anchor the macroeconomic structure, promoting dynamic equilibrium between aggregate supply and aggregate demand at a higher level by optimizing various macroeconomic structures. In order to ensure that the three major categories of policies can truly form synergy, the cooperation of deep-level reforms is also needed, with reforms in the statistical system and the incentive mechanisms for local governments being particularly critical. By actively shifting the assessment orientation toward "emphasizing consumption and people's livelihoods," it is possible to promote stabilization policies to devote their main energy to boosting aggregate demand, and to promote growth policies and structural policies to devote their main energy to effective supply that matches residents' needs, achieving dynamic supply-demand equilibrium at a higher level.
In general, stabilization policies should anchor aggregate demand, smoothing short-term fluctuations through countercyclical adjustment; growth policies should anchor aggregate supply, providing momentum for long-term growth by improving total factor productivity; structural policies should anchor the macroeconomic structure, breaking "structural stickiness" by optimizing various structures and creating conditions for the transmission of stabilization policies and growth policies. The three have their own emphases and support each other, jointly forming a systematic, integrated, coordinated, and efficient policy combination, and only then can dynamic supply-demand equilibrium be achieved at a higher level. In the face of current problems such as short-term insufficient demand and long-term structural imbalance in economic operation, this macro policy framework that combines short-term and long-term considerations with clear logic can effectively address the two principal contradictions, stabilize short-term growth while consolidating the foundation for long-term development, and promote China's economy to continue improving steadily and proceed steadily and far.
(The author is the Director of the Institute of Industrial Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Return to TopBy: 中国中煤能源集团有限公司党委书记、董事长 王树东
The National State-Owned Enterprise Party Building Work Conference held on October 10, 2016, is of milestone significance in the history of the development of state-owned enterprises. The important speech delivered by General Secretary Xi Jinping systematically elaborated the major policies, fundamental principles, and major measures by which our Party leads and develops state-owned enterprises in the new era, and unequivocally pointed out that the Party committees of state-owned enterprises play the leadership role of setting the direction, managing the overall situation, and ensuring implementation, and unequivocally pointed out the specific paths by which the Party committees of state-owned enterprises exercise their leadership role. Over the past 10 years, the Party Committee of China National Coal Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China National Coal) has deeply studied and implemented the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech, resolutely implemented the Party's theories, lines, principles, and policies, focused on building a strong enterprise leadership team and workforce, fully leveraged the role of grassroots Party organizations as fighting fortresses and the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, and advanced the construction of a clean and honest Party conduct and the fight against corruption in depth, providing a strong guarantee for making state-owned enterprises and state-owned capital stronger, better, and larger, and for continuously enhancing core functions and improving core competitiveness.
Resolutely implement the Party's theories, lines, principles, and policies, and grasp the correct direction of enterprise reform and development. Persist in using Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate the soul and forge the spirit, use the Party's innovative theories to guide practice, solve problems, and promote work, and ensure the correct direction of reform and development.
Grasp the strategic mission and resolutely safeguard national energy security. Bear in mind the mission of "serving the country through energy," adhere to making the coal main business stronger, better, and larger as the foundation of survival, and focus on enhancing the capacity for bottom-line guarantee. Take the lead in establishing a central enterprise coal resource optimization and integration platform, successively integrating and receiving coal resources from 10 central enterprises, optimizing the production and development layout, and over the past 10 years promoting a 60% increase in coal resource reserves and adding 100 million tons of advanced coal production capacity. In recent years, in the face of the complex and severe energy supply guarantee situation, resolutely implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's important instruction that "large enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, should take the lead in ensuring supply and stabilizing prices," guarantee coal supply without conditions, without regard to cost, and without discount, and successfully complete major tasks such as ensuring supply for people's livelihoods. During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, a cumulative total of 1.75 billion tons of coal was supplied, and 113 billion yuan was ceded in profits to downstream enterprises, safeguarding national energy security, reducing energy costs, and stabilizing the overall economic situation through concrete actions.
Grasp the development path and resolutely promote the green and low-carbon transformation. Anchor on the clean and efficient utilization of coal, contribute to achieving the "dual carbon" goals through practical work and responsibility, innovatively practice the "two joint operations +" development model, deepen "coal and coal power joint operations" and "coal power and new energy joint operations," carry out attacks on key core technologies, take the initiative to undertake the construction tasks of the original technology source in the coal industry field and the Energy Low-Carbon Innovation Center of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei National Technology Innovation Center, and accelerate the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces. Relying on coal production bases and trade hubs, build nearly 36 million kilowatts of efficient ultra-supercritical clean thermal power units, with a power supply coal consumption of approximately 264.9 grams per kilowatt-hour, 13% lower than the domestic average; support the construction and operation of nearly 10 million kilowatts of new energy installed capacity, and lay out the construction of strategic emerging industries such as "liquid sunshine," biomass gas, coal-based environmentally friendly carbon materials, and "coal-free chemical industry," blazing a new path of green and low-carbon transformation and development featuring efficient coal development, clean resource utilization, and circular park governance.
Grasp the goals and tasks and unswervingly deepen enterprise reform. Focus on the goal of building a world-class energy enterprise, solidly advance the three-year action for state-owned enterprise reform and the deepening and upgrading action for state-owned enterprise reform, deeply advance layout optimization and structural adjustment, implement regional reform and professional restructuring, integrate the power, equipment, construction, logistics, and procurement business segments, promote integrated management of enterprises in the core coal-producing regions of Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Ordos, Inner Mongolia, and further amplify the synergy effect of industrial development and enhance value creation capability. Over the past 10 years, China National Coal's total assets and operating revenue have doubled, annual profit has grown from 1.58 billion yuan to a maximum of 45.6 billion yuan, with a total of nearly 250 billion yuan, return on net assets has grown from 1.01% to a maximum of 17.51%, and the preservation and appreciation rate of state-owned assets has increased from less than 100% to a maximum of 118.1%.
Adhere to the principles of the Party managing cadres and the Party managing talent, and focus on building a strong enterprise leadership team and workforce. Deeply study, implement, and carry out the Party's organizational line for the new era, adhere to the principles of the Party managing cadres and the Party managing talent, clearly establish the correct orientation for selecting and appointing personnel, closely focus on the overall situation of enterprise reform and development, manage cadres, gather talent, build the leadership team, and lead the workforce, providing a strong organizational guarantee and talent support for the high-quality development of the enterprise.
Build a strong echelon and consolidate the foundation of cadres and talent. Advance the construction of the "3+1" core cadre and talent team centered on management, professional technology, high-skilled, and technological innovation talent, and dynamically select and recruit more than 2,000 high-end and scarce talents for key positions from the market. Formulate the "Five-Year Plan for the Construction of the Young Cadre Team," implement the training project for outstanding young cadres, carry out "bottom-up" and "full-coverage" baseline surveys and research, and vertically according to management levels, horizontally according to type, function, and specialty, establish an outstanding young cadre database categorized by industry, level, type, specialty, and maturity, improve the dynamic management and adjustment mechanism, and basically form an age echelon structure of old, middle-aged, and young cadres.
Build a strong system and forge a high-quality professional workforce. Improve the "talent cultivation system" featuring "diversified training and emphasis on practice," regularly advance the special training projects of "navigation—voyage—departure," hold training classes such as the "Voyage Plan," "Cornerstone Project," and "Young Marxist Training Project"; open the "China Coal 2035 Lecture Hall," regularly hold themed salons, carry out "taking the podium" activities for leading cadres, and promote the organic combination of theoretical study and work practice, expert guidance and thematic discussion. Strengthen compound practical training, and in a planned manner promote the rotation, exchange, and training of cadres between main business and emerging industries, organs and grassroots units, Party and government posts and technical posts, allowing cadres to conduct practical training and exercises on the "three fronts" of the grassroots frontline, the reform frontline, and the scientific research frontline, and continuously improve comprehensive quality.
Build a strong mechanism and guide and motivate cadres to take responsibility and act. Improve the mechanism of "the capable are promoted, the excellent are rewarded, the mediocre are demoted, and the inferior are eliminated," refine the 15 circumstances for being unsuitable for current positions, and make the mechanism for "demotion" more complete and the orientation more distinct. Take mass recognition as an important criterion for evaluating cadres, pay attention to inspecting and identifying cadres in major tasks such as energy supply guarantee, safe production, transformation and development, and deepening reform, and a number of cadres who are willing to do practical work, have actual achievements, and are well evaluated by the masses have been promoted and given important positions. Optimize the assessment indicator system, highlight the orientation of high-quality development, technological innovation, value creation, and risk prevention and control, build a scientific "reaching high" mechanism and a complete compensation system, and guide Party members and cadres to firmly establish and practice a correct view of political achievements.
Fully leverage the role of grassroots Party organizations as fighting fortresses and the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, broadly unite workers and the masses, and promote the implementation of various tasks. Deeply implement the general requirements for Party building in the new era, comprehensively strengthen the construction of grassroots Party organizations and the Party member team, forge a strong fighting fortress and a vanguard and exemplary team, enhance the ability to organize, publicize, unite, and serve the masses, unite the strength of the broad masses of workers, and form a strong joint force for promoting high-quality development.
Strengthen functional roles and enhance the combat effectiveness of grassroots Party organizations. Conscientiously implement the requirements of "four synchronizations and four connections," build a rigorous organizational system, with more than 2,600 Party organizations covering all mines, teams, production workshops, sales networks, etc., and more than 30,000 Party members distributed across all production and operation units, realizing that wherever there are workers and the masses, there are Party organizations and Party members playing their roles. Deeply advance the standardized and branded construction of grassroots Party organizations, implement the "four strong, five good, six have" grassroots demonstration (brand) Party branch creation action, select and establish 251 grassroots demonstration Party branches in batches, create a number of distinctive brand Party branches such as the "steel fleet under a thousand meters underground," "ground exploration vanguard," and "passing the torch to gather talent," and radiate and drive Party organizations at all levels to actively learn from benchmarks, strive for improvement, and strive to be advanced.
Strengthen vanguard demonstration and manifest the advanced nature of the Party member team. Implement the Party member vanguard project, and around key tasks such as increasing production and ensuring supply, improving quality and efficiency, establish Party member innovation and efficiency teams and emergency support attack groups, establish 4,972 Party member responsibility zones and 4,308 demonstration posts at the mine frontline, along railway lines, and at docks and ports, with tens of thousands of Party members playing a vanguard and exemplary role, ensuring stable and orderly production and operation and unimpeded supply guarantee channels. Focus on the "bottleneck" problems of scientific and technological innovation, establish a "posting tasks and claiming leadership" mechanism, establish a "clean coal technology research and development team," overcome the "application technology of domestic special catalysts for polypropylene devices," and fill a gap in our country. Resolutely respond to national and local emergency rescue and disaster relief calls, with Party members taking the lead in going against the current, and successfully complete more than a hundred earthquake relief, flood rescue, and sudden accident rescue operations.
Strengthen cohesion and unity of purpose and stimulate the enthusiasm of workers and the masses. Implement the banner guidance project, establish a "7890" propaganda team, and persuade people through facts and practical achievements, move people through image and responsibility, infect people through emotion and sincerity, influence people through reasoning and genuine persuasion, and inspire people through development and goals and aspirations. Implement the cohesion and unity project, consolidate and expand the working mechanism of "doing practical things for the masses," implement the improvement plans for workers' "safety welfare," "compensation welfare," "health welfare," and "spiritual welfare," and solve the urgent, difficult, anxious, and expectant problems of workers and the masses with heart, emotion, and effort, creating a working and entrepreneurial environment that is reassuring, tranquil, and comfortable.
Deeply advance the construction of a clean and honest Party conduct and the fight against corruption, and promote the rectification of work styles, strict discipline, and risk prevention to be integrated into daily life and strictly enforced at all times. Always maintain the sobriety and firmness of "always being on the road," take the construction of a clean and honest Party conduct and the fight against corruption as an important aspect of comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline, adhere to the strict tone, strict measures, and strict atmosphere without relaxation, plan and advance as a whole, and create a clean and upright political ecology.
Advance the implementation of responsibilities for governing the Party. Formulate a responsibility list for comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline, refine and quantify the main responsibility of Party committees, the "first responsibility" of the Party committee secretary, and the "one post with dual responsibilities" of leadership team members, and improve and perfect the mechanisms for supervision and inspection, assessment and evaluation, and accountability and inquiry into responsibility implementation. Advance the reform of discipline inspection, inspection, and patrol institutions, strengthen the vertical management of discipline inspection and supervision business and personnel selection and appointment, and continuously strengthen the standardized, law-based, and regularized construction of discipline inspection and supervision work. Establish a special meeting mechanism for comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline, hold a special meeting every six months, with the Party committee reporting on the implementation of main responsibilities, leadership team members reporting on the performance of "one post with dual responsibilities," and the discipline inspection commission reporting on the implementation of supervision responsibilities, analyzing existing problems and shortcomings, and putting forward opinions and suggestions, effectively realizing the connection and coordination of the "two responsibilities."
Rigidly supervise and constrain the operation of power. Focus on the "three types of key positions" of capital-intensive, resource-rich, and power-concentrated, highlight the "three key fields" of procurement, sales, and personnel selection and appointment, carry out the reconstruction of power operation, improve the list of rights and responsibilities, and form a mutually check-and-balance power structure by decomposing approval authority, mandating rotation of key positions, and implementing full-process online traceability. Systematically carry out the governance of "middlemen," clean up 6,781 unreasonable "middlemen" in coal trading, goods procurement, and engineering services, and reduce the space for power rent-seeking from the source. Strengthen digital empowerment, and relying on the "China Coal Intelligent Control" platform, promote full coverage of "sunshine operations" in fields such as engineering construction, procurement, and sales. Publicly notify typical cases, carry out more than 3,000 warning education sessions, and promote the constant ringing of the alarm against corruption and rejection of corruption.
Continuously advance the construction of work style without stopping. Deeply implement the spirit of the Central Committee's Eight Provisions, and carry out special rectifications of using public vehicles for private purposes, illegally receiving travel subsidies, and indiscriminately issuing bonuses and allowances. Strengthen the supervision model of concentrated efforts at key nodes and regular efforts throughout the year, establish a working mechanism of warning and reminder before holidays, open and secret inspections during holidays, and summary and improvement after holidays, and effectively prevent "holiday corruption." Carry out a work style improvement action, formulate ten hard measures, and form an excellent work style of "handling matters immediately and doing real work with real results."
Practice has fully proven that when Party building prospers, the enterprise prospers, and when Party building is strong, the enterprise is strong. The Party Committee of China National Coal will be guided by Xi Jinping's Thought on Party Building, unswervingly uphold the leadership of the Party and strengthen Party building, effectively lead and guarantee the high-quality development of the enterprise with high-quality Party building, and better fulfill the duties and mission of an energy central enterprise on the new journey of Chinese-style modernization.
Return to TopFinance is the lifeblood of the national economy and an important component of national core competitiveness. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that finance must serve the real economy and meet the needs of economic and social development and of the people. As non-bank financial institutions established by central enterprises, bearing the functional positioning of "relying on the group, serving the group," we must firmly grasp the political nature and people-centered nature of financial work and unswervingly follow the path of financial development with Chinese characteristics. The Party Committee of China Huadian Group Finance Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as Huadian Finance) adheres to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly implements the Party Central Committee's decisions and arrangements on financial work and on the reform and development of state-owned enterprises, bases itself on the realities of the energy and power industry, actively explores and practices a development path of deep integration of "political background color, development quality, and original aspiration true character," strives to build a first-class digital-intelligent finance company with clear functions, sound governance, efficient service, and controllable risks, and effectively enhances its capacity to serve the real economy.
Polishing the political background color and steadying the helm of the direction of financial development. The Party Committee of Huadian Finance has always insisted on placing the Party's political construction in the foremost position, improved and implemented the "first agenda item" system, consciously served as a firm believer and faithful practitioner of the Party's innovative theories in the new era, and ensured that all work always maintains a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee. It has comprehensively implemented the "two persistences" (adhering to the Party's leadership over state-owned enterprises and establishing a modern enterprise system), integrated Party leadership into all aspects of corporate governance, revised and improved the Party Committee's rules of procedure and the "three major and one important" (major decisions, important personnel appointments and removals, major project arrangements, and large amounts of fund use) decision-making list, and effectively brought into play the Party Committee's leadership role of setting the direction, managing the overall situation, and ensuring implementation. It has solidly carried out study and education on establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements, deeply understood, accurately grasped, and comprehensively implemented the general requirements of "building the Party for the public, benefiting the people, making scientific decisions, and doing solid work," with the Party Committee Secretary delivering a special Party lecture on establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements, guiding all Party members and cadres to promote the company's high-quality development with a more vigorous posture and a more pragmatic work style. On the basis of in-depth study, it has promoted in an integrated manner such key tasks as study and discussion, problem identification, rectification and remediation, establishment of rules and regulations, and open-door education, guiding Party members and cadres to establish a correct view of operations, a correct view of performance, and a correct view of risk. It has proactively served the national energy security strategy, opened green channels for energy supply guarantee during critical periods such as peak summer electricity demand and major holidays, provided cumulative supply guarantee funds exceeding 7.6 billion yuan, stood up and proved reliable at critical moments, reflecting the political standing and responsibility of central enterprise financial institutions, and serving the "great affairs of the nation" with practical actions.
Tempering the quality of development and enhancing the effectiveness of serving the real economy. The real economy is the foundation of finance, finance is the lifeblood of the real economy, and serving the real economy is the bounden duty of finance. The Party Committee of Huadian Finance closely follows the "dual carbon" goals and the construction of a new energy system, and actively promotes the integrated development of technology finance, green finance, and digital finance. Centering on the construction of large-scale new energy bases, it has participated in organizing syndicated loans for key regional projects in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, and other regions, innovatively launched combined products of "preliminary loan + project loan," precisely supported the development of strategic emerging industries such as hydrogen energy and energy storage, and provided financial support exceeding 21.9 billion yuan for strategic emerging industries in 2025. At the same time, it has vigorously promoted digital transformation, built AI application scenarios such as intelligent credit review and intelligent risk control, optimized business processes, reduced average processing time by more than 30%, achieved the interconnection of business and financial data and closed-loop processes, and significantly improved service response speed and customer satisfaction. It has deployed nighttime intelligent fund concentration and end-of-day robot programs, achieving "grain by grain into the granary" through technological empowerment, providing solid guarantees for the safe and efficient operation of group funds. It has promoted the construction of an intelligent risk control platform and audit data warehouse, designed more than 60 look-through monitoring models, explored the use of AI audit agents to drive problem look-through tracing and closed-loop rectification tracking, and effectively enhanced look-through control capabilities through digital and intelligent transformation.
Always preserving the original aspiration true character and consolidating the foundation of enterprise development. The people-centered nature of financial work is embodied in providing high-quality and convenient services to the broad masses of workers and employees and to grassroots enterprises. The Party Committee of Huadian Finance deeply practices the Huadian Endeavor Culture, organizes thematic practical activities on "the political nature and people-centered nature of financial work are concrete," and educates and guides Party members and cadres to raise their political standing, cultivate deep feelings for the people, and build a solid safety line through in-depth thinking, discussion, and exchange. It has implemented the "Four Strengths, Four Promotions" Party building project, promoting the consolidation of foundations and the strengthening of strengths while making up for weaknesses with a problem-oriented approach, promoting look-through implementation and quality expansion with a systematic perspective, and enhancing functions and empowering development with an overall view. It has deepened the construction of "Four Strong" Party branches, implemented the dual-list management of "Party building responsibility list + business tackling list," and promoted the deep integration of Party building work and business work. It has adhered to the principle of the Party managing cadres, clearly established a talent selection orientation that values solid work, real performance, and responsibility, selected and strengthened the cadre team with the best candidates, and continuously improved the cadre selection and appointment mechanism. It has implemented the "posting challenges and claiming the task" mechanism, formed cross-departmental and cross-professional joint tackling teams, and vigorously created an innovative atmosphere of "advanced ones taking the lead, learning from and catching up with each other." It has carried out special training focused on strategic planning, technological innovation, risk compliance, and other fields, accelerating the cultivation of compound financial talents. It has built a Huadian Finance distinctive service brand, sincerely and earnestly solving difficulties and bottlenecks enterprises face in fund use, and continuously enhancing member units' sense of gain and security.
The new journey bestows new missions. Facing the complex and ever-changing external environment and the inherent requirements of high-quality development, central enterprise financial institutions can only truly achieve sustainable and healthy development by always upholding Party leadership, adhering to the positioning of serving the main business, and strengthening the driving force of reform and innovation. Huadian Finance will continuously enhance the professionalism, adaptability, and inclusiveness of financial services, demonstrate greater achievements in the practice of accelerating the construction of world-class enterprises, and contribute solid financial strength to Chinese-style modernization.
(Party Committee of China Huadian Group Finance Company Limited)
Return to TopAchievements are all made through hard work; only genuine effort produces genuine achievements and real results. China Huadian Corporation Ltd. Qinghai Branch (hereinafter referred to as Huadian Qinghai Company) firmly establishes and practices a correct view of political achievements, adheres to making political achievements for the people and through practical work, focuses on its main responsibilities and core business, continuously strengthens core functions and enhances core competitiveness, and contributes Huadian Qinghai's strength to building a strong energy nation.
Establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements through tempering party spirit. What plays a decisive role in establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements is party spirit. Huadian Qinghai Company guides party members and leading cadres to implement the general requirements of "establishing the party for the public, creating benefits for the people, making scientific decisions, and grasping firmly and doing solidly," and to create solid achievements that withstand the test of practice, the people, and history.
Consolidating the ideological foundation. Building the party through ideology and strengthening the party through theory — whether party members and leading cadres hold a correct view of political achievements first depends on whether their ideological cognitive system and value evaluation system are correct. Huadian Qinghai Company strictly implements the "first agenda item" system and the party committee theoretical learning center group study system, conducts theoretical study on a regular and long-term basis, and unifies thought and action with the Party's new theories for the new era. It deeply explores local red resources, relies on the Atomic City Memorial Hall to create a "mobile ideological and political classroom," and through party committee-led study, party branch joint study, and party member practical study, consolidates ideological consensus and guides party members and leading cadres to firmly establish and practice a correct view of political achievements.
Maintaining political resolve. Political resolve is the power that enables party members and leading cadres to steady their conduct and settle their minds, and it is a concentrated reflection of party spirit cultivation and political literacy. Huadian Qinghai Company proactively integrates into the overall plan for building an ecological civilization highland and the "four places" of industry. Based on its main responsibilities and core business, it steadily advances the construction of major projects, always upholds the spiritual realm of "success need not be attributed to me, but success must involve me," abandons short-term utilitarian development tendencies, implements the national new energy security strategy with a persistent and practical attitude, and demonstrates stronger responsibility and greater achievement in building a modernized new Qinghai.
Firmly establishing the awareness of the purpose. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the Party's fundamental purpose, and the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people must be the fundamental starting point and foothold of all our work. Huadian Qinghai Company treats supporting and building Qinghai as a major political task, deeply implements the "five projects" of rural revitalization in "industry, talent, culture, ecology, and organization," solidly carries out targeted assistance to Dulan County, implements stable employment work with high quality, completely resolves the historical problem of no electricity supply in Maduo Township, Yushu Prefecture, creates a "Huadian Love Points Supermarket," and uses genuine sentiment and practical work to polish the central enterprise's image of serving the people. It educates and guides party members and leading cadres to follow the Party's mass line in the new era, vigorously implements 18 practical livelihood projects in 9 categories, and wins the trust and support of the masses with practical work and real results.
Fulfilling the duties and mission of an energy central enterprise through practical action and dedicated implementation. Adhering to high-quality development is an important part of leading cadres' view of political achievements. Huadian Qinghai Company, based on Qinghai's unique provincial conditions, develops while protecting and protects while developing, exploring a high-quality development path led by ecological protection priority, clean energy dominance, and scientific and technological innovation drive.
Firmly grasping the major requirement of holding the bottom line of ecological environmental protection. It always remembers the provincial positioning of the "three greatest," proactively integrates into the construction of Qinghai's ecological civilization highland, and focuses on the two major tasks of clean energy development and value conversion. It highlights the characteristics of "clean energy + ecological environmental protection," bases itself on the reality of "sand, Gobi, and wasteland" governance, deepens the technological innovation of "photovoltaic + desertification control," and deeply integrates ecological environmental protection concepts into the entire life cycle of project planning, construction, operation, and maintenance. It seizes the major policy benefit of "transition from dual control of energy consumption to dual control of carbon emissions," integrates enterprise carbon management, project carbon assessment, and product carbon footprint into the entire process of the Golmud coal power project, increases the research, development, and application of low-carbon technologies such as advanced energy storage and hydrogen energy, and converts green energy into development resources.
Firmly grasping the primary task of high-quality development. Adhering to a systematic approach, it strives to promote the diversified and coordinated development of wind, solar, storage, thermal, hydrogen, and energy storage, and the "gold content" of high-quality development is increasingly sufficient. It strengthens strategic guidance, signs multiple strategic cooperation agreements with local governments, radiating to multiple regions of Qinghai. It drives coordinated regional development with major projects, and promotes the completion of filing and approval for the nation's first cross-provincial, cross-operating-area power transmission base project — the 19.24 million kilowatt Qaidam Desert Golmud East Base Power Project. It optimizes the layout and structure, successively obtaining 2.6 million kilowatts of the first and third national batches of large-scale wind and solar power bases and "open competition" wind and solar projects, obtaining through public competitive allocation the development rights for the Golmud 2×660,000 kilowatt coal power project and the development indicators for 1.4 million kilowatts of pumped storage and 5.6 million kilowatts of supporting new energy in Dachaidan, with installed capacity in operation reaching 2.5755 million kilowatts, having become an important force in Qinghai Province's clean energy construction.
Firmly grasping the clear orientation of cultivating new quality productive forces. It adheres to taking innovation as the primary driving force leading development, develops new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and promotes the transformation of innovation advantages into development advantages. It assists in building "China Hydrogen Sea," takes the lead in establishing Qinghai Province's first hydrogen energy innovation engineering technology research center, and Qinghai Province's first green electricity hydrogen production project has achieved commercial delivery. It promotes the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, with the zinc-bromine flow battery energy storage system and the deep peak-shaving unit burning high-alkali coal successfully selected for the National Energy Administration's fifth batch of first (set) major technical equipment in the energy field. It accelerates digital transformation, completes the construction of the largest smart shared energy storage power station in cold, high-altitude regions, starts construction of the ultra-supercritical coal-fired generating unit with the highest altitude and largest single-unit capacity, and solves development difficulties and stimulates endogenous momentum through innovation.
Deeply advancing strict governance of the Party in all respects through constant management and strict supervision. Implementing the responsibility for party governance is an important part and fundamental guarantee of leading cadres establishing and practicing a correct view of political achievements. Huadian Qinghai Company adheres to advancing strict governance of the Party in all respects with higher standards and more practical measures, treats correcting deviations and consolidating the foundation as a long-term political task, and simultaneously exerts efforts from multiple dimensions of cadre selection and appointment, institutional control, and work style cultivation, continuously fostering a clean and upright atmosphere for work.
Adhering to the correct orientation for selecting and appointing personnel. It highlights the orientation of practical results, taking the practice of a correct view of political achievements, the effectiveness of practical responsibility, and the performance of duties as the core basis for cadre selection, appointment, assessment, and evaluation, optimizing the cadre assessment and evaluation system, and adhering to emphasizing practical work, seeking practical results, and examining actual effectiveness. It highlights systematic cultivation, closely connects the talent supply system with the industrial chain and innovation chain, promotes the integration of industry and education and the integration of science and education, and promotes the cultivation of compound talents. It highlights organizational responsibility, incorporates key indicators such as scientific and technological innovation, green development, and safe production into cadre assessment, clearly supports and encourages cadres who dare to take responsibility, and encourages and guides cadres to dare to venture, dare to strive, be good at doing, and be good at completing.
Adhering to systematic governance and tightening the institutional cage. It improves the ideological and political education mechanism, grasps the ideological dynamics of cadres and workers in real time, and corrects in advance one-sided development ideas that emphasize the short term and neglect the long term. It improves the monitoring and correction mechanism, coordinates the multi-dimensional supervisory forces of discipline inspection and auditing, carries out special supervision around key areas such as bidding and procurement and safe production, makes good use of the negative list for deviations in the view of political achievements, and forms a working chain of in-process monitoring and post-event correction. It improves the power accountability mechanism, strictly implements systems such as the "Three Major and One Large," the reporting system for major matters, and democratic centralism, innovatively proposes the supervisory work requirement of "no supervision, no decision-making," standardizes the decision-making process for major matters, and ensures that power always operates on the track of the rule of law.
Persistently tempering a strong work style. It vigorously promotes a pragmatic style, makes efforts in ascertaining actual conditions, producing practical measures, and seeking practical results, conducts in-depth investigation and research, and resolutely guards against formalism and bureaucratism. It promotes a clean and honest style, firmly establishes a correct view of political achievements, comprehensively identifies integrity risk points, builds a solid ideological defense line, adheres to the red line of discipline and law, and forever maintains the political character of integrity and honesty. It cultivates a frugal style, always maintains a clear mind, manages family members and staff around well, builds a solid dam for implementing the spirit of the Central Committee's Eight-Point Regulation, and ensures a good start and good steps for the "15th Five-Year Plan" period with an excellent work style.
(Party Committee of China Huadian Corporation Ltd. Qinghai Branch)
Return to TopBy: 于洋
Seizing Luding Bridge by Force, Liu Guoshu
From October 1934 to October 1936, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army led by the Communist Party of China completed a large-scale strategic shift — the 25,000-li Long March. This was a feat of milestone significance in the history of China's revolution, leaving an inexhaustible spiritual source for literary and artistic creation. As Mao Zedong's classic assessment summarizing the significance of the Long March put it: "The Long March is a declaration, the Long March is a propaganda team, the Long March is a seeder." Over the past 90 years, paintings themed on the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's Long March and its related historical events have emerged in an endless stream, with a large number of classic art works appearing one after another, covering diverse categories such as Chinese painting, oil painting, printmaking, sculpture, and comic strips. Coinciding with the important historical juncture of the 105th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China and the 90th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's Long March, the narrative forms and expressive media of Long March-themed art creation continue to extend, expand, and innovate. How to narrate the stories of the Long March and carry forward the Long March spirit through pictorial language has always been an important subject that artists contemplate and confront.
Looking back at the thematic art creations over the past 90 years that depict the 10,000-li Long March of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, it is as if a Long March road in painting has been written through visual images. As early as during the Long March itself, creative forms such as slogans, illustrations, murals, sketches, and propaganda posters became the main channels for propaganda and mobilization at the time. Painters who personally experienced the Long March, such as Huang Zhen, Liao Chengzhi, Huang Yaguang, and Zhu Guang, had already successively taken up their brushes to record the ongoing stories of the Long March. For example, Huang Zhen's Westward Journey Sketches (Xixing Manhua), from the perspective of a firsthand participant, uses the form of sketch cartoons to express the Red Army's arduous and bitter Long March journey and revolutionary optimism, becoming precious visual historical material recording the course of the Long March. Liao Chengzhi's sketches Parting of Mother and Child and The General Scenes of the Long March, created in recollection of his personal Long March experiences, capture with delicate lines the sights and feelings encountered along the Long March.
In the early period after the founding of New China, a batch of paintings reflecting the revolutionary history of New China came into being. Along with the establishment of the creative mechanism for revolutionary history-themed art, several large-scale revolutionary history-themed art creation campaigns directly propelled the high yield and development of art creation on this subject. A large number of fine paintings themed on the Long March entered people's视野, generally presenting the pursuit of and tribute to revolutionary idealism and heroism. This expression of ideals and convictions is reflected in the paintings of artists such as Wu Zuoren, Fu Baoshi, Li Hua, and Pan He in the early period after the founding of New China. They drew on real historical events of the Long March and continued to cultivate deeply in plastic language and narrative methods. Wu Zuoren's Crossing the Snowy Mountains (1951) focuses on Red Army soldiers advancing tenaciously through the vast snowy wilderness. Zhang Yangxi's Cleverly Crossing the Jinsha River (1951) vividly reproduces, with highly tensile oil painting language, the thrilling scene of Red Army soldiers crossing the Jinsha River and charging forward bravely amid terrifying waves and dangerous currents. Dong Xiwen's The Red Army Fears Not the Trials of the Long March (1957) employs a layered, rich cool color tone contrasted sharply with the warm tone of campfire light, depicting with rough brushstrokes the harsh environment along the Long March. Liu Guoshu's Seizing Luding Bridge by Force (1959) uses concise yet bold artistic techniques to recreate the intense battle scene of the Red Army seizing Luding Bridge amid the smoke and flames of war. Jin Shangyi's Farewell (1959) adopts a high vantage point and a multi-figure composition, portraying to the fullest the profound bond between the army and the people, as deep as the affection between fish and water. Chinese painters such as Fu Baoshi, Li Keran, and Pu Songchuang, in turn, constructed landscape artistic conceptions against the background of Mao Zedong's poems: Fu Baoshi's Pure Serene Music · Liupan Mountain (1950), Forced Crossing of the Dadu River (1951), and Seven-Character Regulated Verse · The Long March (1959), Li Keran's The Long March (1959), and Pu Songchuang's The Bridge Over the Dadu River Spans with Cold Iron Chains (1961) all proceed from new perspectives, combining the artistic conceptions of Mao Zedong's poems to present images with distinctive Eastern charm, vividly interpreting the literary and artistic creative thought of "combining revolutionary realism with revolutionary romanticism." Print works such as Li Hua's Crossing the Grasslands (1950), Li Huanmin's The Red Army Crosses the Grasslands (1961), and Wang Qi's Snowfield Gorge (1964) use the knife as a blade, carving with sharply punctuated woodcut lines the moving scenes of Red Army soldiers trudging forward through harsh natural environments. Sculptures such as Pan He's Hard Times (1956), Liu Kaiqu's The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (1956), and Cheng Yunxian's Mao Zedong on the Long March Road (1958) display a distinct commonality of the era in character portrayal and technical expression, revealing the shaping and writing of revolutionary idealism by the community of artists in the early period after the founding of New China.
With the successful convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China began to enter the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization. A series of Long March art creations and exhibition activities continued to deepen and advance, and more and more painters chose to retrace the Long March road, beginning to contemplate the relationship between historical truth and artistic expression. In addition to focusing on the macro-narratives of important historical events, Long March-themed creations of this period also saw the emergence of individualized expressions from micro-perspectives. For example, Zhang Wenyuan's oil painting Wild Vegetables (1982) cuts in from a micro-perspective, emphasizing detailed depiction of soldiers gathering wild vegetables for food while marching through the grasslands, thereby expressing the arduous circumstances of the Red Army during the Long March. Shen Jiawei's oil painting Red Star Over China (1987) innovates in compositional schema, presenting the spiritual bearing of the collective leadership of the Communist Party of China through a panoramic group portrait. Li Jinkun's Chinese painting Green Mountains Like Seas, Setting Sun Like Blood (1991) makes new expansions in media, technique, and expressive form, using traditional landscape painting language to freeze the epic scene of the Red Army's victorious attack on Loushan Pass. At the same time, a large number of Long March-themed sculptures and comic strips also emerged, such as Shen Yaoyi's classic work The Red Ribbon of the Earth (1988–1993), which integrates printmaking techniques into comic strip creation, constructing a visual narrative system of the Long March journey from a unique narrative perspective. Long March-themed sculptures of this period also displayed distinct characteristics of the era. Public commemorative sculptures such as Ye Zongtao, Xu Baozhong, and Gao Biao's Monument to the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's Forced Crossing of the Dadu River (1982), and Ye Yushan's Monument to the Red Army's Breakthrough of the Xiang River (1993–1996) and Monument to the Yi Sea Alliance (1995), each offered new ideas in the exploration of sculpture's own language and aesthetic laws, shifting from grand collective narratives to individual narratives, actively seeking breakthroughs in paradigm on the basis of representing the real historical events of the Long March.
Entering the new era, under the guidance of various creative projects such as the "Artistic Creation Project on Themes of Chinese Civilization History" and the "National Thematic Art Creation Project," and coinciding with the historical juncture of commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army's Long March, Long March-themed art creation and its organizational mechanisms developed to a relatively mature stage. Whether in media transformation or conceptual expression, they reflect the new features of the times in new-era Long March-themed creation. Yang Canjun, Jing Shizhong, Ren Zhizhong, and Zhou Xiaosong's oil painting Dawn of Zunyi (2016) and Sun Weimin's oil painting The Great Turn (2019) both differ from previous typical compositional paradigms of the Zunyi Conference, shifting from realistic recording of historical scenes to using natural imagery as metaphor for the "great turn." Shao Yachuan's oil painting Crossing the Chishui River Four Times with Surprise Troops (2016) freezes the scene of Red Army soldiers crossing the river at night holding torches, writing the romantic poetry of the revolutionary journey with a rich, blazing red tone. Wang Yingsheng and Dong Zhuo's Chinese painting Crossing the Snowy Mountains (2016) combines rock-pigment techniques to reproduce the snow-covered terrain of Mount Jiajin, emphasizing the depiction of the historic moment when the Red Army overcame severe cold and danger to successfully cross the snowy mountains. He Jialin's Chinese painting By the Banks of the Chishui River (2021) uses contemporary landscape painting language to depict the historical region where the Red Army crossed the Chishui River four times, fusing revolutionary historical events with the poetic aesthetics of Chinese landscapes. In the field of sculpture creation, Wu Weishan led the creation of Long March Sculpture Suite (2021–2023), presenting in panoramic form the important scenes of the Red Army's Long March journey, combining grand and magnificent scene construction, delicate and nuanced character portrayal, and emotionally resonant imagery expression, employing rich narrative techniques to express the historical value and cultural connotation of the Long March spirit. Clearly, in the pluralistic and open contemporary cultural context, artists have turned to interpreting Long March history from new creative perspectives, and the issue of contemporary interpretation and translation of Long March subject matter has gradually received widespread attention.
Ninety years after the victory of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's Long March, creations centered on the Long March theme have linked together iconic historical events such as the bloody battle at the Xiang River, the Zunyi Conference, the great victory at Loushan Pass, crossing the Chishui River four times, cleverly crossing the Jinsha River, the Yi Sea Alliance, the forced crossing of the Dadu River, seizing Luding Bridge by force, crossing snowy mountains, and trudging through grasslands, forming a complete visual narrative genealogy of the Long March. Looking back at the developmental trajectory of Long March-themed creation, artists' creative orientations and artistic concepts have continuously adapted and innovated with the changes of the times and shifts in cultural context: creations during the marching phase of the Long March primarily adopted highly time-sensitive creative methods, combining the practical functions of battlefield documentation and spiritual mobilization. After the founding of New China, the focus of Long March-themed creation shifted toward visual expression of revolutionary idealism, constructing classic pictorial paradigms of the Long March theme through realistic pictorial language. Since reform and opening up, Long March-themed creation has shifted from grand narratives to the shaping of individual micro-perspectives. Entering the new era, innovations have been achieved in expressive language and narrative perspective, propelling Long March-themed creation toward a new stage of diverse forms and rich perspectives.
On October 21, 2016, at the conference commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army's Long March, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Every generation has its own Long March road, and every generation must walk its own Long March road well. Today, the Long March of our generation is to realize the 'Two Centenary Goals' and realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." Literary and artistic creation has always resonated at the same frequency as the development of the times. Every historical stage requires literary and artistic works that fit the needs of the times. Generation after generation of art creators have carried forward and promoted the Long March spirit through their painting practice, enabling the Long March spirit to obtain emotional resonance across time and space and continuously fresh contemporary interpretation.
The journey is long and vast; painting records history. As an important component of revolutionary history-themed art creation, Long March-themed painting has achieved a contemporary reconstruction of historical narrative through the continuous innovation of aesthetic paradigms, evoking people's remembrance of the Long March and their understanding of reality through the retrieval of historical details, thereby becoming a visual classic that continues the red journey. In the context of the new journey, art creators must not only look back at the magnificent revolutionary history of the Long March, sort out and summarize the developmental trajectory and creative laws of Long March-themed art works, but also return to the essence of art, adhere to the primacy of creation, trace revolutionary historical facts, diligently explore the contemporary expression of the Long March spirit, and through diverse artistic practice, write and pave the Long March road in painting.
(The author is Vice President of the Central Academy of Fine Arts)
Return to TopBy: 赵安华
No city is like Xichang — whenever you leave it, you always carry a trace of parting sorrow in your heart, and it is hard to bid it farewell.
I first came to know Liangshan when I was in middle school, when there was a lesson in our textbook about the story of the "Yi Sea Alliance." That tale of goodwill took deep root in my heart, and later I saw some literary and artistic works adapted from it, and so I naturally felt a fondness for the Yi people of the great Liangshan mountains. The residents of the Yi聚居区 in Liangshan trace their distant ancestors to the ancient Qiang people of the northwest, going back as far as the Gansu-Qinghai plateau; some later migrated southward. Of the Yi who came to the great Liangshan mountains, most crossed the Jinsha River from Zhaotong in Yunnan and entered the Liangshan region, where they worked, lived, multiplied, and thrived. Today this has become the most famous Yi聚居区 in the country. Before the founding of New China, this area remained in a slave society; after the Chinese Communist Party liberated Liangshan, they gradually came to live a happy and beautiful life. The phrase the Yi people use — "one step across a thousand years" — is their heartfelt gratitude to the Communist Party.
Xichang, as the capital of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, has long enjoyed such reputations as the "Moon City," the "Sun City," and the "Little Spring City." In March 2021, for the first time in my life I entered the great Liangshan mountains, coming from Beijing to Xichang; my heart could not remain calm, and it was precisely this trip to the great Liangshan mountains that made Xichang, this small southwestern city, take up residence in my heart from then on. In March, the great Liangshan mountains are lush and verdant everywhere, full of vibrant life. Flowers bloom with smiles, welcoming guests from all directions; in every one of its mountains and rivers, brothers and sisters of the ethnic minorities grow all kinds of seasonal fruits and vegetables, especially grapes of many varieties — such as Crimson, Shine Muscat, Red Globe, and Sweet Sapphire — hanging in clusters from the vines, filling one's heart with joy. The climate here is very pleasant, springlike all year round, very suitable for growing all kinds of fruits and vegetables; some fruit varieties introduced from abroad, such as Shine Muscat, grow very well when planted in the great Liangshan mountains. At a glance, the contiguous plastic greenhouses for fruit cultivation look like a vast white sea. No wonder someone, upon first arriving here and looking down at Xichang from the airplane, exclaimed: "Qionghai Lake is really big!" When they got off the plane and saw the real Qionghai Lake, they understood that the vast expanse of plastic greenhouses was so spectacular that it had unintentionally beautified and "recreated" Qionghai Lake.
Xichang's special geographical position makes it a meeting point between the interior and the southwestern border, and also a point where Eastern and Western civilizations collided relatively early. From ancient times to the present, it has been a necessary passage and key thoroughfare for many post roads, horse trails, highways, and railways; it is an important staging post on the way to Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, and other countries, and it is also a major town on the Southern Silk Road. The ancient city of Xichang began in the Han and Jin dynasties; historically it was called Jianchang, and its largest scale was reached in the Tang Dynasty, when it was called Xizhou. Xizhou was the main launching point for Tang Dynasty military campaigns against Yunnan, and also a strategic location long contested among the Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao, and Tubo. The Tang Dynasty established a Central Capital Protectorate there and built the grand-scale Xizhou city. The ancient city extended from Jiangpo in the east to Ningyuan River in the west, from Longyan Well in the south to Yingge Rock in the north. This ancient city was square and vast, weathering wind and rain through the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The most representative Four-Arch Tower and the rows of old streets were the landmarks of ancient Jianchang and the spiritual homeland of the people of Jianchang. Walking into the ancient city of Jianchang, one can still find 11 sites of ancient city walls and ancient fortresses. Among the old streets of the ancient city, there are 8 old alleys named after buildings such as city wall sites, city gates, temples, ancestral halls, memorial archways, screen walls, and chieftain mansions; 13 old alleys named after surnames or surname ancestral halls; 14 named after rivers, wells, trees, bridges, and the like; 7 old alleys named after directions, place names, or auspicious wishes; and 3 old alleys named after their functions. Today, although the appearance of those days is gone and those iconic buildings have long since turned to ashes and smoke, the lingering style and ancient charm of old Jianchang can still be found in these old streets and lanes. These cultural lifelines and genes have nurtured the customs and folkways of this ancient southwestern city, and have cultivated and shaped the virtue and integrity of generation after generation.
On that trip to Liangshan in 2021, I only took a cursory glance; my expectations far exceeded my lingering attachment, and what remained was mostly a sense of parting sorrow. At that time, the comrades in Xichang said ambitiously: give us another three or four years, and we will surely build Xichang more beautifully and better, especially the work of restoring the ancient city. The great Liangshan mountains were a famously poor and backward mountainous region that had only just emerged from poverty; although Xichang's economic development was somewhat better than that of the other counties, when I heard them say this, I still had some doubts and worries in my heart — I was afraid they were getting carried away, not seeking truth from facts, and acting blindly and recklessly. After all, for a mountainous region like the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and preventing the people from falling back into poverty should have been the top priority and the most important task at that time. Restoring the ancient city requires not only financial resources but also manpower, and one must act according to one's capacity. The speaker meant no harm, but the listener took it to heart; when I left Xichang, I carried with me a sense of concern and worry.
A full five years later, I came again to Xichang, which I had never been able to put out of my mind. What I had not expected was that the changes here were indeed quite significant. When I walked into the homes of farmers, I was astonished by their current living conditions. Today, almost every household in Xichang has grown rich by planting grapes and other agricultural products. The local comrades calculated an account for me: grapes yield an average of 6,000 jin per mu, with an output value of about 40,000 yuan; high-end products such as Shine Muscat yield more than 70,000 yuan per mu. Xichang city has 142 villages, with more than 16,000 households growing grapes, of which more than 700 households grow more than 20 mu, more than 20 households grow 80–100 mu or more, and more than 30 households grow over 100 mu. From these figures, we can see how prosperous the lives of the people of the great Liangshan mountains have become. When I walked into the ancient city of Xichang, I saw that the old streets had been restored, with an endless stream of people on them; merchants were busily calling out, selling all kinds of local snacks and specialty products. Everywhere here there was the smoke of human life — a bustling marketplace scene. The restoration of Xichang's ancient city did not involve large-scale demolition and construction; it was only planned and developed within existing conditions and capacity, gradually restored bit by bit on the original sites, repairing the old to look like the old. The local friend accompanying me explained that the ancient city is the spiritual anchor of old Xichang residents, the homesickness in their hearts that can never be erased, and also a place that new Xichang residents love. It has become a popular check-in spot for internet influencers; influencers from all over the country come here to choose locations and film, and what they value is the sense of sedimentation of the ancient city of Xichang. Here, every blue stone underfoot and every square brick on the ancient city wall has its own story; they silently record the history of this small city and tell of the wind and rain it has weathered.
There are many kinds of parting sorrow in the world, but only the parting sorrow Xichang leaves me with has a flavor all its own!
Return to TopBy: 吉炳伟
Oracle bone script is an ancient writing carved on turtle shells and animal bones. Over 3,000 years ago, the ancestors used pictographic strokes to depict heaven, earth, the myriad things, and the myriad forms of daily life. Each simple character shape carries the most unadorned foundation of Chinese civilization and contains the codes of life passed down through the millennia. A person's life is nothing more than birth, aging, sickness, death, fortune, and adversity running through it from beginning to end. Through these written symbols flashing with the wisdom of the ancestors, one can read the most essential and most penetrating view of life held by the Chinese nation.
The oracle bone character "生" (shēng - "life") has flat earth at the bottom, and above it a tender sprout breaking through the soil, striving upward. In spring, grasses and trees sprout and grow; all things in the world flourish in accordance with their nature. From the moment life comes into this world, it carries an inborn nature of growing toward the sun and refusing to bow its head. When the ancients created this character, they had long since seen clearly the essence of life: though it appears as fragile as a tender sprout, in its bones it is full of tenacity. Even if it grows in a barren crevice between rocks, it will take firm root and strain every effort to grow upward.
The oracle bone character "老" (lǎo - "old") very much resembles a bent-backed, stooped elder leaning on a staff with graying hair, depicting with great vividness the way a person gradually grows old. As time flows on, growing old slowly is a natural law that nothing in the world can escape. Aging does not mean decay and withering; rather, it is a testimony to accumulated experience and a fulfilled life. From the green years of youth, to the steadiness of middle age, to the tranquility of old age, life inherently has a complete course. Time will not flow backward, and life has its end. We must cherish every stage of life: in youth, be diligent and not waste the prime of life; in middle age, be steady and shoulder responsibility; in old age, be calm and enjoy the evening sun with ease, walking through this life with composure and confidence.
The oracle bone character "病" (bìng - "sickness") has a character shape like a person lying on a bed, weak all over, exhausted in body and mind, directly drawing the image of a person tormented by illness. Falling ill and suffering is, after all, a trial that is hard to avoid in life. It is precisely because we have tasted the bitterness of illness that we better understand the preciousness of health, and better take good care of ourselves, refusing to bow to hardship. When the ancients encountered matters, they divined and prayed for blessings, not only hoping for a healthy body, but also revering life and cherishing life from the bottom of their hearts. Illness reminds us to take care of our bodies; hardship tempers our minds. No matter how great the pain, it will eventually pass; no matter how difficult the situation, there is always a turn for the better.
The oracle bone character "死" (sǐ - "death") has on the left the form of bones and a corpse, and on the right a person bowing in sacrifice. In the eyes of the ancients, life and death are like the changing of the four seasons and the cycle of day and night; completing one's life by following nature's course is the constant principle of heaven. Only by being able to face death squarely can one let go of the obsessions in one's heart and understand that life cannot be lived over again. Only by taking parting lightly can one cherish every present day and live life with care. We cannot control the length of life, but we can make each day full and substantial. Holding fast to the conviction of living well and living each day conscientiously — this is precisely the wisdom of life and death that has been passed down for millennia in the oracle bone script.
The oracle bone character "顺" (shùn - "smooth, with the flow") is composed of a river and a human head. "川" (chuān - "river") is rushing, never-ceasing, unimpeded river water; "页" (yè - "head, page") represents a person's thoughts and state of mind. When the ancients created this character, the original meaning was that the state of mind is like flowing water — unblocked and peaceful — and that words and deeds follow the natural constant principles. Examining the deep meaning of the character "顺" closely: river water flows smoothly yet never lingers; the state of mind should be stable, and even more so one must hold fast to one's original heart. Therefore, when in favorable circumstances, one must all the more steady one's mindset, not become proud and unrestrained, not sink into comfort and decadence, but advance steadily along the natural rhythm of life.
The oracle bone form of the character "逆" (nì - "adverse, against") depicts an inverted human figure, implying that affairs do not go smoothly and the road ahead is blocked, corresponding precisely to the adverse circumstances of encountering bumps and low points in life. Life has never had an entirely smooth road; ups and downs, winds and rains are all the norm, and being lost and confused, passing through twists and turns, is inherently a road that must be traveled. A person may be temporarily frustrated and occasionally downcast, but must never rashly throw away life or fail the only life one has. Adversity can temper a person's will; setbacks can forge a person's backbone. Every time one grits one's teeth and perseveres is a reverence for life. Every time one faces difficulties and presses forward is a love of life.
More than 3,000 years have passed; the oracle bones have long since decayed, but the principles within the characters remain. Knowing "生" (shēng - "life"), one strives upward; knowing "老" (lǎo - "old"), one is composed; knowing "病" (bìng - "sickness"), one cherishes; knowing "死" (sǐ - "death"), one is penetrating; knowing "顺" (shùn - "smooth"), one is humble and harmonious; knowing "逆" (nì - "adverse"), one perseveres. Cultivating oneself and settling one's heart with ancient wisdom, and treating life with a reverent heart, is the best interpretation of life and also the best inheritance of Chinese civilization.
(The author is the Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the Henan Provincial People's Congress)
Return to TopBy: 陈卫
Chen Wei, President and Deputy Party Secretary of China Agricultural University, and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He has long been engaged in teaching and research in food microbiology, and is a leading figure in China's food science and nutritional health field, having made important contributions in the construction of a proprietary probiotic strain bank with independent intellectual property rights, the research and development of high-quality new strains, and the advancement of probiotic industrialization. He has received honors including the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, the second prize of the National Technological Invention Award, and the National May Day Labor Medal.
In June 2026, the State Council issued the "15th Five-Year Plan for Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization," clarifying that the "15th Five-Year Plan" period is a critical period for basically realizing agricultural and rural modernization. The Plan proposes cultivating and strengthening emerging industries and future industries in the agricultural field, implementing the "Shennong Talent" plan, deepening education and teaching reform in agricultural colleges and universities, and accelerating the construction of New Agricultural Science oriented by demand, so as to build a solid talent foundation for food security and high-quality agricultural development. So, what new picture does modern agriculture present today? Benchmarking against the "15th Five-Year Plan" goals, what new requirements and new challenges do agricultural colleges and universities face in education? How should we cultivate future agricultural innovation talents?
The Profound Transformation of Modern Agriculture
Agriculture is both an ancient and a young industry. Ancient, because farming civilization has continued for over ten thousand years. Young, because today's agriculture, driven by science and technology, is undergoing subversive reshaping and is gaining greater initiative — it no longer merely depends on heaven for food, but depends on heaven and, even more, on people.
Breaking the millennium-old iron law: agriculture depends on both heaven and people. Traditional agriculture is highly constrained by natural conditions, while modern smart agriculture, relying on life sciences, big data, and artificial intelligence, firmly grasps the initiative in production. Take a modern dairy cattle ranch as an example — from breeding, nutrition, and disease prevention and control to in-farm management, every link has deep involvement of science and technology. In the breeding link, through genomic selection technology, it can be known before a cow is born what its future milk yield will be, how fast it will gain meat, and whether it will be healthy; reproduction uses artificial insemination and embryo transfer, and sex can be precisely controlled. In in-farm management, automatic retractable roofs, milking robots, feed-pushing robots, and automatic manure-clearing equipment are all available, with all data uploaded to the cloud in real time, and managers can complete all work using a mobile phone APP. Today's dairy cattle industry has transformed from raising cattle by heaven to raising cattle by data, by genes, and by algorithms. This transformation extends to the aquaculture field — China has independently developed the "Deep Blue No. 1" deep-sea fishery, with a volume equivalent to 40 standard swimming pools, capable of accommodating 300,000 salmon, rising and falling with the seasons to adapt to suitable water temperatures, achieving stable domestic supply of deep-sea salmon and getting rid of import dependence.
Reshaping the geographic map: agriculture exists both in the countryside and in the city. When agriculture shakes off the hard constraints of land and climate, it can grow in skyscrapers and in industrial parks. Take Shenzhen as an example — Shenzhen has almost no large-scale arable land, yet it aims to build a hundred-billion-yuan agricultural science and technology innovation demonstration zone. On what basis? On science and technology, innovation, and talent — what it wants to be is the "brain" of agriculture, not the "hands and feet." Agriculture can even be located in a steel plant — a state-owned steel enterprise in China uses synthetic biology technology to convert industrial waste gas containing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into feed protein through special bacteria, with crude protein content exceeding 80%, capable of replacing soybean meal and fish meal. Estimated at a 50% utilization rate, one trillion cubic meters of industrial waste gas can produce 50 million tons of ethanol and 5 million tons of feed protein, saving 160 million tons of grain — equivalent to the output of 400 million mu of arable land — while reducing carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 125 million tons.
Subverting industrial classification: agriculture has become a sunrise industry integrating primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. The new technological revolution is redefining agriculture — agricultural production itself has become an industrialized production process. Modern agriculture is both a primary industry and a secondary industry, and even an integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. The wine industry is a typical microcosm: grape planting is the primary industry, brewing and processing is the secondary industry, and tasting, sales, cultural tourism is the tertiary industry — integrated development across the entire chain, with each link interlocking. Overall, modern agriculture has jumped out of the single category of planting and breeding; the Gobi, factory buildings, and high-rise buildings can all host agricultural intelligent manufacturing scenarios. It is no longer a primary industry that simply depends on heaven for food, but a composite industrial system integrating research and development, production, processing, and branding, carrying multiple values of health, emotion, and experience. Such a new agriculture is a sunrise industry intensive in science and technology, intensive in capital, and intensive in talent.
New Requirements and New Challenges for Agricultural College and University Education
Currently, agricultural production is undergoing all-round innovation — extensive planting and breeding has become precise management and control, experience-based labor has been upgraded to intelligent monitoring, and single production has shifted to green circularity. Various new agricultural business forms are emerging at an accelerated pace, putting forward entirely new standards for industry employment. However, many agricultural colleges and universities have slow curriculum system updates, teaching content cannot keep up with actual industrial development, and there is an obvious disconnect between talent supply and industry demand, posing three core examination questions for agricultural college and university education — agricultural education urgently needs transformation and upgrading.
Consolidating the bottom line of food security puts forward new requirements for agricultural college and university education. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that the Chinese people's rice bowl must at all times be firmly held in our own hands. When this statement is implemented concretely, it means that germplasm resources must be independently controllable, the arable land red line must be firmly guarded, and green production technologies must continuously achieve breakthroughs. White-feathered broiler chickens are the main source of China's chicken meat consumption, with an annual demand of over 10 billion birds, but in the past, germplasm resources were completely dependent on Europe and America — once supply is cut off, the risk is enormous. Cultivating our own breeds was fraught with difficulties, because foreign countries have nearly a hundred years of breeding accumulation, while China started almost from zero. China's research team spent nearly 10 years, using intelligent breeding technology to collect over 100 million production data points, establishing a "pedigree archive" for each chicken, innovating genomic breeding technology to directly select excellent individuals at the gene level, greatly accelerating the breeding process. In 2021, the independently cultivated "Wode 188" passed national approval, breaking the foreign monopoly, and the breed has also been exported to Africa and countries jointly building the Belt and Road. This tells us: firmly holding the "Chinese rice bowl" requires scientists who understand both breeding and genetic engineering to overcome "bottleneck" technologies, requires engineers who understand both smart agriculture and system integration to realize the efficiency revolution of one person managing a thousand mu of land, and also requires leaders who understand both global rules and possess strategic vision to safeguard national interests. This is the first examination question for agricultural college and university education.
The profound transformation of industry forces the construction of an interdisciplinary talent cultivation system. Cross-border integration and industrial intersection have become distinctive features of modern agricultural development. The food research field has combined eye-tracking devices to observe changes in consumers' pupils, analyzing the impact of food on emotions and mental health. This research reveals a profound industrial trend: future food enterprises must not only produce delicious products, but also take into account consumers eating happily and eating relaxed, simultaneously providing emotional value, health value, and experiential value. This requires practitioners to possess both agronomy and food science foundations, while also understanding knowledge related to psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. Modern agriculture has not only realized the transformation of production methods from manual labor to intelligent management and control, but the boundaries of industrial value have also extended from the fields to the level of the public's spiritual needs, putting forward entirely new requirements for the cultivation of composite talents — this is also the second examination question that agricultural transformation brings to agricultural college and university education.
Traditional education models are difficult to adapt to new needs, requiring self-renewal in education and teaching. Current agricultural education has problems such as weak coordination capacity, slow curriculum updates, and disconnection from practice. Students have solid single-subject skills, but insufficient cross-team collaboration ability; the credit mechanism is rigid, and the supply of frontier interdisciplinary courses is insufficient; classroom teaching is disconnected from the fields and the front line of industry. The market has already begun to shift toward new business forms such as intelligent planting and breeding, biomanufacturing, and agricultural digital services; industry needs composite talents, but some colleges and universities are slow to update disciplines and curricula, still outputting single-subject knowledge modules, and talent supply cannot keep up with the pace of industrial iteration. Of course, within challenges lie development opportunities — it is precisely because agricultural industry iteration and upgrading, and the difficulty of traditional education paradigms in adapting to new needs, that have released sufficient space and internal momentum for educational reform. In 2026, the state added 38 new undergraduate majors, of which 6 are agriculture-related, accounting for over 15% — majors such as agricultural robotics, biomanufacturing, smart fisheries, and smart landscape manufacturing all closely align with future agricultural development needs. National strategic deployment provides clear direction, industrial transformation continuously exerts pressure, and agricultural colleges and universities must proactively advance self-renewal in education and teaching.
Systematic Practical Paths for New Agricultural Science Construction
Facing the structural contradiction between industrial transformation and talent demand, agricultural college and university education cannot passively wait — it must proactively solve the problem through systematic reform. New Agricultural Science construction is precisely the core lever of this agricultural education reform. It is not a patch-up of traditional agricultural science, but a systematic reconstruction of the talent cultivation system oriented toward future agriculture. A group of agricultural colleges and universities represented by China Agricultural University has in recent years explored a demonstrative path for New Agricultural Science construction around concept renewal, major restructuring, farming-reading education, and curriculum innovation.
Concept first, anchoring consolidation and expansion, forming a new plan for New Agricultural Science construction. New Agricultural Science construction did not emerge from thin air. In 2018, China Agricultural University took the lead in convening the first New Agricultural Science education seminar jointly with seven universities, where a very fundamental question was discussed: is the "new" in New Agricultural Science the new of new versus old, or the new of innovation? Everyone formed a consensus called "consolidate the foundation and expand innovation." Consolidating the foundation means that the foundation of food security and the foundation of the "three rural" sentiment cannot be lost; expanding innovation means using biotechnology, information technology, and engineering technology to transform traditional agricultural science, while also expanding disciplinary fields to new directions such as nutritional health, ecological environment, and rural governance. Under the guidance of this consensus, in 2019, the "Anji Consensus," the "Beidacang Action," and the "Beijing Guide" were successively released, known as the "trilogy" of New Agricultural Science construction, providing a replicable and promotable education reform plan for agricultural and forestry colleges nationwide.
Restructuring the distribution of majors, building a "major matrix" adapted to the future. Traditional agricultural science major offerings are relatively narrow; New Agricultural Science construction should adhere to the major reform approach of "increase and decrease, cross-integration." Take China Agricultural University as an example: on the one hand, it does subtraction — suspending enrollment in majors that do not adapt to development; on the other hand, it does addition — taking the lead in developing the "Guiding Major Guide for New Agricultural Science Talent Cultivation," delineating 12 New Agricultural Science major directions, and adding 6 nationally pioneering majors including biological breeding science and agricultural intelligent equipment engineering. At the same time, it breaks down disciplinary barriers and supports students in constructing personalized knowledge systems according to their needs. For outstanding students with prominent research potential, it establishes a School of Future Technology, implementing the "Strong Foundation Plan" integrated undergraduate-graduate cultivation based on biological science and biological breeding majors, allowing undergraduates to enter laboratories early to conduct frontier research.
Deepening farming-reading education, cultivating a solid spiritual foundation of knowing agriculture and loving agriculture. Talent cultivation is the fundamental task of colleges and universities; the core of New Agricultural Science construction is to answer the fundamental question of "what kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate people, and for whom to cultivate people," and the key lies in cultivating students' sentiment of knowing agriculture and loving agriculture. Efforts are needed from two aspects: first, integrating value guidance into all courses, guiding teachers to subtly transmit the mission of strengthening agriculture and rejuvenating agriculture to students; second, deepening farming-reading education, cultivating sentiment in the fields. For example, China Agricultural University took the lead in compiling "Ten Lectures on Farming-Reading Education," and relying on the Zhuozhou Teaching Experiment Farm of over 20,000 mu, it offers compulsory labor courses, allowing students to take root in the fields for hands-on work. Now, agricultural colleges and universities nationwide have built over 300 farming-reading education bases, and farming-reading education has become a distinctive feature of New Agricultural Science.
Innovating the curriculum system, both "teaching knowledge" and "forging ability." After consolidating the sentiment of knowing agriculture, New Agricultural Science construction needs to rely on curriculum reform to consolidate students' comprehensive abilities. On the one hand, iterating talent cultivation plans. For undergraduates, a three-level curriculum cultivation plan of "general education — broad category — major" is implemented, promoting deep integration of traditional majors with artificial intelligence. Scientific research frontiers and the front line of industry are transformed into education platforms, and an undergraduate research training program is carried out. In the past 5 years, China Agricultural University has had over 17,000 person-times participating in more than 7,000 projects; many undergraduates enter laboratories early, producing academic papers and winning various competition awards. On the other hand, writing papers on the land. The Science and Technology Backyard model, which has received the cordial care of General Secretary Xi Jinping, is exactly this — moving classrooms and laboratories to the fields, with teachers and students eating, living, and working together with farmers, solving agricultural production pain points on the spot, opening up the "last mile" of agricultural technology extension, becoming a common education practice of agricultural colleges and universities, and reshaping students' growth paths. Now, 157 cultivation units nationwide have built over 1,800 Science and Technology Backyards, covering 31 provinces. Colleges and universities in various regions are simultaneously exploring distinctive practices — South China Agricultural University has built an unmanned farm training base, with teaching covering intelligent agricultural machinery operations throughout the entire process; Northwest A&F University has opened agricultural cross-disciplinary micro-majors, flexibly cultivating composite talents; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University has launched an AI pest and disease training platform, incorporating intelligent diagnosis into compulsory courses. Under multi-party coordinated reform, China's agricultural and forestry disciplines have entered the forefront internationally, graduates have become the backbone of various agricultural fields, forming a distinctive "China Plan" for agricultural education reform.
Benchmarking against the "15th Five-Year Plan" goals of agricultural and rural modernization, in what directions should China's agricultural college and university education continue reform and innovation in the future? In 2025, on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the founding of China Agricultural University, General Secretary Xi Jinping sent a reply letter with instructions: "Carry forward the fine tradition of running the university, be committed to strengthening agriculture and serving the country, deepen education and teaching reform, strengthen agricultural scientific and technological innovation and the transformation and application of achievements, strive to cultivate more professional talents who know agriculture and love agriculture, and make new contributions to building a strong agricultural country and advancing Chinese-style modernization." This is consistent with the General Secretary's 2019 reply letter to the secretaries, presidents, and expert representatives of agricultural colleges and universities nationwide, and the 2023 reply letter to the students of the Science and Technology Backyard of China Agricultural University, together constituting the fundamental guideline for the educational reform and development of agricultural colleges and universities in the new era. First, adhere to the original mission of strengthening agriculture and serving the country. This is the inherent responsibility of agricultural colleges and universities and the value pursuit of all agricultural and forestry teachers and students — all disciplinary construction, talent cultivation, and scientific research innovation must ultimately be anchored on ensuring food security, building a strong agricultural country, and advancing Chinese-style modernization. Second, continuously deepen reform and systematic reshaping. Facing the technological revolution and industrial transformation, agricultural and forestry education cannot merely make partial repairs; it must carry out systematic innovation across the entire chain of disciplines, curricula, practice, and evaluation, proactively adapting to the entirely new needs of future agriculture and future farmers. Third, cultivate a profound sentiment of knowing agriculture and loving agriculture. Without the support of local sentiment, advanced technology is merely a cold tool; only by being full of emotion for the land, farmers, and agriculture can one proactively take root at the front line and use technology to create value for people's livelihoods.
The three keywords of strengthening agriculture and serving the country, deepening reform, and knowing agriculture and loving agriculture answer the fundamental questions of "for whom," "relying on whom," and "cultivating whom" in New Agricultural Science construction, and depict a clear picture of future development. Agriculture is ancient yet young, and future agriculture is full of infinite possibilities. Only by keeping in mind the instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping, taking national strategy as the guide, industrial demand as the orientation, reform and innovation as the driving force, and promoting the integrated coordination of education, science and technology, and talent, can agricultural colleges and universities continuously cultivate new-type agricultural talents with professional competence, knowledge of and love for agriculture, and a global vision, laying a solid foundation for accelerating the building of a strong agricultural country.
Return to TopBy: 陈套
Regarding bottlenecks such as high-end scientific research instruments, General Secretary Xi Jinping has on multiple occasions profoundly pointed out that "China's basic research has a 'two ends abroad' problem, where research topics are sought from foreign academic journals, instruments and equipment are imported from abroad, and after achieving results, money is spent to publish in foreign journals and platforms," and has called for "strengthening independent safeguards for basic conditions such as high-end scientific research instruments, scientific data, and scientific journals," "fighting the tough battle for the domestic localization of scientific instrument equipment, operating systems, and basic software," and "striving to realize as soon as possible the use of China's self-developed research platforms, instruments, and equipment to solve major basic research problems." High-end scientific research instruments are the "eyes" and "hands" of scientific research and technological innovation, the foundation for cultivating new quality productive forces, and they drive the development of science and technology and industry. However, China's high-end scientific research instruments have long been constrained by foreign dependence, seriously affecting scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, as well as the security and controllability of the industrial chain and supply chain.
High-end scientific research instruments, also called high-end scientific instruments, refer to devices or equipment with high technological content, high added value, complex functions, and high requirements for application scenarios. Their research, development, and manufacturing are themselves scientific research and technological innovation, characterized by high levels of craftsmanship, precision, and performance indicators. High-end scientific research instruments are strategic, foundational, and pioneering tools that support major national tasks, frontier scientific research, and future industrial development. According to incomplete statistics, more than 70% of major scientific and technological achievements among Nobel Prize natural science awards were obtained in reliance on high-end scientific instruments. As scientific research develops toward the "four extremes," scientific research activities are increasingly inseparable from high-end scientific research instruments, and developing high-end scientific research instruments has become a strategically contested field in great-power competition. If instruments cannot achieve independent innovation and domestic substitution, it will be difficult to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. It can be said that the level of innovation, manufacturing, and application of high-end scientific research instruments has become an important indicator of a country's scientific and technological strength and industrial strength.
At present, China still purchases large quantities of high-end scientific research instruments from developed countries. Scientific instruments, along with chips and oil, rank among the top three in terms of external dependence. Looking at sub-sectors, imports of lasers, nuclear instruments, and medical instruments all account for more than 70%. Data show that in the past five years, imports of high-end analytical instruments worth more than 500,000 yuan accounted for over 80% of both quantity and total purchase amount, with universities accounting for about 60% of imports and research institutes about 20%. High-end scientific research instruments are mainly dominated by developed countries, with the United States accounting for more than one-third of the global market. Among the global Top 20 high-end instrument manufacturers by enterprise revenue, 12 are American, 4 are German, 2 are Swiss, and 2 are Japanese. Because high-end scientific research instruments are difficult to develop, require strong technical craftsmanship, and demand high precision and performance indicators, on the one hand this determines their high thresholds, high prices, and high profits, and they may be placed on restricted export lists; on the other hand, domestic high-end scientific research instruments have shortcomings in core materials, craftsmanship, and key components, and are clearly insufficient in performance stability, service support, and market recognition. Although the problem of "having what others have" has been solved, "having it does not necessarily mean it works well." Domestic substitution procurement of high-end mass spectrometers, optical chromatographs, optical microscopes, and the like accounts for less than 10%.
China has long had plans for developing scientific research instruments. As early as 1998, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (国家自然科学基金委) established the "Special Project for Basic Research on Scientific Instruments." The Ministry of Science and Technology (科技部) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China have strengthened special support for scientific instrument research and development. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Science and Technology deployed the key special project "Basic Scientific Research Conditions and Major Scientific Instrument Equipment Research and Development" under the National Key Research and Development Program, supporting the domestic development of scientific instruments and enhancing the research and development capability of core components for basic scientific research. According to data released at the 2026 Zhongguancun Forum — High-End Instrument Innovation and Development Forum, China's instrument and meter industry has made significant progress. Because China started relatively late in developing high-end scientific research instruments, and the endeavor involves long technology chains, many categories, high market barriers, large investment, slow returns, and high risks, it is difficult to achieve through the market's own mechanisms alone.
The central government and local governments are accelerating the development of high-end instruments. China's 15th Five-Year Plan outline has made special arrangements for developing high-end instruments, proposing to adopt extraordinary measures to promote decisive breakthroughs in key core technologies in key fields such as high-end instruments across the entire chain. It requires strengthening independent safeguards for basic scientific and technological conditions, and strengthening the construction of conditions such as high-end scientific research instruments, scientific journals, and scientific data. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (工信部) and other departments have included high-end scientific research instrument development in the National Key Research and Development Program. The National Natural Science Foundation of China continues to fund the "National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project." In addition, to promote exchanges between China and the world in the field of high-end scientific research instruments, in November 2025, the first English-language international journal supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院) — High-End Scientific Instruments (《高端科学仪器》) — was launched. Localities are also conducting pilot initiatives and accelerating the domestic localization of high-end scientific research instruments. Beijing, Shanghai, and other places have successively formulated action plans or implementation plans for developing high-end instruments, and issued supporting policies, aiming to develop scientific research instruments with excellent performance, stability, sensitivity, accuracy, and efficiency, so that users dare to use them, want to use them, and are willing to use them.
Developing high-end scientific research instruments — the fundamental imbalance to be resolved is the question of "whether they exist" and "whether they are good." In essence, this is both a scientific research endeavor and the making of instrument products. It requires forward-looking, systematic layout, making up for industrialization shortcomings, and leveraging asymmetric advantages, latecomer advantages, and the advantage of changing lanes to overtake.
First, increase support for high-end scientific research instrument research and development. Adopt extraordinary measures to lay out and support basic research, frontier research, technological breakthroughs, and product innovation in high-end scientific research instruments, with preferential treatment in topic selection and project initiation, platform construction, talent cultivation, and award support. In particular, increase research and development efforts for instrument development based on new principles and new concepts, as well as exploration of new experimental methods for precise measurement across time and spatial scales and under extreme conditions, and promote the deep integration of major instrument research tasks with basic discipline construction and talent cultivation. Leverage the spillover benefits of derivative technologies from major scientific and technological infrastructure, and localize the industrialization of new technologies and new breakthroughs derived from the construction and operation of facilities, achieving independent and controllable "root technologies" for high-end scientific research instruments. Strengthen the leverage and driving role of major projects, give play to the frontier-leading and source-supply role of universities and research institutes, raise the level of organization in research efforts, and accelerate the transformation of original innovation and disruptive innovation achievements into high-quality, stable high-end scientific research instruments. Enhance the ability of enterprises to lead organization and integrate resources, vigorously promote the research and development, engineering, and commercialization of high-end scientific research instruments, and continuously improve product reliability, durability, and stability.
Second, improve the strategic layout of high-end scientific research instruments. Promote regions to focus on mass spectrometers, chromatographs, spectroscopic analysis instruments, electron microscopes, life science instruments, and core components such as key sensors, detectors, vacuum pumps, and lasers, with supporting data analysis software and standard spectral libraries, integrate and aggregate innovation resources, build high-end scientific research instrument industrial clusters with distinctive and complementary characteristics, and form a number of research and development demonstration bases, distinctive highlands, and regional centers. Systematically solve the problems of long instrument research and development cycles and high thresholds, connect the entire chain from basic research, technological research, engineering, to market application across universities, research institutes, and enterprises, and rely on bases and parks to build common technology platforms for pilot testing, pilot-scale production, inspection and testing, etc., making up for shortcomings in each link of principle verification, prototype development, engineering, and industrial application, and enhancing the capacity for common technical services and the ability to support industrial chain resilience. Optimize assessment and incentive mechanisms, take complete instrument development, engineering application, and scaled development as core evaluation indicators, and form a pattern in which undertaking one major research task leads to the development of a series of key instruments and the incubation and clustering of a group of midstream and downstream enterprises. Encourage leading instrument technology enterprises and industry associations to take the lead in formulating industry rules and technical standards with international influence.
Third, promote the development of the high-end scientific research instrument industry. Focus on strategically contested fields of complete high-end scientific research instrument products, cultivate specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative enterprises, strengthen leading enterprises and leaders in segmented tracks, support leading enterprises in taking the lead in building industry-university-research-application innovation consortia, and create an industrial ecosystem from "point-like breakthroughs" to "systematic innovation." High-end scientific research instruments are "great power's heavy equipment" purchased by a niche market, and the scale of a single market is relatively limited. It is necessary to give play to the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, adhere to long-term national investment, risk sharing, and demand traction, strengthen the guiding role of government pilot industry mother funds and future industry funds, and encourage social capital and venture capital to invest in early-stage projects. Encourage the use of domestically produced substitute scientific research instruments, and achieve iterative upgrades through continuous use, realizing a virtuous cycle of "application verification — problem feedback — technical improvement." Improve procurement support policies, incorporate the promotion and application of domestic instruments into relevant assessment systems, and strengthen policy-end support and safeguards. Focus on scenario needs and future development needs, rely on high-energy-level science and technology innovation platforms, establish demonstration and iteration centers for domestic instruments, open trial use to users nationwide, and promote the verification and iteration of domestic instruments in real application scenarios.
Fourth, improve the overall performance of high-end scientific research instruments. The core competitiveness of high-end scientific research instruments lies in cutting-edge technology foundations, system integration, operational stability, and engineering reliability. While tackling key core technologies, pay attention to integrating artificial intelligence technology throughout high-end scientific research instruments, integrating components with high-level production craftsmanship into multi-module systems, promoting the transformation of instruments from mere data detection tools to intelligent platforms for analysis, judgment, and decision-making, achieving a leap from data collection to knowledge discovery, comprehensively improving the precision, efficiency, and stability of domestically produced scientific research instruments, enabling instruments to "think" and "make decisions," and continuously enhancing core competitiveness. Accelerate the cultivation of high-level instrument science and technology talent through high-end scientific research instrument development projects, promote the intelligent value leap from single instruments to "scientific research instruments + operation and maintenance personnel + customized solutions," provide complete workflow solutions, full-chain value creation, and personalized services, help solve frontier science, key technology, and industrial bottleneck problems, make "whether it works well" a key indicator of overall performance, and realize a full-chain transformation of scientific research instruments from core components, industrial software, to industrial ecology.
Return to TopBy: 唐珂
General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Rural revitalization requires both shaping the body and forging the soul; it is necessary to form civilized rural customs, good family traditions, and simple folkways, and to radiate a new atmosphere of civilization.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party made arrangements for implementing the project of building civilized rural customs, and this year's Government Work Report requires raising the level of rural governance and civilized rural customs construction. Implementing the project of building civilized rural customs is a major measure for advancing the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas and promoting the high-quality development of spiritual civilization construction, and is of great significance for promoting a marked improvement in the degree of social civilization.
We must deeply grasp the important significance of civilized rural customs construction. Nurture the spiritual foundation and consolidate the centripetal force of rural governance. “Observe the patterns of heaven to examine the changes of the times; observe the patterns of humanity to transform the world.” Traditional Chinese governance has always attached importance to the relationship between customs and politics, and between enlightenment and order. At present, rural social forms, population structures, and value concepts are undergoing profound changes, and rural governance faces deep cultural dilemmas such as the weakening of value consensus, the degeneration of public spirit, and the fading of collective identity. Civilized rural customs construction, by leading rural mores with mainstream values, integrates the Party's innovative theories and national policy orientations into village rules and agreements, family traditions and precepts, and civilized practice, integrates socialist core values into the daily life of the masses, breaks down ideological misunderstandings, consolidates ideological consensus, and solidifies the Party's governing foundation and mass base in rural areas.
Inherit the historical cultural lineage and activate the vitality of agrarian civilization. “As for the crops, those who cultivate them are people, those who give them life are the earth, and those who nourish them are heaven.” This contains the profound wisdom of the interdependence between humans and heaven and earth, and the intrinsic unity of production and life. China's agrarian civilization has a long history and is broad and profound, having accumulated spiritual traits such as valuing agriculture, putting the people first, trusting the seasons, and pursuing harmony. The unity of heaven and humanity can be transformed into the construction concept of harmonious and beautiful villages; farming and reading passed down through generations can be transformed into family traditions and precepts that value education and respect learning; emphasizing trust and cultivating harmony can be transformed into moral norms of mutual assistance among neighbors; diligence, frugality, and filial piety can be transformed into the value support for transforming customs and habits. Civilized rural customs construction, through the systematic protection and utilization of agricultural cultural heritage, local intangible cultural heritage, and red cultural resources, continues the fine traditions of seeking truth from facts, upholding integrity and innovation, and advocating virtue and goodness, preserves local cultural memories, consolidates the moral force of traditional rites and customs, and activates the profound and enduring vitality of agrarian civilization.
Purify rural customs and folkways and enhance the sense of happiness of farmers. “Transform customs and habits, and all under heaven will be at peace.” Customs are the systems of behavioral rules, emotional identification, and value evaluation formed by people in long-term common life. Problems such as exorbitant bride prices, extravagant ceremonies, lavish funerals with meager support for the living, and competitive comparison of gifts, on the surface are living habits in weddings and funerals, but at a deeper level are governance difficulties formed by the interweaving and solidification of face-saving concepts, social pressure, competitive psychology, and public rules. Civilized rural customs construction, through value guidance and institutional norms, promotes marriage returning to love and responsibility, funerals returning to the true meaning of filial piety, respect for the elderly returning to support and companionship, and human relationships returning to sincere mutual assistance. Promote the transformation of customs and habits on a regular basis, implement the concepts of civilized rural customs in specific scenarios such as weddings, bride prices, banquets, and funerals, rectify outdated customs and bad habits, reduce the burden of social obligations, cultivate new trends and healthy practices of civilized marriage and love, filial piety and care for the elderly, and mutual watchfulness and assistance, relieve the life pressure of farmers, and enable them to display a positive and upward spiritual outlook.
The practice of civilized rural customs construction has achieved notable results. Ideological and cultural positions have achieved full coverage. The value of grassroots ideological and cultural positions lies in organizing the masses, spreading ideas, and consolidating consensus. At present, the country has built more than 600,000 New Era Civilization Practice Centers, Stations, and Posts, achieving full coverage of counties, townships, and villages. All localities rely on Party and mass service centers, cultural auditoriums, village art workshops, rural stages, and other venues to open up the “last kilometer” of serving the masses. Zhejiang has built more than 20,000 rural cultural auditoriums, integrating functions such as theoretical propaganda, cultural services, education and training, and transformation of customs and habits, creating a comprehensive cultural position integrating auditoriums, lecture halls, and cultural and sports activity venues. New models such as small-stool propaganda sessions, cloud classrooms, and rural livestreaming are gradually becoming widespread, and rural areas present a flourishing scene of “grassroots cadres explaining policies, cultural leaders explaining family traditions, and moral models telling stories,” with theoretical and policy propaganda reaching the grassroots directly and penetrating deeply into people's hearts.
Governance for transforming customs and habits is advancing on a regular basis. Village rules and agreements in administrative villages across the country have been comprehensively revised and improved, the role of mass self-governing organizations such as red and white council and moral appraisal councils has become increasingly prominent, new-style weddings, simplified funerals, and not holding ceremonies for other occasions are gradually becoming the fashion, and problems such as exorbitant bride prices and extravagant ceremonies have been effectively curbed. Ningxia has innovatively constructed a “1+8+N” policy system and carried out special governance of exorbitant bride prices in rural areas. As of the end of 2025, a total of 12,618 marriage registrations were handled in rural areas across the region, of which “zero bride price” and “low bride price” accounted for the majority, and the average bride price amount decreased by 36% compared with before governance. According to monitoring data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs' village-level observation points for transforming customs and habits, new civilized trends in rural areas are gradually becoming a consensus among the masses.
The vitality of rural culture has been fully released. In recent years, all localities have explored and innovated development paths such as the protection of traditional villages and the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage, and the protection and utilization of agricultural cultural heritage has been advanced in an orderly manner. To date, 7 batches of 188 items of China's Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage have been recognized, and there are 25 items of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems from China. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles jointly launched the “Earth's Colors and Flowing Splendor — National Rural Cultural Revitalization in Action,” systematically deploying 12 key cultural activities, adhering to the farmer as the main body, agriculture as the main line, and the countryside as the main arena. Mass cultural and sports activities such as “Village Super League,” “Village BA,” “Village Evening,” “Village Run,” and “Village Dance” are flourishing. Short videos, livestreaming, e-commerce platforms, and other digital means empower the dissemination of rural culture, releasing the innovative and creative vitality of farmers. The supply of public culture has become richer, rural beautiful scenery and cuisine, folk activities, and intangible cultural heritage skills are moving toward a broader market, and the comprehensive effects of culture benefiting the people, culture delighting the people, and culture enriching the people are continuously emerging.
Cultivate a solid long-term foundation for civilized rural customs construction. Adhere to transforming people through culture and nourish harmonious rural customs through value infiltration. Deepen the publicity and popularization of the Party's innovative theories. Firmly hold the rural ideological and cultural position, rely on grassroots positions such as New Era Civilization Practice Centers (Stations, Posts) and Party and mass service centers, and regularly carry out object-oriented, audience-segmented, and interactive propaganda sessions. Proceed from the thoughts, concerns, and aspirations of farmers, use methods that are close to the masses, easy to understand, and welcomed by the people to publicize the Party's innovative theories, use vivid examples to explain profound truths, so that the masses can listen and understand, and internalize them in their minds and hearts. Promote and practice socialist core values. Make efforts in integration, combination, and incorporation, and in implementing them in detail, in small matters, and in concrete actions, adhere to transforming people through culture and educating people through culture, coordinate the promotion of the construction of positions such as rural moral lecture halls and rural culture walls, and create visual and popularized carriers for value dissemination. Carry out ideological and moral education and ideal and belief education. Guide the broad masses of farmers to cultivate deep feelings of loving the Party and the country, and of the unity of family and country. Improve the long-term mechanism for rural ideological and moral construction, and organize integrity education and rule-of-law education. Improve the rural humanistic care and psychological counseling mechanism, and cultivate a social mentality of self-respect and self-confidence, rationality and equanimity, and positivity and progress.
Deeply excavate cultural resources and enrich the foundation of rural customs through the inheritance of the cultural lineage. Adhere to protection first and revitalization and utilization. Carry out a national survey of agrarian cultural resources, systematically sort out agricultural cultural heritage, traditional folk customs, red resources, and intangible cultural heritage skills, and establish cultural resource ledgers and classified protection mechanisms. Improve the management measures for agricultural cultural heritage, strengthen the excavation, recognition, and protection of agricultural cultural heritage, and preserve the cultural roots of rural areas. Deeply excavate spiritual connotations and integrate them into grassroots governance. Implement the rural memory project, and promote the integration of excellent traditional culture into village rules and agreements, family traditions and precepts, civilized appraisal, and the selection and establishment of role models. Enrich cultural carriers and subtly influence people's hearts. Relying on carriers such as New Era Civilization Practice Centers (Stations, Posts), cultural auditoriums, rural museums, village history halls, rural bookstores, and rural stages, combined with scenarios such as the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Farmers' Harvest Festival, and the 24 solar terms, carry out mass cultural activities with agrarian interest, farming fun, and rural flavor, and promote the innovative development of local culture.
Deepen the transformation of customs and habits in rural areas and purify rural social atmosphere through regular governance. Give play to the leading role of Party members and cadres and the guiding role of village rules and agreements. Strengthen the daily education and management of rural Party members and cadres, strictly implement the reporting and commitment system for wedding and funeral matters, and handle violations by Party members and cadres such as holding banquets without authorization in accordance with regulations, discipline, and law. Fully give play to the role of organizations such as red and white councils, villagers' deliberation councils, and moral appraisal councils, promote the inclusion of advocated standards for bride prices, banquet scales, gift limits, funeral procedures, and governance of non-business banquets into village rules and agreements, and improve binding norms and advocated standards. Adhere to lawful and classified governance. Strengthen joint governance in inter-provincial adjacent areas, continuously rectify outdated customs and bad habits in rural areas such as exorbitant bride prices, extravagant ceremonies, and lavish funerals with meager support for the living, regulate and guide unhealthy trends such as excessive consumption and competitive fundraising, crack down on the use of weddings and funerals to raise money and fraud through marriage in accordance with the law, and lawfully govern illegal and criminal acts such as pornography, gambling, drugs, and illegal religious activities. Strengthen public service support. Strengthen the construction of rural rule-of-law culture and carry out policy propaganda and education on transforming customs and habits in rural areas. Strengthen public welfare marriage and love services, guide the establishment of correct views on marriage and love, childbearing, and family, and cultivate a simple and civilized wedding culture. Improve the rural funeral and interment public service system, and promote the construction and standardized management of public welfare cemeteries in rural areas. Make full use of rural comprehensive service facilities to provide convenient services for the masses to hold new-style and simplified weddings and funerals, and create a good atmosphere of mutual assistance.
(The author is the Director of the Department of Rural Social Undertakings Promotion of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)
Return to TopBy: 王彬武
Since the reform and opening up, China has experienced the largest-scale and fastest urbanization process in the world. At present, China's urbanization is shifting from a period of rapid growth to a period of stable development, and urban development is shifting from a stage of large-scale incremental expansion to a stage focused on improving quality and efficiency of the existing stock. The essence of urban renewal work is a systematic project that follows cyclical laws. Deeply grasping the cyclical laws of urban development, economic operation, industrial iteration, and renewal of facilities and buildings, and applying the concept of full-cycle management throughout the entire process of urban renewal, holds important practical significance for advancing urban renewal with high quality.
Deeply understand the cyclical characteristics of the entire process of urban renewal. From the perspective of urban development laws, the urbanization process has notable stage-based characteristics. Research shows that the trajectory of world urban population growth follows an S-shaped curve, and the urbanization process is divided into three stages: initial, rapid development, and stabilization. An urbanization rate of 60%–70% is the period of transition from the second stage to the third stage. During the rapid development stage, relevant countries mainly focused on solving the problems of urbanization itself; when transitioning from rapid development to the stabilization stage, they mainly focused on solving the problems of urban development itself. By the end of 2025, China's permanent resident population urbanization rate reached 67.89%, and it is precisely in a period when it is necessary to solve through urban renewal such problems as insufficient urban development momentum, tightening resource and environmental carrying capacity, and the need to revitalize and optimize existing stock space.
From the perspective of macroeconomic operation and investment cycles, long-cycle projects require support from a more long-term investment and financing system. Urban renewal projects generally feature large upfront investment, long operation cycles, and slow investment returns. Urban construction is deeply linked to macroeconomic operation and fiscal revenue. During economic upturns, fiscal input increases; during periods of economic pressure, urban renewal serves as an important lever for expanding domestic demand and an important vehicle for stabilizing investment and promoting consumption. Relying solely on short-term credit and temporary fiscal subsidies cannot meet the needs of the full project lifecycle. Building a diversified and sustainable investment and financing system is the key to ensuring high-quality advancement of urban renewal.
From the perspective of industrial iteration cycles, the demand for urban spatial renewal and the upgrading of industrial formats support each other. Urban industries continuously iterate along with technological innovation and market transformation. As traditional industries gradually exit and emerging formats accelerate their growth, old streets (factory areas), traditional commercial districts, and low-efficiency buildings are required to undergo synchronous renewal and upgrading. If blind renewal and renovation are carried out divorced from industrial development cycles, problems such as emphasizing appearance over function, projects being sensational for a time but then left idle long-term, are likely to emerge. Only by driving increments through revitalizing the stock, relying on existing stock space, following the laws of industrial cycles, and cultivating new industries and new formats such as scientific research and development, cultural creativity, and leisure and entertainment, can the endogenous momentum of the city be continuously activated and the steady appreciation of spatial value be achieved.
From the perspective of facility and building cycles, a large number of existing stock facilities are entering the window period for renewal and renovation. According to current engineering construction standards, the design service life of ordinary buildings and structures in China is 50 years, and the service life of ancillary facilities such as building exterior walls, pipelines, doors and windows is mostly 15 to 30 years; the annual renewal rate of urban water supply pipeline networks should not be lower than 2%; domestic sewage pipeline networks are required to complete a full round of comprehensive inspection and repair every 5 to 10 years; according to road grade and pavement type, the working service life of pavement structure facilities for urban expressways, major roads, secondary roads, and branch roads is 15 years, 15 years, 15 years, and 10 years respectively; special equipment such as elevators and old gas pipelines must undergo assessment and renovation upon reaching the prescribed service life. According to data from the first national comprehensive natural disaster risk survey, the total floor area of urban buildings in China reaches 66.2 billion square meters. The total length of various municipal pipeline networks is approximately 3.9 million kilometers. A large number of buildings and facilities built in the mid-to-late 20th century are successively entering the aging period. Carrying out normalized renewal that follows cyclical laws and refined operation and maintenance has become an urgent task for enhancing urban safety and resilience.
Vigorously build an urban renewal implementation system based on cyclical laws. Firmly establish the awareness of "full-cycle management" in urban renewal. Concepts are the precursor to action. It is necessary to break away from incremental construction thinking, persist in systematically planning the city as an organic living entity, and apply the concept of full-cycle management throughout the entire process of urban renewal. The essence of urban renewal is a process of consultation and adjustment of stock interests. It is necessary to persist in that the people's city is built by the people, and the people's city serves the people, taking the urgent difficulties and concerns of the masses as the starting point and foothold of work. Coordinate all links including project planning, planning and design, construction, funding guarantee, operation and maintenance, and dynamic evaluation; balance short-term goals with long-term development; and comprehensively implement spatial renovation and functional improvement. For example, in a residential area in Beijing, the residential buildings are approaching the 50-year structural aging cycle. The project fully respected residents' wishes, adopted a model of demolition and reconstruction on the original site, and comprehensively advanced the rectification of safety hazards, improvement of residential quality, and long-term operation and maintenance management, becoming a typical practice of implementing the full-cycle concept in urban renewal.
Formulate special urban renewal plans according to cyclical laws. Planning is the vision, blueprint, basis, and sequence of development, and plays an important guiding role. The special urban renewal plan is the basis for coordinating urban renewal activities within the urban development boundary and for planning and implementing urban renewal projects. Different projects have different cycles. During the urban renewal period, clarifying the different project cycles is conducive to saving costs and maximizing economic and social benefits. It is necessary to persist in "physical examination first, renewal second; no renewal without physical examination," transform the problem list and demand list into a project list through urban physical examination, establish and improve the planning implementation system of "special urban renewal plan—area planning—project implementation plan," and strengthen effective linkage with territorial spatial planning. Comprehensively carry out surveys of urban facilities, improve city-wide construction archives, and annotate the construction year, service life, aging degree, and renewal nodes of various facilities. Implement differentiated policies according to building cycles. For example, for residences with a building age of 20 to 50 years, focus on implementing comprehensive quality improvement such as pipeline renovation, elevator installation, and environmental remediation; for dilapidated old houses with a building age exceeding 50 years, orderly promote self-initiated renewal and demolition and reconstruction on the original site; municipal roads, pipeline networks, elevators, and other facilities should undergo normalized renovation strictly in accordance with national standards. Promote area-based coordinated renewal, and in combination with industrial cycle laws, promote the deep integration of spatial renewal and industrial upgrading.
Promote the construction of an urban construction and operation investment and financing system based on cyclical laws. Urban renewal financing focuses on the three major links of the full project cycle: investment, construction, and operation. From practice, adopting investment fund-ization, construction credit-ization, and operation securitization according to different links is the basic law of urban renewal investment and financing. Specifically, in the early project investment stage, profitability uncertainty is relatively large, and equity financing is more needed, generally divided into two modes of operation: one is market-oriented private equity funds initiated by professional institutions, which acquire stock properties and revitalize assets to achieve exit; the other is government-established guiding urban renewal funds, which adopt a parent-subsidiary fund structure, follow the market-oriented operation principle of "participating in shares but not holding controlling stakes," and leverage state-owned enterprises, insurance, banks, and private social capital. In the mid-term construction and renovation stage, the demand for funds is relatively large, and as projects gradually mature and risk points are progressively eliminated, asset value gradually emerges. Debt financing can be more utilized, relying on credit tools such as bank loans, trust loans, and policy-based financial loans to guarantee fund supply. In the later operation stage, project cash flow tends to stabilize, and asset securitization can be adopted for financing, using asset securitization tools such as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the infrastructure sector, Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS), and Asset-Backed Securities (ABS) to achieve exit for early-stage investors.
Build a diversified, co-governed, full-cycle modern governance system. Take advancing urban renewal as an important lever for improving grassroots governance, and promote the sinking of the center of gravity of urban governance. Improve the public participation mechanism throughout the entire process, extensively listen to public opinion in all links of project planning, design, construction, and management and protection, and safeguard the masses' right to know, right to participate, and right to supervise. Most of the urgent difficulties and concerns of the people occur in communities. For matters that can be resolved at the community level, it is necessary to uphold and develop the "Fengqiao Experience" (枫桥经验) of the new era, deeply carry out urban management entering communities and property services entering households, and resolve contradictions and problems at the grassroots level; for matters that are difficult to resolve at the community level, standardize the use of the mechanism of grassroots reporting upward and departmental coordinated response, and clarify the responsibility list of competent industry departments. Relying on the urban operation and management service platform, use technologies such as big data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence to carry out full-cycle online monitoring of urban infrastructure lifelines, and empower urban governance with digitalization to improve quality and efficiency.
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Public hospitals constitute the main body of China's healthcare service system, and their reform and high-quality development directly bear on the people's medical treatment experience and health and well-being. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that "the basic positioning of public welfare in public hospitals must be upheld," and that "the profit-seeking mechanism of public hospitals must be dismantled, and a new operational mechanism that safeguards public welfare, mobilizes initiative, and ensures sustainability must be established." The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized "deepening the reform of public hospitals oriented toward public welfare." The Outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan further proposed "deepening the reform of public hospitals with a public welfare orientation, establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for public hospital staffing quotas, improving the fee-collection mechanism dominated by medical services, perfecting the remuneration system, regulating the practice conduct of medical institutions and medical personnel, and strengthening the rule-of-law guarantee in the healthcare field." This series of deployments has pointed out the direction and clarified the path for public hospital reform under the new circumstances.
Adhering to the public welfare orientation is the value and fundamental direction of public hospital reform, and it is of great significance. From the perspective of the overall strategy, this is a strategic task for advancing the Healthy China initiative. To complete the building of a Healthy China by 2035, it is necessary to establish a health-priority development strategy, clearly requiring the promotion of high-quality development of public hospitals with a public welfare orientation, and public hospitals must play the role of the main force in implementing this strategy. From the perspective of people's livelihood and well-being, this is the fundamental requirement of upholding the people's supremacy and life's supremacy. Public welfare is determined by the fundamental purpose of our Party to serve the people wholeheartedly and by the nature of our country as a socialist state; it is necessary to place the protection of people's health in a strategically prioritized position for development and to carry public welfare through the entire process of medical services. From the perspective of development laws, this is the value coordinate for promoting the high-quality development of public hospitals. High-quality development focuses on shifting the development model toward improving quality and efficiency, shifting the operational model toward refined management, and shifting resource allocation toward talent and technological factors; these three shifts must ultimately be measured by whether they enhance the people's health and well-being.
In recent years, public hospital reform has continued to deepen, achieving a series of breakthrough progress and landmark achievements. First, the reform policy system has been increasingly perfected, and the top-level design has been continuously consolidated. Programmatic documents such as the "Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of Public Hospitals" and the "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Remuneration System of Public Hospitals" have clearly delineated the reform roadmap and implementation timetable. The National Health Commission has coordinated the advancement of pilot programs for high-quality development in 14 public hospitals, exploring and forming a number of replicable and scalable reform experience models, providing practical reference for public hospital reform nationwide. Second, the healthcare service system has continued to improve, and service accessibility has significantly increased. The total number of medical and health institutions nationwide has steadily expanded, the grassroots medical service network has been continuously densified, and over 90% of residents can reach the nearest medical service point within 15 minutes. The basic medical insurance participation rate has remained stable at around 95%, covering over 1.3 billion people, and the average life expectancy has steadily increased. The construction of national regional medical centers has accelerated and become more effective, and substantive breakthroughs have been made in expanding and sinking high-quality medical resources and achieving balanced regional distribution. Convenient and people-benefiting services such as appointment-based diagnosis and treatment, multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, and day surgery have been fully implemented, effectively optimizing the people's medical treatment experience. Third, the effectiveness of reform practice has been fully demonstrated, and the quality and efficiency of connotative development have continued to improve. Taking Sanming medical reform as the reference standard, many localities have continued to deepen the reform of medical service prices, completing tens of thousands of price adjustments; the proportion of medical service revenue in public hospitals has steadily increased, and the proportion of revenue from drugs and consumables has continued to decline. The growth rate of average medical expenses per visit in public hospitals at all levels has steadily narrowed, and the performance assessment of tertiary public hospitals has a clear orientation, effectively promoting the transformation of hospital development models from extensive scale expansion to refined connotative quality improvement.
While affirming the achievements of reform, it is also necessary to clearly recognize that deepening the public welfare-oriented reform of public hospitals is still at a critical stage of quality improvement and tackling tough issues. At present, there is still room for optimization and improvement in key areas such as the guarantee of staffing resource allocation, the long-term financial input mechanism, and the formation system of medical service prices; the deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems accumulated over a long period still need to be continuously resolved; and the institutional system supporting public hospitals in steadily practicing their public welfare positioning still needs to be continuously improved, consolidated, and upgraded. It is necessary to coordinate the forces of all parties, pool the synergy of reform, and continuously push the reform deeper and more solidly.
Deepen the reform of staffing management and consolidate the stable foundation of the talent team. Staffing management is the foundational system for stabilizing the medical personnel team. It is necessary to establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the total staffing quota that matches the development scale and functional positioning of public hospitals, and to clarify the conditions for staffing guarantees by category. First, revitalize the existing stock and make good use of the increment. Establish a dynamic staffing adjustment mechanism that matches functional positioning, coordinate the use of vacant staffing quotas, and through mechanisms such as the "turnover pool" and the filing system, tilt toward high-level talents, key critical positions, and frontline medical personnel with outstanding performance, effectively expanding the supply of staffing resources. Second, break down barriers and promote mobility. Advance the mobility of personnel and the transfer and use of staffing quotas within medical consortia, realize the cross-level and cross-regional coordinated allocation of staffing resources, and guide outstanding medical personnel to sink to the grassroots and serve the people. Third, implement policies by category and strengthen guarantees. Establish a differentiated staffing guarantee system according to the characteristics of different disciplines and positions, effectively enhance the sense of belonging and professional attractiveness of the team, and provide solid talent support for public welfare operation.
Deepen the reform of the pricing mechanism and promote the reasonable return of the value of medical personnel's technical labor. Medical service prices are the key lever for reflecting the value of medical personnel's technical labor. Establish and improve a fee-collection mechanism dominated by medical services, so that prices truly reflect service value and technical content. First, "empty the cage to change the bird" and make dynamic adjustments. Firmly follow the path of "making room, adjusting structure, and ensuring linkage," use the price space released by centralized volume-based procurement to adjust medical service prices with both increases and decreases, focus on raising the prices of technical labor items such as diagnosis and treatment, surgery, and nursing, so that prices truly reflect technical value. Second, shorten the cycle and optimize the process. Accelerate the approval of prices for new medical service items, establish a price formation mechanism with regular assessment and dynamic adjustment, promptly include clinically validated mature new technologies in medical insurance payment, and stimulate the vitality of technological innovation. Third, coordinate linkage and achieve precise payment. Promote the scientific and refined implementation of DRG/DIP payment methods, explore the establishment of a "three-simultaneous" dynamic calibration mechanism for medical service prices, DRG/DIP payment standards, and medical insurance supervision rules, and form positive incentives for admitting difficult and critical cases and carrying out technological innovation.
Deepen the reform of the remuneration system and effectively stimulate the internal motivation of medical personnel. The remuneration system is the core lever for mobilizing the initiative of medical personnel. It is necessary to build a remuneration distribution mechanism compatible with the public welfare orientation. First, determine the total amount and make dynamic adjustments. Reasonably determine the total amount of performance-based wages, establish a dynamic adjustment mechanism linked to the growth of medical service revenue and performance assessment results, and ensure that the remuneration level is coordinated with hospital development. Second, adjust the structure and narrow the gaps. Focus on narrowing the income gap between medical institutions at different levels, the distribution gap between business departments within hospitals, and the proportion of the floating part of performance-based wages, and promote a more reasonable income structure. Third, tilt toward the frontline and reflect value. Tilt distribution toward weak disciplines such as pediatrics, mental health, rehabilitation nursing, and key positions such as emergency, critical care, and surgery, gradually increase the proportion of fixed remuneration, guide medical personnel to focus on technical improvement and service quality, and consolidate the incentive foundation for public welfare operation.
Deepen the reform of comprehensive supervision and ensure that the public welfare orientation runs through the entire process. Comprehensive supervision is an important institutional guarantee for maintaining the public welfare of public hospitals. It is necessary to accelerate the construction of a normalized, full-process, multi-dimensional supervision pattern. First, strengthen the synergy of external supervision. Improve the coordinated governance mechanism of healthcare, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals, strengthen the rigid constraint of planning in resource allocation, strengthen cross-departmental comprehensive supervision of quality and safety, institutional operation, and personnel conduct, and weave a dense external supervision network. Second, deepen internal operational control. With the integration of business and finance as the core, improve the cost accounting and control system, closely focus on key links such as reasonable examination, medication, and treatment to regulate diagnosis and treatment conduct, and enhance the level of refined management. Third, build a solid line of defense for industry governance. Innovate penetrating supervision methods, severely crack down on insurance fraud and corruption in the pharmaceutical field, create a clean and upright industry ecology, coordinately implement the guarantee of financial input, integrate public welfare requirements into the entire process of clinical services, and continuously enhance the people's sense of health gain.
[The author is the Party Secretary of West China Clinical Medical College (West China Hospital) of Sichuan University (四川大学华西临床医学院（华西医院）)]
Return to TopThe tide of egrets surges, mountains and seas serve as the scroll; seventy years of flourishing vitality, the torch of knowledge passes on without end. In 1956, the Xiamen Municipal Party School was formally established on Gulangyu, the "garden on the sea," opening a new journey of standardized and systematic cadre education and training on Egret Island. Over the past 70 years, generations of Party School people have cultivated the field without pause and advanced with dedication, paving a path of steady and far-reaching progress for the cause of cadre education and training. In 2026, the Xiamen Municipal Party School welcomes its seventieth anniversary. Over 70 years of 栉风沐雨 (zhì fēng mù yǔ - "combed by wind, bathed by rain," enduring hardship and toil), the school has undergone two relocations in its development, continuously consolidating its foundation for running the school, upholding integrity and innovating in teaching and research, and steadily expanding its faculty. Since the new era, the Xiamen Municipal Party School has continuously delivered outstanding answers for high-quality development in the practice of Special Economic Zone construction.
Focusing on main responsibilities and core courses, education and training have been improved in quality and efficiency. Closely adhering to the core responsibility of cadre education and training, continuously grasping the laws of cadre education and training, implementing the "Five Major Projects" for teaching improvement, innovating the "Ten Mechanisms" for teaching management, and striving to build six teaching brands including the "Leadership Forum" and "Expert Forum," the school has driven cadre education and training to continuously upgrade. It has cumulatively held approximately 5,000 training sessions and trained approximately 200,000 person-times. Especially in recent years, training scale has continued to expand, with an annual average of over 200 training sessions and approximately 15,000 person-times trained in the past five years. Adhering to the concept that "courses are as important as heaven," the school has continuously strengthened the supply of high-quality courses, meticulously developing 12 theoretical lecture courses and 68 practical interpretation and case-teaching courses, establishing a competency training system comprising 26 specialized and practice-oriented courses, and forming a three-in-one teaching chain of "theoretical tracing — practical transformation — competency enhancement." In the past 10 years, the construction of excellent courses has achieved remarkable results: 16 courses have received honors including National Excellent Courses of the Party School (School of Administration) System and the Central Organization Department's National Good Courses for Cadre Education and Training, 25 courses have been rated as provincial-level excellent courses, and the school has won the National Party School (School of Administration) System Teaching Management Excellence Award three times. Leveraging the resource advantages of the Special Economic Zone, the school has strengthened the distinctive brand of "following the trail and tracing the source" and built the "Path of Learning" themed classroom. Since the "Path of Learning" themed classroom was put into use in July 2023, it has hosted high-specification training cohorts on multiple occasions, cumulatively receiving approximately 1,700 batches and nearly 50,000 person-times of study and research visitors, and has been rated as one of Fujian Province's first batch of demonstration sites for on-site teaching in cadre education and training.
Deeply mining the rich mine of thought, research and policy consulting have achieved notable results. Over the seventy years since the school's founding, the Xiamen Municipal Party School has always adhered to promoting teaching through research and assisting governance through consultation. It has improved the mechanism for organized research, steadily advanced the integrated construction of teaching, research, and consultation, and continuously released the vitality of research innovation. In the past five years, 264 projects at various levels have been approved, including 4 national-level projects and 34 provincial-level projects; 344 academic papers have been published, including 12 published in the "Three Newspapers and One Journal" and 23 in core newspapers and periodicals; 4 monographs have been published; and 23 achievements have received awards at or above the provincial level. A total of 79 decision-making consultation reports have been submitted, receiving 33 endorsements from leaders at or above the provincial and ministerial level. A diversified research and think tank platform has been established, including 9 research platforms such as the "Xiamen New Quality Productive Forces and Industrial Development Research Center," and the cross-strait integrated development academic seminar has been held for 4 consecutive years, with the level of theoretical research and propaganda positions continuously elevated.
Consolidating the foundation of talent, the faculty support is solid and powerful. Over the 70 years since the school's founding, the Xiamen Municipal Party School has always regarded building a strong faculty as the fundamental measure for the school's long-term development. Through seventy years of 久久为功 (jiǔ jiǔ wéi gōng - "persisting over a long time to achieve success," sustained effort yielding results) and continuous cultivation, it has gradually built a talent system with reasonable echelons and excellent competence. Today, the school has a total of 117 faculty and staff members, including 45 full-time teachers. In the past five years, 17 doctoral degree holders have been recruited, and doctoral degree holders now account for 75.6% of full-time teachers, gradually forming a faculty characterized by high academic credentials, youthfulness, and professionalization. The "Party School Famous Teacher Project" has been deeply advanced, and a normalized cultivation mechanism of "famous teachers pairing up to pass on experience, help, and lead, and grassroots research to build practical skills" has been improved. Since 2021, 3 teachers have been selected to support Tibet and Xinjiang, and 67 faculty and staff members have gone down to the grassroots for temporary postings and training. The "Young Teacher Growth 335 Training Plan" has been innovatively implemented, carrying out precise, laddered cultivation over 3 to 5 years based on each teacher's actual circumstances. In the past five years, 10 people have been appointed to senior professional titles and 17 to associate senior professional titles, providing more solid talent support for the high-quality development of the Party School cause.
The tide rises on Egret Island as a thousand sails compete; the seventy-year crucible sets forth anew. Standing at the new starting point of the 70th anniversary of the school's founding, the Xiamen Municipal Party School will carry forward its fine traditions, promote the spirit of the Special Economic Zone, uphold the Party School's original aspiration of "cultivating talent for the Party and offering counsel for the Party," and strive to write a new chapter in the high-quality development of the Party School cause in the new era.
(Xiamen Municipal Party School School Affairs Committee)
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